Chapter 2 Algebra and Functions 1. SOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, ‘When solving an equation, perform the same operations on both sides in order to isolate the variable, Example: [2x — 3} Solution: 2x3 = £5 x= 4543 #509 4or-1 Example: Solve 2 Solution: xe ~ 4) xt 4x ~6 x?—5x4+6=0 (= 2)(x=3) x=2or3 Note: When solving a rational equation, itis very important to check that the answers should not make the denominator equal to zero. Example: Solve: x ~3 = VIE=3 Solution: (x — 3)? = (VOe=3) x? = 6x49 = 2x=3 x? -8x+12=0 @-DH-6) =0 x=60r2 Note: When solving a radical equation, itis very important to check that the answers satisfy the original equation. In this case, only x = 6 is the conect answer. x26 Example: Solve 2 — wa Fa ~2(x? — 4) = 8G +2) oxt de ard8xteave4=0 Since x for this equation. 2 makes the denominator equal to zero, there's no solution Solving inequality equations is just the same as solving the regular equations. Perform the same operations on both sides to isolate the variable, as well as reverse the direction of the inequality when multiplying or dividing with a negative number on both sides of the inequality equation, such as reversing 2, or> to or < For example, multiplying a1 on both sides ofthe inequality, 3 = 2, will get the result Absolute Value Inequality The absolute value of a number is the distance from that aumber to the zero-mark on the number line, The abgolite value of any number is always non-negative. If |x ~a| < 6, then all values of xare between a ~ 6 and a + b, inclusive on the number line: a~b sx Sab. Example: |x ~ 1 $3 Solution: -3 x= 13 1-3sx<143 -2sx If [x — al & b, then all values of x are either fess than or equal to a ~ b, oF greater than or equal to a+ on the number line: x= a+b orx Sab, Examples x= 1] 2 3 Solution: 33x ~ Lorx— 1s — 143Sxorxsl~ xB 4orxs~2 Solving Polynomial Inequality Equations Ix ~ 120, then the result of this inequality is shown on the number line below: ‘The real number line is divided into positive and negative sections at x= 1. Since the inequality equation is looking for 2 0, the positive section is the answer so that xeTo solve the second degree polynomial: (x +1) (x~ 1) <0 ‘The number line is divided into three sections by two zeros, x = =1 and x= 1 starting from the right most as a positive region, a negative region in the middle, and then a positive region again at the left mast, as shown in the graph below. Since the inequality equation indicates < 0, the answers lay on the negative section so that =1 $x <1, Example: Solve (x +2) (¢~ 1)(x~3) 20 4 The answer of (x +2) (x 1)(x ~ 3) 2 Ois (x 2 3} or {2s x <1). Example: Solve (x +2)(x=1)*(x- 3) <0 Solution: Since (x ~ 1)? is always greater than or equal to zero, so that the (x + 2)(x = 1)% +3) < O has the solution of (x + 2)(x~ 3) < Obut x #1 (note that the equation is looking for < 0 not < 0) ‘The answer is -2 3} or (-2sxst. Example: Solve x* — 6x —~7.< 0 Solution: x? — 6x -7 = (x= 7)(x+1) <0<----k ‘The answer is (-1 Oand — Arswer: (C) for all jas esl 4 ®ol-s4If [x — 41 <9, what are the possible values of x? (Aj-S4 (B)-34 @)-3 Oand (e~4) <0 v>—bandx<4 3 36x64 Case 2,(¢ +3) < Oand (x4) >0 xe—Band x > 4 (Chick bock oy ths 8 nota post solution set)13. simplify (1 +2) + ssc (6 (a) xty 142)+(e-8 @x-y Wee Or Ah oO im , © = eH e-Y 14. In how many points do the graphs of x4 ‘Answer: (A) and y? ~ x7 = 1 intersect? Bot gaps ave te asympotesy = (A) 0 hey don't terse in ay pot ad They inact nay po too . f (D3 (©) Aninginitely number J a . 15, What isthe sum of the roots of the equation Anse: (D) (x — v5)(x? - v3x + 2x) = 07 é we oS ) (- B\Q"- vie +2») (B) -1.689 = (x—v5)x(x~ v5 +2) =0 Shi “Three ots: 5, 0,632) 244 B+ 04 (2) = 1.060 16. the system of equations given by gr} gy = g has“ solutions for all values of a EXCEPT ‘ (a) -6 176, then tse are to part tes @ 6 sath seme dope, © (D) 3 @1 7, Anse (6)18. 19, 20. Helen threw a paper plane along the slide with a slope of 1, assuming she was a the origin of the coordinate plane and the path ofthe paper plane followed by the equation y? = 2x, Find the coordinates ofthe point at which the paper plane hit the sides. (A) 0.9) (B) (2,1) ©» ©) 1.2) ez Which of the follovcing the solution, written in interval notation, to the inequality, 4x? — 2x +1 > 3x? + 2x + 6? {A)(-1, 0) (B) (-%, A] U [5, 9) 6% (D)C~, =u Gea) ©) 4 (x, y4) and (x, ¥2) are the points of intersection of the circle whose equation is x? +y* = ® and the line x = y, find the value of y +3 (a2 B)-2 ©o Ot ®-4 Which of the following will have p> 0,xy # 0? (Ayx>0 (x <0 Djr0 Pode 550 G-DGeD>0 Sherer wither x > Sor <~L Aner: (©) = way>o w>y? ‘Durpre,x y>0 “Theor met isto pck too ensy ribs to ry21. Which ofthe following is the solution set of GDB" < yy 24. sy (A) -3 0, EB 50 oat be~3, therefore, the sbtion set ie-3cxsa <2R =, so Answer: B) Gide ser _saten Answer: (D} 0, x7 0auda? >0 eox-6<0 G-DG+2 <0 ‘he solution should be -2 0, then which ofthe following could be rue? Lo4 Wo 8 (ys Asis Divide enc frm by x Asser (8) The aluion setofx? + 4x +3-< Dis Wien x= 1.70) 3, fi) = 16) 2, F(a) ~ 9 flestmore vas) =15, f= 625 ‘Thorne, 4 < Fs) < 1630. Which of the following is the solution set for x ~ 2x +1) >0? (A) x<2 (B) -12 () -1>xor2>2>0 (D) x<2orxent (@) ~1 2 then (A) ~4Sxy 52 (@) ~#sxys4 © -tsxysz (©) 2sxy52 xyz 32. Ma and b are real numbers, witha > b and lal < [bt then which of the following must be true? (A) ab <0 (B) ab>0 (aro () b<0 (B) None of the above 38. Which of the following is the set ofall real numbers of r-such that [x2 ~ 2} < 27 (a) x<2 (8) 0 Aanszer: (AS axa wax-2<0 G@+2@-1) <0 4 -2ex<1 ayy B2 yi-3yt2s0 G-2O-N<0 + 1sy<2 Therefore, ~4'S xy $2 Answer: (0) Ya=ib Yya=—1b Answer: (D) be 2) <2 -2ex-2<2 vextce Thergfore, x4 O and ~2 0 for all real values of x? Lf@ =e Th f(a) = 1 =sinta) UL. f(x) = Qe) (A) Lit and (6) Lonly (© Land il only (D) Wend tl only @) Land lit only For what values of 1 does the system of equations above have no solutions? (ay nz @) nes (C) ned (0) n>s @n O for all x, then the range of (1 — x) is (A) greater thant (B} tess than 0 (©) less than 1 (D) greater than 0 (B) less than or equal to 0 Te (G0) = Vand g(a) = (A) 133 (8) 233 3 () 353 ea ~27,find (f © g)(4) =? lep@axe (Ay (8) (9 WT (0) WEFT Om 4, then the inverse of f(x) is IF F(x) = [x], which of the Following values of x does f() = f(-? (A) > Oonly (8) x= only (©) x Os constant fanction forall dues fs Ansuer:(C) were MTT = 123 Hows Hg) = Ansiver: 2) fee x= Yet Inereange ny tse £90) = FET eat Anson (E) Je] =1— 2 forall onlesofx23. IE fe) = VE +4, for allx > 0, then f-*(x) =? Aas (©) (A) 241 2 yeviti ont oa © wu o-v=x (0) @ +1" Interchange xd y oid fs) ® x41 yan at 24, We f(%) = [3x2 ~ 2x3J, then f(20) Answer (6) cadet 40) = [8 x 108 ~2 10% = 1700 (8) 300 700) = x10'l= © 300 (D) 700 (E) 1,700 25, Answer: (D} afte) =b-t=xbiotex 26. Anse (B) Only g(a) = (48 ~1)(2x ~ 3) stisfes those coartnate prs He tbe, ‘The table above shows some coordinate pairs on the graph of g(x). Which of the following could be 9G)? (A) @? + Gx +2) (8) (= 1)@x-3) © @+DG+3) @) (e+ D&— 3) © P@+3)Which of the following expresses the range of the function g(x) = 22-2 A Ory =-5} (8) Ory #10} © wry 40 (0) Ory 20} (©) (:y = All real numbers} 28. If f(x) = 2x~ 3, and if g(f(x)) = x, then g(x) 29, fx) = 2x? ~ 3x5 then f(-2) is equal to (ays (@B)-8 @e9 0-9 @u Medium 30. Which of the following cefines the range of the function (x) (A) All real numbers @B) All real numbers except —1 (C) All weal numbers except 0 (D) Allzeal numbers except 1 (B) All eal numbers greater than —1 BL IEF) =x? ~ 2 +1 then f(x +a) ~ FO) = (A) at 2042 (B) 0? + 2ax +20 (a@42rea () a? ~ 204 2ax (©) @-arta Ansar (C) _yibot zero since 10 Oa x 5, Ansier:(C) os) = 9 = p= Ansr:(O) 2)= 4-2)? = 9(-2)-8=9 Anse (8) Ni Ly = Lis the horizontal asymptese of POD. FG) Fk Anse: (0} podex 2064 fr+4)-f0) (eto)? ~ 204 0) + 1- (22x41) = 2ax ~2a-+at32, 36. What is the domain of the function defined by af x<2 1-(ees Se (ocx (B)x<2 (x22 (D) -20 (&) All real numbers IE f(a) = 27, then S2tbere=t (A) 2 ©) 2h (© 2h (©) « (B) he Hf f(x) = VE and g(x) = FegQaoy) =? (A) 3.01 (B) 2123 (© 1.07 (D) 0.378 (B) 0.012 fF ~1, then Asie: (8) > x=10 Seis 10041041 =tit Answer (CP VBE 20, =620, wea xe bors <3 ¥> Lor es 178 xe Oand x? >0, therefore y>0 Ansar (A) Ansaer (D) at) =Ni-1 Ag0)) = (0.054) = YOOSE = aaaa 42, 44 For which of the following functions has (have) an inverse function? L fe) = 27 npa@sxt Tf) = be (A) Ionly (8) Honly (©) Land Il only (D) Mand Ml only (© LiL and tt If f(a,b) we ‘The line ax + by — 1 0 forms a triangular region with the sas and y-axis, What isthe area ofthe region in terms of and b? Oa Os oF ©) © a maa W f(a) = 2x-1 and f(g(A)) = 3, which of the following functions could be g(x)? (ret (B) 2x41 (©) x= 1 () = 1 © 3-2 Answer: Bb Only (2) = 28s wot sgmetry toy axis, Therefor, f(a) = 23 Hinson inverse function Ansiver: (A) Answer (6) Anse: (A) FQ) 2A9())—1=3 a =2 ‘Oniy (A) suis (2) = 245, 46. ay. 48. ‘To draw the graph of the inverse of a function f(x), ‘one must mirror the graph of f(x) about the (A) axis (8) y-axis © liney = =x (0) liney =x (6) fines y andy He g(x) = 5x Sand g(F(®)) (A)-? (82 (2 (D)=5 (5 If(~3,y) isa point on the graph ofthe inverse of f(x) = 2x8 + 5x3 + 6x 410, then y =? (a)-426 ()-3 (=r (OB (6) 426 Ifthe zeros of f(x) are 0, 1, and 2, then the zeros of fox?) axe (A)0,1,and2 (8) £1.44, and 0 (tdyando (DyL, v2, ando +! Ie f(x) = VIGAT and gO) F(g(-9)) = (ay7s7 (8659 (3 (O41 ©-8 Answer (D) uneson ants ners fnetion are symmetry toiney = Ans (8 al) 5-2 1-9 S/(-2)-3=-2 243 Auster: B) IFC, yh iso te ners of Fe, hen 4 point on FC) is 2,3). Therefore y = Answer) Asie (8) oat 1Q) = ViGXP=3 = VE = 78750, 51 53, Ie (@) = (&~ 1)(4? ++ 1) , which of the following statements is (are) true? 1. The function f(x) is increasing for x 2 1. IL The function f(x) = O has three real solutions, IIL The domain of the function f(x) is all real numbers. (A) Lonly (B) Honly (© Land I only (D) Mand Ut only (©) 11, and It Which of the following is an even function? (A) F(X) = sin@) (©) F@) = ean) (©) fe) =e* (D) f(@) =2x4-3 (E) f(x) = log(x) I f(a) = VA=¥? and x < 0, what is the inverse of fo (A) FG) = var ®) f-1@) = VITF and x <0 (©) (7G) = VASE and x so (D) 1G) = VSR and x 20 (©) f@) = VER? and x20 IE F(X) = loga(2? + 7) and f(g(1)) = 4, which of the following could be g(x)? (A) g@) =x? bet? (B) g(%) = 2x? x= 1 © g(x) =cos(nx) +4 (D) g(x) = sin(rx) +2 ©) a= 3-1 Answer: (©) Ww The graphs showing te function f(x) 18 increasing for x 1 and the domain of ‘the fanction fis al real mune Ansver:(D) (0a fencton: sin(x), rant) Eon fection: 2 Neither:e, log() Anse: (2) y=Vi==, yao yesanxt soy JAR FFsince #0 ‘Tofinad the inverse function, sete and ye VI=# + x20 Answer: (C) 4 = lon, +7) weH 7228216 w=9 3 aC) = 43 cost) + 4=3 = Answer (©)54, Which of the following is teue of the graph of the function ysin(x) = x? + cos(x) (A) Even function (B) Odd function (© Symmetric with respect to vaxis (D) Symmetric with respect to y-axis, (B) Symmetric with respect to y = x 55. Which of the following is the domain of (x) = (A) All real numbers except 3 (B) All real numbers except greater than or equal to3 (©) Allreat numbers greater than or equal to 2 except (D) All real numbers greater than or equal to 2 (B) Ali real numbers 56. Te f(x) = 25+ 7, what is the range of the function? (a) Ailreal numbers but not 7 (B) All real numbers but not 2 (© All real numbers greater than 2 {D) All real numbers except 7 and 2 (8) All real numbers 8. if g(x) (a2 @yr (-1 D)-2 @o 5B. Lf f(x) = VEeFF and g(x) (ayass (B)332 37 (D409 (476 then fa(2)) Ansa (8) and VPEZ EO x22 Asie {A ready tO theme #7 Arey Asien: (D) Byt=xnt reap 41 w'G) 23044 PCD aC er =-2 Answer: (8) aaa JROVFS = Vit = 33259. I f(x) = 432-422, then 2A (A) k? + 2xk —3k (B) kx+2x~3 (© k-2x43 (0) k+2x-3 ©) None of the above 60. 1 f(2) = x4 and g(x) = 2% +1, which of the following is an odd function (are odd functions)? 1 f@)-9() IL f@@) IL. gf) (A) Tonly (B) only © Mlonly (D) Mand It only (©) 1/11, and mt 61, Which of the following equations has (have) graphs consisting of two perpendicular lines? Ly Heyl = lel UL. jxy| = 1 (A) Tonly (B) Honly © Wonly (D) Land Tonty (6) LU, and Itt 62. IE f(xy) = x? ~ 2y? and (x) = 2" , which of the following is equal to 2°"? (A)F@@).a@) 8) Fz, 90)) ()f@).2) (D)F(g(),0) ©) £@,9@)) Answer: D) Ante: (A) £03) g(a) =P +1) > ot Junction (gC) = G2 +1) - coon fiction a(f(2)) = (8 + 1) even fiction Ansiver: (D) sy=0 +2 =00ry=0 (tuo perponiculr ines) yi= bal y=xory perpendicular tines) lyl=1 y= af (too Anssers (2) SoC). g(2)) = 2 Feag(a)) = 8 ~ 2 Fig@)a) = B28 Feata).0) = 2 4#(0.g(0) = 0 = 2025) = 263, 66. 67 HF) of fog? (Ayr > Lae 2 (B)xzhxe2 (Qx>2 (O)x22 (xe ; and g(x) = VE=T, find the domain If fd = x? ~ 4, for what real number values of x will F(F(@)) = 07 (A) 2or4 (®) #2orz4 (©) 20r6 (D) + Vor + V6 (B) No value of x LF F(x) isan ould function and f(a) = b, which of the following must also be true? L fla) = —b ML f(a) => ML F(-a) (A) Lonly, (B) only (©) only (D) Land Il only ©) Wand Il only Uf) = V3, g(x) = WEF Land ale) = FT, then F¢g(h(3))) =? (A) 9 B)3 (©) 236 () 177 (B) 056 If/Ge+ 1) = x?~1, then f(x) =? (Aye? = 2x41 (Bet 42x41 (xt 2x (D)xt +2x (ent Ansive: (A) feos Vesa 1 +0 Weriel > ren x-L20s0¥21 Bats tt Therefore.x > Land x-# 2 Anse: (D) Let f =a fle)=at~ a= 42 Puasa xs avdor v8 Answer: (C) 1 Fs aot, then (2) = =F). Oni és core. Answer (C) A) = VFI = 230 Vet T = 195 Ansa (© Fotdax 7) = (w+) t= 0-1 Se atet tla te68. A function f(x) is odd if f(—x) = -f (2) for all x and even if f(x) = f(x) forall x. Which of the following is the graph of a function that is both odd and even? a) © q ' \ — : t ©) ® 69. IE f(x) = VaF=6, what is f-1G)? (a2 (B)27 (32 (ys (43 Hard 70. 16 f(x) = 53 and f(g(x)) = 5 then which of the following could be g(x)? © G+DE+2) Os 71. ‘The function of f(2) = is defined for (xl xis real number and x > 4). Which of the following expressions is the inverse of f(x)? @art es (set Oxy (B) None of the above Answer: (C) if function is symmetry to bot x-axis and y-axis, then ths factions both een and ode functions. Anserer is (C) Answer: (C) fa) = V=B PG) = VERS f9G) = VFS =32 Answer (8) Flos) = SE foc) —nix= ga) +2 (2) xx x= 08) +2 BQ) 1)= 24x 2) = Answer: (©) edenR. a 7. ef Ge) =x 41, g(x) = sin(x) +1, and he) = cos(x), then which of the following, is an even function? (AYRE )) (B) AG) (9Hx) DFO) Bro) 1 f(2) = ax + 8, which of the foliowing make(s) £0) = ON 1 b= any real number Ia=-1b=0 UL, a =any weal number, (A) Tonly {B) Honly (©) Monly (0) Land t1 only () Land tH only Point (5,2) lies on the graph of the inverse function of fand f(x) = 3x? ~ 2 + K. What is the value of K? (A) -20 (®) ~18 Ow (©) 2 © 2 Ie fGe) = VEFS and g(x) = 22, for what value(s) of xdoes g(f(x)) = f(g@))? (al (B)~2and 2 ©@-2 (D2 (B) All eal numbers except ~5 Anse (Cb ACF) = costa + 1) ther odor ‘(G(2) = eossintx) +1} nether a(x) = sin eos(3)) + Levon Fistion a (3) = singe +1) + 1 neither #a6s)) = since +2 miter ‘Anssets) 10) =/7) ath Ya=—tivsb= 24d ant arco b=O.ax=5 (mie onlysoien a= 1) 8 isneurre Ansiver:(D) f0) =309 24K Mx) passes the point 2,5) 5-303 20 4k K=20 Ansaoo2 (©) HF) = Fae) (FF8) = EE Tas (+5 = (ETS 4 1dr + 252745 re-2%6. For all real numbers x,f(2x) = x? - x +3.An expression for /(x) in terms of xis (A) 222 = 2043 (8) 4t@—2e 43 (E-i+3 (D) £-24+3 ©) 2-243 If f(@) = 2x1, (x) = 4x, and he) = F*(g(n@))) =? (A) 3 2 ©1 ) 5 os If f(x) = 2x? + 8x = 13, find the negative value of Fo) (a) =1.24 (B) -1.57 (C) -3.85 (D) 5.24 (E) -6.67 If f(x,y) = 22 then which ofthe following statements must be true? 1.IEx = 0 and y #0, then f(y) If = 4, then f(x,x) = ML Fy) = FO.) (A) Tonly (8) Wonly (© Land I only {D) Land Ml only (©) Hand tt Answer: (©) Anse: (C) Bind $209 first. fo) =2x-1 yeunt yet sett Answer: (D) 2x 8x13 =0 Sole with the quadratic formu: = ee ear 524 Ansiver:(C}80, Which ofthe Following statements is true tout the expression (+ +9)® = (= y)P? 1 thas terms if is even, IL tehas "= terms if is odd, Us The let term eshivays 9. A) Lonly (8) Monly (©) and tLonly (©) Land ll only ®) Mand It only DOW Kelyrelts=yh Ansver: (C) ety)" = Son i Gy ey = Tina CY ty" — Oe YP" will crmioel ont all shes pera. Yugo, ae ses ieee as "2 ers fn aut “The ast erm can be y""* if wis aneven ber,IIL LINEAR FUNCTIONS To find the distance between two points (x94) and (x, 2), use the distance formula d= (GK F GF To find the distance from a point (%q,6) toaline, ax + by + = 0 laxosbyote! To find the slope of two points (x,,y4) and (x.¥2) Slope-intercept form yemr+d where mrs the slope and bis the yintercept ‘The equation of a line passing through the point (x9) with a slope of mis Y= = M(x — x1) (Point-stope form) ‘Two lines are perpendicular if their slopes are opposite and reciprocal. ‘Two different lines are parallel if their slopes ere equal Problem Solving Skills Easy 1. Points Mand Nliein the coordinate plane. Ifthe nswer2(©) coordinates of Mare (4,3) and Nare (8,2), WHE. se gitace mule is tm isan between point M and point N? 42 GEO 92 (sy +e-oy 03 ~VOFFE = V6 ~ 103 @y137 ®196 2. Whatis the slope of a line perpendicular to the line Answer (2) whose equation is (A) (Bz © ye © “Te slope ofits perpendculer line is —~6 A tool rental club offers the use ofits tools far a fee. Plan A costs $6 to join the club andi then $9 per hour to.ase the tools, Plan B costs $25 to join and then $4 per hour to use the tools. Find the least number of hours of using would the cost of plan A be more than the cost of plan B? (ay3 4 os (6 ®7 If the graph of 2 + Sy + 11 = 0 is perpendicular to the graph of ax + 4y48=0, then whats the value ofa? (ayto (Bs (10 (0)-5 ®-2 The slope ofa line that is perpendicular to Se + Byes ti ot B)-) (-2 De ®: ‘There isa linear relationship between the number of chirps made by a cricket and the air temperature. A least-squares fit of cata collected by a biologist yields the equation Estimated fempernture in °F = 22.8 +34 x (the number of chirps per minute). Whats the estimated increase in temperature that corresponds to an increase of 5 chirps per minute? (A) 34°F Anse: (©) Lex be the mentberof hours of ang the to 64 98> 28 bae Sr>19 >i hours ‘The feast nee of has of using H8 5 ows Ansioer: (C) 2s b By 411 =O hase open ax + Ay +8 = Ohas a slope of Answer (E) Sx $y = Lins asopeof 2, efor, its perpendicular fine tesa stopeof Answer: 8) ‘lon = Sera Fn cae a a4 AP =34%5= 17°F’. (8) 170° © ner (0) 26.2°F (©) 398°F What is the equation of aline with a y-intercept of 4 and an x-intercept of -8? (Aly = 05x -4 (@)y Oy @y )y Medium 8 9. ‘What must be the Value of kif the lines 3x - 2y = @ and kx-+ Sy = ~3 are perpendicular? we Bs o- {(D)~ @®10 Line Ly has the equation 3x ~ 2y = @, If line Le is perpendicular to line Lr at x = —1, at which point does line I> intersect the x-axis? Asser (©) ‘Test the line passing trough te two points (0.4) ed (8,0), Ansiners(A} Use the poetics of erie. aeoty=B = ek Isle ie, Then the lefts perpen ine snist be ke +5y= 3 Syanke=3 bos ke Anse: (E) Tae op ofa: 2 Te dope oft 2 aen2ye8 3) -27=8 + 9 “we es habe a rset at10, If (4/) isthe pointon the fine 3-4 2y = 5 that ie closest to the origin, then what is the value of? U1. IE /G2) isa linear function and f(~2 ~4,and f@ 12 U/C) ise tinear function and (3) = 2 and ((6) = =A then fe) (a3 We OF ord OF @z (ays @)15 (1 (D)-05 (© ~0.05 9,68) = 2.6, what is the value of x? 1B. If5x—thy = ~4and 4x4 3ky = 6 are perpendicular lines, what is one possible value of ke (ayo (537 (ar (D)-4.7 (E)-20 Ansuer (0) ind de tne posing rough theorigin suid perpendicular othe lie 3a + 2y = By = Be +5, te slope is he slope ofits persecute ine i therefore, the equation of perpendicular Solusfore = Hm tardy = Ha Auster A Linear equation Is 0 straight in, sis ‘ope is. constant hota any 0 points on Me tine ‘Slope of Two Points = Answer (C} Slope Tao Points » 8 Eatin fine asin tro he tay 79 the spe ms Paint Slope Form Answer: (D) Use the propertieofprpendiculr lines, i= 20 + k= asa74. Inthe figure above, if AABC is equilateral, what is the slope of BC ? (Ay1.732 (B) 1.414 (Q-1.732 (D)m1.414 ()-2 15, } Peo aa” The graph of y = /(2) is shown above. Which of the following is the equation of the graph? (A) y = bel +2 (B) y = [e+ 2) 42 (C) y = x42] 42 (D) y = [r= 2) 42 () y = -[x-2)-2 16, Inthe figure below, what is the value of a? ®; ©; DE Ors Answer: (Cb Since ABC is equilateral Anse: (D) isan downward absolute function wih te verter at (2,2), yo2= -ly~Blory fe= 2142 ‘Answer: (D) “The slope of the tneU7. Which of the following is an equation of aline that Answer: (A is perpendicular to 4x + Sy = 8? ae 7 The slope of 4x + Sy = 84 ferfore, the slope of ts pospeilar 18, If the line through (3,~2) and (a, 5) is Answer: (4) perpendicular to the line with equation 3x 5y = 6, what is the value of a? (A)=1.2 (10 ()-06 (D6 2 ‘The slope of the line — Ancor (2) Slop oft ine: at In the figure above, @equals we os OF (Dy oF Hard 20. Which of the following graphs best describes the set Answr (F) of points (a,b) for which |£[ + jb{ = 2 in the xy ~plane? . B (A) @) © ; { rao te groper +a, In the figure above line lis the perpendicular bisector of AB at the point C. What isthe area of aacD? (A975 13 (165 (ws ©)% 22. How far is the point (3, 2) from the line 6x — 2y = 8 (ayo (B)1.33, (ara (07.18 (921 Answer: (A) tts pounder wt lg of and sing ough (3,2) aso cpationy~2= 4-3) ity 25. + l-25l= intercepts ‘Thenfore AD =3, ‘Theres of AACD = =975 Aso (C) Mee ae 874TV. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS AND EQUATIONS F (9) is a quadratic function if f(x) = ax? + bx be where a # 0. Ge Ifa > 0, the quadratic function f(x) opens upwards and has a minimum value at the vertex. Ifa < 0, F(x) opens dewnwardsand has a maximum value at the vertex. © The vertex of the quadratic function. Every quadratic equation can be changed to ax? + bx +c = 0 as the standard. form, which can be solved by completing the perfect square. © Tocomplete the perfect square, rewrite the equation as, xtgtze—£ ‘Then, add (2)%0n both sides so that it becomes x? +22 + (By = ~£4 By, hereon, e+ 2) Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring xia 3rb2 O-DEH2 x=lor2 Solving a Quadratic Equation by Completing the Squate xitde—S xara Pa5ee (Han x+2=43 ox =1or-5 Solving a Quadratic Equation by Quadratic Formula x xt - 7x 43-=0 FOS, ‘The discriminant of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + c = 0 is expressed as A= 68 ~ 4ac. [a Tipe of Roos | Graph of Fd @> 0 | Two mequal real roots‘The sum of two roots of x2 + bx + a>0 Teo equal reat roots a>0 No real root Two non-real complex roots aOandA<0, then ax? + bx+e<0. Ifa 0. Easy 1. TEfG) (A)—2 (B) -1 Qo (Dt 2 ? — ax 3, and if f(2 Problem Solving Skills 5, then a 2 Aner: (0) fQ)=2-2043=5 Alteritive strategy Test the answer ches,‘At what points the graph of y =x? + 24 ~ cuts the x-axis? (AY(~2, 0) and (0,0) (B)(0,0)and @ 0) (O@ Mand (-4,0) (D)(A, 0) and (2, 0) (8,0) and 2,0) If f(x) = 27 + x, find the value(s) of & when f(K) = 6 (Ay2 or (8)-2 or— (Q-20r3 (Dy2or3 (E)3 only If x? = 121, then x could equal (a) £11 + (© +11 ©) 45 @u i Ifx~ 2 is a factor of x# — ax — 8, then the velue of a equals (a2 ws @-4 (D)~2 (E) None of the above What is the sum ofthe zeroes of (x) = 9x? ~ 7? (ay529 (8) 176 (C088 (Do (8) Iteannot be determined. Answers) tamx-8=0 (= G44 "Pheefore the grap cs te ss at points (2,0) and (4.0), Auer: A} fOr +k-6=0 (+31 ka-sor2 Answer: (0) Answer (0) Remainder Theorem: polynomsit Poised hy 2 — ris renner is Pe) FQ) =x 4=ta a=2 ax-8=0 Anse: (D) Fo) =9x8=7 ox 7 =7. For what values of kare the roots of the equation kx? + dae + ke = 0 two real and unequal? (A) 0 2 (OD) k>2 ©) 2 0 164k? > 0 40 ikl <2 Answer @) 10 =-28? + 100 B= 6715 Aunsoer: (©) Se y4rd4=0 Ansaver: (A) Quadratic Formas x= ft 3e4H1=0 (he ST |14 Pf Ax = Which of the following isa zero of f(x 8 (Ays.464 (B) 1.583 (Qo (D)-5.464 (BE) -1464 If fe) = px? + 524-10, then what is the minimum value of (0)? (ays (B)35 (2 (1 (25 f \ ‘The figure above shows the graph of y = ax? + bx + ¢, Which of the following could NOT be true? (Aja >0 (B)abe <0 (Qac0 Find the largest integer of k such that the roots of 2x? 43x +k =O are real? (a2 @) -1 ©2 1 0 Anse (D) (Quodrntic Foro 4 (ATR ss = 1.868 or Aso) Vertex of quatratic fnction Fa 0 quadratic function (8) opens spars a sin eat verte. fa <0, FC) opens dowrarls ‘ond Ws mir oo ere ‘The equation f= $32 + 5x-+ 10s Anse (8) The gs illig <0 fopen dowooaris) 0 = D Ddwintoceptis positon) 4. b®— 4ae > 0 (oo wu vet 5) Answer: (D) Discriminant = o Bk S90 ke 1aas = 4001s. 16, V7. 18, When the ratio of the two roots of the equation 2? — bx +8 = 0is 1:2, find all the possible values of b. (A) (2,3) 2) @) (6,6) ©) {8,6} ‘The roots of 2x? + kx +1 = O are? and s, where k isa constant. I+! 12, whatis the wale of? (aya @B) 10 (@ -12 (D) -10 (5 24 If the quadratic equation x? + 2kx +k? +k~1=0 has real roots, then which of the following could NOT be the value of K? (A) 5 (B) 1 oo () ~s © -10 In the quadratic equation x? + kx + 36 = 0, one root is twice the other root, Fine any possible value of k. (a) (-2137,2137) ©) (-1273,1273) (© {-10.73, 10.73} (©) (0,10) ) (837,937) Ansiver:(D) Sum of tao rots ofax* + bx +e =0 Produc oft ots £ Lethe to ots be rd 2 Answer: (A) ‘The quadratic equation has rel wots D= Qh? say +k~ 1) >0 ME det 4k +420 ksi Answer: (8) Let the too ros be rand 219, Af the two solutions of 5x? — Lx +e = 0 are complex conjugates, which of the following scribes all possible values of e? (a) > Bt wero” Hard 20. the vertex ofthe graph of the parabola 2x? + for + 5), whats the sum of Fan)? yrpevis(s (A)1.33 (6/239 (335 (0)-105 @)-133 If the points (~1, 1), (1,8), and (2,2) are all on the graph of (2) = ax? + bx + ¢, thon what are the valutes of a,b and c respectively? (A)~3.2,and = 2 (B)-2.4,and 1 (C)3,2,and-1 (D)24,and 3 (6) -2,3,and 4 Ifthe value of f(x) = x? ~ Sx ~ 2k is always positive for any x, which of the following could be the value of k? (A) -2 8) -3 O-4 3 2 Answer (A) D=bitac 0 gnalatic uncon fx) opens mo avd isa inn at vertex. fa <0, (8) opens downers anu is 2 mai alae a verke. ‘The equation f(2) = x8 4 4x 42 has.@ niin vale at = = Ansever (D) Sum of to rots of a+ bx +6 = 0: Proust of tw mots resemandrxs =n (hPa rebar te? Past amt are =m? Anseer: (A) coer Aor (0) oe? x (-2P 5x (2) 4x16. Ww. 18. 19, If-x —2 isa factor of x6 — 3x4 + 2x? ~ x 4d, whatis the value of a? (a) -18 (B) -24 © -30 (D) 18 © 2 Ifthe polynomial f(x) = x5 + bx* tex? tax? + extk, F(-1) = Oand f(3) = 0, then /(x) is divisible by (A x-1 (B) x43 (©) x?+3 (D) x243r42 (B) x2-2x-3 If f(x) = 2x? + Sx 43 and f(a) = 3, whatis the value of a? (A) only (8) —Sonly (©) Zonly {D) Dor ©) Oor-$ Ix? + 3x + Am isd be the value(s) of m? (A) =1only (8) Oonly (Q) Oor-1 (D) All real numbers (B) No value of m Two roots of x? 4x? + Kx = 1 O are equal numerically but opposite in sign. Find the value of K. (A) -12 @2 oe Ansoer: (©) 22) = Fm 3x) H2x 2+d=0 Ansiver: (E) The (0) polyncmial shouldbe divisible by (#1, =3),and GF — 20-9) Asso: f(a) = 20? + 50% a= 20? + 8a Answer) Pm) o mn? —3m + 4m = mi tm=0 Ge 1 m=0orm (-m)? #3 (=m) + 4m = Asie (A) Lat nee roots a, ad Sun ofall rs equa to at Ca) thant + fA) =D + PERE D x2. m4, (me () 3 A polynomial P(x) has a remainder of 2 when divided by (x ~ 1) and a remainder of ~2 when Givided by (x + 1). 1F PG) is divided by (« ~ 1) (+1), then the remainder is (ay2 (B) x42 (© 2x+4 (D) 2x (8) 2x1 Which of the following is an equation with roots 1 and14VB (A) 2432 be AL B28 43x? HT (Q 8-308 teed (0) x8-3x7 +250 @) 843rt-2e1= ‘The graphof 3y? x4 + 2x? —4= Ois syrametric with respect to which of the following? Lxaxis Th yraxis IL, Origin (A) Lonly (8) Wonly © Mlonly (0) Land Hlonly (6) LU and UL Itx = 2 divides x3 ~ k?x? + 3x2, then k= (A) 173 (B) 150 © ue () 133 (B) 1.20 Answer: D} PE) = Qe D+) + ae #2 Pot) = 2a ate? a=? “The reminder isn —1) +2 24 shen PCa) ede by x = YG + 0, Aansivers (©) he plo! eton i fr D(r- GND) (oe (vO) =0 (x DG ~~ 23 Page bxst=0 Answer (6) FX = FC) > Symmetry to yas Fy) =F) ~ Symmetry tsi Fx Vl = foxy) - Symmetry Asner: (A} £0) kis = 24 O +3)-2fk isa positive integer and f(x) = x3 + x4 - 2x? — x— k has at most n positive zerces, what i the value of n? (ayo (1 2 0)3 (5 Hard 26. The graph of a polynomial function is shown below. Which of the following could be the ‘equation of the polynomial function? (A) P(x) = —x@+ D@- NE? -4) 8) P@) =x DE+D (© PO) = x= De + (x2 +5) (D) P(x) = -xe + 1)Gr— 1)(x? + 5x4 10) (©) P(e) =-@ =I + YA? +1) Iki isa root of x* + 2x?-3x? + 2x — 4 = 0, the product of the real roots is (A) 4 (B) ~2 qo @) 2 «4 Aansser: (8) Since f(x) hus only one sign caged on its cof, the fection has at most 2 postive ze. Answer: (0) “Te function has one ero atx = Q and ‘ 2eros which are equal maneriolly lat opposite in sign ‘Acconting the end taco, the leading cvficint of his function should Ye negatoe. Answer: (Ab {fe real pont P(x) = ay + gay20*7 + tg sot ten Product ofall oots= (1) 228. If risa positive integer, what is the nature ofthe roots ofthe equation 3x4 + 4x! +2 ~ke= 07 (A)Three positive reat roots and one negative real root (8) Three negative real roots ancl one positive real root (C)One negative real root and three complex roots (D)One positive real root, one negative real root and two complex roots (©) Two positive real roots, one negativereal root, anc one complex root 29, Ifthe equation x° ~ 9x7 + pre roots, then (Ajeach root =2 (B)each root = = Ohas3 equal (Qq=27 (Dp =8 @q=3 Answer: D) FO) 23x Fae be mk Since fas only ome sign cage on its oofcient and F(—2) bas ony oe sign changed on its cofcient, the ue of most postive res isonet the muntber of most uegtive ares sone ‘Ts ftion, f(s one positive oot, ne negative rot au acon rots Aner: (C) Leb each rot ber, Hen ear? ax oer Hae ‘Therefore, 3r = 9 (sum afroots =9) hg = 27,and p= 27VI__ RADICALS AND EXPONENTS “Taking the square root of a number isthe inverse operation of squaring the number. The squate r00t of a number isa value that can be multplied by itself to give the original smumber. Examples: J¥ x J¥=y VExVE=4 A square root ofa variable represents the variable’s exponent being divided by 2 Examples: VE = Wi axt= “Taking m rot (or radical" of a umber isthe inverse operation of taking the n® power ofthe nuaber. The root of a number ia value that can be muliplied times self to ive the original mimber, Examples: VB = 2 while 2 3* = 81 while VOT =3 Ingenera, VE Examples: YB=83 WFash Multiplying and Dividing Radicals When multiplying or dividing two variables with the same radical, multiply or divide ‘two variables and keep the original radical, Examples VE x IF = J 4,8 wy When multiplying or divcing two radicals with same variable, ac or subtract their exponents. Only numbers with the same radicals can be combixed through multiplication or division, ‘The product of two radicals is equal to the radical of the product. The quotient of two radicals is equal to the radical of the quotient. Examples: VE. x VB = V2KE = VIEAdding and Subtracting Radicals Adding and subtracting radicals only apply when both the root and the base are the sare, in other words when the terms are like terms, Fxavaple: 2V3 4 V3 = SVB Stenplifying @ Square Root ‘To sirmplify a square oot, factor out all perfect squares and place its square root outside, Examples: V18 = VFWE = WE VG = VERT = VE Rationalizing « Denominator with a Square Root ‘To rationalize a denominator with a square root, mcltiply the top and bottom of the fraction by the square root in the denominator in order to get a rational denominator. VE Vib _ vis _ WE Mia Example: ‘A teem with a negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of the same term with a positive exponent, Examples: 5 = 4 Problem Solving Skills Easy 4. Ifve7 = 5, thenx =? Aasuver: (C) (A) S only (8) ~Sonly ©) Sand -5 (D)2 &) 2. ‘The number of roots of the equation 3+ VF=T = Auer (B) ais (ayo (B)1 2 @2 G-De-2) (Ds rs Sor2 7 (Only x = 5 satisfies the oniginatIfa,b, and x are nonzero real numbers, and ifxtab’ = (A) 8ab (8) 2ab (© 2a? (D) 20% (6) 82% fx =3, then ave (B) 2 ©3 (0) ©s Which of the followings is equal to /8x77% after simplifying? (a) ey (B) 2x8y8Yay (© 2x ©) ayy (©) 2xty*Yxy Which ofthe followings is equal to (~ (ayi @)-16 ©} ©) ®) = If 16% = 64 and 99 = 243, theny =? (a1 (B) 2 oF 3 oe equation Answer: (8) wait = Be aeetersy J 606? x= ab Answer: (6) PRT = ety Ansieer (2) Ansier: (4)Anse: (A) 8. Vae+ vOR+ Vibe papee VR VOR VIBE WEE AE eapail Wes VE (9 VE ©) VIR ® we 9. 1/9 = 3, then JV=? Ase: (0) A)3 7 © 3y3 B= ayy=9 6 @)9 ©7 Medium 10. t¢2x7 = 16, then-x Ansver: 2) (at @2 ©s , (D4 ra @ar @s8 TL. fy for all k, 3® +3"! +3 = x(34),, then. Anseer (0) (ays m9 Bagh 43h OB 2805 =205 oe ya13 (pe 2 Anson D) Ifo* = 2, what the value of (4) "2 (A) ®) 2 O4 ©s1B. uM 18, 16. wv. If f(x) =x%*, then f(4) =? (a2 (B) 4 © 16 (0) 64 (E) 256 If x8" — bx = 0 and xis nonzero, then b equals (A) xn (B) x? (OQ () x @ xord Ifx*? = 3, then whatis the value of x°*5 7 (ays (8) 6 6 (D) 2v3 ©) 35 ext [2 v8) (A) VB-2 (®) VBH2 © 6-5 (D) V5+6 © 8-4 4, then x =? If (V2) = 8, then x =? (aya @e ©1 (p)? (BE) 2 Answer: JG) = = 4h = 256 Ansiver: (8) x —br=0 Ansieer: (6) a Answer: (CP Anson: (E) (arms zen How Aee-6 +18, ext = 2, then x=? (ay? Ba os (O)16and ~16 16 Hard 19. (epee = TE" and xand y donot 20. a. equal oF 2 (aye On ©: me oe Expressed! with positive exponents only, equivalent to which of the following? ws ab ‘The figure above shows the graph of y = 3°. What is the suum of the areas of the rectangles? (A) 155, (8) 31 (2% (p) 21 ®) 13 Ansar: (2) dae x=2=16 Answer (AP Qe = TE Gyo) 4 agit als? 4 ay) = 2G" ~ 4ay) 3x! ~ Bay = Gx Bry Arsen (B) ‘Th sum ofthe ars ofthe rectangles s equal to: 15! + 5* + 52) = 31VIL. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ‘The logarithm of a number is the exponent to the base, to which it must be raised in order to produce that number. For example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 10 to the power 3 is 1000. 1000 = 10 x 10 x 10 = 10° ‘The logarithmic function with base b, where b > O and b # Land x > Ois denoted by logy x and is defined by y = loge x if and only if x = b”. Example: If logs 81 = y, then what is the value of y? Solution: togs 81 = 37581 ye Example: Find the domain of the function f(x) = logyo(1 + 2x)? Solution: 1+ 2x >0 xo Domain of f(a) {xl =2< x 2 @)12 (B) Allzeal numbers Ansier: (Cb log(? ~9*) = loge + ye ~y) = log(x + y) + log(e~ 9) Answer: (&) logy xy’ 3p 429 logy #20949 Anseer: log, ¥B = Hog, 5 =x 10 =333 Anse (8) ld he dare fetion of Fx} = 3° + 1 Brea = = logs 1) 1(10) = log,(10 ~ 1) = too, 9 =2 f Answer: (D) w3r4230 (-DE-2>02. 2B. m4, %, flog, 8 = 8, then x =? (Ay2 (B) 3 (a (Dy 5 6 Ike** = 10, then x (a) 115 (8) 271 © 376 (D) 4a (B) 587 1f01 (ins <0 (D)ne<-1 (E) None of above tognnN3 Os 6-2 ©-4 oy ©? flog, 16 (al (B)2 3 (ya 5 Medium m7, It Poe, then x equals (ayn. Tagteviouttos Ansan (A) 3 sao r=2 Asser: (A) Anse: (0) ocxel fueco Answer (2) toga ‘Ansar (D) Arser (0) og(?) = tog(Phe*) = loge") oath +29, 31 32, (E) None of the above If2* = 87+ and 9” = (ay Be 9 (yr @2 9 then y equals fw = wo e™ find the approximate value of t when W= 10, = 50,andk = 6, (ayoa22 (8)0.268 (©0254 (90216 (60189 perms of Iflog,p = 8 and log,. 48 (Apr e 4, penpressed Iflogiox = y and logs 10 =m, then (A)logsx= my (B) logs x Oloasy (D)logs y => (©) None of the above If5* = 3, what is 3* equal to? (A)1.28 (B)1.83, 199 ()2.09 (212 Answer: (8) enon reaye3 Dandy =6 Ausizer: (8) 10 = 500-* In(20) = In 506 = In 50+ Ine“ = In50~6¢ Answer) toys logs Ansier (A) logge ey 10 =x logy 10=m 3" = 1033. 36, Inthe figure above, the coordinates ofthe center, O, of the circle are (62) 28) ©29 OO.2 22) Solve the equation loge(x ~ 1) + log,(x + 1) = 3 for x (A) Bor~3 (B) Bonly (© 2or~2 (D) -2only ®1 ‘The number of mold spores, 8, in a certain culture is given by the equation $= 50e%", where isthe number of days after 12.00 A.M, January 1. During what day in January des the number of speres equal 2,0002 (ays (Bs ©e* or eee If log, x + logy x — 2 < 0, which ofthe following is the solution set of the inequality? (A) fx <3) @) (ej -3 3) ® bl x>3) Anseers (C} yar “Te sonia te contr ane@, 9) Anseer: 8) loga(s~ 1) + lope = logiGs— N+ 1) =3 only (om not be —3.) Answer: (6) 2000 = seo oe D6r= a0 t= 61 day) Sanwory 3% Anseer: (CP tog, + logyx~2<0 > 0 (domain of tone) lagsr <1 xea Theor 0< <337, 39, A, If21og(x) = log(Sx ~ 6), then which of the ‘Answer: (Q following is the solution set of x? Blogs) = loa(Sx-6) (A) 6-1) {o9(x)? = loatsx~6) On we 5r-5 © (6 il a +6 7 6-9 +D ©) (6 X= 6-1 (-1 isc impose solution) (B) Allreal numbers. Ifa = logs5 , then 9% Auswer:(D) (A) 25 om = ate Gye (B) 125 ghey = st 625 (©) 250 (0) 6 (®) 3125 ‘When a certain radioactive element decays The Avswer-(D) amount at any time f can be calculated using the function A(t) = Agev5e where Ag is the original amount and ts the elapsed time in years. How many years would it take for an initial amount of 1100 milligrams of this element to decay to below 20 milligrams? (A) 120 years (B) 210 years (©) 480 years (D) 1,610 years. ©) 1830 years 1f3? = 74, what isthe value of 2? ‘Asser (A) (a) 177 part (8) -1.77 (© 132 (D) ~1.32 (Et 165%? = 3, find x (A) 846 (8) 5.6442, 48, 4, 45, 46. © 4% () 1.88 (E) 0.12 If loge x*) (log, 2) = 4 fina x (a)~9 9 (C)9or-9 (D)3 (B)30r—3 It f(x) = V2 x e~", then for which of the fellowing values of x does f(x) = 12 (a) 062 @) 070 O13 (©) 283 © 395 ify = 202 for x0 then (A)y varies dinectly with (B)yisindependent of » (Cy varies as the square of x {D) The product of x and y is 3 (B)y varies inversely with x Given f(z) = 3 logs(x ~ 1) ~ 3, find f-1G) (A) = ® -3 ol (p) 3 (E) 5 Given 88°" = 2°%, solve for r. (AL (B)2 (3 (ye 5 (= DinS= Ce Dn Hie Bt = o603 2" 0.608 + 0688 0317 = 2.683 2046 Auer: (©) flosex*) logs?) = BRE tog.2= 4 logy? =4 sat x= a9 Aster (8) Auer: (2) Find f-*(3) mews inthe va of salen f(a) = 3 logatx—)~847. 49. 50. 31 What is the ratio of x to yif x > y > 0 andlog(x + y)=2 + log(x-y)? (a oe Om Oz oF Given 10e* x e% = 1, solve for x. (ayaa (B)24 (15 (0)-34 (B)-24 Ifa,b > 0, which of the following is part of the ‘domain written in the interval notation of f(x) = woo) (Ac, 4) WCE © w+ If (log x)® ~ log x° = 4, then which of the following, could be the value of x? (a)-10 (6) 10 ©-1 (D)10? Oy Answer: (6) log(x +y) = 2+ logy) log +y) ~ loge 9) =2 tog) Ansve: (8) 106% xe = 106 = 1 Answer: (D) Gla) = emt) nat 41 Answer: (2) Let og = yn ay- o+D0-4 Vlogx=-1 x Vlog =4 ten y= ay55, (B) x8-x8 (Q G?~1? (D) (= 4) x in? 1) {E) @?- 1) ‘The number of bacteria, measured in thousands, in avculture is modeled by the equation b(0) = 2282, where tis the number of days since the culture was formed. Accorcling to this model, the culture can support a maximum poputation of (a) 50 ®) 400 (© 500 (0) 1500 ®» Given log, x = y and log y ofz? (a) te (®) 442 (Cc) a Oe @s ;, what is x in tems TE f(x) = 3 nx + Land g(x) = e* then g(f(2)) =? wae (®) 2 © 4 ©) 6e (BE) Be Ansiver: 8) (fouy(a) = Hato) = (e#)" iy eet se: (© oS wont = b(e) = 500 (o ech fs maniac) Aner: (0) logy tog,(log.3) =7 logy = 2° wa oar Anse: 6) a{fe) = 21 me eM 0 lf) = 0x2 = Be56. Iflogy2 = logs x is satisfied by two values of x, what is their sum? ai (B) 288 (CQ) 323, (D) 3.45 (®) 4 57. p(x) = 4 and g( f(x) = x, then ge) (ay Hoe (w oF (D) 2in2x~1) (8) 2in@x +1) If log, 4 = xand log, 3 =, then log, = (Ay} log, 6 (B)2-x-y (C)2-xt+y y2-tr+y ()2-3x-y Hard 5% flax < n16—Linx, then (Aosx<4 (@B)4exs8 (sexs (Dosxs4 ()0 0 (domain of tnx) so0 0 fem?65. IE f(x) = 224, find f-*(8). (Al B)2 ©3 (D4 ©5 66. How many real roots does the following equation have? et 20% 41 0 (ajo (Bl (2 (D)a ©) Infinite number of roots Answer: (A) Find the inverse function xan o+D9-0=0 ~2(e2éan not be negative.) 5 0th only one rt)VEIL RATIONAL FUNCTIONS, ASYMPTOTES, AND Lis ‘A rational funetion can be written in the form of f(a) = #2, where d(x) # 0as well as both n(x) and d(x) are polynomial functions. A vertical asymptote is v values when the denominator is equal to 0 without holes, ‘The line x = a isa vertical asymptote of the graph if dCa) Example: What is (aee) the vertical asymptote(s) of f(x tothen @) =3 x = Lis the vertical asymptote of /(x). Solttion: Ix Example: The graph of RC) = Solution: (e+ 1x ~ 2) =0 x=-Lor2 But when eg hes vertical asymptote(s) of what? R(x) = 2, therefore x 1 is a hole not an asymptote. x = 2is the asymptote of the graph of wen a} ac) © Plugin the value ofx with g then ifthe value of () +0, the limits equal to ne ae © I the value of d(c) = 0 but n(c) # 0, the limit does not exist. {ol — 2, which means both n(2) and d(x) have the same oH the value of 22 Both n(x) and d(x) should be divided by (x ~ e) first ‘The limit of a rational funetion fim S ‘common factor of x— © When m(x) has higher onder than a), lim M2 = vo, © When n() has lower order than a(x), tim 2 eading Cooffetent of nx) ‘© When n(x) has the same order as d(x), lim ME = feudins Goof ctent of ne) Example: m2 Solution: When x = tim® Essample: tinySolution: Example Solution: Ix = 0, then == the same common factor of x ORB VFTI) _ Bo: ORS) HORE MUTITD EONS 0 lass Example: Whats fim SEH = Solution: The denominator and numerator have the same degree of polynomial, so when x + 09, the value of SS approaches to the ratio oftheir leading coefficients. Therefore, tim Sate ve A horizontal asymptote is the horizontal line when the y value equals the limit as vote. y= lin Example If) = te, Solution: Horizontal asymptote of f(2): find its horizontal asymptote. denser So the horizontal asymptote of f(x) is? Slant asymptote: A perticular rational function, 32, where the degree of n(x) is cone more than the degree of d(x) so thatthe quotient isa linear function, a non- horizontal line in the plane, which is called a slant asymptote to the geaph of this particular rational function. Example: (() = 2%, find its slant asymptote Solution: Gx)Slane asymptote: y= fim(~3x ~3) +2 Problem Solving Skills Easy 1. Tnorder for the inverse of (G2) = cos(3x) tobe a Arswer: (8) function, the domain of f must be limited to f Os 3x = cos (f(x) S (a) -Esest oerct Wosxst (© Osrsn (D) Fsxsw () Esxs@ 2. Bvaluate fim 2, Asoer (Oh (ayo ‘¥en te ove of pyroahes @1 init, he term wi er degre of (2 om be nel. (D)3 i (Eo 3. What is fi = neBete ‘nse (0) Ws fit yt (2 (Dye @0 4 Approximately, what is in Arse: (8) (aye tn = te @)-1 = igor) == 0 (Dy @)25. 6 Answer: (©) Evaluate lim (A)Does not exist. @1 (O-1 (Do @2 What is (ate) the asymptote(s) of (x) = 4? Answer) (a y=0 A vertical agmnptot is x oes hen (@) y= Oand x=—2 the devon ieee Otout Sianeli 1 hrc nyo @) x= -2 ‘horizontal tine when the y value equals. (E) Noasymptotes the limit asx > 00, feasts x42=0 = =2 (Vor aepnpoe ¥ +.) = 0 (Horizontal sxmptote Haas Anse () fa (ayo (Bd oF 2 ®3 I Lm b,bisaninteger, whatis the value *™¥"' 4) of k +b? lin 22 = pad bis am integer at HER + must havea factor of Ce = @ -3 D. ©-+ Whenx= 1,1 +24 3 ®)4 If f(&) = S54, for what value(s) of x does the graph "ser (E) of fx) have a vertical asymptote? aes(A) =1, 0, andi seieo (8) —Land t y= 1 (Vertical asymp) @i woo () 4 10. What is the equation of the horizontal asymptote of Anson (®) unc = ENG)» the function f(x) = GEOG" _y = 3 (Honisontl asymptote) Answer (E) ite 2 Anser: (0) atone) n Gena font 3 ig 1B. Find the vertical asymptote(s) of the graph of) = soe (A) x= Tonly “Teo vera esymptons = 2 and = (8) x=2only 1 (Q x=-2only (D) x= Land (8) x= and15, 16 vu, im Ue jke# 0, then t= 2 (A) j+k Oe ore oe ene © Fe What is ton = (ay 12 ©) 4 (©) -4 (D) -12 (B) The limit does not exist. ‘The expression is undefined for what values of x? (A) ee) (8) Oo {D) x={-1-2) (B) x= {01,2} What is the approximate x-intercept of (x) (a3 (Bo o> )-2 ©)-3 Answer: (E) Aster (A) Answers (©) {is tndefnod ton the denominator = a w-3e42 @-De-2)=0 x= Lor2 Answer (A) (at interceptMedinn 18, 10. Fito, (Ay7 wo (9-8 (D)-: (E) The limit does not exist. ‘The graph of f(x) following asymptotes {A)No horizontal or vertical asymptotes (B) No horizontal and one vertical asymptote {C)No horizontal and two vertical asymptotes (D)One horizontal and one vertical asymptotes (B) One horizontal and two vertical asymptotes veer) (A) Genero Genin) ©) ceinee comes) © Genes) © GaGa) ) ©) rasnars (A) x= 4 (® x=-1 © x=0 (D) x=4 (B)_ None of the above Ausier: (0) Aas: (D) A vertical asymptote is v oaluis when ‘te denominator is equal fo Oeitout ots A horizontal asyinptote isthe rizonta ine we they value equals the fini as x ~ 0, FO) = gigas 3 Horizontal asymptote: y Vertical asymptote: x Answer: (C} ‘Sip se complex action ora Aaser: A vertical asymptote is x values wen the denominator epual io O without kes A horizontal asyunptote isthe orienta ie when they waves feito > 0, Ge? yyThe graph asa hole ut x= 4 mx +1 = 0 (No horzontl ssymptote) Answer (8) 22. Ifpand gare positive integers with pq = 4, then cannot be (ae ef Or 4 9 2B. moe’ its graph will have (A) one horizontal and three vertical asymptotes. (B) one horizontal and two vertical asymptotes. Two vertc!asmpots (C) one horizontal and one vertical asymptotes, 1 (oe the denominator = 0) (D) no horizontal and one vertical asymptote, On msm asymptote: () no horizontal and two vertical asymptotes. Y= AB THEH=? Hard 2A fe) = x? 2a +1 find fm ZEAL Arce: (8) (aye-2 iy Exam (B)2x~2 we (x+2 (je @4 ig(ex += 2) = 2x2 2. tim Answer: (B) wo lon = ln ee 2 A areas ~ ES Garerenloiroce) 4 ly rvs i=2 (10 (B) ©26. fim 82H rr Anson (A) (a) 05 a : Lezeatednnd ©) 3 © 45 2. Asn, a iii ikea 2 Ansever: (8 @)T B) 2 Oa Oe 8s DOW Kelyrelts=yhIX. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INVERSES ‘Graphs of Trigonometry Functions ‘sin@) cos(@) Tan@y cote) ‘sec@) cos) | = [Ni CN ‘rigonomettic functions havea form similar to y= Asin(Bx +0) +D !, amplitude = A, and midline y = D which has period Example: Find the amplitude and period of y = 3cos(2x), Solution: Amplitude ~3Solving Trigonometrie Equations To solve a trigonometric equation, use standard algebraic techniques such as, collecting like terms and factoring. Your preliminary goal in solving a teigonometric equation isto isolate the trigonometric function in the equation Example 1: Finel all of the values of x in the interval [0, 21) for which Asin*(x) Solution: 4sin?(x) Example 2: For 0 0, whatis the approximate value of tan(x)? (AYLI2 (B)0.89 (078 (Dy0.46 (033 Answer: (©) 2eostadsin(r = O)sin (2a +8) 22 C1 n8(0) “Answer: (D) ‘The grap ofy = tan(O) sows thatthe Faction increases ial four quadrants Anseer: (8) ‘The angles in the fist quadrant whe ‘both stn(x) and eas(s) ae potioe