Method of

Differentiation

1.

 Method of Differentiation

INTRODUCTION:
The derivative is the instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect
to one of its variables. This is equivalent to finding the slope of tangent line
to function at a point.

DERIVATIVE BY FIRST PRINCIPLE (DELTA METHOD):

Let P ( x0 , f ( x ) ) and Q ( x0 + h, f ( x0 + h) ) be two points very close to each
other on the curve y = f ( x ) . Draw PM and QN perpendicular from P and Q
on x-axis, and draw PL as perpendicular from P on QN. Let the chord PQ
produced meet their x-axis at R and ∠QRN = ∠QPL = φ. 
Now in right-angled triangle QPL
QL NQ − NL NQ − MP f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0 )
tan φ = = = =
PL MN ON − OM (x0 + h) − x0
f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0 )
=   … (1)
h
where h→0, the point Q moving along the curve tends to P, i.e., Q → P. The
chord PQ approaches the tangent line PT at the point P and then φ → ø.
Now applying Lim in equation (1), we get.
h→ 0

f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0 )
Lim tanφ =  
h→ 0 h
f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0 )
tan ψ = Lim
h→ 0 h
dy f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0 )
⇒ f ′ ( x0 ) = = Lim
dx x = x0 h→0 h

dy
denotes the instantaneous rate of change of
dx
function and is called finding the derivative by first
principle/by delta method/by ab initio/by
fundamental definition of calculus.
Method of Differentiation

2.
Q. Find equation of tangent to the curve y = x2 at (3, 9).
Sol. y = x2
dy  d n 
⇒  
dx
= 2x 
 dx
( y ) = nyn− 1 

dy
⇒ |x =3 = 2 ( 3) = 6
dx
Thus, equation of tangent is given by:
dy
y − y1 = |x = x1 ( x − x1 )
dx
⇒ y – 9 = 6 (x - 3)
⇒ y = 6x – 9

Note:
dy
If y = f(x) then the symbols = Dy = f′ ( x ) = y 1or y' have the same meaning,
dx
which is derivative of y w.r.t. x.

DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTIONS:

d n d x
(1) 
dx
x = nxn− 1 , n ∈ R (2) 
dx
(e ) = ex
d x d 1
(3) 
dx
( a ) = a x  ln a,  a > 0 (4) 
dx
(ln x ) =
x
d d
(5)  ( sinx ) = cosx (6)  (cosx ) = −sinx
dx dx
d d
(7)  ( tanx ) = sec2 x (8)  (cotx ) = −cosec2 x 
dx dx
d d
(9)  ( secx ) = secx tanx (10)  (cosecx ) = −cosecx cotx
dx dx
d 1 d 1
(11) 
dx
( sin−1 x ) = (12) 
dx
( cos−1 x ) = −
1−x 2
1 − x2
Method of Differentiation

d
(13) 
dx
( tan−1x ) = 1 +1x2 (14) 
d
dx
(cot −1x ) = − 1 +1x2
d 1 d 1
(15) 
dx
( sec−1x ) = (16) 
dx
(cosec−1x ) = − 
x x −1
2
x x2 − 1

3.
 THEOREM ON DERIVATIVES:

d d d
T-1:
dx
( f1 ( x ) ± f2 ( x ) ) =
dx
f1 ( x ) ±
dx
f2 ( x )

d d
T-2:
dx
( kf ( x ) ) = k
dx
f ( x ) , where k is any constant.

T-3: Chain Rule of derivative

If y = f (u) and u= g ( x ) ,  where y is a composite function, then

dy dy du
  = .
dx du dx

T-4: Product Rule of derivative

d (uv ) dv du
If u = f ( x )  and  v = g ( x ) ,  then =u +v
dx dx dx

T-5: Quotient of derivative

u
d   v du  −  u dv
v
If u = f(x) and v = g(x), then   = dx 2 dx  
dx v

1 1 1
    dy
Q.1 If y =  1 + x 4   1 + x 2   1 − x 4  ,  then find  .
    dx
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
          
Sol. y =  1 + x 4   1 + x 2   1 − x 4  =  1 + x 4   1 − x 4   1 + x 2  =  1 − x 2   1 + x 2 
          
y = 1−x
dy
= −1
dx
Method of Differentiation

4.
Q.2 Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to x:
(i)  e x (ii)  xex (iii)  x2lnx (iv)  π x (v)  x π

Sol. (i) Let t = x

Using chain rule of derivative,
d t d t dt

dx
( e )=
dt
(e ) . dx
d  21 
=e x x 
dx  
1 − 21 e x
=e x
 x =
2 2 x
(ii) Using product rule of derivative,
d d x d

dx
( xex ) = x dx (e ) + ex dx (x)
= x·e + e ·1
x x

= ( x + 1) e x

(iii) Using product rule of derivative,

d 2 d d

dx
( x lnx ) = x2 dx (lnx ) + lnx ( x2 )
dx
1
= x2 · + lnx·2x
x
= x ( 1 + 2lnx )

d x
(iv)
dx
(
( π ) = πx ln π   D (ax ) = ax lna )
d π
(v)
dx
( x ) = πxπ−1 (  Dxn = nxn−1 )
Q3. Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to x:
x
(i)  2   (ii) cos2 x (iii) sin 3x (iv) sin−1 x2
x +1
(v)  y = x3 − 3x (vi) 3sinx (vii) ln2 x
x
Sol. (i) y=
x2 + 1
Method of Differentiation

dy ( x  +  1) ⋅ 1 −  x ( 2x +  0 )

2

=  
dx ( x2  +  1)
2

1 − x2
=
(x )
2
2
+1

5.
 (ii) y = cos2 x
Let cos x = t , then
Using chain rule of derivative,
dy dy dt
= .
dx dt dx
d 2 d
=
dt
( t ) . dx (cos x )
= 2 ( cosx ) ( −sinx )
= −2sinxcosx
= −sin2x
(iii) y = sin3x
Let t = 3x, then
Using chain rule of derivative,
dy dy dt
= .  
dx dt dx
d d
= ( sint ) . ( 3x )
dt dt
= 3cos3x
(iv) Using chain rule of derivatives,
dy d d 2
=
dx dx
(sin−1 x2 . )
dx
x ( )
dy 1
= × 2x
dx
( )
2
1 − x2
dy 2x
⇒ =
dx 1 − x4

(v) y = x3 − 3x
dy d 3 d x
=
dx dx
( )
x −
dx
3 ( )
dy
= 3x2 − 3x ln 3
dx
(vi) Using chain rule of derivative,
Method of Differentiation

dy d d
=3 ( sinx ) + sinx ( 3)
dx dx dx
dy

dx
()
= 3cosx + sinx 0 = 3cosx

6.
 (vii) y = ln2 x
Let ln x = θ then, using chain rule,
dy d 2 dθ
=
dx dθ
( θ ) ⋅ dx
d
= 2 (ln x ) ⋅ (ln x)
dx
1
= 2ln x ⋅  
x
2 ln x
=
x
Q4. Find derivatives of following functions w.r.t. x
x x
(i)  tan ( tan−1 x ) (ii)  cos4 − sin4 (iii)  ( cos−1 x + sin−1 x )
n

2 2
−1 1 − cos2x 1
(iv)  elncot x (v)  (vi)  tan−1 x + tan−1  
sin2x x
(vii)  xsin−1 x (viii)  ex . tan−1 x
Sol. (i) tan ( tan−1 x ) = x
d d

dx
(
tan ( tan−1 x ) =
dx
)
(x) = 1
x x  x x  x x
(ii) cos4
− sin4 =  cos2 − sin2    cos2 + sin2 
2 2  2 2  2 2
x x
= cos2 − sin2 = cos x
2 2
d  4 x x d  2 x x
 cos − sin4  =  cos − sin2 
dx  2 2  dx  2 2
d
= (cos x) = −sinx
dx
π
(iii) cos−1 x + sin−1 x =
2
n
d d  π
( )
n
cos−1 x + sin−1 x = =0
dx dx  2 

(Using a = N)
Method of Differentiation

−1
(iv)  elncot x
= cot −1 x log a N

dy d
⇒ =
dx dx
(cot −1 x )
dy 1
⇒ =−
dx 1 + x2

7.
 d  1 − cos2x  d  2 sin2 x  d
(v)    =  
dx  sin2x  dx  2sinxcosx  dx
= tanx = sec2 x ( )
 π
,      x > 0
 1  
(vi) tan−1 x + tan−1   =   2
 x  π
− ,  x < 0
 2
dy 0,    x > 0
⇒ =
dx 0,    x < 0
(vii) Using product rule:
dy d
=
dx dx
( xsin−1x )
dy d
⇒ =
dx dx
( x sin−1x )
dy  1  dy x
⇒ = sin−1 x ( 1) + x   ⇒ = sin−1 x +
dx  1 − x 2
 dx 1− x

(viii) Using product rule,

dy d x
=
dx dx
( e ⋅ tan−1 x )

dy  1 
⇒ = ex ⋅ tan−1 x + ex ⋅  2 
dx 1+ x 
dy  1 
⇒ = ex tan−1 x + 
dx  1 + x2 

Note: If 3 functions are involved then remember

D ( f ( x ) .g ( x ) .h ( x ) ) = f ( x ) .g ( x ) .h' ( x ) + g ( x ) .h ( x ) .f' ( x ) + h ( x ) .f ( x ) .g' ( x )

' ' '
( fg ) (h) + ( gh) ( f ) + (hf ) ( g )
=
2

This result can be generalised to the product of n functions,

Proof:
Method of Differentiation

d
( ) ( ) ( )
 fg h = fg ' h + fg' = f'g + fg' h + fgh' = f'gh + fg'h + fgh'
dx  
d
Similarly,
dx
( )
fghk = f'ghk + fg'hk + fg'hk + fgh'k + fghk'

⇒
(fg ) ' h + (gh) ' f + (hf ) ' g
2

8.
 ( f′g + g ′f ) h +  (g'h + gh' )f + (h′f + hf' ) g
=
2
2 ( f′gh + fg ′h + fgh' )
=
2
= f′gh + fg ′h + fgh'
= D ( fgh)

Q.1 Let F ( x ) = f ( x ) .g ( x ) .h ( x ) .

( ) ( )
If some x = x0 ,  F′ x0 = 2021F x0 ;  f' x0 = 4f x0 ; ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
g' x0 = −7g x0 and h′ ( x0 ) = kh ( x0 ) . Then find k.

Sol. F ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x )
( ) ( ) ( )
Given that F' x0 = 2021F x0 , f' x0 = 4f x0 ; g' x0 = −7g x0 ( ) ( ) ( ) and

h′ ( x0 ) = kh ( x0 )
F′ ( x0 ) = f′ ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) h ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) g ′ ( x0 ) h ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) h' ( x0 )
2021F ( x0 ) = ( 4 − 7 + k ) f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) h ( x0 )
 2021 = −3 + k ⇒ k = 2024

Q.2 If f ( x ) = ( 1 + x ) ( 3 + x2 ) (9 + x )
1/2 3 1/3
then f' ( −1) is equal to

(A)  0 (B)  2 2 (C)  4 (D)  6

1 1
Sol. Let ( 1 + x ) = g ( x ) and ( 3 + x2 ) 2 ( 9 + x3 ) 3 = k ( x )

⇒ f ( x ) = g ( x ) .k ( x )
⇒ f' ( x ) = g' ( x ) .k ( x ) + g ( x ) k' ( x )
At x = –1, g (–1) = 0
⇒ f' ( −1) = g' ( −1) k ( −1) + 0 = 1 ⋅ k ( −1) (  g' ( x ) = 1)
1 1

⇒ (
f' ( −1) = k ( −1) = 3 + ( −1) ) ⋅ (9 + ( −1) )
2 2 3 3
Method of Differentiation

1 1
⇒ f′ ( −1) = 4 2 ⋅ 83 = 2 × 2 = 4

9.
 Q.3 Let f, g and h are differentiable functions. If f ( 0 ) = 1; g ( 0 ) = 2;h ( 0 ) = 3 and the derivatives
of their pair wise products at x=0 are ( fg ) ' (0 ) = 6; ( gh) ' (0 ) = 4 and (hf ) ' ( 0 ) = 5, then
compute the value of ( fgh) ' ( 0 ) .
' ' '
' ( fg ) (0) .h (0) + ( gh) (0) .f (0) + (hf ) (0) .g (0)
Sol. ( fgh) ( 0 ) =
2
' 6×3 + 4×1+ 5×2
⇒ ( fgh) (0) =
2
⇒ ( fgh) ' (0) = 16

Q.4 If f ( x ) = 1 + x + x2 + ... + x100 then f' ( 1) = ?

Sol. f ( x ) = 1 + x + x2 + ... + x100

⇒ f' ( x ) = 0 + 1 + 2x + ... + 100x99
(
100 100 + 1 ) = 5050
⇒
()
f ′ 1 = 1 + 2 + ... + 100 =
2

Q.5 If f ( x ) = 1 + x + x2 + ... + x100 then f'''' ( 0 ) = ?

Sol. f′ ( x )   = 0 + 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ... + 100x99

⇒ f′′ ( x ) = 0 + 0 + 2 + 6x + 12x2 + ... + 100 × 99.x98
⇒ f''' ( x ) = 0 + 0 + 0 + 6 + 24x + ... + 100 × 99 × 98.x97
⇒ f'''' ( x ) = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 24 + … + 100 × 99 × 98 × 97.x96
⇒ ()
f'''' 0 = 24

1 −  lnx dy
Q.6 If y = then value of at x = e is ___.
1 +  lnx dx
Sol. Using quotient rule:
1 1 1
( 1 + lnx )  0 − 
 − ( 1 − lnx )  0 +  − [ 1 + lnx + 1 − lnx ]
dy  x  x x
= =
dx ( 1 + lnx )
2
( 1 + lnx )
2
Method of Differentiation

dy −2
⇒ =
dx x ( 1 + lnx )2
dy −2 −1
Thus, |x =e = =
dx ( )
2e
2
e 1+ 1

10.
 sin−1 x dy 1
Q.7 If y = then value of at x = is ___.
cos x
−1
dx 2
π π
− cos−1 x
sin−1 x
Sol. y = = 2 = 2 −1
cos−1 x cos−1 x cos−1 x
 
dy π  −1  × −1
⇒ =
dx 2 ( cos x ) 
 − 1 2
1 − x2
 
dy π −1 −1 π 1 π 16
⇒ | 1 = × × = × × 2= × 2× 2
dx x = 2
2  −1 1 
2
 1 
2 2 π 2
2 π
 cos  1−   
4
 2  2  
dy 8 2
⇒ | 1 =
dx x = 2
π

x3 + 2x dy
Q.8 If y = then =?
ex dx
x
x3 + 2x 2
Sol. y = = x3 .e− x +  
e x
e
x
dy  2  2
= 3x2 .e− x − e− x .x3 +   ln  
dx  e  e

xsinx dy
Q.9 If y = then =?
1 + tanx dx
Sol. Using quotient rule:
dy ( 1 + tanx ) ( sinx ⋅ 1 + xcosx ) − ( xsinx ) sec x
2

=
dx ( 1 + tanx )
2

⇒  
dy
=
( )( )
1 + tanx sinx + xcosx − xsinxsec2 x
 
dx ( )
2
1 + tanx

x4 + x2 + 1 dy
Q.10 If y = then = ax + b . Find a and b.
x2 + x + 1 dx

x4 + x2 + 1 ( x + x + 1) ( x − x + 1)
2 2
Method of Differentiation

Sol. y = 2 =
x +x+1 x2 + x + 1
⇒ y = x2 − x + 1
dy
⇒ = 2x − 1 = ax + b
dx
on comparing, a = 2 and b = -1

11.
 secx + tanx − 1 dy
Q.11 If y = , find | π .
tanx − secx + 1 dx x = 4

secx + tanx − 1 secx + tanx − ( sec x − tan x )

2 2

Sol. y = =  
tanx − secx + 1 tanx − secx + 1
( secx +  tanx ) − ( secx −  tanx ) ( secx +  tanx )
⇒ y=  
tanx − secx + 1
( secx + tanx ) 1 − ( secx − tanx )
⇒ y=
tanx − secx + 1
⇒ y = secx + tanx
dy
⇒ = secx tanx + sec2 x
dx
dy
⇒ = secx ( tanx + secx )
dx
dy
Thus, | π= 2 1+ 2 = 2+ 2
dx x = 4
( )
tan−1 x − cot −1 x dy 
Q.12 If y =  , find 
tan x + cot x
−1 −1
dx 
x = −1

2
(A)  0 (B)  1 (C)  (D)  –1
π
π 
tan−1 x −  − tan−1 x
tan x − cot x
−1 −1
2  2
Sol. y =
tan x + cot x
−1 −1
=
π
=
π
(
2 tan−1 x − 1 )
2
4
 y = tan−1 x − 1
π
dy 4  1 
=
dx π  1 + x2 
 
dy 4 1 4 1 2
⇒ =   = × =
( )
dx x =−1 π  1 + −1  π 2 π
2
 

x3 + x2 + x
Q.13 If y =  , find dy 
1 + x2 dx  x =0
Method of Differentiation

x3 + x2 + x x3 + x x2 + 1 − 1 1
Sol. y = = + = x+1−  
1+x 2
1+x 2
1+x 2
1 + x2
 
dy −1 2x
⇒ = 1+0− ( ) = 1 +
2x
dx  ( 1 + x 2 )2  ( 1 + x2 )
2

 
Thus, dy = 1 + 0 = 1 
dx x =0
12.
 g (x)
Q.14 Let g be a differentiable function of x. If f ( x ) = for x > 0, g ( 2 ) = 3
x2
and g' ( 2) = −2 , find f' ( 2) .

g (x)
Sol. f ( x ) =
x2
x2g ′ ( x ) − g ( x ) ⋅ 2x
⇒ f′ ( x ) = (Using quotient rule)
x4
2
( 2) ⋅ g ′ ( 2) − g ( 2) ⋅ 2 ( 2)
Thus, f′ ( 2 ) =
24
4 ( −2) − 3 ( 4 ) 4
⇒ f' ( 2) = = [ −2 − 3]
16 16
−5
⇒ ()
f′ 2 =
4

Note: If f' ( x ) is not defined on x = c then it is wrong to conclude that f(x)

is not derivable at x = c. In such cases, check LHD at x = c and RHD at
x = c.
1
Q.15 f ( x ) = x 3 sinx then f' ( 0 ) = ?
1
1 1
Sol. f ( x ) = x 3 cosx + × 2 sinx
3
x3
From here, f' ( 0 ) is not defined. But this method is incorrect as product
rule is only applicable when both the functions are differentiable.
1
Here, x 3 is not differentiable at x = 0.
From first principle of derivative:
f ( 0 + h) − f ( 0 )
f′ ( 0 ) = lim
h→ 0 h
1
h sinh − 0
3
⇒ f′ ( 0 ) = lim
h→ 0 h
Method of Differentiation

1
sinh
⇒ f′ ( 0 ) = limh3 =0
h→ 0 h

13.
 dy
Q.16 If y = sin3 x   then =?
dx
Sol. Let sin x = θ 
⇒ y = θ3
dy dy dθ d
⇒ =
dx dθ dx
. = 3 sin2 x .
dx
sin x ( ) ( )
dy d
⇒
dx
( )
= 3sin2 x cos x.
dx
x ( )
dy 1
⇒
dx
( )
= 3sin2 x cos x.
2 x

⇒ dy 3 sin2 xcos x
= .
dx 2 x
dy
( )
Q.17 If y = ln3 tan2 ( x4 )  then    =  ?
dx
Sol. Let tan2 ( x4 ) = θ
⇒ y = ln3 θ
dy d 
⇒
dx
( )
= 3ln2 tan2 ( x4 ) ⋅
dx 
ln tan2 ( x4 ) 
 ( )
dy 3ln ( tan ( x ) )
2 2 4
d
⇒
dx
=
tan ( x 2
⋅ 4
) dx
(
tan2 ( x4 ) )
2 2
(
dy 3ln tan ( x )
4
d )
⇒
dx
=
tan ( x )
2 4
⋅ 2tan ( x4 ) ⋅
dx
tan ( x4 ) ( )

⇒
dy 24ln tan x
=
2 2 4
( ( )) ⋅ sec x ⋅ x
( ) 2 4 3

dx tan x4 ( )
 ax  dy
Q.18 If y = cos−1    then  = ? (b > 0)
b
  dx
 ax 
Sol. y = cos−1  
 b 
dy −1 d  ax 
Method of Differentiation

⇒ = ×  
dx  ax 
2 dx  b 
1− 
 b 
dy −b a
⇒ = ×  
dx b −a x
2 2 2 b
dy −a
⇒ =  
dx b − a 2 x2
2

14.
 1 dy
Q.19 If y =  then  = ? 
( f ( x )) dx
n

1
= ( f ( x ))
−n
Sol. y =  
( f ( x ))
n

dy d
= ( −n) ( f ( x ) ) ( f ( x ))
−n − 1
⇒ ⋅
dx dx
dy
( ( )) ()
−n− 1
⇒ = −n f x ⋅ f′ x
dx
dy
Q.20 If y = ln ( secx ) ,  then  = ? 
dx
Sol. y = ln ( secx )
dy 1 d
⇒ = ⋅ ( secx )
dx secx dx
dy 1
⇒ = ⋅ ( secxtanx )
dx secx
dy
⇒ = tanx
dx
Q.21 y = secx ( tanx )
Sol. y = secx ⋅ tanx
dy 1
⇒ = ( secxtanx ) ⋅ tanx + secx ⋅ ⋅ ( sec2 x )
dx 2 tanx
dy  3
sec2 x 
⇒
dx
= secx  tanx

( ) 2 + 
2 tanx 
dy
Q.22 If y = sec2 ( f 3 ( x ) ) ,  then  = ? 
dx
Sol. y = sec2 ( f 3 ( x ) )
dy d 3
⇒   = 2sec ( f 3 ( x ) ) × sec ( f 3 ( x ) ) .tan ( f 3 ( x ) ) × ( f ( x))
dx dx
dy
⇒
dx
( ( ))
= 2sec2 f 3 x tan f 3 x × 3f 2 x .f ′ x ( ( )) () ()
Method of Differentiation

Q.23 y = f (x)

Sol. y = f (x)

dy 1 d dy f ′ (x )
⇒ = . ( f ( x )) ⇒ =  
dx 2 f ( x ) dx dx 2 f (x )

15.
 (
cos3 tan−1 x3 )
2
dy
Q.24 If y = e  ,  then  =?
dx
( )
2
cos3 tan−1 x3
Sol. y = e  
dy cos3 ( tan−1 x3 )
( ) 1
2

⋅ 3cos2 ( tan−1 x3 ) ⋅ −sin ( tan−1 x3 ) ⋅ 2tan−1 x3 ⋅

2 2
⇒ =e .3x2
dx 1 + (x )
3 2


(tan x ) 
2
dy x2
3 −1 3
 cos
( ) ( )
2 2
⇒ = −18e ⋅ cos2 tan−1x3 ⋅ sin tan−1x3 ⋅ tan−1x3 ⋅  
dx 1 + x6
dy
Q.25 If y = cos (lnx ) ,  then  =?
dx
Sol. y = cos (lnx )
dy d sin lnx ( )
⇒
dx
= −sin lnx ⋅
dx
lnx = −( ) x
( )
1 dy
Q.26 If y = f   ,  then  =?
x dx
1
Sol. y = f  
x
dy  1 d  1
= f'  
dx  x  dx  x 
 1
−f '  
dy  1   −1   x
= f'    2  =
dx  x  x  x2

Q.27 Suppose that f is a differentiable function such that f ( 2) = 1 and  f' ( 2) = 3 and let
g ( x ) = f ( xf ( x ) ) . Find g ′ 2 . ()
Sol. g ( x ) = f ( xf ( x ) )

⇒ g' ( x ) = f' ( xf ( x ) ) . 1.f ( x ) + xf′ ( x ) 

⇒ g' ( 2) = f' ( 2f ( 2) ) . f ( 2) + 2f′ ( 2) 

⇒ g' ( 2) = f' ( 2 × 1) . [ 1 + 2 × 3]
Method of Differentiation

⇒ ()
g' 2 = 3 × 7 = 21

16.
 Logarithmic Differentiation

(i) A function which is the product or quotient of a number of functions.

f (x) g (x)
H (x) = then we will take logarithm before taking derivative.
k (x)  (x)
⇒ ln (H ( x ) ) = ln ( f ( x ) ) + ln ( g ( x ) ) − ln (k ( x ) ) − ln (  ( x ) )
And then take derivative of functions on both sides,

⇒ H′ x ( ) = f ′ (x ) + g ′ (x ) − k ′ (x ) −  ′ (x )  
H (x ) f (x ) g (x ) k (x )  (x )
OR
g(x)
(ii) A function of the form f ( x )  where f and g are both derivable. It will be
convenient to take the logarithm of the function first and then differentiate
OR express.
g(x)
( f ( x )) =e
g ( x ).ln( f ( x ) )
and then differentiate.

Now, f ( x )  =e
g(x) (
ln f ( x ) 
=e ( )
g (x)

 
) g ( x ).ln f ( x )

Taking derivative on both sides,

d
dx 
{
f ( x ) 
g(x)
=e }
g ( x )⋅ln( f ( x ) )
⋅
d
dx
{
g ( x ) ⋅ ln ( f ( x ) ) }

{ }
d g (x )  1 d 
⇒ f x  () =e
g (x )⋅ln(f (x ))
( ) ( ( ))
⋅ g ′ x ⋅ ln f x + g x ⋅ ()
⋅ f x  ( ( ))
dx  
 f x dx () 

Q.1 If y = sinx ⋅ sin2x ⋅ sin3x ⋅ ... . ⋅ sinnx , find y' and y' ( 0 ) .

Sol. y = sinx ⋅ sin2x ⋅ sin3x ⋅ . ... ⋅ sinnx 

Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
lny = ln ( sinx ) + ln ( sin2x ) + ln ( sin3x ) + ... + ln ( sinnx )
Now, differentiating on both sides, we get
1 dy 1 1 1 1
⋅ = ⋅ cosx + ⋅ cos2x ⋅ 2 + ⋅ cos3x ⋅ 3 + … +  ⋅ cosnx ⋅ n 
y dx sinx sin2x sin3x sinnx
dy
⇒ = {sinx ⋅ sin2x …  sinnx}{cotx + 2cot2x +  ...  +  ncotnx}
dx
Logarithmic Differentiation

dy  n  n 
⇒ = ∏ sin (rx )  ∑r cot (rx ) 
dx  r = 1   r =1 
⇒ y ′ (0) = 0

17.
 Q.2 If f ( x ) = ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) … ( x + n) then f' ( 0 ) is.
 1 1 1 1
(A) n! (B)   1 + + + + … + 
 2 3 4 n 
n (n + 1 )  1 1 1 1
(C) (D)  n!  1 + + + + … + 
2  2 3 4 n

Sol. y = f ( x ) = ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) … ( x + n)
⇒  lny = ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x + 2 ) + ln ( x + 3 ) + … + ln ( x + n)
1 dy 1 1 1 1
⇒ = + + + ... +  
y dx x + 1 x + 2 x + 3 x+n
 1 1 1 
⇒ y' = ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ... ( x + n)   + + ... +
x + 1 x + 2 x + n 
 1 1  1 1 1
⇒ () ( 2
)
f ′ 0 = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ … . ⋅ n  1 + + ... +  = n!  1 + + + ... + 
n 2 3 n
 
Hence, D is correct option.
100
n( 101−n) f′ ( 101)
Q.3 If f ( x ) = ∏ ( x − n)
n= 1
then find
f ( 101)
 .

100
n( 101−n)
Sol. f ( x ) = ∏ ( x − n)
n= 1
 

100 2×99 n( 101−n)

⇒ f ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x − 2) ... ( x − n)

ln ( f ( x ) ) = ln ( x − 1)
100 2×99 n( 101−n)
⇒ + ln ( x − 2 ) + ... + ln ( x − n)

∑ (ln ( x − n) )
100
ln ( f ( x ) ) =
n( 101−n)
⇒
n= 1

100
⇒ ln ( f ( x ) ) = ∑n ( 101 − n) log ( x − n)
n= 1

Taking derivatives on both sides, we get

1 100
1
⇒ ⋅ f′ ( x ) = ∑n ( 101 − n) ⋅
f (x) n= 1 x −n
Now, put x = 101, we get
Logarithmic Differentiation

f′ ( 101) 100
1
⇒
f ( 101)
∑n ( 101 − n) ⋅ 101 − n  
=
n= 1

f′ ( 101) 100
100 × 101
⇒
f ( 101)
∑n =
=
n= 1 2
= 5050

18.
 ln x
Q.4 Find derivative of y = ( sinx )
ln x
Sol. Given y = ( sinx )  .
Then, y = eln x ⋅ ln sinx  
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy d
= eln x ⋅ ln sinx {ln x ⋅ ln sinx}
dx dx
dy ln x  d d
⇒ = ( sinx ) ln sinx (ln x ) + ln x (ln sinx )
dx  dx dx 
dy ln x  ln sinx 1 
⇒ = ( sinx )  + ln x cosx 
dx  x sinx 
dy ln x  ln 
sinx 
⇒
dx
(
= sinx )  + cot x  ln x 
 x 
cosx
Q.5 y = xtanx + ( sinx )  
cosx
Sol. y = xtanx + ( sinx )
cosx
Let u = xtanx , v = ( sinx )
ln u  =  tan x ⋅ ln x
d d
∴ (ln u) = ( tan x ⋅ ln x )
dx dx
1 du 1
⇒ = tanx   + sec2 x ⋅ lnx
u dx x
du  tanx 
  = xtanx  + sec2 x ⋅ lnx  …(i)
dx  x 
cosx
v = ( sinx )
lnv = cos x ⋅ ln sinx
d d
⇒ ln v = (cos x ⋅ ln sinx )
dx dx
1 dv  cosx 
⇒ =  cos x ⋅  + ln sinx ⋅ ( −sinx )
v dx  sinx 
dv cosx  cos x
2

⇒ = ( sinx )  − sin x ⋅ ln ( sinx )  …(ii)
Logarithmic Differentiation

dx  sinx 
y =u+ v
dy du dv
∴ = +
dx dx dx
From (i) and (ii)
dy  tanx   cos2 x 
( ) ( )
cosx
= xtanx  + sec2 x ⋅ lnx + sinx
dx  x   sinx − sinx ⋅ ln sinx 
 

19.
 Q.6 If y = ( sinx ) e ( sinx
) (lnx ) ( x cos−1 x
) then find dy
dx
?

Sol. Taking log on both sides, we get

lny = lnsinx + sinx + ln (lnx ) + cos−1x ⋅ lnx
Differentiating on both sides,
1  dy  cosx 1 1 1  −1   1
 = + ⋅ cosx + × + lnx   +  cos−1 x ⋅ 
y  dx  sinx 2 sinx lnx x  1−x  
2 x

dy  cosx 1 lnx cos−1x 

= y  cotx + + − +
dx  2 sinx xlnx 1 − x2 x 

dy
Q.7 If y = ( xlnx ) ( secx )
3x
then find ? 
dx
Sol. y = ( xlnx ) ( secx )
3x

2
lny = (lnx ) + 3xln ( secx )
1 dy 2 lnx 3x
= + 3ln ( secx ) + ( secxtanx )
y dx x ( secx )
dy  2lnx 

dx
= y
 x
+ 3ln secx + 3xtanx .

( )
dy
x
ex
ex
Q.8 If y = x then = ? 
dx
 exx 
 x
e (lnx ) 
 
Sol. y = e  
Differentiating on both sides, we get
dy d  xexx  1 xx
d  xexx  
=y⋅  e ( lnx )  = y  ⋅ exe
+ lnx  e 
dx dx   x dx  
 xex   xex 
x x

dy e d exx
( )  e
(
d (exx ⋅  ln x)
) 
x x
ex ex
⇒ = y + lnx ⋅ ex ⋅ x  = y + lnx ⋅ ex ⋅ e 
dx  x dx   x dx 
Logarithmic Differentiation

 xexx  exx 

dy e x

( )
ex xx x

⇒ = y + lnx ⋅ ex ⋅ xe  + lnx ⋅ ex ⋅ xx 1 + lnx 

dx  x  x 


20.
 π dy
cosec ( ex ( a + bx ) ) and a + b =
ln x
Q.9 If y = ( sinx )  then the value of   at x = 1 is
2e dx
(A) ( sin1) ln sin ( 1) (B)  0 (C) ln sin ( 1) (D)  1 + ln ( sin1)

cosec ( ex ( a + bx ) )
lnx
Sol. y = ( sinx )

(
lny = (lnx ) ln ( sinx ) − ln sin ( ex ( a + bx ) ) )
1 dy 1 cos ( ex ( a + bx ) ) ( aex + bxex + bex )
= ln ( sinx ) + (lnx ) cotx −
y dx x sin ( ex ( a + bx ) )

π
cos   ( a + 2b ) e
1 dy 2
| at x =1 = ln ( sin 1) + 0 − = ln ( sin 1) + 0 − 0
y dx π
sin  
2
 π
  a + b = 2e  ∴ y = 1 at x = 1

dy
so
dx at x = 1
= ln sin1 y( )
at x = 1
(
= ln sin1 ⋅ 1 = ln sin1) ( )
Hence, (C) option is correct.
4
 πx  πx
log 2 x2x dy
Q.10 If y = 2 +  tan  then ]x =1   is
 4  dx
5
(A)  4 (B)    (C)  3 (D)  not defined
2
4
 πx  πx
Sol. y = x 2x
+  tan   
 4 
Let u = x2x so lnu = 2xlnx
1 du du
u dx
= 2 lnx + 1 ⇒ (
dx x = 1
)
= 1 2 =2 ( )( )
4
 πx  πx
Let  v =  tan   
4 
Logarithmic Differentiation


4   πx  
ln v = ln  tan   
πx   4 
π 
sec2  x 
1 dv 4   πx   1  4  
= − 2 ln  tan     +
v dx πx   4   x tan  π x 
 
4 

21.
 dv
= 0 + 2 
dx x = 1
dy du dv
⇒ = + =2+2 = 4
dx dx dx
Hence, option (A) is correct.
x  1
 1  1+ 
Q.11 Let, y =  1 +  ⋅ x x   then y’(1) equals
 x
4
(A)  ln ( 4e ) (B)  ln   (C)  2 ln 2 + 3 (D)  2 (ln 2e )
e
  1   1     1  1 
 x ln 1+     1+ .lnx  xln 1+  +  1+ lnx 
Sol. y = e   x 
⋅e  x  
=e   x  x 

 
 1  −1   1  1 1  −1  
y' = y x ⋅ ⋅  2  + ln  1 +  +  1 +  + lnx  2  
  1 x   x  x x  x 
1+ 
  x 

 −1  3 
y ′ ( 1) = eln2 ⋅  + ln 2 + 2 = 2  + ln2
2  2 
y ′ ( 1) = 2 ln 2 + 3
Hence, (C) is correct option.
ln( e +h)
( e + h)  −  e
Q.12 Find lim .
h→ 0 h
ln( e +h)
( e + h) − elne f ( e + h) − f ( e )
Sol. lim = lim = f′ (e)
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
⇒ f ( x ) = xlnx = elnx.lnx
2 1
⇒ f ′ ( x ) = e(lnx ) ⋅ 2ln x ⋅
x
1
⇒ f′ (e) = e ⋅ 2 ⋅ =2
e
Logarithmic Differentiation

ax2 bx c
Q.13 y = + + + 1 ;   
( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) x − c
1 dy 1  a b c 
Prove that . =  + + .
y dx x  a − x b − x c − x 

ax2 bx c+x−c
Sol. y = + +  
( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) x−c

22.
 ax2 bx ( x − b) x
⇒ y= + +  
( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − b) ( x − c )
ax2 x2
⇒ y= +  
( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − b) ( x − c )
ax2 x2 ( x − a )
⇒ y= +
( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c )
x3
⇒ y=  
( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c )
Taking log on both sides, we get
⇒ lny = 3lnx − ln ( x − a ) − ln ( x − b ) − ln ( x − c )
Differentiating on both sides, we get
1 dy 3 1 1 1
⋅ = − − −  
y dx x x − a x − b x − c
1 dy  1 1  1 1  1 1 
⇒ ⋅ = − + − +  x − x − c 
y dx  x x − a   x x − b 

1 dy 1 a b c 
⇒ ⋅ =  + + 
y dx x  a − x b − x c − x 
Hence proved.

Q.14 Find f ( x ) = lim

(sin ( x + h) ln( x +h) lnx
− ( sinx ) ).
h→ 0 h
g ( x + h) − g ( x ) lnx
Sol. f ( x ) = lim (where  g ( x ) = ( sinx ) )
h→ 0 h
⇒ f ( x ) = g′ ( x )
d lnx.lnsinx
⇒ f (x) =
dx
(e )
 lnsinx cosx 
⇒ f ( x ) = ( elnx.lnsinx ) ⋅  + lnx. 
 x sinx 
 lnsinx 
() ( )
lnx
⇒ f x = sinx + lnx.cotx 

 x 
Logarithmic Differentiation

 π
Q.15 f =| x | sinx  k, find f'  −  .
 4
Sol. For |x| and |sinx|, critical points are x = 0 and x = nπ respectively.
π (− sinx)
At x = −
4
() ( )
, f x = −x

⇒ f ( x ) = e− sinx.ln( − x )

23.
  1 
⇒ f ( x ) = e− sinx.ln( − x ) −cosx ⋅ ln ( −x ) − ⋅ ( −1) ⋅ ( −sinx ) 
 x 

 1 
  1
 
 −1  π  4 
 
 π  π  2  1  π 1  −1    π  2
⇒ f'   =   − ln   − ⋅  =  ln   − 
 4  4  2  4   −π   2    4   2  4  2π 
  4  

Note:

dy dy dx 1 dy dx dy 1  dx 
(i) If exists and ≠ 0 , then =  or ⋅ = 1 or =  .  ≠ 0
dx dx dy dy dx dy dx dx  dy 
dx dy

Proof:
dy ∆y dx ∆x
= lim   and = lim  
dx ∆x → 0 ∆x dy ∆y → 0 ∆y

dy dx  ∆y   ∆x 
  ⋅ =  lim   ∆lim =1
dx dy  ∆x → 0 ∆x   y → 0 ∆y 

d2 y d2 x
(ii) Product of   and  is not always 1.
dx2 dy 2

dx
Q.1 x + y = 4 . Find at y = 1.
dy

Sol. Method-1
Differentiating w.r.t. y on both sides,
1 dx 1
+ = 0  …(1)
2 x dy 2 y
Now, at y = 1
x + 1 = 4 
Logarithmic Differentiation

⇒ x = 3 
⇒ x = 9 
Put x = 9 and y = 1 in equation (1), we get

1 dx 1
+ =0
2 ⋅ 3 dy y = 1 2 ⋅ 1

⇒ 1 dx −1
⋅ =  
6 dy y = 1 2
24.
 dx
⇒ |y =1 = −3
dy
Method-2
x+ y =4
Differentiating w.r.t. to x on both sides,
1 1 dy
+ . = 0 
2 x 2 y dx
Put x = 9 and y = 1, we get
1 1 dy
+ ⋅ = 0 
2 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 1 dx
1 dy −1
⇒ =  
2 dx 6
dy −2 1
⇒ = =−  
dx 6 3
dx 1
⇒ =  
dy dy
dx
dx 1
⇒ = = −3 
dy −1
3
x
⋅ ex , find y' ( 1) .
2
Q.2 y = x
x
Sol. Let f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = ex
2
x
g' ( x ) = ex ⋅ 2x ⇒ g' ( 1) = 2e
2

x
Now, f ( x ) = x
Taking logarithm on both sides,
1
lnf ( x ) = x.lnx
2
Differentiating on both sides,
x  lnx 1 
f' ( x ) = x +
Logarithmic Differentiation

 
4 x 2 x 
1
f ′ ( 1) =
2
⇒ y = f ( x ) .g ( x )
Differentiating w.r.t. x on both sides,
y' = f' ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) + f ( x ) ⋅ g ′ ( x )

25.
 ⇒ y' ( 1) = f' ( 1) ⋅ g ( 1) + f ( 1) ⋅ g ′ ( 1)
1
⇒ y' ( 1) = ⋅ e + 1 ⋅ 2e
2
5e
⇒ ()
y′ 1 =
2
1 
 ln x 
Q.3 If f ( x ) = y = π + 2 + x + e
2 x 2 x 
, then find the slope of the perpendicular
to the tangent on the graph of y = f ( x ) at x = 1.
1 
 ln x 
Sol. y = π2 + 2x + x2 + e x 

lnx
 −1 1 
⇒ y' = 0 + 2x ln2 + 2x + e x  2 lnx + 2 
x x 
⇒ Slope of tangent at x = 1 on y = f(x) is,
dy
m1 = |x =1 = 2 ln 2 + 2 + 1 [0 + 1] = 3 + 2ln2
dx
⇒ Slope of perpendicular line to tangent at x = 1 is,
−1 −1
m2 = =
m1 3 + 2ln2
Logarithmic Differentiation

26.
 Parametric Differentiation

In some situation curves are represented by the equations e.g.

x = sin t &  y = cos t 
If x = f ( t ) and y = g ( t ) then

dy dy dt g ′ ( t )
= ⋅ =  
dx dt dx f ′ ( t )

Note: Some standard Substitutions

Expression Substitution

x2 − a 2 x = asin q or acos q

a 2 + x2 x = a tan θ or a cot θ

a+x a−x
or x = acosθ or acos2θ
a−x a+x

(a − x ) ( x − b) x = acos2 θ + bsin2 θ

a−x
x = acos2 θ + bsin2 θ
x −b

dy
Q.1 Find if
dx
(i) x = a ( cost + tsint ) and y = a ( sin t − t cos t )
3at 3at 2
(ii) x = ; y =  
1 + t3 1 + t3
(iii) x = asec2 θ; y = atan2 θ .
Sol.(i) x = a ( cost + tsint ) and y = a ( sin t − t cos t )
dx
= a ( −sint + sint + tcost ) = atcost
dt
dy
= a ( cost − cost + tsint ) = atsint
Parametric Differentiation

dt

⇒ dy = tant 
dx

27.
 3at 3at 2
(ii) x = ;y =  
1+t 3
1 + t3

=
(
dx 3a ( 1 + t ) .1 − t ( 3t )
3 2

=
)
3a ( 1 − 2t 3 )
 
dt ( 1 + t3 ) ( 1 + t3 )
2 2

=
(
dy 3a ( 1 + t ) 2t − t ( 3t )
3 2 2

=
)
3a ( 2t − t 4 )
 
dt ( 1 + t3 ) ( 1 + t3 )
2 2

dy
=
(
2 − t3 t
 
)
dx (
1 − 2t 3 )
(iii) x = asec2 θ; y = atan2 θ
dx
= 2asecθ ( secθtanθ )
dθ
dy
= 2atanθsec2 θ 
dθ
dy
=1
dx
2
 dy 
Q.2 If x = secθ − cosθ & y = sec θ − cos θ , then show that ( x + 4 ) 
n n
 = n ( y + 4) .
2 2 2

 dx 
Sol. x = secθ − cosθ; y = secnθ − cosnθ
2
 dy 
(x 2
+ 4)   = n ( y + 4)
 dx 
2 2

dx
= secθtanθ + sinθ = sinθ ( sec2 θ + 1)
dθ

dy
= nsecn− 1θsecθtanθ + ncosn− 1θsinθ = nsecnθtanθ + ncosnθtanθ  
dθ
dy
= ntanθ ( secnθ + cosnθ )
dθ

=
n
(
dy ntanθ sec θ + cos θ
n

=
)
n secnθ + cosnθ
=
(
n secnθ + cosnè
 
) ( )
dx sinθ sec2 + 1 ( )
cosθ sec2θ + 1 (
secθ + cosθ ) ( )
Parametric Differentiation

 dy 
2
(
n2 sec2nθ + cos2nθ + 2 n2 y 2 + 4
 
) ( )
 dx  = =
(
sec2θ + cos2θ + 2 x2 + 4) ( )

28.
Q.3 If x = a cos2t cos t and y = a cos2t sin t then, find dy  .
dx t = π
6

Sol. x = a cos2tcost and y = a cos2tsint

dx  cost ( −2sin2t ) 
= a  cos2t ( −sint ) + 
dt  2 cos2t 
dx  sintcos2t + costsin2t 
= −a  
dt  cos2t 
dx sin3t dx
=  − a  ⇒ π = − 2a
dt cos2t dt 6
dy  sint   cos3t  dy

dt
= a  cos2tcost +

(
−2sin2t  = a 

) 
 cos2t 
⇒
dt
=0
2 cos2t π
6
dy
=0
dx π
6

Q.4 For the curve represented parametrically indicate the relation between
the parameter t and the angle α between the tangent to the given curve
and the x-axis.
 t2
x  =  cost +  t sint −    cost
(i)  2   (ii)  x = acos3 t, y = asin3 t
t 2
 y  =  sint −  t cost −    sint
 2

t2
Sol. (i) x = cost + tsint − cost
2
dx t2 t 2sint
= −sint + tcost + sint + sint − tcost =
dt 2 2
t2
y = sint − tcost − sint
2
dy 1 −t 2cost
= cost − ( cost − tsint ) − ( 2tsint + t 2cost ) =
dt 2 2
Parametric Differentiation

 dy 
dy  dt  π 
∴   = = −cot t = tanα ⇒ tan  − t  = tan ( −α )  
dx  dx   2 
 
 dt 

⇒ π − t = −α ⇒ t = π + α
2 2

29.
 dx
(ii) x = acos3 t ⇒ = −3acos2 tsint
dt
dy
y = asin3 t ⇒ = 3asin2 tcost
dt
 dy 
dy  dt  3asin2 tcost
∴ = = = −tant = tanα  
dx  dx  −3acos2 tsint
 
 dt 
⇒  tan ( π − t ) = tanα ⇒ π − t = α ⇒ t = π − α

dy
Q.5 Find if x = a ( θ − sinθ ) and y = a ( 1 − cosθ ) .
dx
Sol. We have,
x = a ( θ − sinθ ) and y = a ( 1 − cosθ )
dx dy
⇒ = a ( 1 − cosθ ) and = asinθ
dθ dθ
dy  θ  θ
2sin   cos  
⇒ dy dθ a sinθ  2  2 θ
= = = = cot  
dx dx a 1 − cosθ ( )  θ
2sin2  
2
dθ  2

dy π
Q.6 If x = asec3 θ and y = atan3 θ , find at θ = .
dx 3
Sol. We have x = asec3 θ and y = atan3 θ
dx dy
= 3asec3 θtanθ and  = 3atan2 θsec2 θ
dθ dθ
dy
dy dθ 3atan2θsec2θ tanθ
⇒ = = = = sinθ  
dx dx 3asec3θtanθ secθ
dθ

 dy  π 3
⇒   π = sin = .
 dx θ= 3 2
Parametric Differentiation

dy 1 − y2
Q.7 If 1 − x2 + 1 − y 2 = a ( x − y ) then prove that = .
dx 1 − x2

Sol. 1 − x2 + 1 − y 2 = a ( x − y )
Put x = sinα , y = sinβ

30.
 1 − sin2α + 1 − sin2β = a ( sinα − sinβ )
 α + β  α − β 
cosα + cosβ = a 2cos   .sin  
  2   2 
α + β α − β α + β α − β
2cos   cos   = 2acos   .sin  
 2   2   2   2 
α − β 1
tan   =
 2  a
α−β 1
= tan−1
2 a
1
sin–1x – sin–1y = 2 tan-1
a
1 1dy dy 1 − y2
− =0 ⇒ =
2 dx dx
1 − x2 1−y 1 − x2

DIFFERENTIATION OF ONE FUNCTION W.R.T. OTHER FUNCTION:

If y = f ( x ) andz = g ( x ) then derivative of f(x) w.r.t. g(x) is given by

dy dy dx f′ ( x )
= . =  
dz dx dz g ′ ( x )

derivative of f ( x )  w.r.t . x f′ ( x )
∴ Differential coefficient of f(x) w.r.t. g ( x ) = =  
derivative of g ( x )  w.r.t .x g′ ( x )
tanx
Q.1 Find derivative of (lnx ) w.r.t. xx .
tanx
Sol. u = (lnx ) ; v = xx
ln (u) = tanx ln (lnx )
1  du   1 1
 = ( sec x ) ln (lnx ) + tanx 
2
⇒  ⋅ 
u  dx   lnx x 

du u ( ( xlnx ) ln (lnx ) sec x + tanx )

2

=  
Parametric Differentiation

dx ( xlnx )
ln v = x ln x
1  dv 
⇒   = (lnx + 1)
v  dx 
( ) ( )
tanx
du lnx  xlnxln lnx sec2 x + tanx 
=  
dv xx  ( )(
xlnx lnx + 1  )
31.
 1
( )
Q.2 Derivative of cos−1 2x2 − 1 w.r.t. 1 − x2 when x =
2
.

Sol. u = cos−1 ( 2x2 − 1) ; v = (1 − x )

2

1 π
put x = cosθ as x = so θ =  
2 3
du
du dθ 2
= = = 4.
dv dv cosθ
dθ

 2x  −1  1 − x 
2
Q.3 Define derivative of sin−1   w.r.t. cos  2 
∀x ∈ R .
1+ x  1+ x 
2

 2x   1 − x2 
Sol. Let u = sin−1  2 
and v = cos−1  2 
1+ x  1+ x 
Let x = tanθ
u = sin−1 ( sin2θ ) and  v = cos−1 ( cos2θ )
 π π π π
 2θ, − ≤ 2θ ≤ ⇒− ≤θ≤ ⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
 2 2 4 4
 −π −π −π
u = ( −π − 2θ), −π < 2θ ≤ ⇒ <θ< ⇒ −∞ < x < −1
 2 2 4
 π π π
 ( π − 2θ), 2
≤ 2θ ≤ π ⇒ <θ<
4 2
⇒ 1< x< ∞

v = cos−1 ( cos2θ )

 π
 2θ, 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ π ⇒0≤θ≤ ⇒0≤x<∞
v= 2
−2θ, −π < 2θ < 0 −π
⇒ <θ<0 ⇒ −∞ < x < 0
 2
 2, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
du 
=  −2, 1 < x < ∞
dθ 
Parametric Differentiation

−2, − ∞ < x < −1

dv  2, 0 ≤ x < ∞
=
dθ −2, −∞ < x < 0

32.
   −2 
   = 1, −∞ < x < −1
  −2 
 2 
 = −1, −1 ≤ x < 0
du  −2 
=
dv   2 
= 1, 0≤x≤1
  2 

 −2  = −1, 1 < x < ∞
 2 


du  1 ∀ x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ [0, 1]

= not exists at x = −1, 0, 1
dv −1 ∀ x ∈ [−1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞ )

−1 −
Q.4 State True or False: Differential coefficient of esin  x w.r.t. e−cos x   is
independent of x.
−1 −1
Sol. Let u = esin x
and v = e−cos x  
π
−cos−1 x  −1 π
u = e2 sin x + cos x = 
−1

 2
π π
−1
u = e 2 e−cos x
= e 2 v 
du π
So, = e2 .
dv
Thus, given statement is true.
π
Q.5 Find the derivative of f ( tanx ) w.r.t. g ( secx ) at x = , where
4
f' ( 1) = 2 and g' ( 2) = 4 .
Sol. Let u = f ( tanx ) and v = g ( secx )
du dv
⇒ = f′ ( tanx ) sec2 x and = g ′ ( secx ) secx tanx
dx dx
du
du dx f′ ( tanx ) sec2 x
⇒ = =  
Parametric Differentiation

dv dv g ′ ( secx ) secxtanx
dx
 π
f′  tan 
 du  4 f′ ( 1) 2 2 2 1
⇒  dv  π =  = = =  
x=
4
π
g  sec  sin
′
π g ′ 2 4( ) 2
 4 4

33.
 Q.6 Differentiate ln(sinx) w.r.t. cosx .
Sol. Let u = ln(sinx) and v=   cosx
du dv sinx
Then, = cotx and   =−  
dx dx 2 cosx
du
⇒ du dx cotx
= = = −2 cosx  cotx cosecx
dv dv sinx
−
dx 2 cosx

 1 − x2 − 1 
Q.7 Differentiate tan−1   w.r.t. tan−1 x .
 x 
 
 1 + x2 − 1 
Sol. Let u = tan−1   and v = tan−1 x.
 x 
 
Putting x = tanθ,
 1 + x2 − 1 
we get u = tan−1  
 x 
 
 secθ − 1  −1  1 − cosθ  −1  θ 1 1
= tan−1   = tan   = tan  tan  = θ = tan x
−1

 tanθ   sinθ   2 2 2
1
Thus, we have u = tan−1 x and v = tan−1 x .
2
du 1 1 dy 1
⇒ = × and   =  
dx 2 1 + x 2
dx 1 + x2
du
du dx 1 1
2 (
⇒ = = 1 + x2 ) =
dv dv 2 (1 + x ) 2
dx
Parametric Differentiation

34.
 Implicit Functions

If the variable x and y connected by a relation of the form f(x, y) = 0 and it

is not possible to express y as a function of x in the form y = φ ( x ) , then
such functions are said to be implicit functions. For example,
(i)  x2 + xy + y 3 = 1 (ii)  x + y + sin ( xy ) = 1
2 2
(iii)  x y + y x = 1 (iv)  16x +y
+ 16x + y = 1

DERIVATIVE OF IMPLICIT FUNCTION:

dy
(i) In order to find , in the case of implicit functions, we differentiate
dx
each term w.r.t. x regarding y as a function of x and then collect terms
dy dy
in together on one side to finally find .
dx dx
(ii) Corresponding to every curve represented by an implicit equation, there
exist one or more explicit functions representing that equation. It can
dy
be shown that at any point on the curve remains the same whether
dx
the process of differentiation is done explicitly or implicitly.
d d dy dy
f (y) = f (y) ⋅ = f′ ( y ) ⋅
dx dy dx dx

A DIRECT FORMULA FOR IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS:

Let f(x, y)=0. Take all the same terms of left side and put left side equal
to f(x, y).
dy diff.  of  f  w.r.t.  x  keeping  y  as  constant
Then = −  
dx diff.  of  f  w.r.t.  y  keeping  x  as  constant

dy lnx
Q.1 If x y = ex − y then prove that =  .
dx (I + lnx )2
Sol. x y = ex − y
ylnx = ( x − y ) …(1)
Now differentiating with respect to x,
y dy dy
+ lnx ⋅ = 1−
x dx dx
y
1−
dy x = x−y ylnx x 
Implicit Functions


⇒   = =    From (i) ,   y = 
dx 1 + lnx x ( 1 + lnx ) x ( 1 + lnx )  1 + lnx 
dy lnx
∴ =
dx ( )
2
1 + lnx

35.
 sin2 ( a + y )
Q.2 If siny = x sin (a + y) then prove that dy =  .
dx sina
Sol. siny = x sin (a + y)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
dy  dy 
cosy. = sin ( a + y ) + xcos ( a + y ) .  0 + .
dx  dx 
dy
⇒
dx
(cosy − xcos (a + y ) ) = sin (a + y )
dy sin ( a + y ) sin ( a + y )
⇒ = =  
dx cosy − xcos ( a + y ) cosy −   siny cos ( a + y )
sin ( a + y )

=
sin2 a + y( ) =
(
sin2 a + y ) 

( )
sin a + y cosy − sinycos a + y ( ) sina

dy
Q.3 If y = sinx + sinx + sinx + ... + ∞ find (sinx > 0) .
dx

Sol. y = sinx + sinx + sinx + ... + ∞ ⇒ y = sinx + y

dy dy dy  cosx 
⇒ y 2 − y = sinx ⇒ 2y − = cosx ⇒   =
dx dx dx  2y − 1
.∞
..
xx
Q.4 Find derivative of  y = xx .
.. ∞
x.
xx
Sol. y = x
1 dy y dy
⇒ y = xy ⇒ lny = ylnx ⇒ . = + lnx
y dx x dx
y
dy  1  y dy x y2
⇒  − lnx  =    ⇒ = =  
dx  y  x dx 1 − ylnx x 1 − ylnx ( ) ( )
y
.. ∞
(lnx ).
(lnx )
Q.5 Find derivative of y = (lnx ) .
y
Sol. y = (lnx )
1 dy y dy
⇒ lny = yln (lnx ) ⇒ . = + lnln x  
y dx x lnx dx
Implicit Functions

y
dy  1  y dy x ln x y2
= =  
⇒  − ln (lnx )  = ⇒ dx 1 − y ln (ln x ) (
x ln x 1 − y ln (lnx ) . ) ( )
dx  y  x lnx
y

36.
 x 1 .
Q.6 If y = then prove that y' =
x 1+ y
1+
x
2+
x
1+
2+…
x
Sol. y =
x
1+
2+y
x (2 + y )
⇒ y=
2+y+x
⇒ 2y + y2 + xy = 2x + yx
⇒ 2y + y2 = 2x
dy dy
⇒ 2 + 2y = 2 (By differentiating)
dx dx
dy 1
⇒ =
dx 1+ y
Hence Proved.
sinx
Q.7 If y = then y' ( 0 ) is
cosx
1+
sinx
1+
1 + cosx …
1
(A)  0 (B)  (C)  1 (D)  non existent
2
sinx
Sol. y = at x = 0, y = 0
cosx
1+
sinx
1+
1 + cosx …
sinx
y=
cosx
1+
1+y
sinx ( 1 + y )
⇒ y=
1 + y + cosx
⇒ y + y2 + ycosx = sinx + ysinx

⇒ dy dy dy dy
 + 2y  + cosx   –  sinx ⋅ y  =  cosx + y cosx +  sinx ⋅
dx dx dx dx
dy
⇒ (1+2y + cosx – sinx) = cosx + ycosx + ysinx
Implicit Functions

dx
dy cosx + ycosx + ysinx dy 1
⇒ = ⇒ |x =0 =
dx 1 + 2y +  cosx − sinx dx 2
Hence, (B) option is correct.

37.
 Q.8 A curve is described by the relation ln ( x + y ) = xey . Find the tangent to the curve at
(0, 1).
Sol. ln ( x + y ) = xey
Differentiating w.r.t. to x
1  dy  y dy
1 +  = xe + ey
( x + y ) dx  dx
At point (0, 1),
1  dy 
1 + = 0 + e1
(0 + 1)  dx 
dy
⇒ |x =0,y = 1 = e − 1
dx
Equation of tangent is given as,
y – 1 = (e – 1) (x – 0)
⇒ (1 – e) x + y = 1.

dy
Q.9 If y 5 + xy 2 + x3 = 4x + 3 , then find at (2, 1).
dx

Sol. y 5 + xy 2 + x3 = 4x + 3
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy  dy 
5y 4 +  x ( 2y ) + y 2  + 3x2 = 4
dx  dx 
dy 4 − 3x2 − y 2
⇒   =  
dx ( 5y 4 + 2xy )
2 2
dy 4 − 3 ( 2 ) − ( 1) 4 − 12 − 1 −9
|x =2,y = 1 = = = = −1 .
dx 4
5 ( 1) + 2 ( 2 ) ( 1) 5+4 9
Implicit Functions

38.
 Derivative of Inverse Function

Theorem:

Let the function f(x) and g(x) be inverse of each other. Then
f (g ( x )) = g ( f ( x )) = x

∴ f′ ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) = g ′ ( f ( x ) ) f′ ( x ) = 1
1
⇒ g′ ( f ( x )) =  
f′ ( x )

Q.1 If y = f ( x ) = x3 + x5 and g is the inverse of f, find g’ ( 2) .

Sol. y = f ( x ) = x3 + 5
Let g(x) be the inverse of f(x) i.e., g(x) = f-1(x)
f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) = x
Differentiating w.r.t. x,
f′ ( g ( x ) ) .g ′ ( x ) = 1

1
⇒ g ′ ( 2) = ⇒ g ( 2) = f −1 ( 2) = y ( say )
f′ ( g ( 2) )

⇒ f ( y ) = 2 ⇒ y 3 + y 5 = 2 ⇒ y = 1
1 1 1
⇒ g ′ ( 2) = = = .
f′ ( 1) ( 3x2 + 5x4 ) 8
x=1

Q.2 If y = f(x) = x + x3 + x5 + x7 + ... + x99 and g is the inverse of f, find g' ( 50 ) .

Sol. y = f(x) = x + x3 + x5 +…+ x99
f(x) = 50 at x = 1
f' (x) = 1 + 3x2 + 5x4 +…+ 99x98
f' (1) = 502 = 2500
g(x) = f–1(x)
g(f(x)) = x
We know that,
1
g ' (f(x)) =
Derivative of Inverse Function

f′ ( x )
1 1
g ' (50) = =
f′ ( 1) 2500

39.
 Q.3 Let f ( x ) = exp ( x3 + x2 + x ) for any real number x, and let g be the inverse function for f.
The value of g' ( e3 ) is
1 1 1
(A)  (B)  (C)    (D)  6
6e3 6 34e39
Sol. f ( g ( x ) ) = x
1 1
⇒ f' ( g ( x ) ) g' ( x ) = 1 ⇒ g ′ ( x ) = ⇒ g' ( e3 ) =
f′ ( g ( x ) ) (
f′ g ( e3 ) )
3 2
⇒ ex +x +x
= e3 ⇒ x = 1 .
1 1 1 1
⇒ g ′ ( e3 ) = = = 3 = .
f′ ( 1) ex + x + x ( 3x2 + 2x + 1)  e ( 3 + 2 + 1) 6e3
3 2

  x=1

1
, prove that g' ( x ) = 1 + ( g ( x ) ) .
n
Q.4 If g is the inverse of f and f′ ( x ) =
1+x n

Sol. f ( g ( x ) ) = x
1 1
⇒ f′ ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) = 1 ⇒ g ′ ( x ) = =
f′ ( g ( x ) ) 1
1 + (g ( x ))
n

() ( ( )) .
n
⇒ g' x = 1 + g x

Q.5 If f(x) = x3 + ex/2 and g(x) = f-1(x). Find g ' (1).

1 x
Sol. f(x) = x3 + ex/2 and f' (x) = 3x2 +   e 2
2
1
g(x) = f–1(x) f' (0) =
2
g(f(x)) = x
1
g ' (f(x)) =
f (x)
′
Now f(x) = 1 when x = 0
Derivative of Inverse Function

1
g ' (1) =
f′ (0 )
g ' (1) = 2

40.
 1− x
x3 x2  7
Q.6 If f ( x ) = −4e 2
+ + + x + 1 and g ( x ) = f −1 ( x ) . Find g ′  −  .
3 2  6
1− x
x3 x2
Sol. f ( x ) = −4e 2
+ + +x+1
3 2
1− x
 1
g ( x ) = f −1 ( x ) and  f′ ( x ) = −4e 2
−  + x + x + 1
2

 2
1− x
g ( f ( x ) ) = x  and  f′ ( x ) = 2e 2
+ x2 + x + 1
1
g′ ( f ( x )) =
f′ ( x )
1− x
x3 x2 7
f ( x ) = −4e 2
+ + + x + 1 =  at x = 1
3 2 6
 7 1 1
g′  −  = =
 6  f ( 1) 5
′

x 2 x 3 x 4 x5
Q.7 If f ( x ) = x + + + + and g ( x ) = f −1 ( x ) . Find g ′′′ ( 0 ) .
2 3 4 5
x 2 x 3 x 4 x5
()
Sol. f x = x +
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
, f(x) = 0 when x = 0

g(x) = f–1(x) ⇒ g ( f ( x ) ) = x

( ( )) = f' (1x)
g' f x

1 f′′ ( x )
g ′′ ( f ( x ) ) f′ ( x ) = − f′′ ( x ) ⇒ g ′′ ( f ( x ) ) = −
(x)f '2
(f' ( x ))3
−(f' ( x ))3 f′′′ ( x ) + f′′ ( x ) 3(f' ( x ))2 f′′ ( x )
g ′′′ ( f ( x ) ) f′ ( x ) =  
(f' ( x ))6
−1 ⋅ 2 + 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1
g ′′′ ( 0 ) ⋅ 1 = ⇒ g ''' ( 0 ) =  1
1

DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE BY ELEMENTARY SUBSTITUTION:

Derivative of Inverse Function

 1+x − l−x 
Q.8 y = tan−1  
 1+x + 1−x
 1+x − l−x 
Sol. y = tan−1  
 1+x + 1−x
Let x = cos2θ ⇒ θ = 1 cos−1 (x )
2

41.
  1 + cos2θ − 1 − cos2θ   2cosθ − 2sinθ  −1  1 − tanθ 
y = tan−1   = tan 
−1
 = tan 
 I + cos2θ + 1 − cos2θ   2cosθ + 2sinθ   1 + tanθ 
 π  π π 1 dy 1
y = tan−1  tan  − θ   = − θ y = − cos−1 x ∴ =
 4  4 4 2 dx 2 1 − x 2

 1 + x2 − 1 
Q.9 y = tan−1  
 x 
 
 1 + x2 − 1 
Sol. y = tan−1  
 x 
 
Put x = tanθ ∴ θ = tan−1 x
 2 θ 
 secθ − 1  −1  1 − cosθ 
 2sin 2  −1  θ
y = tan  −1
 = tan   = tan 
−1
 = tan  tan 
 tanθ   sinθ  θ
 2sin cos θ  2
 2 2
θ 1 dy 1
⇒y= = tan−1 x ⇒ =
2 2 dx 2 ( 1 + x 2 )

 2x + 1 
Q.10 If f ( x ) = sin−1  2x 
, find f′ (0).
1+2 
 2x + 1 
Sol. f ( x ) = sin−1  2x 
1+2 
Let 2x = tan θ
 2 tan θ 
f ( x ) = sin−1   = sin ( sin 2θ )
−1

 1 + tan θ 
2

2.1
() ( ) (
f x = 2θ = 2 tan−1 2x for x  −∞, 0 ⇒ f' x = () 1 + 22x
(2 ln2)
x

2
f′ (0 ) =
1+1
( 20 ln2) = ln2
Derivative of Inverse Function

Nth ORDER DERIVATIVES:

y = f(x); the popular symbol used to denote the derivatives are

dy
= Dy = f' ( x ) = y 1 = y' . Higher order derivatives are denotes as
dx
d  dy  d2 y
 = = D2 y = f′′ ( x ) = y 2 or y ′′ etc.
dx  dx  dx2

42.
Q.1 Find nth order derivative of sinx, cosx, xn, xn+1.
Sol. y = sinx y = cosx
y1 = cosx y1 = –sinx
y2 = –sinx y2 = –cosx
y3 = –cosx y3 = sinx
y4 = sinx y4 = cosx
If If
n = 4k, yn = sinx n = 4k, yn = cosx
n = 4k + 1, yn = cosx n = 4k + 1, yn = –sinx
n = 4k + 2, yn = –sinx n = 4k +2, yn = –cosx
n = 4k + 3, yn = –cosx n = 4k + 3, yn = sinx

y = xn y = xn+1
dy dy
= nxn – 1 = (n + 1).xn
dx dx
d2 y d2 y
= n(n – 1)xn – 2 = (n + 1). n. xn – 1
dx 2
dx2
d3 y
= n(n –1)(n –2)xn–3 :
dx3
: :
: :
dn y = dn y

n(n –1)…1 =n! = (n + 1)·n. … 2·x
dx n dx n

d2 y d  dy  d2 y
Note: is double derivative of y w.r.t. x, i.e.  = .
dx2 dx  dx  dx2

d2 y π
Q.2 Find at x = if y = sint,  x = cost .
dx2 4
π 1 1
Sol. At x = ,y= ,x=
4 2 2
dx dy
= – sint, = cost
dt dt
dy d2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt
Derivative of Inverse Function

= – cot t and =   =  
dx dx2 dx  dx  dt  dx  dx
d2 y
So, = cosec2t· (–cosec t) = – cosec3t
dx2
d2 y
So, = −2 2
dx2 x=
π
4

43.
 d2z 2π
Q.3 Let z = (cosx)5 and y = sinx. Then the value of at x = is
dy 2
9
1 3 5 3
(A)  − (B)  (C)  (D)  −
2 2 2 2
Sol. z = (cosx)5 and y = sinx
d2z d  dz  d  dz  dx
=  =  
dy 2
dy  dy  dx  dy  dy
dz dy
Now, = 5 cos4 x ( − sin x )  and  = cos x
dx dx
dz
= 5cos3x(–sinx)
dy
d  dz 
  = (–5)[cos x cosx – sinx·3cos x sinx]
3 2
dx  dy 
d2z 1
So, = ( −5 ) cos2 x cos2 x − 3 sin2 x 
dy 2
cosx
d2z
= ( −5 ) cos x 4 cos2 x − 3
dy 2
d2z
= (-5)[4cos3x – 3cosx] = (-5) cos3x
dy 2
d2 z 2π 5
  = ( −5) cos 3 = 2
dy 2 2π
x =  
9

Hence, (C) option is correct.

Q.4 If x = = a cos θ, y = b sin θ , them find y''' in terms of θ .
Sol. x = = a cos θ, y = b sin θ
dx dy
= = −a sin θ, = b cos θ
dθ dθ
dy b
= − cot θ
dx a
Derivative of Inverse Function

d2 y d  dy  d  dy  dθ d  b  dθ b ( −1)
=  =   =  − cot θ  ⋅ = cos ec2 θ ⋅
dx 2
dx  dx  dθ  dx  dx dθ  a  dx a a sin θ
d2 y −b
= 2 cosec3 θ
dx2 a
d3 y d  d2 y  d  d2 y  dθ −b 1
=   =  2 = 2 3 cos ec2 θ ( − cos ecθ ⋅ cot θ )
dx 3
dx  dx  dθ  dx  dx a
2
−a sin θ

44.
 d3 y 3b
= 3 cosec4 θ ⋅ cot θ
dx 3
a
1 1
then ( x2 − 1) y ′′ + xy ′ = λy . Find
−
Q.5 If 2x = y 5 + y 5
λ.
1 1
−
Sol. 2x = y 5 + y 5

2
1 1
 
y 5
− 2xy 5 + 1 = 0
1
2x ± 4x2 − 4
y5 = = x + x2 − 1, x − x2 − 1
2
1 1 dy 1 ( 2x ) x x + x2 − 1
= 1+ = 1+ =
5 5 dx
4
2 x 2
− 1 x2 − 1 x2 − 1
y
y ′ x2 − 1 = 5y
x
y ′′ x2 − 1 + y ′ = 5y ′
x −12

y ′′ ( x2 − 1) + y ′x = 5 ( 5y ) = 25y

So, λ = 5.
 
2 ( x2 + y 2 )
y
sin−1  
 x2 + y 2 
Q.6 If x +y =e
2 2  
, then prove that y ′′ = .
(x − y)3
 y 
sin−1  
 x2 + y 2 
Sol. x2 + y 2 = e  

put y = x tan θ
 x tan θ 
sin−1  
we get x sec θ = e  x sec θ  = eθ
x = eθ cos θ
y = eθ sin θ
dy
dy eθ (sin θ + cos θ ) sin θ + cos θ
= dθ = θ =
dx dx e (cos θ − sin θ ) cos θ − sin θ
Derivative of Inverse Function

dθ
(cos θ − sin θ ) (cos θ − sin θ ) − ( sin θ + cos θ ) ( − sin θ − cos θ )
d2 y d  dy  d  dy  dθ (cos θ − sin θ)2
=   =   =
dx2 dx  dx  dθ  dx  dx eθ ( cos θ − sin θ )

d2 y
=
(cos θ − sin θ)2 + (sin θ + cos θ)2  e2θ
 
=
2 x2 + y 2 ( )
dx 2
eθ (cos θ − sin θ)3 ⋅ e2θ (x − y)3

45.
 Q.7 For f(x) = (x2 + 2x + 2)n. Prove that
(i) Coefficient of x is n ⋅ 2n.
(ii) Coefficient of x2 is (n2+n)  ⋅ 2n-2.
Sol. f(x) = (x2 + 2x + 2)n
f' (x) = n(x2 +2x + 2)n –1 (2x + 2)
f' (0) = n.2n – 1(0 + 2) = n 2n (coefficient of x)
f'' (x) = n(n – 1)(x2 +2x + 2)n – 2 (2x + 2) + n ⋅ 2 ⋅ (x2 + 2x + 2)n – 1
f'' (0) = n(n – 1)  ⋅ 2n – 2 ⋅ 2 + 2n ⋅ 2n – 1
=n(n – 1) 2n – 1 + 2n ⋅ 2n – 1 = 2n–1[n2–n +2n]
=2n–1(n2 + n) = 2 x (coefficient of x2)

d2 y
dx 1 dx 2
= − dx 3  and deduce that for
2
Q.8 Starting with = . Prove that
dy dy dy 2
 dy 
dx  
 dx 
d2 y d2 x 2a
the parabola y 2 = 4ax, 2 ⋅ 2 = − 3 .
dx dy y
dx 1
Sol. =  
dy  dy 
 
 dx 
   d2 y 
−  2
d  1 
1 2
1   dy   dx
− −
d2 x  dy   d y  1  dx 
2
=   =    ⋅ = −1    2  ⋅ dy =
dy 2
dy   dy 
  dx   dx   dy  dx   dx     dy 
3

     
  dx    dx   dx 
Given y 2 = 4ax 
dy dy dy 2a d2 y −2a  dy  −4a2
⇒ 2y = 4a ⇒ y = 2a ⇒ = ⇒ = 2  =
dx dx dx y dx2 y  dx  y3
2
  d2 y    −4a2 
− 2 − 3 

 d2 y   d2 x   d2 y    dx    y  −2a
 2  2 =  2  3 
= = 3 .
Derivative of Inverse Function

 dx   dy   dx  3
y
  dy    2a 
  dx    y 

46.
Q.9 Use the substitution x = tanθ to show that the equation,
d2 y 2x dy y d2 y
+ + = 0 changes to + y = 0.
dx 2
1 + x dx ( 1 + x2 )
2 2
dθ2

d2 y 2x  dy  y
Sol. +  + = 0 …(1)
dx2 1 + x2 dx  ( 1 + x2 )
2


dθ 1
x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θdθ ⇒ = = cos2 θ
dx sec θ
2

dy dy  dθ  1  dy   dy 
=  =   = cos θ 
2

dx dθ  dx  sec2 θ  dθ   dθ 
d2 y d  1 dy  d  dy  dθ  d2 y dy 
=  ⋅ =  cos θ
2
⋅ =  cos2 θ 2 − 2 cos θ sin θ  cos θ
2

dx 2
dx  sec θ dθ  dθ 
2
dθ  dx  dθ dθ 
From equation (1), putting x = tanθ
 
 d2 y dy   2 tan θ   dy   y =0
cos2 θ  cos2 θ 2 − 2 cos θ sin θ +
   cos2
θ +
 
 ( 1 + tan θ ) 
 dθ dθ   1 + tan2
θ   dθ  2 2


 d2 y dy   dy 
⇒  2 − 2 tan θ  +  2 tan θ +y =0
 dθ dθ   dθ 

⇒ d2 y
+y=0
dθ2

Q.10 If x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) , then the equation y 3 − 3y + x = 0 implicitly defines a

(
unique real valued differentiable function y = f(x). If f −10 2 = 2 2 then )
( )
f'' −10 2 equals

Sol. y3 – 3y + x = 0
3y2 y ′ – 3 y ′ + 1 = 0
1 1
y′ =
3 − 3y 2
(
⇒ f ′ −10 2 = −
21
)
Derivative of Inverse Function

−1  dy 
y ′′ =  −6y 
( 3 − 3y )2 2
 dx 

 −1 
6⋅2 2 
 21  = −4 2
(
f ′′ −10 2 = )
7 ⋅ 32
2
7332

47.
 3/2
  dy 2 
1 +   
2 2
Q.11 ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) = c2 ( c > 0) then   dx    can be equal to
d2 y
dx2
(A)  c (B)  c2 (C)  c3 (D)  c4
2 2
Sol. ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) = c2 (c > 0) …(1)
Now differentiating w.r.t. to x
2 ( x − a ) + 2 ( y − b) y 1 = 0
⇒ ( x − a ) + ( y − b) y 1 = 0 …(2)
2
⇒ 1 + ( y − b ) y 2 + ( y 1 ) = 0 …(3)
2
2 (x − a)
1 + ( y1 ) = 1 + 2
(from (2))
( y − b)
2 c2
1 + ( y1 ) = 2
( y − b)
3

3
 c2  2

(1+ ( y ) )
1
2 2

=



 ( y − b )2 
   (from (3))
y2 (
− 1 + ( y1 )
2
)
( y-b)
c3
3
( y − b)
= = ±c  .
c2
− 3
( y − b)

x
1 dy 2
Q.12 If y =   then prove that y 2 ( 1) = 0 i.e. = 0 .
x dx2 x=1
Derivative of Inverse Function

Sol. y = x − x ⇒ lny = −xlnx 

1  dy  dy dy
  = − ( 1 + lnx ) ⇒ = −y ( 1 + lnx ) so = −y
y  dx  dx dx x = 1
d2 y  dy  y
= −  ( 1 + lnx ) −
dx 2
 dx  x
d2 y  dy
=− − y = y − y = 0 
dx 2
at x = 1
dx x = 1

48.
 then prove that ( 1 + x2 ) y''' + ( 4x − 1) y'' + 2y' = 0
−1
Q.13 If y = etan x

−1
Sol. y = etan x

−1
dy etan x
=
dx ( 1 + x2 )
−1
(1 + x2)y' = etan x
=y
(1 + x2)y'' + 2xy' = y'
(1 + x2)y''' + 2x y'' + 2xy'' + 2y' = y''
(1 + x2)y''' + (4x – 1)y'' + 2y' = 0

Q.14 If y = sin (m sin−1 x ) , then show that ( 1 − x2 ) yn+2 = ( 2n + 1) xyn+ 1 + (n2 − m2 ) yn

Sol. y = sin (msin−1 x ) then ( 1 − x2 ) yn+2 = ( 2n + 1) xyn+ 1 + (n2 − m2 ) yn

Now, differentiating w.r.t. to x
dy m
= cos (msin−1 x )
dx (1 − x ) 2

m
y1 = (1 − y ) 2

(1 − x ) 2

Now, squaring we get

1 − y2
y 21 = m2
1 − x2
⇒ ( 1 − x2 ) y 21 = m2 ( 1 − y 2 )

⇒ ( 1 − x2 ) 2y 1 y 2 − 2xy 21 = −m2 2yy 1

⇒ ( 1 − x2 ) y 2 − xy 1 + m2 y = 0

So for n = 0 ; ( 1 − x2 ) y 2 − xy 1 + m2 y = 0

Let the equation (1 − x ) y

2
n+ 2 = ( 2n + 1) xyn+ 1 + (n2 − m2 ) yn is true for any n
Derivative of Inverse Function

then again differentiating.

(1 − x ) y 2
n+ 3 ( ) ( ) (
− 2xyn+ 2 = 2n + 1 xyn+ 2 + 2n + 1 yn+ 1 + n2 − m2 yn+ 1 )
⇒ (1 − x ) y 2
n+ 3 
2
− 2xyn+2 − ( 2n + 1) xyn+2 = (n + 1) − m2  yn+ 1

⇒ (1 − x ) y 2
n+ 3 ( ) 
2
(  )
= 2 n + 1 + 1 xyn+ 2 +  n + 1 − m2  yn+ 1

49.
 Note:

A homogeneous equation of degree n represents ‘n’ straight lines passing

through the origin, hence,
dy y d2 y
= and = 0 
dx x dx2

d2 y
e.g. If x3 + 3x2 y − 6xy 2 + 2y 3 = 0 , then ] =0
dx2 ( 1,1)

DEDUCTION OF NEW IDENTITIES BY DIFFERENTIATING A GIVEN IDENTITY:

x x x x sin x
Q.1 If cos ⋅ cos 2 ⋅ cos 3 ⋅ .... ⋅ cos n =  , then prove that
2 2 2 2  x
2n sin  n 
2 
n
1 x 1 x
∑2
r =1
r
tan
2r
= n cot n − cotx
2 2
x x x x sin x
Sol. cos ⋅ cos 2 ⋅ cos 3 ⋅ .... ⋅ cos n =   …(1)
2 2 2 2  x
2n sin  n 
2 
Taking logarithm of both sides,
 x  x   x   x   x 
log  cos  + log  cos 2  + log  cos 3  + ... + log  cos n  = log ( sinx ) − log  2n sin  n  
 2   2   2   2    2 
Differentiating w.r.t. to x,
 x  x   x
 1 sin sin  2  sin  n  
2 + 1  2  + ... + 1  2   = cot x − 1  x
− ⋅ cos  n 
 2 cos x 2 cos  x  2  x  x 2 
2 n

  2 cos  n   2n sin  n 
 2 2  2  2 
n
1  x 1  x
So, ∑2
r=1
r
tan  r  = n cot  n  − cot x
2  2 2 

Q.2 Prove that:

Derivative of Inverse Function

C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ... + (n + 1) Cn = (n + 2 ) 2n−1

n
Sol. We know that, ( 1 + x ) = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ... + Cnxn …(1)
Now multiply x on both sides of equation (1)
n
x ( 1 + x ) = C0 x + C1 x2 + C2 x3 + ... + Cnxn+ 1
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. to x,
n n− 1
(1 + x) + nx ( 1 + x ) = C0 + 2C1 x + 3C2 x2 + ... + (n + 1) Cnxn

50.
 Put x = 1
2n + n2n−1 = C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ... + (n + 1) Cn
( )
2n− 1 n + 2 = C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ... + n + 1 Cn ( )
Q.3 Prove that:
2 2 2
(n − 1 ) ⋅ C1 + (n − 3 ) ⋅ C3 + (n − 5 ) ⋅ C5 + ... = n (n + 1) 2n−3
Sol. We know that,
n
(1 + x) = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ... + Cnxn
n
(1 + x) = C0 xn + C1 xn−1 + C2 xn−2 + ... + Cn
Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x,
n− 1
n (1 + x) = n ⋅ C0 xn−1 + (n − 1) C1 xn−2 + (n − 2 ) C2 xn−3 + … …(1)
Now multiply x on both sides of equation (1),
n− 1
nx ( 1 + x ) = n ⋅ C0 xn + (n − 1) C1 xn−1 + (n − 2) C2 xn−2 + …
Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x,
n− 1 n− 2 2
n (1 + x) + nx (n − 1) ( 1 + x ) = n2C0 xn−1 + (n − 1) C1 xn−2 + … …(2)
Assuming n as an even number,
Put x = −1 in equation (2),
2 2
0 = −n2 ⋅ C0 + (n − 1) ⋅ C1 − (n − 2 ) ⋅ C2 + … …(3)
Put x = 1 in equation (2),
n− 1 n− 2 2 2
n (2) + n (n − 1 ) ( 2 ) = n2 ⋅ C0 + (n − 1) ⋅ C1 + (n − 2) ⋅ C2 + … …(4)
Adding (3) and (4),
n (2)
n− 1
+ n (n − 1 ) ( 2 )
n− 2
( 2 2
= 2 (n − 1) ⋅ C1 + (n − 3 ) ⋅ C3 + (n − 5 ) ⋅ C5 + …
2
)
+ (n2 − n) ( 2)
n− 3 n− 3 2 2 2
2n ( 2) = (n − 1) ⋅ C1 + (n − 3 ) ⋅ C3 + (n − 5 ) ⋅ C5 + …
2 2 2
(n − 1 ) ⋅ C1 + (n − 3 ) ⋅ C3 + (n − 5 ) ⋅ C5 + ... = n (n + 1) 2n−3
Similarly, assuming n as an odd number,
Derivative of Inverse Function

Put x = −1 in equation (2),

2 2
0 = n2⋅C0 − (n − 1) ⋅ C1 + (n − 2) ⋅ C2 − … …(5)
Put x = 1 in equation (2),
n− 1 n− 2 2 2
n (2) + n (n − 1 ) ( 2 ) = n2 ⋅ C0 + (n − 1) ⋅ C1 + (n − 2) ⋅ C2 + … …(6)
Adding (3) and (4),
n (2)
n− 1
+ n (n − 1 ) ( 2 )
n− 2
( 2
= 2 n2 ⋅ C0 + (n − 2) ⋅ C2 + (n − 4 ) ⋅ C4 + …
2
)

51.
 (n − 1) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
⋅ C1 + n − 3 ⋅ C3 + n − 5 ⋅ C5 + ...  = n n + 1 2n− 3

Hence, proved.

1 2x 4x3 1
Q.4 If 0 < x < 1, prove that + + + … .∞ =
1 + x 1 + x2 1 + x 4 1−x
Sol. Let y = (1+x) (1+x2) (1+x4) … … (1)
multiply and divide by (1 – x)
( 1 − x ) ( 1 + x ) ( 1 + x2 ) ( 1 + x 4 ) …
y=
(1 − x)

y=
(1 − x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x ) − −
2 2 4

(1 − x)
1
y= … (2)
1−x
1
(1 + x)(1 + x2)(1 + x4) …… =
1−x
ln(1 + x) + ln(1 + x2) + ln(1 + x4)… = –ln(1 –x)
by differentiating, we get
1 2x 4x3 1
+ + +… =
1+x 1 + x2 1+x 4
1− x
Derivative of Inverse Function

52.
 Derivative of Functions
Expressed In The Determinant
Form

f g h
Let F ( x ) = u v w where all functions are differentiable then
l m n
f ' g ' h' f g h f g h
D' (x ) = u v w + u' v ' w ' + u v w
l m n l m n l ' m' n'

This result may be proved functions by first principle and the same
operation can also be done column wise.

cos ( x + x2 ) sin ( x + x2 ) − cos ( x + x2 )

Q.1 If f ( x ) = sin ( x − x2 ) cos ( x − x2 ) sin ( x − x2 ) then find f' ( x ) .
sin2x 0 sin2x 2

cos ( x + x2 ) sin ( x + x2 ) − cos ( x + x2 )

Sol. f ( x ) = sin ( x − x2 ) cos ( x − x2 ) sin ( x − x2 )
sin2x 0 sin2x2

Expending the determinant

Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

( )
f ( x ) = cos ( x + x2 ) cos ( x − x2 ) sin2x2 − sin ( x + x2 ) sin ( x − x2 ) ( sin2x2 − sin2x )

+cos ( x + x2 ) cos ( x − x2 ) sin2x

= sin2x2cos2x + sin2xcos ( 2x2 )

= sin ( 2x2 + 2x )

() (
f' x = cos 2x2 + 2x 2 2x + 1) ( )
Q.2 If α be a repeated root of a quadratic equation f ( x ) = 0 and A(x), B(x), C(x)
be the polynomials of degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that
A (x) B (x) C (x)
A ( α ) B ( α ) C ( α ) is divisible by f(x), where dash denotes the derivative.
A′ ( α ) B′ ( α ) C′ ( α )

A (x) B (x) C (x) A ' ( x ) B' ( x ) C ' ( x )

Sol. g ( x ) = A ( α ) B ( α ) C ( α ) and g ' ( x ) = A ( α ) B ( α ) C ( α )
A′ ( α ) B′ ( α ) C′ ( α ) A′ ( α ) B′ ( α ) C′ ( α )

53.
 so g ( α ) = 0 and g ' ( α ) = 0
so α is a repeated root of g(x).
2
so g (x) = (x − α) h (x) = f (x) h (x)
so g ( x ) is divisible by f(x).

f g h
Q.3 If f, g and h are differentiable functions of x and D = (xf)' (xg)' (xh)'

( x f ) ( x g ) ( x h)
2 '' 2 '' 2 ''

f g h
prove that D'= f' g' h' .

( x f'') ( x g'') ( x h'')

3 ' 3 ' 3 '

f g h
Sol. D= (xf)' (xg)' (xh)'

( x f ) ( x g ) ( x h)
2 '' 2 '' 2 ''

f g h
D= f+xf' g+xg' h+xh'
2f + 4xf ′ + x f ′′ 2g + 4xg ′ + x g ′′ 2h + 4xh′ + x2h′′
2 2
Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

After doing row and column operation, this determinant simplifies to

f g h f g h
D= xf’ xg’ xh’ = x f’ g’ h’
3

x2f ′′ x2g ′′ x2h′′ f ′′ g ′′ h′′

f g h
D= f’ g’ h’
x f ′′ x g ′′ x3h′′
3 3

f g h
D'= f' g' h'

(x f'') (x g'') (x h'')

' ' '
3 3 3

Note:

If ( x − r ) is a factor of the polynomial f ( x ) = anxn + an−1 xn−1 + an−2 xn−2 + … + a0

repeated m times where 1 ≤ m ≤ n then r is a root of the equation f ′ ( x ) = 0
repeated (m − 1) times.

54.
 cosx sinx cosx
 
Q.4 If f(x) = cos2x sin2x 2cos2x then f' π equals
 2 
cos3x sin3x 3cos3x

−sinx cosx −sinx cosx sinx cosx cosx sinx cosx

Sol. f’(x)= cos2x sin2x 2cos2x + −2sin2x 2cos2x −4sin2x + cos2x sin2x 2cos2x
cos3x sin3x 3cos3x cos3x sin3x 3cos3x −3sin3x 3cos3x −9sin3x

−1 0 −1 0 1 0 0 1 0
π
f ′   = −1 0 −2 + 0 −2 0 + −1 0 −2
2 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 3 0 9

π
f′   = 4
2
x3 sinx cosx
Q.5 Given that, f(x) = 6 −1 0 where p is a constant. If f'' (0) = 0, find p.
p p2 p3

x3 sinx cosx
Sol. f(x) = 6 −1 0
p p2
p3

Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

3x2 cosx −sinx
f’(x) = 6 −1 0
p p2 p3

6x −sinx −cosx
f”(x) = 6 −1 0 =0
p p 2
p3

0 0 −1
f”(0) = 6 −1 0 = 0
p p2 p3
1
⇒ 6p2 + p = 0 ⇒ p = 0 or p = −
6

f g h
Q.6 If f, g and h are polynomial of degree 2, then prove that ϕ(x) = f' g' h' is constant
f " g " h"
polynomial.

55.
 f g h
Sol. φ(x) = f' g' h'
f " g " h"

f′ g ′ h' f g h f g h
φ ' (x) = f′ g ′ h' + f " g " h" + f′ g ′ h′
f " g " h" f " g " h" f''' g''' h'''
⸪ f''' , g ''' , h ''' = 0

So φ ' (x) = 0

Hence φ(x) is a constant polynomial.

sinx cosx sinx

dy
Q.7 If y = cosx −sinx cosx then =?
dx
x 1 1

sinx cosx sinx

Sol. y = cosx −sinx cosx
x 1 1

cosx −sinx cosx sinx cosx sinx sinx cosx sinx

y' = cosx −sinx cosx + −sinx −cosx −sinx + cosx −sinx cosx
Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

x 1 1 x 1 1 1 0 0

y' = cos2x + sin2x = 1

xnn! 2
nπ dn
Q8. If f(x) = cosx cos
2
4 . Find
dxn
( f ( x ) )x =0 .
nπ
sinx sin 8
2

xn
n! 2
nπ
Sol. f(x) = cosx cos 4
2
nπ
sinx sin 8
2

56.
 n! nxn− 1
2
nπ
f' (x) = −sinx cos 4
2
nπ
cosx sin 8
2
:
:

n! n! 2
nπ nπ
fn ( x ) |x =0 = cos cos 4 =0
2 2
nπ nπ
sin sin 8
2 2
x + a2 ab ac
Q.9 If f(x) = ab x + b2 bc then prove that f' (x) = 3x2 + 2x (a2 + b2 + c2).
ac bc x + c2

x + a2 ab ac
Sol. f(x) = ab x + b2 bc
ac bc x + c2

Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

1 0 0 x + a2 ab ac x + a2 ab ac
f' (x) = ab x + b2 bc + 0 1 0 + ab x + b bc
2

ac bc x+c 2
ac bc x + c2 0 0 1
f' (x) = (x + b2) (x + c2) – b2c2 + (x + a2) (x + c2) – a2c2 + (x + a2) (x + b2) – a2b2
f' (x) = 3x2 + 2x (a2 + b2 + c2)

Note:

The derivative of an even differentiable function is an odd function, and

the derivative of an odd differentiable function is an even function.

Proof:

Let f(x) be even function. Let f(x) be odd function.

f ( −x ) = f ( x ) f ( −x ) = −f ( x )
f' ( −x ) ( −1) = f' ( x ) f' ( −x ) ( −1) = −f' ( x )
⇒ f' ( −x ) = −f' ( x ) ⇒ f' ( −x ) = f' ( x )
⇒ f' ( x ) is an odd function. ⇒ f' ( x ) is an even function.
57.
  00 
L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE  0 
∞ 
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that
(i) Lim  f ( x ) = 0 and Lim g ( x ) = 0
x →a x →a

(ii) f and g are derivable/ continuous at x = a

i.e. Lim  f ( x ) = f ( a ) = 0 ; Lim g ( x ) = g ( a ) = 0
x →a x →a

(iii) f' ( x ) and g' ( x ) are continuous at x = a , then

f (x) f′ ( x ) f′′ ( x )
Lim = Lim = Lim   till the indeterminant form vanishes.
x →a g (x) x →a g′ ( x ) x → a g ′′ ( x )
sinx
 1
Eg. f ( x ) = xx or  − 
 x

x ( 1 + acosx ) − bsinx
Q.1 Find a and b if Lim =1
x →0 x3
x ( 1 + acosx ) − bsinx  0 
Sol. Let L = Lim   form
x →0 x3 0
( 1 + acosx ) − ax sinx − b cosx 0
L = Lim   form 
x →0 3x 2
0
Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

= 1+a −0−b = 0
⇒ b − a = 1 …(1)
−a sinx − a ( xcosx + sinx ) + bsinx
L = Lim
x →0 6x
1   sinx  asinx bsinx  1
= Lim  −a   − acosx − + = ( −a − a − a + b ) = 1
x →0 6  x  x x  6
⇒ −3a +  b  =  6 …(2)
From equation (1) and (2),
−5 −3
a= ,b =  
2 2

1 + sinx − cosx + ln ( 1 − x )
Q.2 Evaluate Lim  
x →0 xtan2 x
1 1 1
(A)  − (B)  − (C)  (D)  Do Not Exist
2 3 6
1 + sinx − cosx + ln ( 1 − x )
Sol. Lim  
x →0 xtan2 x

58.
 1 + sinx − cosx + ln ( 1 − x )
= Lim  
x →0  tan2 x 
x  2 
3

 x 
1 + sinx − cosx + ln ( 1 − x ) 0
= Lim     form
x →0 x 3
0
1
cosx + sinx −
1 − x   0
= Lim   form
x →0 3x2 0
1
−sinx + cosx − 2
(1 − x) 0
= Lim     form
x →0 6x 0
2
−cosx −  sinx −   3
(1 − x) −1 −  0 –  2 1
= Lim = =−
x →0 6 6 2

log x
sec  
(cos x )
2
Q.3 Evaluate Lim
x →0   x 
log sec x  cos   
  2 
(A)  1 (B)  16 (C)  4 (D)  2

Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

 
 ln cos x 
 x
2
log x (cos x )  ln sec    
Sol. Lim
sec  
2
= Lim  2  = Lim  ln cos x 
 x 
x →0 x x →0  x  x →0 
lncos 
log secxcos    ln cos 
2 2  2
 
 ln sec x 
 
2
 
 ln cosx   0 
=  Lim    form
 x →0 ln cos  x    0 
  
 2
2
 
 
2  
   tanx 
 −tanx   x 
=  Lim  =  Lim 4  = 4 = 16
2
x →0 −1 x x →0 x
  tan   tan 
 2 2  2 
 x 
   
 2 

59.
 xx − x
Q.4 Evaluate Lim .
x →1 x − 1 − lnx
xx − x exlnx − x  0 
Sol. Lim = Lim     from
x →1 x − 1 − lnx x → 1 x − 1 − lnx
0
exlnx ( 1 + lnx ) − 1  0 
Lim    from
x →1  1 0
1 − 
 x
2 1
exlnx ( 1 + lnx ) + exlnx ⋅ −0
x 0
= Lim    form = 1 + 1 − 0 = 2
x →1  1  0
 2
x 
xcosx − ln ( 1 + x )
Q.5 Evaluate Lim .
x →0 x2
xcosx − ln ( 1 + x ) 0
Sol. Lim   form
x →0 x 2
0
1
(cosx − xsinx ) −
= Lim 1 + x  0  from
 
x →0 2x 0
1
−sinx − ( sinx + xcosx ) + 2
(1 + x) −0 − ( 0 + 0 ) + 1 1
Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

= Lim = =
x →0 2 2 2

ex sinx − x − x2
Q.6 Lim  
x →0 x2 + x − ln ( 1 − x )

ex  sinx −  x −  x2 0

Sol. L= Lim     from
x →0 x2  +  x −  ln ( 1 − x ) 0
ex ( cosx + sinx ) − 1 − 2x
= Lim  
x →0 1
2x + 1 +  
(1 − x)
1−1−0
= = 0. 
0+1+1

1 − cos x ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ cos 3x

Q.7 Evaluate Lim  
x →0 x2
1 − cos x cos 2x cos 3x 1 − e(ln cosx +ln cos2x +ln cos3x )
Sol. Lim = Lim
x →0 x2 x →0 x2
−eln cosx +ln cos2x +ln cos3x ⋅ ( −tanx − 2tan2x − 3tan3x ) e0
= Lim = ( 1 + 4 + 9) = 7.
x →0 2x 2
60.
Note:

f (x) f′ ( x )
If Lim  f ( x ) → ∞ and Lim g ( x ) → ∞ then also Lim = Lim  
x →a x →a x →a g (x) x →a g′ ( x )

1
Q.8 Evaluate Lim+ ( cosecx )lnx  
x →0

1
Sol. L = Lim+ ( cosecx )lnx  
x →0

ln cosecx  ∞ 
lnL = Lim+    form
x →0 lnx ∞
1
( −cosecx.cotx )  x 
= Lim+ cosecx = Lim+ − 
1  = −1 .
x →0   x → 0  tanx 
 
x
⇒ L = e−1
n
Q.9 Evaluate lim+ xm (logx ) ,m,n ∈ N .
x →0

n
n (logx ) ∞ 
Sol. lim+ xm (log x ) = lim+  form 
x →0 x →0 x −m  ∞ 

Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

(n − 1 ) 1
n (logx )
= lim+ x   (using L′ hospital’s Rule)
x →0 −mx −m− 1
(n − 1 )
n (logx ) ∞ 
= lim+   form 
x →0 −mx −m
∞ 
(n − 2 ) 1
n (n − 1) (logx )
= lim+ x   (using L′hospital’s Rule)
x →0
( −m ) x2 −m − 1

(n − 2 )
n (n − 1) (logx ) ∞ 
= lim+  form 
x →0 mx 2 −m
∞ 
n!
= lim+ n
= 0  (differentiating Nr and Dr n times
x →0
( −m) x −m

tanx
1
Q.10 Evaluate Lim    
x →0
x
tanx
1
Sol. L = Lim    
x →0
x

61.
 −lnx  ∞ 
lnL = Lim  tan x ( −lnx ) = Lim     form
x →0 x →0 cotx  ∞ 
1
−
x  sin x 
Lim = Lim    sinx = 0
(
x →0 −cosec2 x
) x →0
 x 

L  =  1

Q.11 Evaluate Lim  xx

x →0

Sol. L = Lim  x x
x →0

lnx  ∞ 
lnL = Lim  xlnx = Lim      form
x →0 x →0  1 ∞
 
x
1
= Lim x = Lim ( −x ) = 0
x →0  −1  x →0
 2
x 
L=1

1
Q.12 Evaluate lim+ ( sinx ) x .
Derivative of Functions Expressed In The Determinant Form

x →0

1
Sol. y = lim+ ( sinx ) x
x →0

lnsinx cosx
lny = lim+ = lim+ = lim+ cotx → ∞
x →0 x x → 0 sinx x →0

y = e∞ → ∞

2f ( x ) − 3f ( 2x ) + f ( 4x )
Q.13 Let f(x) be a differentiable function and f' ' (0) = 2, then find lim
x →0 x2
2f ( x ) − 3f ( 2x ) + f ( 4x )
Sol. lim
x →0 x2
2f′ ( x ) − 3 ⋅ 2f′ ( 2x ) + 4f′ ( 4x ) 2f′′ ( x ) − 12f′′ ( 2x ) + 16f′′ ( 4x )
= lim = lim
x →0 2x x →0 2
2 ⋅ 2 − 12 ⋅ 2 + 16 ⋅ 2 36 − 24 12
= = = =6
2 2 2

62.