Eng C101-103i Prelim Reviewer

COMPONENTS AND
PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
Jannette P. De la Cruz
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
WHAT IS EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION?
THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
1. Presentation
2. Relationships
3. Contexts
4. Diversity
5. Influence
6. Technology
7. Research
• Interpersonal communication is the
communication between two people
Levels of but can involve more in informal
Communication conversations. Through this kind of
communication we maintain
relationships.
• Small Group communication is
communication within formal or
informal groups or teams. It is
Levels of group interaction that results in
Communication decision making, problem solving
and discussion within an
organization.
• One-to-group communication
Levels of involves a speaker who seeks to
Communication inform, persuade or motivate an
audience.
• Mass communication is the
electronic or print transmission of
messages to the general public.
Levels of Outlets called mass media include
Communication things like radio, television, film,
and printed materials designed to
reach large audiences.
• Ethical - This means that a
communicator follows the
Competent morals and codes of conduct
Communicators are… within a society. It is how a
person behaves and how
they treat others.
• Responsible - This means
Competent that they take responsibility
Communicators are… for their own communication
choices and behavior.
• Accessible - They tend to value
positive relationships with
peers, supervisors, and clients.
Competent They are open and
Communicators are… approachable. They are seen as
caring, likable, and pleasant to
be around.
Module 4
ENGLISH IDIOMS
https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/building-a-better-vocabulary.html
https://en.ppt-online.org/592153
What is an idiom?
-- Is a phrase, saying, or a group of words that has
metaphorical (not literal) meaning, which ahs become
accepted in common usage.
-- Is a phrase which people use in everyday language.
It means something completely different than what
the actual words mean.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nade_9Iuff4
The Origin of Idioms
-- Most idioms come from ancient literature or even
classic films.
-- Many idioms originated as questions from well- known
writers such as Shakespeare.
-- Learning the background of idioms can help you
remember them.
https://www.facebook.com/EnglishWithNab/photos/pcb.2512267648804716/2512267348804746/
-- Idioms should be used in proper situations. They
enrich our speech and increase our vocabulary.
-- The grammar and the vocabulary of the idioms
are fixed, and if we change them, we lose the
meaning of the idiom.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/409194316137276361/
Example:
1. Once in a blue moon

Meaning: very rarely
Example:
“I think my sister doesn’t love me anymore, he comes to see me only
once in a blue moon.”
2. Devil's Advocate
Meaning: To present a counter argument
Example:
“You may need to play the role of devil's advocate in a meeting to make
sure everyone has thought through all the options.”
3. A bed of roses
Meaning: easy option
Example:
“Making money is not a bed of roses, so wake up early and go to
work.”
4. Don't judge a book by its cover
Meaning: Do not judge something primarily on appearance.
Example:
“He seems really short to be a basketball player but after two decades
coaching, I've learned to not judge a book by its cover.”
Conclusion
Idioms make language more expressive and emotional. It’s
really important to know the exact meaning of idioms in order
to be good at the language.
Idioms are expressions used everyday. Most people do not
even realize that they use it. It is critical to note that idiomatic
expressions are not chosen by one person, and suddenly, a
trend begins. Idiomatic expression are manifestations of how
people treat and change language.
If you have some concerns
concerning the module, please bring
them up with your professor for
clarifications and further
discussions.
This ends the lesson. Meet
you online next time. Thank
you.
FORMAL & INFORMAL
LANGUAGE
Formal Language
-- used in official, literary, academic
content.
-- occurs in speech, usually when the
speaker is saying something that
was prepared beforehand.
-- sentences are longer and more
complicated.
Formal Language
-- It is used when writing for professional

or academic purposes like university
assignments.
Formal Language
Example:
Reading the news
Delivering an official speech
Informal Language
-- used in everyday, personal conversations.

-- typically used in “improvised” speech –
when the speaker is speaking without
preparation, as in a conversation.
Informal Language
-- also occurs in writing, usually whenever

the writer is writing quickly and
without editing.
-- more casual and spontaneous.
Informal Language
Example:
1. Use “delaying expressions” to give
themselves time:
Well, I think they should have asked us
first, you know?
Informal Language
Example:
2. Use “correcting expressions” to
correct themselves:
He’s not well, I mean, he’s not stick by
he’s very tired.
Informal Language
Example:
3. Use “qualifying expressions” to show
what they said is not exactly right:
This whole blogging thing is getting
kind of old.
discussions.
you.
Module 3
INCREASING READING
VOCABULARY
https://www.facebook.com/increasing.vocabulary/
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Using-Context-Clues-Small-Group-Activity-2103851
TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES
Context clues are hints found within a sentence, paragraph,

or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of
new or unfamiliar words. Learning the meaning of a word through its
use in a sentence or paragraph is the most practical way to build
vocabulary, since a dictionary is not always available when a reader
encounters an unknown word. The acronym IDEAS is used to help
readers remember the five most common types of context clues.
This way if the readers have no idea what the word is, they can use
IDEAS to help them determine its meaning.
1. Inference
These type of context clues require students to merge information
from the text with prior knowledge (background knowledge) to
determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
Example:
Once the screeching car came to a halt, the acrid smell of burning
rubber soon made our eyes water.
-- In order for a reader to infer the meaning of acrid, he/she would
need to have the prior knowledge of what burning rubber smelled like,
or have experienced an odor that made their eyes water.
2. Definition
This type of context clue is far more straightforward than inference
clues since the definition is directly stated.
Example:
Monarch butterfly larvae eat bitterly pungent milkweed, which gives
the butterfly an acrid taste should it be eaten by a predator.
-- In the text above, the actual definition of acrid is included–bitterly
pungent.
3. Example
This type of context clue includes an example (or examples) of a word’s
meaning.
Example:
Acrid odors, such as bug spray, gasoline, and smoke, make me
nauseous and gives me a headache.
-- The text provides examples of acrid substances, which allow reader
to determine the meaning of the word.
4. Antonyms
This type of context clue includes non-examples or words with the
opposite meaning of the unfamiliar word. The contrast allows the
reader to determine the meaning of an unknown word.
Example:
Sweet syrup and delicious strawberry juice are used to conceal the
acrid taste of the medicine.
-- Since “sweet” and “delicious” are used to hide the acrid taste, one
can deduce that acrid must be the opposite of these words–bitter.
5. Synonyms
This type of context clue includes words with the same meaning. The
comparison allows the reader to determine the meaning of an
unfamiliar word.
Example:
The chemical reaction created acrid fumes, and the bitter and pungent
stench made the students cough.
-- The words “acrid fumes” are followed by “bitter and pungent
stench,” which allows students to use these latter synonyms to
determine the meaning of “acrid.”
https://englishstudyhere.com/prefixes/10-examples-of-prefixes/
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/list-of-suffixes-and-suffix-examples.html
discussions.
you.
DEVELOPING WORD POWER
Academicians claim that there are 490,000 words in the English Language. Scholars say
that 200,000 words are essential for an educated person. A senior high school student may
know from 10,000 to 15,000 words. In college, the texts and materials used will require a
vocabulary of some 100,000 words.
A wide range of vocabulary is indeed your one effective weapon in meeting with
confidence the challenges of your course. Dr. Rudolf Flesh & A.H. Lass recommend five easy
steps to build up your vocabulary:
1. Read. You can’t make friends if you don’t meet anybody. In the same way, you can’t build up
a vocabulary if you never meet any new words. Keep on reading and keep on meeting
unfamiliar words.
2. Look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary. Read everything the dictionary says about the
word. Determine its pronunciation, its derivation, what it means and what other words are
connected with it. Be sure you find the meaning that its exactly into the sentence in which you
found the word.
3. Say the word. Get used to the way it is pronounced. Pronounce the word the way the
dictionary says you should, and say it aloud often.
4. Use the word. You can never say the word is yours unless you use it. Get the word off in
speaking as if It had always been yours.
5. Keep in touch with your vocabulary. As we have said, knowing words is like knowing people.
If you don’t keep in touch with them, you lose them and even forget their names. So keep up
with your latest word acquaintances. Keep on using them and watch how fast your vocabulary
grow.
(Essentials of English; Dorcas M. Avila)
WEEK 4: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF WORDS
The meaning of a word can be deduced by recognizing its root word and affixes.
 Root word is a base word by which affixes are added. Affixes are classified into two: prefix and
suffix.
 Prefix is a word segment added before the root word to make another word of different
function and meaning.
 Suffix is a word segment added after the root word to form a new word with different meaning.
Examples:
Prefix Root Word
re- schedule schedule

discomfort comfort
pre- historic history
unrealistic real
Root word Suffix
entertain entertainer
govern government
mathematics mathematicians
A method of enriching your vocabulary knowing the meaning of common prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes Meaning Example
a- not, away, from, off anomalous, amoral

ad- motion toward, against admit, adjoin
ante- before antedate, anteroom
anti- against, opposed to antibiotic, antipathy
audio- hearing audiovisual, audition
auto- self, same autobiography
bene- well, good benefit, benefactor
bi- twice, double3 bicycle, bilateral
bio- life biological, biopsy
circum- around circumference, circumstance
co- join, together co-owner, co-author
com with, together combine, combat
contra- against contradict, counterattacked
de- away, from decline, decrease
dis- apart, from dispel, display
dia- across, through diagonal, diagram
dis- not disobedient
ex- former, out of ex-convict, expel
extra- beyond, without extracurricular
hyper- beyond, over hyperactive, hyperbole
im, in, ir not impossible, inactive, irregular
inter- between, among interschool, interpersonal
mis- wrong misinformed
mono- one, alone monologue, monotone
multi- many multi-purpose, multiple
neo- new, recent neophyte, neoteric
over- above, too much overwork, overload
poly- many polyclinic, polyglot
pre- before preschool, prewar
pro- for, forward proceed, produce
re- back, again recall, review
semi- half semi-final, semi-annual
sub- under substandard, submerge
super- above, beyond superman, superhero
tele- distance television, telescope
tri- three tricycle
un- not uncertain
uni- one, single unity, universal
under- insufficient, not enough underage, under privilege
Exercise 1. Give the correct form of the word using the proper affixes as needed in the
sentence.
Example: (forbidden) In apayao, wedding rite, the couple is strictly forbidden to eat the
meat or porl slabs distributed to guests.
(Compare) 1. The Palawanon’s means of celebrating weddings is______much simpler
than the Pasiguenos.,
(prevail) 2. Nowadays, early marriages are _______even in the rural areas.
(dominate0 3. Most people believe that the husband should always emerge as the more
_________spouse.
(signify) 4. The wedding rite is one of the most _____________experience in one’s life.
(sacrifice) 5. The ___________animal’s bile is first inspected by the arbiter before the
Ifugao wedding rites push through.
(symbol) 6. The hands of the groom are covered by a white veil ___________the
groom’s sincere intentions.
(hilarious) 7. ___________is one characteristic of Filipino countryside weddings.
(prohibit) 8. The ________of the butchering of spotted pigs for the wedding reception
goes with the belief that this would cause the groom to become fickle-minded.
(depart) 9. Slabs of meat are given to guest upon their _______by the newly-wed Igorot
couple.
(meaning) Truly, filipinos weddings become more special and ________because of our
rich culture.
COMBINING FORMS
A combining form is a term for a word element that rarely appears independently but
forms part of a longer word. Graph for example is a combining form that appears in such words
as photograph and lithography.
Combining Words Meaning Examples

anima life animal, animation
aqua water aquarium, aqualung
aristes the best aristocrat, aristocracy
beatus blessed beatitude, beautification
bios life biosphere. Biopsy
causa cause casual, causation
culpa fault culprit, culpable
decem, ten December, decennial
domus house domestic, domicile
ego I egocentric, egoism
facilis easy facilitate, facile
gramma letter grammatical, grammar
hostis enemy legal, legalize
liber book library, libretto
locus place local, locality
mater mother maternal, matriarch
navis ship navy, navigate
opus work opera, operation
pedi foot pedicure, pedometer
penta five pentagon, pentameter
petra rock petroleum, petrology
plus plural plural, plurality
populus people population, populate
sanctus holy sanctuary, sanctify
sophia wisdom sophomore, sophisticated
tacitus silence tacit, tacitum
thermo heat thermometer, thermal
umbra shade umbrella
vita life vitamin, vital
Module 5
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF WORDS
https://study.com/academy/lesson/using-structural-analysis-to-determine-the-meaning-of-words.html
“The meaning of a word can be deduced
by recognizing its root word and affixes.”
https://keystoliteracy.com/blog/using-morphology-to-teach-vocabulary/
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF WORDS
Root word:
A root word is a word or word part that can form the
basis of new words through the addition of prefixes
and suffixes.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advanced-vocabulary-study-mastering-word-parts-dr-charles-browne/
Affix:
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached

to a word stem to form a new word or word form.
Classification of Affixes:
1. Prefix
2. Suffix
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4697288/
Classification of Affixes:
1. Prefix
- is a word segment added before the root word
to make another word of different meaning.
https://mantra4changeblog.wordpress.com/2017/04/15/prefixes-and-suffixes/
Example:
https://www.eslbuzz.com/a-list-of-50-common-prefixes-in-english/
2. Suffix
- is a word segment added after the root word

to form a new word with different meaning.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-suffix-ment-lesson-for-kids.html
Example:
https://englishstudyhere.com/grammar/suffixes/suffix-list-meanings-and-examples/
The following are words that have both prefixes and suffixes:
https://dlpng.com/png/470398
COMBINING FORMS
- is a term for a word element that rarely appears

independently but form part of a longer word.
- a linguistic element used in combination with
another element to form a word.
https://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Combining-Forms-English-Combination/dp/1500282790
Example:
Combining Words Meaning Example
umbra shade umbrella
pedi foot pedicure
thermo heat thermometer
populus people population
liber book library
aqua water aquarium
Summary
A root word stands on its own as a word, but you can make a
new words from it by adding beginnings (prefixes) and ending
(suffixes).
For example, “comfort” is a root word. By adding the prefix
“dis” and the suffix “able” you can make new words such as
“discomfort” and “comfortable”.
Adding suffixes to words can change or add to their meaning,
but most importantly they show how a word will be used in a
sentence and what part of speech (e.g. noun, verb, adjective)
the word belongs to.
discussions.
you.
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Is vocabulary usage a factor in miscommunication? Why?
Vocabulary is commonly defined as “all the words known and used by a particular
person.” Knowing a word, however, is not as simple as merely being able to recognize or use it.
There are several aspects of word knowledge that are used to measure word knowledge.
DEFINITION OF A WORD
Words can be defined in various ways, and estimates of vocabulary size differ depending
on the definition used. The most common definition of a lemma (the uninflected or dictionary
form; this includes walk, but not walks, walked or walking). Most of the time lemmas do not
include proper nouns (names of people, places, companies, etc). Another definition often used
in research of vocabulary size is that of word family. These are all the words that can be derived
from a ground word (e.g. the words effortless, effortlessly, effortful, effortfully are all part of the
word family effort). Estimates of vocabulary size range from as high as 200 thousand to as low
as 10 thousand, depending on the definition used.
Types of Vocabulary
 Reading Vocabulary – A literate person’s vocabulary is all the words he or she can
recognize when reading. This is generally the largest type of vocabulary simply because
a reader tends to be exposed to more words by reading than by listening.
 Listening Vocabulary – A person’s listening vocabulary is all the words he or she can
recognize when listening to speech. People may still understand words they were not
exposed to before using cues such as tone, gestures, the topic of discussion, and the
social context of the conversation.
 Speaking Vocabulary – A person’s speaking vocabulary is all the words he or she uses in
speech. It is likely to be a subset of the listening vocabulary. Due to the spontaneous
nature of speech, words are often misused. The misuse – though slight and
unintentional – may be compensated by facial expressions, tone of voice.
 Writing Vocabulary – Words are used in various forms of writing from formal essays to
social media feeds. Many written words do not commonly appear in speech. Writers
generally use a limited set of words when communicating. For example, if there are a
number of synonyms, a writer may have preference as to which of them to use, and
they are unlikely to use technical vocabulary relating to a subject in whom he has no
knowledge or interest.
Exercise 1. Think of words almost similar in meaning to the following words:
1. Love
2. Happy
3. Hate
4. Sad
5. Event
ENGLISH IDIOMS
Why are idioms considered building blocks of a language? When are they considered passé?
An idiom is a phrase, saying, or a group of words that has a metaphorical (not literal) meaning,
which has become accepted in common usage. An idiom’s symbolic sense is quite different
from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made. There are a large
number of idioms and they are used very commonly in all languages. There are estimated to be
at least 25,000 idiomatic expressions in the English language. Idioms in fact, evolve the
language; they are the building blocks of a language and civilization.
They also have great intensity to make a language interesting and dynamic. Idioms bring a
spectacular illustration to everyday speech. They provide interesting insights into the use of
words, languages, and the thought processes of their speakers. They have a sense of mystery
and fun about them. So what makes idioms difficult? The answer is their “meaning”. Idioms are
not easy to understand – especially for non-native speakers, because their meanings are usually
metaphorical. This characteristic of idioms makes them strange and difficult to understand for
English learners.
Exercise 1. Read the following examples and use them in your own sentence on the lines
provided for.
♦ Piece of cake
Meaning: something that is easy to do
Example: Making spaghetti Bolognese is piece of cake.
♦ A hot potato
Meaning: a controversial issue or situation that is awkward or unpleasant to deal with
Example: The subject of bullying and fighting in my school is a hot potato.
♦ Once in a blue moon
Meaning: very rarely
Example: I go to visit my grandfather once in a blue moon; he lives in a remote farm house.
♦ A bed of roses
Meaning: easy option
Example: Taking care of my younger sister is no bed of roses; she is very silly.
♦ Raining cats and dogs
Meaning: raining very heavily
Example: I wanted to go play outside, but it was raining cats and dogs yesterday.
♦ When pigs fly
Meaning: something that will never happen or impossible
Example: William will keep quiet only when pigs fly.
♦ Devil’s advocate
Meaning: one who presents a counter argument
Example: Hey Jack! You’re always playing devil’s advocate! Give it a rest and mind your own
business.
♦ Missing the boat
Meaning: miss the chance
Example: Peter wanted to enter the drawing competition, but he was too late to enter, and he
missed the boat.
♦ Apple of the eye
Meaning: someone very precious or dear
Example: Every kid in the world is the apple of their parents’ eye(s).
♦ Zip your lip
Meaning: to stop talking

Language and Communication
Discussion
What is Language?
It is derived from the Latin Lingua which means tongue and the French langue,
language is the “entire complex of phenomena associated with human vocal and auditory
communication of emotions and ideas.” Language is called a social phenomenon,
because it has relevance only in a social setting. Language undergoes a continues,
though unnoticed, process of growth and change. It becomes sharp, crisp, refined, and
versatile with the passage of time. Pick up the historical background of any language; you
will be astonished to notice the major changes in spellings, meaning, pronunciation and
its connotation and denotation. Hence, language is a living phenomenon. In its broadness
and most general sense, “language may be said to be any means of expression or mental
concepts by any living beings whatsoever and of communicating them to, or receiving
them from other living beings.” Language is a very complex phenomenon; all attempts to
define it have proved inadequate. In common parlance it may be said that language is an
organized noise used in actual social situations.
What is Communication?
Communication is an effective exchange of ideas, opinion and formation between
two or more persons in an authentic situation. The word effective is highlighted because
communication takes place if it is understood, relayed and shared.
A speaker facing an audience, for example, delivers a speech but gets no reaction
from the audience – at most, just a polite smile and nod of the head which may mean
nothing at all. Maybe, a blank stare directed towards the speaker but the mind is
somewhere else. A good number shuffle their feet down the floor or are simply focusing
their attention also on something else. The cause is clear – the speaker does not
communicate. A worst scenario could be a possible walkout of the audience and look for
a conductive ambiance rather than be bored to death with the speaker’s speech.
On a situation like this, the speaker is just talking not communicating. Content of
the speech maybe essential but not substantial, but if it is not understood, it amounts to
nothing – that’s plain talk and not communication at all. The sender (speaker) of the
speech (message) must be understood by the recipient (listener). The sender is likened
to an encoder, the speech to a code and to the recipient, the decoder, this is the usual
process in communication.
An active participation of the audience – either to clarify, verify, or amplify something
about the speech is a mark of true communication. There is a vibrant exchange of ideas
– free-willing, democratic, unrestrained meant to achieve a goal – to understand and to
be understood. It is important to note, however, that language amenities should be
properly observed as a marked of civilized and cultured conversation.
On a smaller scale, Student A may seek an opinion on something to Student B –
the latter simply shows no reaction even if pressed for an honest opinion – the question
maybe is, “Does student B understand what the student A is talking about?” if not, then
the communication process clearly bogs down. Something must be done about it – it has
to be repaired.
Language and Communication
Introduction
Language is foremost a means of communication, and communication almost
always takes place within some sort of social context. This is why effective communication
requires an understanding and recognition of the connections between a language and
the people who use it. These connections are complex: for example, they tell you when
to use slang with a friend or formal language with a boss, how to judge a candidate’s
campaign speeches, and whether to abbreviate an email. All of these acts require
knowledge of the language, as well as the cultural and social forces acting on that
language. Social context is a major factor that drives our language choices. For example,
consider the language you might have used in an interview situation, perhaps with a
prospective employer or college admission office. If you are like many other people, in
the interview you probably were as much concerned with how you spoke as with what
you actually said. You may have even practiced sounding confident, for instance, or
intelligent, so that you would make a good impression during the interview. We make
decisions every day, or have decisions made about us by other people, based on the
language we use. We frequently evaluate person’s education, socioeconomic level,
background, honesty, friendliness, and numerous other qualities by how that person’s
speaks. And when we want to make particular impression on someone else, we
consciously choose our language, just as we choose our hair styles or clothing.
Language in integrally intertwined with out notions of who we are on both the
personal and the broader, societal levels. When we use language, we communicate our
individual thoughts, as well as the cultural beliefs and the practices of the communities of
which we are part: our families, social groups, and other associations.
WEEK 2: FORMAL VS. INFORMAL LANGUAGE
When do we say that our language is Formal? Informal?
 FORMAL vs. INFORMAL Language

We use formal language that are serious or that involved people we don’t know well.
Informal language is more commonly used in situations that are more relaxed and involve people
we know well.
Formal language is more common when we write; informal language is more common
when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very informal, for example, when
writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text messages. There are also examples where
spoken English can be very formal, for example, in a speech or a lecture. Most uses of English are
neutral; that is, they are neither formal nor informal.
Formal language and informal language are associated with particular choices of grammar
and vocabulary. Contractions, relative clauses without a relative pronoun and ellipsis are more
common in informal language.
The grid below shows the detailed differences between formal and informal language.
INFORMAL FORMAL
Used in everyday, personal conversations Used in official, literary, academic, etc. content
Typically used in “improvised” speech – when Typically used in careful, edited writing – when
the speaker is speaking without preparation, the writer has a lot of time to polish his text.
as in a conversation (in real life or over the Formal English also occurs in speech, usually
phone). Informal English also occurs in writing, when the speaker is saying something that was
usually whenever the writer is writing quickly prepared beforehand (for example, reading the
and without editing (for example, in an news or delivering an official speech).
Internet chatroom or in quick, personal e-
mails.
Because informal English is “improvised”, it is Sentences are longer and more complicated,
sloppy. Speakers (and sometimes writers) for example: Toyota’s US sales bounced back in
often do the following: March as in substantial discounts helped to win
back customers who had been shaken by the
 Use “delaying expressions to give
firm’s mass safety recalls.
themselves time:
Well, I think they should have asked us
first, you know?
 Use “correcting expressions” to correct
themselves:
He’s not well. I mean, he’s not sick but
he’s very tired.
 Use “qualifying expressions” to show
what they said is not exactly right:
This whole blogging thing is getting
kind of old.
Informal English contains useful “everyday The standard correctness is higher. Some
phrases”, for example: phrases are considered correct (or at least
acceptable) in informal English, but wrong in
- Here you are. There you go. (when
formal English. For example:
giving something to someone)
- Excuse me? Come again? (to ask  I have made less mistakes. (Formal: I
someone to repeat something) have made fewer mistakes.)
- What do you mean? (to ask for  She’s liking it. (Formal: She likes it.)
explanation)  I feel real good. (Formal: I feel really
- So, you’re saying that...? (to ask for good.)
confirmation)
- Exactly! I couldn’t agree with you
more. (to agree with someone)
- By the way… Anyway… (to change the
topic)
- See you. Take care. (to say goodbye)
A huge number of words and phrases are used A huge number of words and phrases are used
mainly in informal English. For example: dude, mainly in formal English. For example:
freaking, uh-huh, nope (=no), to puke, trashy, nevertheless, to disclose, to constitute, to
grownup, awesome, to chill out, stuff, hard-up, undertake, daunting, impervious, anew, truly,
to tick somebody off, to sell like crazy. solace, to enchant, frantically, sizeable, to
clutch, heyday, as it happens, upsurge,
retrieval.
Phrasal verbs are used frequently. For Many (but not all) phrasal verbs are avoided.
example, in informal situations, people usually
say found out instead of discovered, came
across instead of encountered, and got away
instead of escaped.
Words and phrases are sometimes

pronounced in a shortened and simplified
way, e.g. Lemme go!, I’m doin’ fine, Whassup?,
Whatcha gonna do?
(Sheikha, F.A. & Inkpen, D : Generation of Formal and Informal Sentences)
Exercise 1. Identify whether formal or informal.
1. Hi!
2. You have got to do it.
3. May I borrow your pen?
4. Can I have this chair?
5. It’s pretty cool.
6. I will do it.
7. How are you?
8. How are you feeling today?
9. She’ll gonna miss you, right?
10. We have to follow the rules.

Eng C101-103i Prelim Reviewer

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COMPONENTS AND

1. Once in a blue moon

-- It is used when writing for professional

-- used in everyday, personal conversations.

-- also occurs in writing, usually whenever

Context clues are hints found within a sentence, paragraph,

(Essentials of English; Dorcas M. Avila)

WEEK 4: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF WORDS

Prefix Root Word

re- schedule schedule

Prefixes Meaning Example

a- not, away, from, off anomalous, amoral

Combining Words Meaning Examples

In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached

- is a word segment added after the root word

- is a term for a word element that rarely appears

Combining Words Meaning Example

umbra shade umbrella

pedi foot pedicure

thermo heat thermometer

populus people population

liber book library

aqua water aquarium

Is vocabulary usage a factor in miscommunication? Why?

Meaning: something that is easy to do

Example: Making spaghetti Bolognese is piece of cake.

Meaning: a controversial issue or situation that is awkward or unpleasant to deal with

Example: The subject of bullying and fighting in my school is a hot potato.

♦ Once in a blue moon

Meaning: very rarely

Meaning: easy option

Meaning: raining very heavily

♦ When pigs fly

Meaning: something that will never happen or impossible

Example: William will keep quiet only when pigs fly.

Meaning: one who presents a counter argument

♦ Missing the boat

Meaning: miss the chance

♦ Apple of the eye

Meaning: someone very precious or dear

♦ Zip your lip

Meaning: to stop talking

 FORMAL vs. INFORMAL Language

Words and phrases are sometimes

(Sheikha, F.A. & Inkpen, D : Generation of Formal and Informal Sentences)

Exercise 1. Identify whether formal or informal.

2. You have got to do it.

3. May I borrow your pen?

4. Can I have this chair?

5. It’s pretty cool.

7. How are you?

8. How are you feeling today?

9. She’ll gonna miss you, right?

10. We have to follow the rules.

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