You are on page 1of 129

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/344069343

GENETSKI MODIFIKOVANA HRANA (ZA I/ILI PROTIV)

Book · September 2020

CITATIONS READS

0 272

1 author:

Braco Kovacevic
University of Banja Luka
50 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Braco Kovacevic on 03 September 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.


%5$&2.29$ý(9,û
,5,1$K29$ý(9,û

GENETSKI MODIFIKOVANA HRANA


(ZA I/ILI PROTIV)

(YURSVNLGHIHQGRORJLMDFHQWDU]DQDXþQDSROLWLþND
HNRQRPVNDVRFLMDOQDEH]EMHGQRVQDVRFLRORãNDL
NULPLQRORãNDLVWUDåLYDQMD
,]GDYDþ
(YURSVNLGHIHQGRORJLMDFHQWDU]DQDXþQDSROLWLþND
HNRQRPVNDVRFLMDOQDEH]EMHGQRVQDVRFLRORãNDL
NULPLQRORãNDLVWUDåLYDQMD%DQMD/XND

=DL]GDYDþD
3URIGU'XãNR9HMQRYLü

5HFHQ]HQWL
3URIGU'UDJDQ%DWDYHOMLü
3URIGU5DGH%LRþDQLQ
%5$&2.29$ý(9,û
,5,1$.29$ý(9,û

GENETSKI
MODIFIKOVANA
HRANA
(ZA I/ILI PROTIV)

%DQMD/XND

SADRŽAJ

PREDGOVOR.................................................7

1. Geopolitika hrane................................13
2. Biotehnologija.....................................41
3. Industrijska proizvodnja hrane............53
4. Opravdanje upotrebe genetski
modifikovanih proizvoda....................77
5. Kritika upotrebe genetski
modifikovanih proizvoda....................87

LITERATURA.............................................115
PREDGOVOR
Ä%LWLRGJRYRUDQWR]QDþL
LPDWLþRYMHþDQVWYR
SUHGRþLPD³
-HDQ-3DXO6DUWUH

3RUHG UD]QLK RSDVQRVWL L UL]LND NRML SULMHWH


QDãLP åLYRWLPD SULURGL L OMXGVNRM FLYLOL]DFLML
SRVHEQRPMHVWR]DX]LPD - SUHKUDQD
*ODG MH X VYLMHWX YHRPD UDãLUHQD L JRWRYR
QHUMHãLYDSRMDYDRSDVQRVWLUL]LN*RWRYRPLOLMDUGD
OMXGLXVYLMHWXQHPDGRYROMQXSUHKUDQXMHUJODGXMH
YLãHRGPLOLMDUGXOMXGLGQHYQRLPDQDUDVSRODJDQMX
PDQMHRGMHGQRJGRODUD GRNþDNWULPLOLMDUGHRVRED
UDVSRODåH VD PDQMH RG GYD GRODUD GQDYQR .ROLNH
VX VRFLMDOQH QHMHGQDNRVWL GRYROMQR MH UHüL GD RNR
 VWDQRYQLãWYD UDVSRODåH VD SUHNR 
ERJDWVWYD QD =HPOML D GD GHPRJUDIVND HNVSOR]LMD
SRVWHSHQR GRQRVL PLOLMDUGH VLURPDãQLK NRMH MH
WHãNRSUHKUDQLWL
,]YMHãWDML 2UJDQL]DFLMH ]D KUDQX L
SROMRSULYUHGX 8MHGLQMHQLK QDURGD (7KH 8QLWHG
1DWLRQV Food and $JULFXOWXUH - FAO SRND]XMX GD
GDQDVYLãHRGPLOLRQDOMXGLXVYLMHWXJODGXMHD
GD MRã WROLNR SDWL RG QHGRYOMQH XKUDQMHQRVWL
.RPSOLNDFLMH RYH SRMDYH YHRPD VX QHSRYROMQH
NDNRSR]GUDYOMHWDNRLSRNYDOLWHWåLYRWDUD]YRML
SHUVSHNWLYH MHGQH þHWYUWLQH þRYMHþDQVWYD 0QRJL
PLVOH GD UMHãHQMH RYLK SUREOHPD WUHED WUDåLWL X –
SROMRSULYUHGL
0HÿXWLP L X SROMRSULYUHGL VH GRJDÿDMX
YHOLNHSURPMHQH

9
6YRMHYUHPHQR MH SR]QDWL HNRQRPVNL L
VRFLMDOQLWHRUHWLþDU 'åHUHPL5LINLQ -HUHP\5LINLQ 
LVWDNDRGDüHSROMRSULYUHGQDWHKQRORJLMDÄELWLMHGQD
RG QDMYHüLK QHVUHüD X LVWRULML NDSLWDOLVWLþNLK
NRUSRUDFLMD³
'D OL üH SROMRSULYUHGQD WHKQRORJLMD ]DLVWD
ÄELWL MHGQD RG QDMYHüLK QHVUHüD X LVWRULML
NDSLWDOLVWLþNLKNRUSRUDFLMD³SDLXLVWRULMLOMXGVNRJ
GUXãWYD LOL üH RQD GRQLMHWL EODJRGHWL JODGQLPD L
VLURPDãQLPD ]DLVWD MH WHãNR UHüL $OL RQR ãWR
PRåHPR UHüL MHVWH WR GD RVWYDUHQMH WDNYH WYUGQMH
VYDNDNR ]DYLVL RG WRJD kako L QD NRML QDþLQ üH
þRYMHþDQVWYR VHEL REH]EMHÿLYDWL LVKUDQX 8NROLNR
SURL]YRGQMD KUDQH EXGH ]DYLVLOD RG NRUSRUDWLYQLK
LQVWLWXFLMD NRMH - X SURL]YRGQRP SURFHVX
KHPL]DFLMH L JHQHWVNH PRGLILNDFLMH SURL]YRGD -
LQWHUHVXMH VDPR profit D QH DXWHQWLþQH OMXGVNH
SRWUHEH RQGD EL VH PRJOL VORåLWL VD 5LINLQRYLP
PLãOMHQMHP
,DNRQHNLVPDWUDMXGDMH]DLVKUDQXVYHYLãH
QDUDVWDMXüHJ þRYMHþDQVWYD SRWUHEQR NRULãWHQMH
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD (JHQHWLFDOO\
PRGLILHG RUJDQLVPV  LSDN GUXJL LVWLþX GD VH
QMLKRYRP XSRWUHERP NDR L XSRWUHERP UD]OLþLWLK
LQGXVWULMVNLK VXSVWDQFL L KHPLNDOLMD WUDGLFLRQDOQD
SROMRSULYUHGD X SRWSXQRVWL SUHWYRULOD X UD]YLMHQL
REOLN LQGXVWULMVNH KHPL]LUDQH SROMRSULYUHGQH
SURL]YRGQMH KUDQH V NRMRP MH ]DSRþHR SURFHV
XJURåDYDQMD SULURGQH RNROLQH þRYMHND L OMXGVNRJ
GUXãWYD6PDWUDVHGDXQLãWDYDMXüLREQRYOMLYHDOLL
QHREQRYOMLYH SULURGQH L]YRUH KHPL]LUDQD L
ELRWHKQRORJL]RYDQD LQGXVWULMVND SROMRSULYUHGD
GRSULQRVL XJURåDYDQMX NYDOLWHWD åLYRWD ]GUDYOMD
OMXGLåLYRWLQMDLSULURGQHRNROLQH

10
7DNRVHSRND]XMHGDMHHNRORJLMDSRVWDODQH
VDPR WHRULMVNLP QHJR L SROLWLþNLP UHOHYDQWQLP
SRGUXþMHP åLYRWD ]DWR ãWR VX PQRJL HNRORãNL
SUREOHPL L HNRORãND NUL]D L SROLWLþNL GHWHUPLQLUDQL
SUREOHPL 7DNR MH L VD KUDQRP L DJUDURP MHU VX L
RQL]DGRELOLQHVDPRSRVHELQXWULFLRQLVWLþNRYHüL
HNRORãNR ]QDþHQMH ]DWR ãWR VRERP QRVH SROLWLþNHL
JHRSROLWLþNH LPSOLNDFLMH RGQRVQR ]DWR ãWR X VHEL
VDGUåH L VWUDWHãNR SLWDQMH RSVWDQND PRüL
VXYHUHQRVWL L EH]EMHGQRVWL X VDYUHPHQRP
JOREDOL]RYDQRPVYLMHWX
8 JOREDOL]DFLMVNLP SURFHVLPD VH VQDåQR
UD]YLMDMX i PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH NRMH ]ERJ
VYRMLK LQWHUHVD D QD YHRPD UD]QH QDþLQH MRã
SRWSXQLMH XEU]DYDMX L UD]YLMDMX WH SURFHVH NDR
SURFHVH JOREDOL]DFLMH VRFLMDOQLK QHMHGQDNRVWL
VLURPDãWYDJODGLLELMHGHQDMHGQRMDERJDWVWYDQD
GUXJRMVWUDQL
=ERJ SRVWRMDQMD ]DLVWD YHOLNRJ EURMD
VWDQRYQLND QD QDãRM SODQHWL SUHGVWDYQLFL
PXOWLQDFLRQDOQLK NRUSRUDFLMD LVWLþX GD MH
QHRSKRGQD L YHOLND NROLþLQD KUDQH WH GD VH RQD
PRUD REH]EMHÿLYDWL NUR] LQWHQ]LYQH SURFHVH
LQGXVWULMDOL]DFLMH L KHPL]DFLMH SROMRSULYUHGH NDR L
NUR] SRYHüDQX XSRWUHEX ELRWHKQRORJLMH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD L QDUDYQR JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH 1H VDPR YHOLNL EURM
VWDQRYQLND JODG L VLURPDãWYR QHJR L SRWUHED ]D
SURILWRP GRYRGH GR SRYHüDQH KHPLMVNH
LQGXVWULMVNH SURL]YRGQMH KUDQH 'ROD]DN YHOLNLK
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLK NRUSRUDFLMD QD JOREDOQR
DOLPHQWDUQRSRGUXþMHGRQLMHORMHVRERPLUL]LNHRG
NRULãWHQMD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD X
LVKUDQL *HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQD KUDQD QRVL X VHEL

11
UL]LNH SR ]GUDYOMH OMXGL L SULURGQX RNROLQX L ]DWR
PQRJLXSR]RUDYDMXGDMHWRMHQRYLREOLNJHQRFLGDL
HNRFLGD
3URL]YRGQMD KUDQH MH VWUDWHãNR L
EH]EMHGQRVQRSLWDQMHGUåDYDLQDURGD'DQDVVHVYH
YLãH SUHOD]L VD RUJDQVNH HNRORãNH QD LQGXVWULMVNX
SURL]YRGQMX KUDQH L YHOLNH PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH
NRUSRUDFLMH üH QDVWRMDWL GD DSVROXWQR NRQWUROLãX
SURL]YRGQMXLQGXVWULMVNHPRGLILNRYDQHKUDQH
0HÿXWLP NRQFHSW RGUåLYRJ UD]YRMD R
NRMHP8MHGLQMHQHQDFLMHVWDOQRJRYRUHDXNROLNRMH
]DLVWD NRQFLSLUDQ QD KXPDQLP SULQFLSLPD QH
SRGUD]XPLMHYD VDPR YRÿHQMH EULJH R HQHUJLML
YD]GXKXãXPDPDLYRGL]DSLüHYHüLR]GUDYOMXL
]GUDYVWYHQR LVSUDYQRM KUDQL ,VWRYUHPHQRNRQFHSW
RGUåLYRVWL LPSOLFLUD OMXGVNR SUDYR QD ]GUDYX
SULURGQXRNROLQXL]GUDYXKUDQXLGUåDYHPRUDMXX
VNODGX VD PHÿXQDURGQLP SUDYQLP NRGHNVRP GD
EUDQH VYRMX VXYHUHQRVW NDGD VX X SLWDQMX
DOLPHQWDUQRVWLKUDQD$OLGDOLMHWREDãWDNR"

12
1.

GEOPOLITIKA
HRANE
Ä.RQWUROLãLWHQDIWXLNRQWUROLVDüHWH]HPOMX
.RQWUROLãLWHKUDQXLNRQWUROLVDüHWHOMXGH³
(+HQU\ .LVVLQJHU

,VWRULMX OMXGVNRJ GUXãWYD SUDWH L RGUHÿHQH


UHYROXFLMH L WR QH VDPR HNRQRPVNH SROLWLþNH L
VRFLMDOQHQHJRLDJUDUQHLLQGXVWULMVNH
'RVDGDãQMD OMXGVND FLYLOL]DFLMD MH SURãOD
NUR] GYLMH WHPHOMQH UHYROXFLMH NRMH VX ELWQR
L]PLMHQLOH XVORYH åLYRWD OMXGVNH YUVWH QD SODQHWL
=HPOML „3UYDDJUDUQDUHYROXFLMDXVSMHODMHVWDYLWL
X VOXåEX þRYMHND 6XQþHYX HQHUJLMX - SURFHVH
IRWRVLQWH]H X ELOMNDPD GD EL VOXåLOH ]D LVKUDQX
þRYMHNX L VWRFL NRMX MH SRþHR XGRPDüLYDWL 'UXJD
LQGXVWULMVND UHYROXFLMD GRQLMHOD PX MH YODVW QDG
QRYLP L]YRULPD HQHUJLMH SULMH VYHJD QDG IRVLOQLP
JRULYLPD XJOMHQRP L QDIWRP NRMLPD MH SRNUHWDR
SDUQH L HOHNWULþQH PRWRUH WH PRWRUH V XQXWUDãQMLP
VDJRULMHYDQMHP $ QMLPD VH X QDMQRYLMH YULMHPH
SULNOMXþLOD L DWRPVND HQHUJLMD 3RWYUGLOD VH
%DFRQRYD WH]D GD MH ]QDQMH PRü DOL L *RHWKHRYD
YL]LMD GD üH CýDUREQMDNRY XþHQLNC RVORERGLWL
GHPRQVNH SULURGQH VLOH NRMH üH ]DSULMHWLWL
QMHJRYRPYODVWLWRPSRVWRMDQMX³ 1
'D OL VH RYR XSR]RUHQMH RGQRVL L QD
JHQHWVNX PRGLILNDFLMX RUJDQL]DPD L QDUDYQR QD
JHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQXKUDQX
Hrana!

1
5 6XSHN Ova jedina Zemlja =DJUHE Ä1DSULMHG³ 
VWU
15
=QDPR NROLNR MH KUDQD YHRPD ]QDþDMQD ]D
OMXGVNR RGUåDQMH QMHJRYX WMHOHVQRVW L SVLKRIL]LþNL
UD]YRM ]GUDYOMH L RSVWDQDN þRYMHND %H] KUDQH
þRYMHN QH PRåH GD RSVWDQH D ÄEH] GRYROMQR
LVKUDQH þRYMHN YHJHWLUD³ L ÄQHGRVWLåDQ PX MH VDY
NXOWXUQLHNRQRPVNLLVRFLMDOQLQDSUHGDN³ 2
3URL]YRGLNRMHOMXGLNRULVWHXLVKUDQLNRMRP
RGUåDYDMX VYRM åLYRW QD]LYDMX VH – åLYRWQLP
namirnicama2QHPRJXELWLåLYRWLQMVNRJLELOMQRJ
SRULMHNODLNDRWDNYHVDGUåDYDWLKUDQMLYHVDVWRMNH-
SURWHLQH PDVWL XJOMHQH KLGUDWH PLQHUDOQH
PDWHULMHYLWDPLQHYRGX
äLYRWQH QDPLUQLFH VX RUJDQVNRJ KUDQD  L
QHRUJDQVNRJ SRULMHNOD YRGD  L þLQH MH L GUXJH
PDWHULMH NRMH VH KUDQL GRGDMX NDNR EL VH RQD
NRQ]HUYLVDOD L NDNR EL MRM VH SRSUDYLOL GRWMHUDOL L
REH]ELMHGLOL QHRSKRGQL PLULVL L XNXVL $OL VD WLP
GRGDFLPDNDRLXSRWUHERPJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLK
RUJDQL]DPD X OMXGVNX LVKUDQX GROD]H L RGUHÿHQL
UL]LFL
1DãH GDQDãQMH GUXãWYR MH – SRWURãDNR
GUXãWYR RGQRVQR NRQ]XPHULVWLþNR GUXãWYR LOL
GUXãWYR NRQ]XPHUL]PD PRORåDM SRWURãDþD X
SRWURãDþNRPGUXãWYXMHSRWSXQRGUXJDþLMLXRGQRVX
QD SRORåDM SRWURãDþD X VYLP GRVDGDãQMLP
GUXãWYLPD„$NRVXILOR]RILSHVQLFLLSURSRYHGQLFL
PRUDOD PHÿX QDãLPSUHFLPDSURPLãOMDOLSLWDQMHGD
OLUDGLPRGDELVPRåLYHOLLOLåLYLPRGDELVPRUDGLOL
GLOHPDRNRMRMVHGDQDVQDMþHãüHUD]PLãOMDMHGDOL
WUHEDGDNRQ]XPLUDPRGDELVPRåLYHOLLOLåLYLPRGD
ELVPR NRQ]XPLUDOL 7R MHVW DNR VPR MRã XYHN X
VWDQMX L DNR RVHüDPR SRWUHEX GD UD]OLNXMHPR

2
- )RXUDVWLH &LYLOL]DFLMD VXWUDãQMLFH, =DJUHE Ä1DSULMHG³
VWU
16
åLYOMHQMH RG NRQ]XPLUDQMD³ , PDGD VH RELþQR
ÄNDåH GD SRWURãDþNR WUåLãWH ]DYRGL VYRMH
SRWURãDþH³LSDNÄGDELVHWRSRVWLJORSRWUHEQLVX
SRWURãDþL NRML åHOH GD EXGX ]DYHGHQL NDR ãWR MH
JD]GL IDEULNH GD EL PRJDR QDUHÿLYDWL VYRMLP
UDGQLFLPD ELOR SRWUHEQR RVREOMH VD þYUVWR
XVDÿHQLP QDYLNDPD GLVFLSOLQH L VOXãDQMD QDUHGEL 
8 SRWURãDþNRP GUXãWYX NRMH SUDYLOQR IXQNFLRQLãH
SRWURãDþL DNWLYQR WUDåH GD EXGX ]DYHGHQL 1MLKRYL
GHGRYL SURL]YRÿDþL åLYHOL VX RG MHGQRJ REUWD
SRNUHWQH WUDNH GR VOHGHüHJ LGHQWLþQR QMHPX 2QL
VDPL ]D SURPHQX åLYH RG GUDåL GR GUDåL RG
LVNXãHQMD GR LVNXãHQMD RG PLULVDQMD MHGQH
SRVODVWLFH GR WUDJDQMD ]D GUXJRP RG JXWDQMD
MHGQRJ PDPFD GR SRWUDJH ]D VOHGHüLP – VYDND
GUDå LVNXãHQMH SRVODVWLFD L PDPDF VX QRYL
GUXJDþLML L YLãH SULYODþH SDåQMX RG SUHWKRGQLK
2YDNYR SRQDãDQMH MH ]D LVWUHQLUDQRJ ]UHORJ
SRWURãDþDSULQXGDPRUDQMHLSDNWRCPRUDQMHCWDM
LQWHUQDOL]RYDQLSULWLVDNQHPRJXüQRVWGDVHåLYLQD
QHNL GUXJL QDþLQ SRND]XMH LP VH SUHUXãHQR X
L]YUãDYDQMHVORERGQHYROMH7UåLãWHLKMHPRåGDYHü
L]DEUDORNDRSRWURãDþHLWLPHLPMHRGX]HWDVORERGD
LJQRULVDQMD QMHJRYLK QDJRYDUDQMD DOL SUL VYDNRM
VOHGHüRM SRVHWL QHNRP SURGDMQRP PHVWX SRWURãDþL
LPDMXUD]ORJDGDRVHüDMXGDVXRQL– LPRåGDVDPR
RQL – WX JODYQL 2QL VX VXGLMH NULWLþDUL L RQL NRML
ELUDMX .RQDþQR RQL PRJX RGELWL ORMDOQRVW PD
NRMHP RG EHVNRQDþQRJ L]ERUD NRML VH QXGL
2GQRVQR RVLP L]ERUD ELUDQMD L]PHÿX QMLK DOL WDM
L]ERULQLMHVWYDUL]ERUD³ 3

3
=%DXPDQ7XULVWLLYDJDEXQGL X *OREDOL]DFLMD– PLWLOL
VWYDUQRVW 3ULUHGLR 9ODGLPLU 9XOHWLü  %HRJUDG Ä=DYRG ]D
XGåEHQLNHLQDVWDYQDVUHGVWYD³VWU
17
2YD Ä]DYHGHQRVW³ X SRWURãDþNRP GUXãWYX
RGQRVL VH L QD KUDQX SD SUHPD WRPH L QD
KHGRQLVWLþNX SRWUHEX ]D QMHQRP SRYHüDQRP
SURL]YRGQMRP
8 SHULRGX RG  GR  JRGLQH MH
SURL]YRGQMDåLWDXVYLMHWXSRYHüDQD]DYLãHRGGYD
SXWD D VQDEGMHYHQRVW VWDQRYQLãWYD X VYLMHWX MH
SRYHüDQD]D$OLYHüRGVUHGLQH-WLKJRGLQD
SURãORJ YLMHND VH SURL]YRGQMD åLWD SR JODYL
VWDQRYQLND X VYLMHWX SRþHOD VPDQMLYDWL ,DNR UDVWH
XSRWUHED ÿXEULYD LSDN VH QMHJRYD HILNDVQRVW
VPDQMXMH WDNR GD VH VPDQMXMX L URGQRVW SãHQLFH L
NXNXUX]D =D QMLKRYX SURL]YRGQMX QHGRVWDMX
QHRSKRGQHSRJRGQRVWL YRGDL]HPOMD 1HGRVWDMX L
QRYH VRUWH NDR L WHKQRORJLMH NRMH EL SRYHüDOH
QMLKRYX URGQRVW 2VLP WRJD VYDNH JRGLQH RNR 
PLOLRQD KHNWDUD SORGQH ]HPOMH EXGH SUHWYRUHQR X
VWDPEHQH REMHNWH L SXWHYH 7DNRÿH L NOLPDWVNH
SURPMHQH üH VH RGUD]LWL QD VPDQMHQX SURL]YRGQMX
åLWDULFD L KUDQH XRSãWH 3UHGYLÿD VH GD üH X
EXGXüQRVWL GRüL GR YHOLNRJ QHGRVWDWND KUDQH QH
VDPRXQHUD]YLMHQLPLVLURPDãQLP]HPOMDPDQHJR
LXRQLPUD]YLMHQLPLERJDWLP 
'DQDV JODG L QHXKUDQMHQRVW SRJDÿDMX YLãH
RGPLOLRQDOMXGLãLURPVYLMHWDDVDSRYHüDQMHP
VYMHWVNRJVWDQRYQLãWYDVHMDYOMDVWUDKGDüHGRüLGR
MRãYHüHQHVWDãLFHKUDQH
=DWR VH NDR SRVHEDQ SUREOHP SRVWDYOMD
SLWDQMH RVWYDULYDQMD YHüLK SULQRVD SROMRSULYUHGQLK
SURL]YRGD X] UD]XPOMLYR VPDQMHQMH JXELWDND X
SURL]YRGQML SRVHEQR RQLK NRML QDVWDMX NDR


9$/LVLþNLQ/$âHOMHSLQ*OREDOQDLPSHULMD]ODQRYD
JHRSROLWLþND UDVSRGHOD VQDJD, %DQMD /XND Ä8GUXåHQMH
VRFLRORJD³%HRJUDGÄ9DOLGXV³VWU
18
SRVOMHGLFD XWLFDMD L GMHORYDQMD SDUD]LWD LQVHNDWD L
EROHVWL 8 WRP SRJOHGX VH UD]PLãOMD R SRWUHEL
SURãLUHQMDREUDGLYRJ]HPOMLãWDLSRYHüDQMDQMLKRYLK
SULQRVD NDR L VWYDUDQMD SROMRSULYUHGQLK YUVWD NRMH
VX RWSRUQH QD WDNYH QHJDWLYQH XWLFDMH NDR L QD
XWLFDMHNOLPDWVNLKSURPMHQD
=DSRYHüDQXSURL]YRGQMDKUDQHLUMHãDYDQMD
JODGL X VYLMHWX VH UMHãHQMD SRNXãDYDMX QDüL X
ELRWHKQRORJLML L JHQHWVNRM PRGLILNDFLML „6D
SRYHüDQMHP VYHWVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD X SUHGVWRMHüLP
JRGLQDPD MDYOMD VH VWUDK GD üH GRüL GR MRã YHüH
QHVWDãLFD KUDQH 8 QHNLP QDMJXãüH QDVHOMHQLP
GHORYLPD VYHWD OMXGL YHRPD ]DYLVH RG RVQRYQLK
XVHYD - NDR ãWR MH ULåD - þLMH VH ]DOLKH VPDQMXMX
0QRJL VX ]DEULQXWL GD VDGDãQMH WHKQLNH REUDGH
]HPOMH QHüH ELWL X VWDQMX GD RVWYDUH SULQRV SLULQþD
GRYROMDQ]DLVKUDQXVYHYHüHSRSXODFLMH.DRLNRG
GUXJLK HNRORãNLK L]D]RYD SUHWQMD JODGL QLMH
UDYQRPHUQR UDVSURVWUDQMHQD ,QGXVWULMDOL]RYDQH
]HPOMH EHOHåH YLVRN VXILFLW åLWDULFD - VDPR
6MHGLQMHQH 'UåDYH LPDOH VX VXILFLW åLWDULFD RG 
PLOLRQD WRQD  JRGLQH 0HGXWLP VLURPDãQH
]HPOMH ]D NRMH VH SUHGYLÿD GD üH LP SULUDãWDM
VWDQRYQLãWYD ELWL QDMYHüL QDMYLãH üH RVHWLWL
NRQVWDQWDQ GHILFLW åLWDULFD 1HNL OMXGL VPDWUDMX GD
UHãHQMH SRWHQFLMDOQH NUL]H KUDQH PRåGD OHåL X
QDMQRYLMLPRWNULüLPDXQDXFLLELRWHKQRORJLML³ 
%LRWHKQRORãND JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQD
SURL]YRGQMD KUDQH NDR L X FMHOLQL SURL]YRGQMD
KUDQH LPD ELWQR SROLWLþNR RGQRVQR JHRSROLWLþNR
]QDþHQMH


( *LGHQV 6RFLRORJLMD %HRJUDG Ä(NRQRPVNL IDNXOWHW³
VWU
19
3ROLWLþND NDR L JHRSROLWLþND SRWUHED ]D
LQWHQ]LYQRP ELRWHKQRORãNRP SURL]YRGQMRP
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD L JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH MH L]UD] SRVWRMDQMD LQWHUHVD
QDG NRQWURORP GUåDYD L QDURGD QDG KUDQRP NDR
RUXåMHP
-Rã MH SRUWSDURO 0LQLVWDUVWYD SROMRSULYUHGH
6$' 9LODUG )HOSV :LOODUG 3KHOSV   JRGLQH
UHNDR GD MH FLOM UD]YRMD ÄWHUPLQDWRU-sjemena“ GD
Ä6$' SRYHüDMX YUHGQRVW VHPHQD NRMH MH X
QMLKRYRP YODVQLãWYX L GD RWYRUH QRYD WUåLãWD X
]HPOMDPD'UXJRJL7UHüHJVYHWD³ 6
2YRÄWHUPLQDWRU-VMHPH³ SURL]YRGHQRMHX]
SRPRü W]Y ÄWHUPLQDWRU-WHKQRORJLMH³ NRMD X
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH VRUWH ELOMDND XJUDÿXMH
VLVWHP JHQD NRML RQHPRJXüDYDMX NOLMDQMH VMHPHQD
ÄWHUPLQDWRU-VMHPH³ MH VDPRXELODþNL VLQGURP
ÄWHUPLQDWRUWHKQRORJLMH³
7DNR SURL]OD]L GD L JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL
RUJDQL]PL NDR L JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQD KUDQD
LPDMXQHVDPRHNRORãNRQHJRLSROLWLþNRRGQRVQR
JHRSROLWLþNR ]QDþHQMH 2QL ]DGRELYDMX VWUDWHãNR
]QDþHQMH X VPLVOX SUHX]LPDQMD DJUDUD
SROMRSULYUHGQLKVRUWLLSROMRSULYUHGQLKGREDUDLQD
WDMQDþLQRGX]LPDQMHDOLPHQWDUQLKLOMXGVNLKSUDYD
NRMDVHRGQRVHQDKUDQX 1DYHGLPRSULPMHU,UDND
3RVOLMH DPHULþNRJ QDVLOQRJ RNXSLUDQMD
,UDND SULMH VYHJD ]ERJ ]DOLKD QDIWH DOL L WUJRYLQH
RUXåMHP]QDþDMDQIDNWRUVHRGQRVLLQDSUHX]PDQMH
LUDþNH SROMRSULYUHGH L SRVWDYOMDQMH JHQHWVNL

6
9 (QJGDO ýDVQL QDXþQLN SURWLY ÿDYROVNLK DGYRNDWD L
MDKDþD $SRNDOLSVH X *HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL SRUHGDN
RSDVQRVW RG *02 3ULUHGLR %UDQLPLU 1HãLü   L]G
%HRJUDGÄ&DWHQDPXQGL³VWU
20
PRGLILNRYDQLK XVMHYD 1DOD]HüL VH QD YHRPD
SORGQRP SRGUXþMX QHNDGDãQMH 0HVRSRWDPLMH
L]PHÿXULMHND(XIUDWDL7LJULVD SROMRSULYUHGQLFLVX
X]JDMDOLYHOLNHNROLþLQH KUDQHQDPLMHQMHQXL]YR]X
ãWRMHVDVYRMLPVDYH]QLFLPDXYLGMHOD$PHULNDNDR
RVQRYHYHOLNRJ SRWHQFLMDOD YODVWLWRJJOREDOLVWLþNRJ
DJUREL]QLVDJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLKXVMHYD1DNRQ
RNXSDFLMH VX ,UDþDQLPD QDPHWQXOL W]Y ÄGHNUHWH³
RGQRVQR SUDYLOD SROMRSULYUHGQRJ X]JRMD WH VYDNL
]DNRQ ,UDþNH GUåDYH NRML VH NRVL V SUDYLOLPD
GHNUHWD VPDWUDR VH QH YDåHüLP 1D WDM QDþLQ VX
QDVLOQR SUHX]HOL WXÿD GREUD ãWR MH SUHGVWDYOMDOR
NUDM LUDþNH SROMRSULYUHGH NRMD MH SDOD SRG YODVW
DPHULþNLK DJUR NRUSRUDFLMD NRMH SURL]YRGH
RJURPQHNROLþLQHJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQRJVMHPHQD
]DL]YR]1DPHüXüLRYDVMHPHQDGUXJLPGUåDYDPD
QHROLEHUDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH X SRWSXQRVWL SURYRGH
LPSHULMDOQL SRVWXSDN SRWSXQRJ SRUREOMDYDQMD
QMLKRYLK WUåLãWD 6FHQDULR XNLGDQMD L ]DPMHQH
LQGLYLGXDOQH SULYDWQH SROMRSULYUHGH L SRURGLþQLK
XVMHYD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLP XVMHYLPD MH
VXPRUQD VDGDãQMRVW DOL L EXGXüQRVW NRMD QDV
þHND 7
7DNRVHSRND]XMHGDJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQL
RUJDQL]PL L JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQD KUDQD LPDMX
JHR SROLWLþNR ]QDþHQMH L GD VRERP L X VHEL QRVH
RGUHÿHQXEH]EMHGQRVQXSULMHWQMX
8 JOREDOQRM SULYUHGL KUDQD SUHGVWDYOMD
SULMHWQMXL]WULUD]ORJD
 RQL NRML MH NRQ]XPLUDMX YHRPD VX
XGDOMHQL RG PMHVWD JGMH VH RQD
SURL]YRGL

7
KWWSV-WUDQVIRUPDFLMDVYLMHVWLFRPPDQLSXODFLMHJPR-
KUDQD-NDR-RUX]MH  
21
 VYMHWVND SULYUHGD MH NRQWUROLVDQD RG
VWUDQH PXOWLQDFLRQDOQLK NRUSRUDFLMD
NRMHLQWHUHVXMHVDPRSURILWL
 JOREDOQD SULYUHGD SUHGVWDYOMD
L]UD]LWR YHOLNX RSDVQRVW ]ERJ
XJURåDYDQMH ELRORãNH UD]QRYUVQRVWL
SODQHWH]HPOMH 
+UDQDSUHGVWDYOMDSROLWLþNRRUXåMHMHUPDGD
VHWRQDSUYLSRJOHGLQHYLGLLSDNLPDJHRSROLWLþNR
]QDþHQMH
'D KUDQD SUHGVWDYOMD SROLWLþNR RUXåMH L GD
LPD JHRSROLWLþNR ]QDþHQMH SRND]XMH L SULPMHU
SURJUDPD SRPRüL 6$' ]D NRML MH SRWSUHGVMHGQLN
+XEHUW +DPIUL +XEHUW +XPSUH\  VYRMHYUHPHQR
UHNDRÄ$NRVHSLWDWHNDNRGDQDYHGHWHOMXGHGDVH
RVORQHQDYDVLSRVWDQX]DYLVQLRGVDUDGQMHVYDPD
þLQLPLVHGDMH]DYLVQRVWRGKUDQHRGOLþDQQDþLQ]D
WR³ 9
8 JOREDOL]DFLMVNLP SURFHVLPD VH VQDåQR
UD]YLMDMX LPXOWLQDFLRQDOQHNRUSRUDFLMH NRMH]ERJ
VYRMLKSURILWDELOQLKLQWHUHVDMRãSRWSXQLMHUD]YLMDMX
WHSURFHVH
*OREDOL]DFLMD MH XSUDYR ÄVD]QDQMH GD
RGUHÿHQH LQVWLWXFLMH L RUJDQL]DFLMH WUHED GD LPDMX
PHÿXQDURGQX D QH ORNDOQX SHUVSHNWLYX 8 RVQRYL
WRMHþYUãüDLQWHJUDFLMD]HPDOMDLQDURGDVYLMHWDGR
NRMH VH GROD]L RJURPQLP VPDQMLYDQMHP WURãNRYD
WUDQVSRUWDLNRPXQLNDFLMDNDRLUXãHQMHPYHãWDþNLK

. /HMPDQ $ .UHEV .RQWUROD QDG VYHWVNLP ]DOLKDPD
KUDQH X *OREDOL]DFLMD – DUJXPHQWL SURWLY 3ULUHGLOL 'åHUL
0DQGHU L (GYDUG *ROGVPLW  %HRJUDG ³&/,2´  VWU
-
9
(*ROGVPLW 5D]YRMNDRNRORQLMDOL]DPX*OREDOL]DFLMD–
DUJXPHQWL SURWLY 3ULUHGLOL 'åHUL 0DQGHU L (GYDUG
*ROGVPLW %HRJUDG³&/,2´VWU
22
EDULMHUD ]D SURWRN UREH XVOXJD NDSLWDOD ]QDQMD L
OMXGLSUHNRJUDQLFD³ 10
-HGDQ RG ]QDþDMQLK IDNWRUD NRML X]URNXMH
VLURPDãWYRQDURGDLGUåDYDXQLãWDYDMXüLLPUHVXUVH
L VWYDUDMXüL þLWDY QL] HNRQRPVNLK L HNRORãNLK
SUREOHPD NDR L HNRORãNX NUL]X RGQRVL VH QD
SURJUDP PMHUD ÄVWUXNWXUDOQRJ SULODJRÿDYDQMD³
NRMH SRVHEQR SURYRGH 0HÿXQDURGQL PRQHWDUQL
IRQG 6YMHWVND WUJRYDþND RUJDQL]DFLMD L 6YMHWVND
EDQND
8 QHSUHVWDOQRP QDVWRMDQMX GD LPSHULMDOQR
HNVSORDWLãH L NRQWUROLãH VYLMHW L QMHJRYH UHVXUVH
JOREDOQL QHROLEHUDOQL NDSLWDOL]DP VYLMHWX VWDOQR
QDPHüH RGUHÿHQH ÄVWDQGDUGH³ SULMHWQMH XFMHQH L
XVORYH 1HNL RG QMLK VH RGQRVH L QD 9DãLQJWRQVNL
NRQVHQ]XV 3URJUDP VWUXNWXUDOQRJ SULODJRÿDYDQMD
L 8UXJYDMVNX UXQGX GATT-D NRMLP QHROLEHUDOQL
NDSLWDOL]DP SXWHP VYRMLK PRüQLK ILQDQVLMVNLK L
GUXJLK LQVWLWXFLMD XVORYOMDYD QDFLRQDOQH GUåDYH L
HNRQRPLMHGDMXüLNUHGLWHSRGXVORYRPGDSULKYDWH
]DKWMHYHNDRãWRVXGHUHJXODFLMDXNLGDQMHXYR]QLK
WDULID XNLGDQMH NRQWUROH QDGVWUDQLPLQYHVWLFLMDPD
ãWR XVXãWLQL SRGUD]XPLMHYDGRPLQDFLMXVWUDQHQDG
GRPDüRP SURL]YRGQMRP  VQLåDYDQMH SRUH]D QD
GRKRGDN NRUSRUDFLMD XNLGDQMH NRQWUROH FLMHQD L
XYRÿHQMHNRQWUROHQDGQLFD NRMHQHVPLMX GD UDVWX
NDNR EL SURILW L HNVSORDWDFLMD ELOL YHüL  PDVRYQD
SULYDWL]DFLMD V FLOMHP RVOREDÿDQMD GUåDYH RG
VXYLãQLK WURãNRYD NRMH WUHED SUHEDFLWL QD SULYDWQL
VHNWRU L VWDQRYQLãWYR  UHGXNRYDQMH L]GDWDND ]D
QDXNX REUD]RYDQMH VRFLMDOQX L ]GUDYVWYHQX
]DãWLWX VPDQMHQMH SODWD X MDYQRP-GUåDYQRP

10
'å âWLJOLF 3URWLYUHþQRVWL JOREDOL]DFLMH %HRJUDG 
VWU
23
VHNWRUX RGQRVQR ULJLGQR QDPHWDQMH ³PMHUD
ãWHGQMH´Ä]DOHÿLYDQMD³LÄNUHVDQMD³SODWD 11
0HÿXQDURGQL PRQHWDUQL IRQG L GUXJL
JOREDOQL FHQWUL ILQDQVLMVNH HNRQRPVNH L SROLWLþNH
PRüL NDR QDM]QDþDMQLMH ]DKWMHYH QDPHüX
SULYDWL]DFLMX OLEHUDOL]DFLMX GHUHJXODFLMX L ÄRãWUR
UH]DQMHMDYQHSRWURãQMH³RGQRVQRW]YÄEXGåHWVNR
NUHVDQMH³
1MLKRYD ÄQDMVPUWRQRVQLMD OMHNDULMD³ VH
RGQRVL QD RWSXãWDQMH UH]DQMH SODWD L ÄFLMHOL
VSHNWDU³ SURJUDPD VWUXNWXUQRJ SULODJRÿDYDQMD þLML
MH FLOM VWYDUDQMH VLURPDãWYD L UD]DUDQMH HNRQRPLMD
VLURPDãQLK L QHSRNRUHQLK GUåDYD $ RVQLYDQMHP
6YMHWVNH WUJRYLQVNH RUJDQL]DFLMH WTO  ÄYODGH VX
XVWYDUL SUHQHOHYRÿHQMH VYRMLK SULYUHGQLKSRVORYD
QD PHÿXQDURGQX ELURNUDWLMX NRMD MH MRã XGDOMHQLMD
RG åLYRWD OMXGL UDYQRGXãQLMD SUHPD ORNDOQLP
SUREOHPLPD L SRWþLQMHQLMD PXOWLQDFLRQDOQLP
NRPSDQLMDPD SUHPD þLMLP SRWUHEDPD MH JOREDOQD
SULYUHGDXVWYDULLQDSUDYOMHQD'UXJLPUHþLPDMRã
VPRVHYLãHXGDOMLOLRGSUDYHGHPRNUDWLMH³ 12
6YMHWVNDWUJRYLQVNDRUJDQL]DFLMDLPDYHOLND
RYODãWHQMD L SUHGVWDYOMD VYMHWVNR JOREDOQR WLMHOR
NRMH VH QDOD]L X IXQNFLML PXOWLQDFLRQDOQLK
NRUSRUDFLMD VWDYOMDMXüL SULRULWHW WUåLãWD L WUJRYLQH
L]QDG ]GUDYOMD þLPH GRYRGL X SLWDQMH HNRQRPVNX

11
9 %HOR 3URJUDP VWUNWXUDOQRJ SULODJRÿDYDQMD X
*OREDOL]DFLMD – DUJXPHQWL SURWLY 3ULUHGLOL 'åHUL 0DQGHU L
(GYDUG*ROGVPLW %HRJUDGÄ&/2³VWU-
12
1 .OHLQ 'RNWULQD ãRND 8VSRQ NDSLWDOL]PD NDWDVWURIH,
=DJUHEÄ9%=³VWU(*ROGPLVW =DYUãQDUHþ
SRURGLFD ]DMHGQLFD GHPRNUDWLMD X *OREDOL]DFLMD –
DUJXPHQWL SURWLY 3ULUHGLOL 'åHUL 0DQGHU L (GYDUG
*ROGVPLW %HRJUDG³&/,2´VWU
24
HNRORãNX GHPRJUDIVNX L EH]EMHGQRVQX GLPHQ]LMX
VDYUHPHQLKGUåDYD
6YMHWVND WUJRYLQVND RUJDQL]DFLMD  QDPHüH
VWDQGDUGH L SUDYQH SURSLVH WH SUDYQR ãWLWL
PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH WDNR ãWR LP
REH]EMHÿXMH SUDYQH RNYLUH NRQWUROH JHQHWVNRJ
ERJDWVWYD 13
=DVWXSDMXüL LQWHUHVH EDQDND NRUSRUDFLMD L
ERJDWLK QHROLEHUDOQLK GUåDYD 6YMHWVND WUJRYLQVND
RUJDQL]DFLMDXVORYOMDYDXOD]DNGUåDYDNXSRYDQMHP
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD 1D WDM QDþLQ
RYD PRüQD JOREDOQD RUJDQL]DFLMD WLP GUåDYDPD L
QMLKRYLP QDURGLPD RGX]LPD QMLKRYH UHVXUVH L QD
WDM QDþLQ RGX]LPD LP L DOLPHQWDUQR SUDYR NDR L
SUDYRQD]GUDYXåLYRWQXVUHGLQX
8NROLNR GUåDYH QH åHOH NXSRYLQX WLK
SURL]YRGD RQGDEXGX RSWXåHQH]DSURWHNFLRQL]DP
LGLVNULPLQDFLMX– SULMHWLLPVH XYRÿHQMHPUD]OLþLWLK
ND]QLLVDQNFLMDRQHPRJXüDYDMXLP VHLQWHJUDFLMHL
XVNUDüXMXNUHGLWL LSRPRü 1DPHWDQMHPXSRWUHEHL
NRULãWHQMD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD L
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH 6YMHWVND WUJRYLQVND
RUJDQL]DFLMD VH SRND]XMH NDR ÄVXSUDQDFLRQDOQL
RVORQDF JOREDOLWDULVWLþNRP WRWDOLWDUQRP SRUHWNX³
NRML XJURåDYD ]GUDYOMH OMXGL L GRSULQRVL
ÄJHQRFLGDOQRQ SURMHNWX UHGXNFLMH VWDQRYQLãWYD QD
SODQHWL³ 

13
. /HMPDQ $ .UHEV .RQWUROD QDG VYHWVNLP ]DOLKDPD
KUDQH X *OREDOL]DFLMD – DUJXPHQWL SURWLY 3ULUHGLOL 'åHUL
0DQGHU L (GYDUG *ROGVPLW  %HRJUDG ³&/,2´  VWU


9 (QJGDO ýDVQL QDXþQLN SURWLY ÿDYROVNLK DGYRNDWD L
MDKDþD $SRNDOLSVH X *HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL SRUHGDN
RSDVQRVW RG *02 3ULUHGLR %UDQLPLU 1HãLü   L]G
%HRJUDGÄ&DWHQDPXQGL³VWU
25
$NRMHFLOM6YMHWVNHWUJRYLQVNHRUJDQL]DFLMH
JHQRFLGQD ÄUHGXNFLMD VWDQRYQLãWYD³ RQGD WD
RUJDQL]DFLMDVWRMLQDVWDQRYLãWXRVWYDUHQMDRVQRYQLK
SULQFLSD– QHRPDOWX]LMDQL]PD
6RE]LURPGD0HÿXQDURGQLPRQHWDUQLIRQG
LPD KRPRJHQH]XMXüL SULVWXS RQ QHYRGL UDþXQD R
QDFLRQDOQLP VSHFLILþQRVWLPD L UD]OLNDPD L ]DWR
SRJUHãQR QXGL XYLMHNLVWDÄUMHãHQMD³1DWDMQDþLQ
0HÿXQDURGQL PRQHWDUQL IRQG SUDYL VWYDUQX ãWHWX
VLURPDãQLPD NRULVWL ERJDWLP QDFLMDPD D 6$'
SRVHEQR ]DWR ãWR RQH LPDMX PRü YHWD QDG
QMHJRYLP RGOXNDPD 3RG XWLFDMHP 0HÿXQDURGQRJ
PRQHWDUQRJ IRQGD L JOREDOL]DFLMH VH MD] L]PHÿX
ERJDWLKLVLURPDãQLKSRYHüDRLVYHYLãHSRYHüDYD
MMHUH NRMH 0HÿXQDURGQL PRQHWDUQL IRQG
SURYRGL SUHGVWDYOMDMX VXURYL SUDJPDWL]DP ÄãRN
WHUDSLMH³ NRMX QDPHüX QHROLEHUDOQL FHQWUL
HNRQRPVNH ILQDVLMVNH L SROLWLþNH PRüL 3R VYRMRM
VXãWLQLWHPMHUH VXPMHUHJHQHULUDQMDQHMHGQDNRVWL
QD MHGQRM VWUDQL JOREDOL]DFLMH ERJDWVWYD ERJDWRJ
Ä6MHYHUD³ D QD GUXJRM – JOREDOL]DFLMH VLURPDãWYD
VLURPDãQRJ Ä-XJD³ 2YH PMHUH ]DSUDYR QH
SUHGVWDYOMD QLãWD GUXJR QHJR UHDOL]DFLMX LQWHUHVD
ILQDQVLMVNRJ LPSHULMDOL]PD NRUSRUDWLYQRJ NDSLWDOD
L ]DWR VX OMXGL L QDURGL þHVWR ÄåUWYH VWUXNWXUQRJ
SULODJRÿDYDQMD NRMH QDPHüX 6YHWVND EDQND L
0HÿXQDURGQLPRQHWDUQLIRQG³ 
0HÿXQDURGQL PRQHWDUQL IRQG MH
ELRURNUDWVND LQVWLWXFLMD NRMD NDR LQVWUXPHQW
LQWHUHVD NUHGLWRUD L ILQDQVLMVNLK LQVWLWXFLMD
SULVLOMDYD UHIRUPH L QDPHüH RGUHÿHQH XVORYH
]HPOMDPD NRMH WUDåH NUHGLWH 1D WDM QDþLQ RYD


, 5DPRQH *HRSROLWLND KDRVD, %HRJUDG Ä,QVWLWXW ]D
JHRSROLWLþNHVWXGLMH³VWU
26
PRüQDLQVWLWXFLMDSUDYLGHVWUXNFLMXGUåDYHWDNRãWR
]DKWMHYDGHUHJXODFLMXSULYUHGHVPDQMHQMHWURãNRYD
XPDQMHQMH ]DUDGD RWXSãWDQMH UDGQLND X MDYQRP
VHNWRUXSULYDWL]DFLMXREUD]RYDQMDQDXNHLNXOWXUH
]GUDYVWYD XVOXJD MDYQLK LQIUDVWUXNWXUD 7R MH
UD]DUDMXüD SROLWLND VD SR]QDWLP VFHQDULRP ãRN
GRNWULQHNRMDYRGLXUHFHVLMXNUL]XQH]DSRVOHQRVW
ELMHGXVLURPDãWYR LPLJUDFLMH
6PDWUD VH GD 0HÿXQDURGQL PRQHWDUQL IRQG
XVSMHãQR YRGL UDW SURWLY GUåDYH VWDQRYQLãWYD  MHU
]ORQDPMHUQR NRULVWL NUL]QH VLWXDFLMH L VYRMLP
SULWLVFLPD ]HPOMH L QDURGH JXUD X MRã YHüL DPELV
.DR NRQ]HUYDWLYQD UHVWDXUDFLMD QHROLEHUDOL]DP
XWLUH SXW RåLYOMDYDQMX SUHGPRGHUQLK REOLND
GUXãWYHQH SUDNVH 1HROLEHUDOL]DP MH VYRMRP
ÄGRNWULQRPãRND³GRYHRGRVWYDUDQMDÄNDSLWDOL]PD
NDWDVWURIH³ XSUDYR ]DWR ãWR VX UDGLNDOQD
UHSULYDWL]DFLMD OLEHUDOL]DFLMD L GHUHJXODFLMD
SURL]YHOH VRFLMDOQH QHMHGQDNRVWL VLURPDãWYR L
UD]QH REOLNH VWUXNWXUDOQRJ LQVWLWXFLRQDOQRJ DOL L
YDQLQVWLWXFLRQDOQRJQDVLOMD
3UHPD 6WDWXWX SRUHG RVWDOLK FLOMHYD MH
SURNODPRYDQLFLOMGD0HÿXQDURGQLPRQHWDUQLIRQG
ÄRODNãD ãLUHQMH L UDYQRPHUQR UD]YLMDQMH
PHÿXQDURGQH WUJRYLQH NDNR EL QD WDM QDþLQ
GRSULQLR XQDSUHÿHQMX L RGUåDYDQMX YLVRNRJ QLYRD
]DSRVOHQRVWL L UHDOQRJ GRKRWND NDR L UD]YRMD
SURL]YRGQLK PRJXüQRVWL VYLK þODQLFD NDR
SUHYHQWLYQLPFLOMHYLPDHNRQRPVNHSROLWLNH³ 16
$OL X VWYDUQRVWL 0HÿXQDURGQL PRQHWDUQL
IRQGþLQLQHãWRGUXJR

16
, -DQHY  6WDWXWDUQR XUHÿHQMH PHÿXQDURGQLK
RUJDQL]DFLMD, %HRJUDGÄ,QVWLWXW]DSROLWLþNHVWXGLLMH³
VWU-
27
&LOM MH GD WUDQVQDFLRQDOQH L
PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH NRQWUROLãX VYH
DVSHNWH LQGLYLGXDOQRJ L GUXãWYHQRJ åLYRWD
SURL]YRGQMX VDREUDüDM L NRPXQLNDFLMH UHVXUVH
NDSLWDO EDQNDUVWYR ILQDQVLMVNH L PRQHWDUQH
VLVWHPH UREH L XVOXJH UDGQX VQDJX GUåDYQH
LQVWLWXFLMH ]DNRQRGDYVWYR L SUDYR  UDGL RVWYDUHQMD
SURILWD L NRQWUROH UD]YRMD QDURGD L GUåDYD 1H
SULKYDWLWLQMLKRYHXVORYHLXFMHQH]QDþLELWLRSWXåHQ
]D ÄSURWHNFLRQL]DP³ L ÄGLVNULPLQDFLMX³ ãWR X
VWYDUQRVWL SRGUD]XPLMHYD XVNUDüLYDQMH NUHGLWD
SRPRüL L LQWHJUDFLMD 7R QLMH QLãWD GUXJR QHJR
ÄHNR-GLNWDWRUVND SROLWLND³ SRG NRMRP VH PRåH
SRGUD]XPLMHYDWL QDVWRMDQMH GD VH UHDOL]XMX
QHMHGQDNRVWL X SULVWXSX VLURYLQDPD L NRULãWHQMX
SULURGQLK UHVXUVD ERJDWLK SURWLY VLURPDãQLK
6MHYHUDSURWLY-XJD 17
7UDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH UDVSRODåX
RJURPQLPNDSLWDORP
*LJDQWVND NRQFHQWUDFLMD NDSLWDOD NRMD MH
GRYHODGRWRJDGDQHNROLNRVWRWLQDWUDQVQDFLRQDOQLK
NRPSDQLMD SRVMHGXMHEOL]XNDSLWDOQLKVUHGVWDYD
UD]YLMHQLK]HPDOMD=DSDGDX]URNRYDODMHVWYDUDQMH
YHRPD SRYH]DQRJ NRPSOHNVQRJ L PRüQRJ
XPUHåHQRJ VLVWHPD YH]D L RGQRVD X VYMHWVNRP
VLVWHPX NDSLWDOD 2NR  VYMHWVNRJ NDSLWDOD
SRVMHGXMX WUDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH D GUåDYH
 3ROLWLþND HOLWD - OLGHUL *- 0HÿXQDURGQL
PRQHWDUQL IRQG 6YMHWVND EDQND 6DYMHW
EH]EMHGQRVWL811$72- NDRLLQWHOHNWXDOQDHOLWD

17
) - 5DGHUPDFKHU 5DYQRWHåD LOL UD]DUDQMH (NR-
VRFLMDOQR-WUåLãQR JRVSRGDUVWYR NDR NOMXþ VYMHWVNRJ RGUåLYRJ
UD]YRMD =DJUHEÄ,QWHUFRQ– 1DNODGQL]DYRG*OREXV³
VWU
28
7ULODWHUDOQD NRPLVLMD (NRQRPVNL IRUXP 
SUHGVWDYOMDMXWUDQVQDFLRQDOQHFHQWUHJOREDOQHPRüL
NRML QD MHGQRM VWUDQL SURL]YRGH ERJDWVWYR D QD
GUXJRM JOREDOQR VLURPDãWYR %LWQR RELOMHåMH WH
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQH HOLWH MH GD GRQRVL RGOXNH þLMH
SRVOMHGLFH GDQDV SRJDÿDMX YHOLNL EURM OMXGL YLãH
QHJR UDQLMH $OL RQR ãWR MH MRã SRUDåDYDMXüH X
VPLVOX SURL]YRGQMH JOREDOL]DFLMH VLURPDãWYD MH WR
ãWRWHÄRGOXNHQLVXVDPRUXWLQVNH³YHüÄLVWRULMVNH
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQDHOLWDPRüLSUHVXGQRREOLNXMHIRUPX
VYHWVNRJSRUHWND³ 
.DR ÄHNRQRPVNL GLQRVDXUXVL³ 
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLK NRUSRUDFLMD X 6MHGLQMHQLP
'UåDYDPD MHYODVQLNVYLKL]YRUDSURL]YRGQMH
3RþHWNRP GHYHGHVHWLK JRGLQD SURãORJ
VWROMHüD X VYLMHWX MH ELOR SUHNR 
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLK NRUSRUDFLMD D RG QMLK MH 
GUåDOR  VYMHWVNH SURL]YRGQMH  VYMHWVNH
WUJRYLQH L  WHKQRORJLMH L SDWHQDWD 6DPR 
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLK NRUSRUDFLMD GUåL  XNXSQLK
LQYHVWLFLMD X VWUDQLP ]HPOMDPD 'RLVWD PQRJH
NRUSRUDFLMH QD WUåLãWX QHVWDMX DOL L PQRJH VH
LQWHJULãXXMRãYHüHLPRüQLMHNRUSRUDFLMH%U]LQDL
UD]PMHU WLK LQWHJUDFLMD VX VH XYHüDOL VD 
PLOLMDUGLXJRGLQLQDPLOLMDUGLGRODUDX
 JRGLQL 7H LQWHJUDFLMH VWYDUDMX RJURPQH L
PRüQH ROLJRSROH NRML MHGQX SR MHGQX JUDQX
VYMHWVNH SURL]YRGQMH VWDYOMDMX SRG VYRMX NRQWUROX
7DNR NRUSRUDFLMH SRþLQMX GD SUHGVWDYOMDMX L]UD]
SRVWRMDQMD ÄWLUDQLMH SUHPD WRWDOLWDULVWLþNRP
PRGHOX³ ýRPVNL  1D JOREDOQRP QLYRX VH
HNRQRPLMDSUHWYDUDXROLJRSROWMXQHNROLNRYHOLNLK


0 3HþXMOLü *OREDOL]DFLMD GYD OLND VYHWD %HRJUDG
Ä*XWHPEHUJRYDJDODNVLMD³VWU
29
NRRUSRUDFLMD NRMH RVLJXUDYD 0HÿXQDURGQL
PRQHWDUQLIRQG6WDQRYQLãWYRRVLURPDãXMHWDNRãWR
PRUDLVSODüLYDWL]DMPRGDYFHLSULKYDWLWLQDPHWQXWH
VXURYHHNRQRPVNHLVRFLMDOQHSURJUDPH 19
5XãHQMHPELSRODUQRJVYLMHWDRþHNLYDORVH
GD üH VH VYLMHW UD]YLMDWL X SUDYFLPD UD]YRMD
PXOWLSRODUQRVWL DOL  MH QD GMHOX RVWYDUHQ  SURFHV
XQLSRODUQRVWL
8 QMHPX VH QD YUKX PRüQH ÄHNRQRPVNH
KLMHUDUKLMH³ QDOD]H 6MHGLQMHQH APHULþNH 'UåDYH
NRMH MRã XYLMHN YODGDMX VYLMHWRP QH VDPR SXWHP
YRMQLKLSROLWLþNLKYHüLPHÿXQDURGQLKILQDQVLMVNLK
LQVWLWXFLMD 2QH VX LQVWUXPHQWDOL]RYDOH L
SULYDWL]RYDOH L EURMQH LQVWLWXFLMH 281 6YMHWVNX
EDQNX]DREQRYXLUD]YRM0HÿXQDURGQLPRQHWDUQL
IRQG6DYMHWEH]EMHGQRVWL WHVH]DWROMXGLLÄSURWLYH
JOREDOL]DFLML NRMRP XSUDYOMDMX NRUSRUDFLMH D NRMX
QDP QDPHüH SUYHQVWYHQR GUåDYQR UXNRYRGVWYR
6$' DOL L GUXJH YRGHüH LQGXVWULMVNH ]HPOMH
*OREDOL]DFLMD ãWHWL YHOLNRP EURMX OMXGL SRWNRSDYD
VXYHUHQLWHWLGHPRNUDWVNDSUDYDLVWYDUDRWSRU³ 20
*OREDOL]DFLMD RPRJXüDYD WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLP
NRPSDQLMDPD GD HURGLUDMX VXYHUHQLWHW GUåDYD GD
NUãHOMXGVNDSUDYDLSURYRGHJHQRFLGLHNRFLG
7UDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRPSDQLMH PRJX ELWL
SULMHWQMD GHPRNUDWVNRM OHJLWLPQRVWL QH VDPR X
LQGXVWULMVNL UD]YLMHQLP ]HPOMDPD QHJR SRVHEQR L
X QHUD]YLMHQLP ]HPOMDPD WDNR ãWR - NXSXMXüL

19
'å 0DQGHU 3UDYLOD NRUSRUDFLMVNRJ SRQDãDQMD X
*OREDOL]DFLMD – DUJXPHQWL SURWLY 3ULUHGLOL 'åHUL 0DQGHU L
(GYDUG*ROGVPLW %HRJUDGÄ&/,2³VWU 0,OLü
4XRYDGLVVYHWH%HRJUDG³)LOLS9LãQMLü´VWU-
20
1 ýRPVNL 3URSDJDQGD L MDYQR PQMHQMH 1RYL 6DG
Ä5XELNRQ³VWU
30
JODVRYH RVQLYDMXüL SROLWLþNH SDUWLMH SRWSODüXMXüL
SROLWLþNH ORELVWH YUãHüL SULWLVNH QD SROLWLþNH L
SUDYQH LQVWLWXFLMH - XPDQMXMX LOL SRWSXQR
L]EMHJDYDMX SODüDWL SRUH]H L]UDåDYDMXüL WLPH VYRMX
UDYQRGXãQRVW SUHPD GUXãWYHQLP L HNRORãNLP
SRVOMHGLFDPD VYRJD GMHORYDQMD L GMHORYDQMD VYRMLK
SURL]YRGD 21
3XQR MH SULPMHUD NRML SRWYUÿXMX RYDM VWDY
DOL MH VDPR ]D LOXVWUDFLMX GRYROMQR SRPHQXWL
DNFLGHQWQHVOXþDMHYD9LOH3DULVLL%RSDO
8 SUYRP NDWDVWURIDOQRP DNFLGHQWX X
%RSDOX %KRSDO  X SRNUDMLQL 0DGLMD 3UDGHã
0DGK\D 3UDGHVK  X EOL]LQL 1MX 'HOKLMD 1HZ
'HOKL   JRGLQH X ,QGLML SRJLQXOR MH ãHVW
RVRED þLML MH X]URN VPUWL ELR YHRPD RWURYQL SOLQ
IR]JHQ 8GUXJRPDNFLGHQWXDXQRüLL]PHÿXL
 GHFHPEUD  JRGLQH MH L] MHGQH IDEULNH
YMHãWDþNLK JQRMLYD SR]QDWH DPHULþNH
PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH NRPSDQLMH 8QLRQ .DUELG (8QLRQ
&DUELGH  LVFXULOR  WRQD JDVD PHWLO-L]RFLMDQDWD
6PDWUD VH GD MH YLãH RG SROD PLOLRQD OMXGL ELOR
L]ORåHQR GHMVWYX RWURYQRJ REODND SOLQD GD LK MH
 XPUOR D GD MH YLãH RG  REROMHOR L
SRYULMHÿHQR VD SRVOMHGLFDPD VOMHSLOD SDUDOL]H
WUDMQRJ LQYDOLGLWHWD WH RãWHüHQMLPD QHUYQRJ
VLVWHPD EXEUHJD L MHWUH WXPRULPD X JUOX L QD
SOXüLPD
0QRJL VPDWUDMX GD VH QDMSUOMDYLML JUDG QD
VYLMHWX QDOD]L X %UD]LOX 8 .XEDWX &XEDWDR  X
IDYHOL LOL VODPX - 9LOD 3DULVL - åLYMHOR MH 
OMXGLXÄNXüDPD´RGNDUWRQDVWDNODQDMORQDOLPD
VODERJ NDPHQMD L GUXJRJ QH DGHNYDWQRJ

21
( *LGHQV 2GEHJOL VYHW NDNR JOREDOL]DFLMD SUHREOLNXMH
QDãHåLYRWH %HRJUDGÄ6WXERYLNXOWXUH³VWU
31
JUDÿHYLQVNRJ PDWHULMDOD =ERJ IHQRPHQD ÄNLVHOLK
NLãD³ VWDQRYQLFL RYRJ VODPD VX þHVWR PLMHQMDOL
OLPHQH NURYRYH ]DWR ãWR VX LK QDJUL]DOH KHPLMVNH
VXSVWDQFH2VLPWRJDRWSDGQHPDWHULMH VXSOLYDOH X
RWYRUHQLP NDQDOLPD D þLWDYLP SURVWRURP VH ãLULR
VSHFLILþDQQHSULMDWQLPLULV 2QL NRMLVXGXåHåLYMHOL
QD WRP PMHVWX GRELYDOL VX YHRPD L]UDåHQH JQRMQH
DNQH SR NRåL W]Y ÄDOLJDWRUVND NRåD”  'YDGHVHW
SHWRJ IHEUXDUD  JRGLQH GRJRGLOD VH WHãND
HNRORãND L KXPDQLWDUQD NDWDVWURID ]DWR ãWR MH L]
QDIWQH NRPSDQLMH LVFXULOR  OLWDUD XOMD X
PRþYDUXVDVRMHQLFDPDX9LOD6RFR=D VDPRGYLMH
PLQXWHMHVQDåQDYDWUHQDVWLKLMDSURãODNUR]IDYHOX
X NRMRM MH L]JRUMHOR  OMXGL D WLMHOD PDOH GMHFH
QLNDGD QLVX QL SURQDÿHQD MHU VX NDNR UHþH MHGDQ
EUD]LOVNLGUåDYQLVOXåEHQLNÄLVSDULODRGYUHOLQH´
2YD GYD SULPMHUD VDVYLP MDVQR SRND]XMX
NROLNR WUDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH PRJX
SUHGVWDYOMDWL L]X]HWQR YHOLNX SULMHWQMX SULURGQRM
RNROLQL L þRYMHNX .DR ãWR VPR YHü QDSRPHQXOL
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQH L PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH VX
RJURPQL FHQWUL PRüL NRML NRQWUROLãX VYD ]QDþDMQD
SRGUXþMD SURL]YRGQMH SD SUHPD WRPH L
SURL]YRGQMX KUDQH DJUDU L SROMRSULYUHGX =DWR
PQRJL XPMHVWRQD]LYD³PHÿXQDURGQDHNRQRPLMD´
VYH þHãüH XSRWUHEOMDYDMX L]UD] ÄPXOWLQDFLRQDOQD
HNRQRPLMD³
8QDVWRMDQMXGDNRQWUROLãXYLWDOQDSRGUXþMD
LQGLYLGXDOQRJLGUXãWYHQRJåLYRWDPXOWLQDFLRQDOQH
NRUSRUDFLMH VYH DJUHVLYQLMH QDVWXSDMX V FLOMHP GD
NRQWUROLãXDJUDULSURL]YRGQMXKUDQH
7UDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH VX WROLNR
PRüQH QD HNRQRPVNRP SROLWLþNRP L YRMQRP
SRGUXþMXGDEH]YHüLKSUREOHPDPRJXGDHURGLUDMX

32
L GRYHGX VXYHUHQRVW GUåDYD X SLWDQMH D GD SUL WRP
RQH L QH PRJX L QH XVXÿXMX GD VH VXSURVWDYH WLP
SURFHVLPD 3URVWRU L VORERGD GMHORYDQMD GUåDYH VX
RJUDQLþHQL VDPLP GMHORYDQMHP WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLK
NRPSDQLMD 'UåDYH VX L]JXELOH GREDU GLR VYRMH
HNRQRPVNH PRüL D L GUåDYQD NRQWUROD
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLKNRUSRUDFLMDMHSRWSXQRQHXVSMHãQD
MHU XSUDYR WUDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH  NRQWUROLãX
SURWRN URED UHVXUVD XVOXJD L NDSLWDOD 1MLKRYD
HNRQRPVND L ILQDQVLMVND PRü MH YHüD RG PQRJLK
]HPDOMD VYLMHWD RQH VX RJURPQL ILQDQVLMVNL FHQWUL
PRüL VSRVREQL GD EU]R SUHPMHãWDMX QRYDF GXå
FLMHORJ VYLMHWD 'UåDYH WHãNR PRJX GD RGUHÿXMX
FDULQVNH SRUHVNH LOL NDPDWQH VWRSH D L NDG EL WR
SRNXãDOH XþLQLWL QH EL PRJOH GRELWL NUHGLWH RG
QMLKRYRJ ILQDQVLMHUD 0HÿXQDURGQRJ PRQHWDUQRJ
IRQGD GRNELWUDQVQDFLRQDOQHNRUSRUDFLMHSUHVHOLOH
QRYDF QD GUXJD SRGUXþMD VYMHWVNH HNRQRPLMH þLPH
ELVWYRULOHHNRQRPVNXLVRFLMDOQXNUL]XX]HPOMDPD
X NRMLPD VX GR WDGD SRVORYDOH 8 WDNR VWURJR
GHWHUPLQLVDQRPRGQRVXVXQDFLRQDOQHHNRQRPLMHL
GUåDYD SRWSXQR QDGPDãHQH VQDåQLP PRüLPD
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLKNRUSRUDFLMD
6GUXJHVWUDQHSRVPDWUDQRPXOWLQDFLRQDOQH
NRPSDQLMH ERJDWLK ]HPDOMD X] SRPRü ORNDOQLK
NRUXPSLUDQLK HOLWD D X] SRGUãNX 6YMHWVNH EDQNH L
0HÿXQDURGQRJ PRQHWDUQRJ IRQGD HNVSORDWLãX L
XQLãWDYDMX ãXPH QHUD]YLMHQLK ]HPDOMD $]LMH L
$IULNH 22
%RJDWL QDVLOQR ãWHWH åLYRWQH RNROQRVWL
QHUD]YLMHQLK]HPDOMD WDNRQDSULPMHUQDSRGUXþMX
ELRWHKQRORJLMH JGMH VH JHQHUDFLMDPD VWHþHQR

22
90LüRYLü*OREDOL]DFLMDLQRYLVYHWVNLSRUHGDN %HRJUDG
VWU
33
LVNXVWYR SURL]YRGQMH OMHNRYLWRJ ELOMD XURÿHQLND
SUHWYDUD X LQWHOHNWXDOQD LPRYLQVND SUDYD 6MHYHUD
)LQDQVLMVNLPRüQDLQGXVWULMVNDSUHGX]HüDSOMDþNDMX
EUD]LOVNX WURSVNX ãXPX NDNR EL MH SUHWYRULOL X
QRYDF QD VYMHWVNRM HNRQRPVNRM VFHQL $ WDNRÿH
RQHPRJXüDYDMX XVSRVWDYOMDQMH QHRSKRGQLK
HNRORãNLK VWDQGDUGD WH IXQNFLRQLVDQMH HNRORãNLK
]DNRQDLHNRORãNRJSUDYD
*OREDOL]DFLMD MRã YLãH RPRJXüDYD
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLP NRPSDQLMDPD GD HURGLUDMX
VXYHUHQLWHW GUåDYD 2QH LPDMX PRQRSRO QDG
PHÿXQDURGQRP WUJRYLQRP HNRQRPLMRP
SROLWLNRP23
1DUDYQR RQH üH YUHPHQRP QDVWRMDWL GD
LPDMX L X PQRJLP VUHGLQDPD YHü LPDMX PRQRSRO
QDGDJUDURPLSURL]YRGQMRPKUDQH
2YDM YHRPD NRPSOHNVQL SURFHV UDGLNDOQLK
SURPMHQD QD SRGUXþMX DJURSURL]YRGQMH L
DJUREL]QLVD ]DSRþHR MH SULMH QHNROLNR GHFHQLMD
SRVHEQR QD WUåLãWX VMHPHQD Ä$NR VX UDQLMH
SUHRYODGDYDOL PDOD SUHGX]HüD L LQVWLWXWL
VQDEGHYDMXüL SROMRSULYUHGQLNH SULURGQLP
VHPHQMHP GDQDV RYLP WUåLãWHP JRVSRGDUL 
YHOLNLK WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLK NRUSRUDFLMD NRMH
NRQWUROLãXSRORYLQXVYHWVNRJWUåLãWD VHPHQD³2VLP
WRJDÄYHüLQDRYLKNRPSDQLMDSURL]YRGLLSHVWLFLGH
DOLLJHQHWLþNLPRGLILNRYDQHRUJDQL]PH *02  1D

23
Ä8 $PHULFL LQGXVWULMD RUXåMD LQGXVWULMD QDIWH YHOLNL
PHGLMVNL NRQJORPHUDWL L þDN DPHULþND VSROMQD SROLWLND
SRWSXQR VX SRG NRQWURORP YHOLNLK NDUWHOD³ $ 5R\ 5DW MH
mir – PLU MH UDW X 6HQND 5LPD QDG 9DãLQJWRQRP 3UR HW
FRQWUD  %HRJUDGÄ)LOLS9LãQMLü³VWU.RUSRUDFLMH
SODüDMXLSUHGVMHGQLþNHL]ERUH*9LGDO5DWL]VQRYD .UY]D
QDIWX – UD]YRM DPHULþNLK LPSHULMDOQLK DPELFLMD  %HRJUDG
ÄýDUREQDNQMLJD³VWU
34
SULPHUC0RQVDQWRC NRQWUROLãHRGVWRWUåLãWDVRMH
2G SRþHWND -LK JRGLQD SURãORJ YHND UDãLUHQD MH
QHROLEHUDOQD NRQFHSFLMD L SUDYLOD UHJXOLVDQMD
PHÿXQDURGQH WUJRYLQH SRG DXWRUVWYRP 6YHWVNH
WUJRYLQVNH RUJDQL]DFLMH 672  YHOLNH ]DSDGQH
GUåDYH VX XJODYQRP QDPHWDOH PDOLP GUåDYDPD
þLPH VX RWYRULOH SXW LQRVWUDQLP LQYHVWLFLMDPD X
DJUDU PQRJLK ]HPDOMD ãWR MH GDOMH GRYHOR GR
JOREDOL]DFLMH SROMRSULYUHGQH SURL]YRGQMH 1D WDM
QDþLQ WUDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH VX X VYRMLP
UXNDPD NRQFHQWULVDOH RJURPQX YODVW QD WUåLãWX
SRMHGLQLK SROMRSULYUHGQLK SURL]YRGD L VYH WR
XVNODGLOH VD YODVWLWLP LQWHUHVLPD ,SDN GDQDãQML
VLVWHP YHOLNLK NRUSRUDFLMD X REODVWL DJUREL]QLVD MH
QHGHOMLY GHR VLVWHPD JOREDOQLK ILQDQVLMD
6WUDWHJLMD WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLK NRUSRUDFLMD QD WUåLãWX
VHPHQMHP]DVQLYDVHQDNXSRYLQLPDOLKSUHGX]HüD
NRMD VH EDYH SURL]YRGQMRP RUJDQVNRJ VHPHQD VD
FLOMHP VWYDUDQMD PRQRSROD L NRQWUROH NDR L QD
SURL]YRGQML JHQHWLþNL PRGLILNRYDQRJ VHPHQMD
SLULQþDSãHQLFHãHüHUQHWUVNHVRMH«6DMDþDQMHP
SR]LFLMD NRUSRUDFLMD ]QDþDM PDOLK SURL]YRÿDþD
RUJDQVNRJ VHPHQMD JXEL ]QDþDM 'UåDYH SRGOHåX
RYRP WUHQGX WH WDNR NRUSRUDFLMH VYH YLãH
VQDEGHYDMX VHPHQMHP YHOLNH L VUHGQMH
SROMRSULYUHGQH SURL]YRÿDþH GRN XRSãWH QLVX
]DLQWHUHVRYDQH ]D SRGUãNX PDOLP SROMRSULYUHGQLP
JD]GLQVWYLPD NRMD ]D VDGD SURL]YRGH VDPR ]D
VYRMXSRURGLFXDOLX]VWDOQXSUHWQMXL]DKWHYGDVH
RYDNYD GRPDüLQVWYD XJDVH 'RPLQDFLMD
NRUSRUDFLMD VH QLMH ]DGUåDOD VDPR X SURL]YRGQML
VHPHQMD YHü L QHSRVUHGQR X SROMRSULYUHGQRM
SURL]YRGQML 9DQ RþLMX MDYQRVWLRVWDMHþLQMHQLFD GD
QD SULPHU NRPSDQLMD C3HSVLC LPD  IDUPL X .LQL

35
]DSURL]YRGQMXNURPSLUD LPDMXXJRYRUHVD
SURL]YRÿDþDRYHELOMNH ]DWLPX,QGLML ]DNOMXþXMX
XJRYRUH VD  SURL]YRÿDþD MHþPD  EURMQH
POHNDUH X (JLSWX L -RUGDQX LWG .RQWUROD
NRUSRUDFLMD QDG DJUREL]QLVRP QDMþHãüH VH RGYLMD
SUHNR XJRYRUD VD PDQMLP SURL]YRÿDþLPD 9LãH RG
 RGVWR VYHWVNH SURL]YRGQMH VYLQMD L  RGVWR
SLOHüHJ PHVD L MDMD RGOD]L QD SUHGX]HüD NRMD
SULSDGDMX NRUSRUDFLMDPD LOL UDGH SR XJRYRULPD ]D
QMLK6YHþHãüHMHWDNRLXREODVWLSURL]YRGQMHNDIH
YRüD L SRYUüD DOL L QD WUåLãWX SãHQLFH L SLULQþD 8
9LMHWQDPXVHRGVWRSLULQþDSURL]YRGLQDRVQRYX
XJRYRUD VD NRUSRUDFLMDPD 8 XVORYLPD ILQDQVLMVNH
NUL]H SRMDYLOD VH QRYD WHQGHQFLMD X DJUREL]QLVX –
SROMRSULYUHGQD ]HPOMLãWD X LQRVWUDQVWYX NXSXMX
NRUSRUDFLMH L EDQNH NRMH WR UDGH ]ERJ SRWUDJH ]D
QRYLP JDUDQWRYDQLP L]YRULPD GXJRURþQH ]DUDGH
8 NDSLWDOL]PX SR]QDWR MH SULYDWQH NRPSDQLMH SR
WUåLãQLP ]DNRQLPD REDYH]QH VX GD L]YXNX
PDNVLPDOQLSURILWXLQWHUHVXDNFLRQDUDLQHWLþX LK
VH ]DMHGQLþNL LQWHUHVL =DMHGQLþNH LQWHUHVH X RYRP
VLVWHPX WUHED NDNR SLãH X XGåEHQLFLPD GD ãWLWL
GUåDYD 1R GUåDYX MH CSULVYRMLODC ROLJDUKLMD SD
GDQDV VOXåL LQWHUHVLPD þLVWRJ NDSLWDOD SUL þHPX
GDMH PDNVLPXP VQDJH GD XEHGL MDYQRVW GD VX
SULYDWQLLQWHUHVL]DSUDYRGUXãWYHQLLGUåDYQLWRMHVW
MHGQR LVWR 8WLFDM UD]OLþLWLK SULYDWQLK NRPSDQLMD
QD GUåDYQX SROLWLNX YHü MH SUHSR]QDW
7UDQVQDFLRQDOQL DJUREL]QLV GXERNR VH XYXNDR X
VWUXNWXUHYODVWLWDNRGDPRåHGDLJUDNOMXþQXXORJX
X GHILQLVDQMX JOREDOQH L UHJLRQDOQH SROLWLNH
$JUREL]QLV GHOXMH X RNYLUX NDSLWDOLVWLþNH
QHROLEHUDOQHJOREDOL]DFLMH³ 

= 0LORãHYLü .DGD MH Ä0RQVDQWR³ MDþL RG GUåDYe
36
8SRWUHEDJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQHKUDQHNRMD
XELMDQDURGLXQLãWDYDSULURGXQLMHQLãWDGUXJRQHJR
– JHQRFLGQDGQDURGRPDHNRFLGQDGSULURGRP
=DWR PQRJL VPDWUDMX GD MH  QHRSKRGQR
]DEUDQLWL JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQX KUDQX NRMD
XJURåDYD NYDOLWHW åLYRWD L ]GUDYOMH RNROLQX L
VXYHUHQRVW 8 WRP VPLVOX LVWLþX GD MH QHRSKRGQR
UD]YLMDWL HNRORãNX VYLMHVW HNRORãNX NXOWXUX
YDVSLWDQMHLREUD]RYDQMHLVWDOQRXWLFDWLQDPHGLMH
MDYQRVW HNRORãNHSRNUHWHYODGLQLQHYODGLQVHNWRU
LFLYLOQRGUXãWYR2QRãWRMHYHRPDELWQRMHVWHLWR
GD MH QHRSKRGQR XWHPHOMLWL HILNDVQX HNRORãNX
SROLWLNXQDGUåDYQRPLJOREDOQRPQLYRXDWDNRÿH
L HILNDVQR HNRORãNR SUDYR ]DNRQH VDQNFLMH 
IXQGLUDQR QD  KROLVWLþNRM HWLFL ÄDQWLQDXþQH
FLYLOL]DFLMH³ L VXSURVWDYOMHQRM ÄQDXþQRP
DSDUWKHMGX³  L HILNDVQH GUXãWYHQH LQVWLWXFLMH NRMH
üH SULPMHQMLYDWL QHRSKRGQH HNRORãNH VWDQGDUGH X
SUDNVL 6YH VH WR RGQRVL L X VHEH XNOMXþXMH QH
VDPRORNDOQHYHüLJOREDOQHLQVWLWXFLMHNRMHQXåQR
PRUDMX ]DPLMHQLWL 81 NDR SRVWRMHüHJ VDWHOLWD
PRüQLK GUåDYD=DSDGD LVOXJHNUXSQRJNDSLWDOD
7UDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH ãLUH QRYX
RSDVQRVW SRG QD]LYRP – ELRNRORQLMDOL]DP
7UDQVQDFLRQDOQH L PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH VX
RJURPQL FHQWUL PRüL NRML NRQWUROLãX VYD ]QDþDMQD
SRGUXþMD SURL]YRGQMH SD SUHPD WRPH L
SURL]YRGQMH KUDQH DJUDUD L SROMRSULYUHGH 2QL
RUJDQVNX SRSOMRSULYUHGX ]DPMHQMXMX LQGXVWULMVNRP
SROMRSULYUHGRP 3UHNR SRWSODüHQLK PHGLMD
LQWHOHNWXDODFD QDXþQLND SROLWLþDUD IDUPDFHXWVNLK
SROLWLþNLKLGUXJLKORELMDELRWHKQRORãNHNRPSDQLMH

'RVWXSQRQDKWWSZZZELJSRUWDOEDNDGD-MH-PRQVDQWR-MDFL-
RG-GU]DYH  
37
NRMH SURL]YRGH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQX KUDQX ãLUH
ODåLRSURL]YRGQML]GUDYHKUDQHRWNODQMDQMXJODGLL
VLURPDãWYDXVYLMHWXXPDQMHQMXXSRWUHEHSHVWLFLGD
L]OMHþHQMXEROHVWLWHSREROMãDQMX]GUDYOMDLNYDOLWHWD
åLYRWD
8ODVNRPYHOLNLKLPRüQLKPXOWLQDFLRQDOQLK
NRUSRUDFLMD QD DJUDUQH SROMRSULYUHGQH SURL]YRGQH
SURVWRUHGUåDYQLKLQDFLRQDOQLKHNRQRPLMDQDPHüX
VH VRSVWYHQL QDþLQL SURL]YRGQMH QD VYMHWVNRP
QLYRX D ]ERJ RGVXVWYD JOREDOQLK UHJXODWRUQLK
LQVWLWXFLMD QMLKRYD PRü VH QH PRåH ]DXVWDYLWL
%H]XVORYQR QDPHüXüL VYRMD ÄSUDYLOD LJUH³ NDR
JHQRFLGQL ÄDOLPHQWDUQL WHURULVWL³ X SURL]YRGQML
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH  KUDQH PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH
NRUSRUDFLMH ]DSUDYR HURGLUDMX DOLPHQWDUQL
VXYHUHQLWHWGUåDYH 
3RVOMHGLFH RYDNYRJ L]X]HWQR PRüQRJ
ELRWHKQRORãNRJ LPSHULMDOL]PD L ÄWHURUL]PD³ VH
RGQRVHLQDWHQGHQFLMXSUHPDRVWYDUHQMXNRQWUROHL
SRVMHGRYDQMD åLYRWD ãWR MH VDVYLP MDVQD LQWHQFLMD
SRVWRMDQMD SUHGDWRUVNLK LQWHUHVD WUDQVQDFLRQDOQLK
NRUSRUDFLMD L QHRWRWDOLWDUQLK YODGDQRYRJVYMHWVNRJ
SRUHWND
PRG QHVXPQMLYLP SULWLVNRP QMLKRYH PRüL
SULURGQDRNROLQDVHGHYDVWLUDGHJUDGLUDLXQLãWDYD
]DWURYDQD VX VMHPHQD KUDQD OLMHNRYL ]HPOMLãWH
YRGD YD]GXK 6YH VX L]UDåHQLMH L EROHVWL ELOMDND
åLYRWLQMDLOMXGLL]DWRMHXJURåHQDJHQHWVNDEDãWLQD
SROMRSULYUHGH ELRGLYHU]LWHW HNRVLVWHPL L ODQDF
LVKUDQH L ]GUDYOMD WH VDPD ELRORãND VXSVWDQFD
åLYRWD 7DNRÿH XJURåHQ MH L  SROMRSULYUHGQL L


=3HWURYLü-3LURüDQDF*HRSROLWLNDKUDQH %LWQDUD]YRMQD
NRPSRQHQWD GUXãWYD X ;;, VWROHüX  %HRJUDG Ä,QVWLWXW ]D
SROLWLþNHVWXGLMH&HQWDU-XJRLVWRN³VWU
38
DOLPHQWDUQL VXYHUHQLWHW QDURGD L GUåDYD NDR L
QMLKRYDEH]EMHGQRVW

39
2.

%,27(+12/2*,-$
Ä1DXþQLFLWUHEDMXGDEXGXQDWDSHWX
RQWDS DQHQDYUKX RQWRS ³
:LQVWRQ&KXUFhLOO

6WDWLVWLND ELOMHåL SDG NROLþLQH SURL]YHGHQH


KUDQH SR JODYL VWDQRYQLND RG  JRGLQH X]
LVWRYUHPHQR QDVWRMDQMH GD VH KUDQD SRPRüX
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD SURL]YHGH QD
– JHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLQDþLQ
âWD VH SRGUD]XPLMHYD SRG SRMPRP
JHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLKRUJDQL]DPD"
3RG SRMPRP JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
organizama VH SRGUD]XPLMHYDMX RUJDQL]PL þLML MH
JHQHWVNLVDVWDYRGQRVQRJHQHWVNLPDWHULMDO '1. 
LQVWUXPHQWDOQR L]PLMHQMHQ QD QDþLQ NRML VH QH
GHãDYD NODVLþQLPUD]PQRåDYDQMHP
8JHQHWVNLPPRGLILNDFLMDPDJHQLVHQDOD]H
X ELOMQRP VYLMHWX PLNURRUJDQL]PLP LQVHNDWLPD L
åLYRWLQMDPDSDþDNLXOMXGLPD
*HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQD KUDQD VH GRELMD RG
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD WDNR ãWR VH
PRGLILNDFLMD ]DVQLYD QD XEDFLYDQMX LOL EULVDQMX
JHQD 8 WRP SRJOHGX FLVJHQH]D SUHGVWDYOMD
]DPMHQXJHQDL]PHÿXRUJDQL]DPDNRMLPRJXGDVH
XNUVWH GRN WUDQVJHQH]D SUHGVWDYOMD ]DPMHQX JHQD
PHÿX RUJDQL]PLPD NRML QHPDMX PHÿXVREQH YH]H
MHGQL VD GUXJLPD QD SULPMHU NURPSLU L GXYDQ VD
JHQLPD ULEH NRMD åLYL X KODGQLP YRGDPD NDNR EL
ELOMNH ELOH RWSRUQH QD KODGQRüX QDUDQGåD VD
JHQLPD ãSLQDWD NXSXV VD JHQLPD ãNRUSLMH NRMD
SURL]YRGL RWURY]DLQVHNWHNR]DVDJHQLPDSDXND

43
UDWDUVNH NXOWXUH VD JHQLPD EDNWHULMD NRMH UD]YLMDMX
SURWHLQNRMLXQLãWDYDLQVHNWHWHUDWDUVNHNXOWXUHVD
JHQRP NRML RPRJXüDYD RWSRUQRVW ELOMDND QD
KHUELFLGHLWG 
*HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL RUJDQL]PL VX
QRYL RUJDQL]PL NRML VX YMHãWDþNL VWYRUHQL
XQRãHQMHP MHGQRJ LOL QHNROLNR JHQD ELOMDND LOL
åLYRWLQMD V FLOMHP GRELMDQMD MHGLQVNL VD QRYLP
VYRMVWYLPD 6DP L]UD] JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL
organizmi QLMHVDVYLPEDãRGJRYDUDMXüL]DWRãWRVH
þRYMHN X VYRMRM GXJRM LVWRULML EDYLR JHQHWVNLP
PRGLILNDFLMDPD L XNUãDWDQMHP ELOMDND L åLYRWLQMD
0HÿXWLP V RE]LURP GD VH L]UD] JHQHWVNL
modifikovani organizami RGRPDüLR L QDOD]L VH X
XSRWUHEL LPD JOHGLãWD GD EL JD WUHEDOR ]YDWL
ÄPXWDQWLPDPRQVWUXPLPDLþXGRYLãWLPD³ 26
*HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLP RUJDQL]PLPD MH
ODERUDWRULMVNL L]PLMHQMHQD JHQHWVND VWUXNWXUD QD
QDþLQNRMLVHQHGRJDÿDXSULURGL
6 RE]LURP GD VX JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL
RUJDQL]PLÄQXVSURL]YRGSULMHQRVDJHQDMHGQHX
'1. GUXJH YUVWH³ UD]XPOMLYR MH GD
„SUHGVWDYOMDMX WHKQRORJLMX NRMD VD VRERP QRVL
PQRãWYR QHSR]QDWLK D PRåGD þDN L
NDWDVWURIDOQLK SRVOMHGLFD QD QDãH ]GUDYOMH L
RNROLã³ 27

26
= 3HWURY Deda-0LOLMD L 7DVPDQLMVNL ]LG LOL 6UELMD NDR
MHGQD RG SRVOHGQMLK RD]D åLYRWD L VORERGH X *HQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQL SRUHGDN RSDVQRVW RG *02 3ULUHGLR
%UDQLPLU1HãLü  L]G%HRJUDGÄ&DWHQDPXQGL³VWU

27
$ 6WHSKDQV 3UHGJRYRU X - 0 6PLWK 6MHPH REPDQH
UD]RWNULYDQMH NRUSRUDFLMVNLK L YODGLQLK ODåL R VLJXUQRVWL
JHQHWVNL PRGLILFLUDQH KUDQH NRMX MHGHWH =DJUHE  VWU

44
7HKQRORJLMD SURL]YRGQMH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD VH QD]LYDJHQHWVNRP
WHKQRORJLMRP JHQHWVNLP LQåHQMHULQJRP
PRGHUQRPELRWHKQRORJLMRP
3RG ELRWHKQRORJLMRP VH SRGUD]XPLMHYD
SULPMHQD ELRORãNLK DNWLYQRVWL V FLOMHP GRELMDQMD
RGUHÿHQRJ SURL]YRGDLOLRVWYDUHQMDQHNRJ SURFHVD
LOL RVWYDULYDQMD ELOR NDNYRJ WHKQRORãNRJ SURFHVD
NRML EL GRYHR GR NRULãWHQMD åLYLK RUJDQL]DPD L
ELRORãNLK VLVWHPD X SUDYOMHQMX LOL PRGLILNRYDQMX
SURL]YRGD
%LRWHKQRORJLMD L QMHQD SULPMHQD X
VYDNRGQHYQRP þRYMHNRYRP åLYRWX VYH üH YLãH
GROD]LWL GR L]UDåDMD 3UHPD 5LINLQRYRP PLãOMHQMX
ELRWHKQRORãNDUHYROXFLMDLELRWHKQRORJLMDüHXWLFDWL
ÄQD VYDNL YLG QDãLK åLYRWD 1DþLQ QD NRML MHGHPR
QDþLQ QD NRML QDOD]LPR SDUWQHUH L QD NRML VH
YMHQþDYDPR QDþLQ QD NRML GRELYDPR GMHFX QDþLQ
QDNRMLVHQDãDGMHFDRGJDMDMXLREUD]XMXQDþLQQD
NRML UDGLPR QDþLQ QD NRML VH EDYLPR SROLWLNRP
QDþLQQDNRMLL]UDåDYDPRVYRMXYMHUXQDþLQQDNRML
SURPDWUDPRVYLMHWRNRVHEHLVYRMHPMHVWRXQMHPX
– VYH QDãH SRMHGLQDþQH L ]DMHGQLþNH ]ELOMHGXERNR
üH VH WLFDWL QRYH WHKQRORJLMH ELRWHKQRORãNRJ
VWROMHüD³ 
6 RE]LURP QD VYH YHüX XSRWUHEX
ELRWHKQRORJLMH QDXXþQLFL XSR]RUDYDMX GD
ELRWHKQRORJLMDXVHELQRVLRGUHÿHQHSULMHWQMH
2QL NRML SULKYDWDMX ELRWHKQRORJLMX L
RGREUDYDMXQMHQXSULPMHQX LVWLþXGDQHPDGRND]D
GD L]PLMHQMHQL RUJDQL]PL QHSRYROMQLMH GMHOXMX QD


-5LIINLQ%LRWHKQRORãNRVWROMHüHWUJRYLQDJHQLPDXRVYLW
YUORJ QRYRJ VYLMHWD, =DJUHE Ä1DNODGD -HVHQVNL L 7XUN³
VWU
45
QDãXåLYRWQXVUHGLQX WHGDVXPRGLILNRYDQHELOMNH
YHRPD NRULVQH ,VWLþX GD VH PDQMH NRULVWH
LQVHNWLFLGL RG NURPSLUD GRELMHQRJ WUDGLFLRQDOQLP
X]JDMDQMHP NDR L NXNXUX] NRML VDGUåL PDQMH
PLNRWRNVLQD IXPRQL]LQD 2VLP WRJD ELOMNH VX
RWSRUQLMH QD KHUELFLGH L ]DWR VPDQMXMX SRWUHEX ]D
RUDQMHP ãWR QD SULPMHU VSUHþDYD HUR]LMX WOD
1DSRPLQMXLGDVH]HPOMDPDXUD]YRMXRPRJXüDYD
XEU]DQLML HNRQRPVNL UD]YRM L UMHãDYDQMH SUREOHPD
JODGL
,SDN V GUXJH VWUDQH PQRJL LVWLþX L
QHJDWLYQX GLPHQ]LMX SULPMHQH ELRWHKQRORJLMH
LVWLþXüL GD VH JHQHWVNLP LQåLQMHULQJRP PRJX
SUHQLMHWL DOHUJHQL L] QDPLUQLFD VD DOHUJRJHQLP
VSRVREQRVWLPDQDQDPLUQLFH]DNRMH VHSUHWSRVWYOMD
GD VX VLJXUQH ãWR PRåH LPDWL RGUHÿHQH GXJRWUDMQH
SRVOMHGLFHQD]GUDYOMHOMXGL
%H] RE]LUD QD SR]LWLYQD LOL QHJDWLYQD
JOHGLãWD L SULVWXSH ELRWHKQRORJLMD L JHQHWVNR
LVWUDåLYDQMH VX QDãOL ãLURNX SULPMHQX X UD]OLþLWLP
REODVWLPDIDUPDFLMHPHGLFLQHSROMRSULYUHGH
.DR LOXVWUDWLYDQ SULPMHU SURGRUD
LVWUDåLYDQMD SRPHQLPR .DQDGX JGMH MH L]YHGHQR
NORQLUDQMH JHQD SDVWUPNH NDNR EL VH GRELOD
QHNROLNR SXWD YHüD RG VDGDãQMH 7DNRÿH WUHED
SRPHQXWL L ,]UDHO JGMH MH VWYRUHQD QRYD VRUWD
SDUDGDM]DNRMLPRåHXVSLMHYDWLLQDSLMHVNXþDNLX]
]DOLMHYDQMHVODQRPYRGRP
,DNR WR MHGQRVWDYQR L QH L]JOHGD LSDN QHNL
GHFLGQR XSR]RUDYDMX GD MH ELRWHKQRORJLMD L]X]HWQR
RSDVQDSRþRYMHþDQVWYRLåLYLVYLMHWXRSãWH
3D L PQRJL VRFLROR]L VX UH]HUYLVDQLNDGDMH
X SLWDQMX DUWLNXODFLMD VWDYDRGLVNXUVXRJHQHWVNRP
LQåHQMHULQJX

46
7DNR QD SULPMHU (QWRQL *LGHQV $QWKRQ\
*LGGHQV  LVWLþHGDVHGDQDVXODåXRJURPQLQDXþQL
QDSRULXUD]YRMJHQHWVNRJLQåHQMHULQJD2þHNXMHVH
GD üH JHQHWVNLP UHSURJUDPLUDQMHP ELWL PRJXüH
RVLJXUDWL WR GD EROHVWL QH EXGX QDVOMHGQH WH GD üH
ELWL PRJXüH ÄCGL]DMQLUDWLC OMXGVNR WLMHOR SULMH
URÿHQMDXSRJOHGXERMHNRåHNRVH LRþLMXWMHOHVQH
WHåLQH LWG³ 0HÿXWLP V GUXJH VWUDQH SRVPDWUDQR
PRJOR EL VH GRJRGLWL L WR GD EL ÄQHMHGQDN SULVWXS
JHQHWVNRP LQåHQMHULQJX PRJDR GRYHVWL GR SRMDYH
CELRORãNL QLåH NODVHC³ L GD EL RVREH NRMH QH EXGX
LPDOH IL]LþNH SUHGQRVWL NRMH JHQHWVNLP
LQåHQMHULQJRP VWLþX PRJOH ÄSRVWDWL SUHGPHW
GLVNULPLQDFLMH L SUHGUDVXGD RQLK NRML WH SUHGQRVWL
XåLYDMX³ .DGD MH X SLWDQMX KUDQD SRVWRML L]UD]LWD
]DEULQXWRVW SURWLYQLND L NULWLþDUD JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQHKUDQH-HUQHPRåHVHVDVLJXUQRãüX
UHüL GD MH SURL]YRGQMD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
XVMHYD ]DLVWD EH]EMHGQD L GD QH SRVWRMH ãWHWQH
SRVOMHGLFH0DGDJHQHWVNDPRGLILNDFLMDPRåHLPDWL
RGUHÿHQH NRULVWL LSDN  UL]LFL VX QHSUHGYLGOMLYL
.DGDVHMHGQRPQDÿXXSULURGQRMVUHGLQLJHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQL RUJDQL]PL PRJX SRNUHQXWL QL]
ODQþDQLKHIHNDWDNRMHMHWHãNRSUDWLWLLNRQWUROLVDWL
8 VNODGX VD RYRP GLOHPRP PQRJL HNRORJLVWL VH
]DODåX ]D SULQFLS SUHGRVWURåQRVWL 2YDM SULQFLS
VXJHULãHGDJGHJRGSRVWRMLR]ELOMQDVXPQMDXYH]L
VD SULPHQRP QRYLK SRVWXSDND EROMH MH GUåDWL VH
SRVWRMHüH SUDNVH QHJR MH PHQMDWL³ .RULãWHQMH
KHUELFLGD SHVWLFLGD KRUPRQD L DQWLELRWLND X
VDYUHPHQRM SROMRSULYUHGQRM SURL]YRGQML KUDQH
PRåHSURL]YHVWLãWHWQHXWLFDMHQHVDPRQD]GUDYOMH
ELOMDNDLåLYRWLQMDQHJRLQD]GUDYOMHOMXGL8SUDYR
]DWRMHGLVNXUVRJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQRMKUDQLNDR

47
L ÄEROHVWL OXGLK NUDYD³ X]QHPLULR MDYQRVW MHU VH
XYLGMHOR GD XSRWUHED JRYHGLQH X OMXGVNRM LVKUDQL
SUHGVWDYOMDYHOLNLUL]LNSR]GUDYOMHOMXGL0HÿXWLP
MRã QLMH VDVYLP VLJXUQR NDNYH VYH UL]LNH VRERP
QRVL XSRWUHED KUDQH X OMXGVNRM LVKUDQL Ä6DPD
NROLþLQDQHSR]QDWLKIDNWRUDNRPSOLNXMHWDM]DGDWDN
L þLQL SUHFL]QX DQDOL]X UL]LND YHRPD ]DKWHYQLP
SUREOHPRP³3RVHEDQSUREOHPVHRGQRVLLQDWRGD
VHNUR]UD]QHPHWRGHQDPHWDQMD XSRWUHEHJHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD ]DSUDYR IDUPHULPD
QDPHüHQHNDYUVWDÄELRURSVWYD³ 29
%LRWHKQRORJL]DFLMD åLYRWD VYH YLãH SRVWDMH
VRFLRORãNL LHWLþNL SUREOHP
9RUHQ 5DMK :DUUHQ , 5HLFK  RGUHÿXMH
ELRHWLNX NDR VLVWHPVNR SURXþDYDQMH OMXGVNRJ
SRQDãDQMD QD SRGUXþMX QDXNH R åLYRWX L
]GUDYVWYHQH QMHJH D X VNODGX VD PRUDOQLP
YULMHGQRVWLPD L QDþHOLPD ELHWLND MH VLVWHPVNR
SURXþDYDQMH PRUDOQLK GLPHQ]LMD PRUDOQLK
SRJOHGD RGOXND SRQDãDQMD L GMHORYDQMD X RNYLUX
QDXNHRåLYRWXL]GUDYVWYHQHQMHJHDNRMHVHVOXåH
UD]OLþLWLP HWLþNLP PHWRGRORJLMDPD X
30
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUQRPSRGUXþMX
0QRJH QDXþQLNH QD SRGUXþMX
ELRWHKQRORJLMH QH LQWHUHVXMH HWLND L QH SRVWDYOMDMX
HWLþND SLWDQMD NDGD MH ULMHþ R SUREOHPLPD L
SRVOMHGLFDPD NRMH PRåH GRYHVWL QMHQD
NRPHUFLMDOQD SULPMHQD 0RüQH NRUSRUDFLMH
ILQDQVLUDMX IDNXOWHWH L LVWUDåLYDþNH FHQWUH X

29
( *LGHQV 6RFLRORJLMD %HRJUDG Ä(NRQRPVNL IDNXOWHW³
VWU-
30
, âHJRWD 1RYD GHILQLFLMD ELRHWLNH X ,]D]RYL ELRHWLNH,
=ERUQLN UDGRYD 8U $QH ýRYLü  =DJUHE Ä3HUJDPHQD-
+UYDWVNRILOR]RIVNRGUXãWYR³VWU
48
6MHGLQMHQLP'UåDYDPD WDNRGDVHPRåHUHüLGDÄVX
EOLVNHYH]HIDNXOWHWDLLQGXVWULMHJODYQLUD]ORJ]ERJ
NRMHJ DPHULþNH ILUPH VDGD GRPLQLUDMX
ELRWHKQRORãNLPWUåLãWHP³ :DOWHU3RZHOO 
7HPHOMQL HWLþNL SUREOHP VH RGQRVL QD
PLMHãDQMH OMXGVNLK L åLYRWLQMVNLK HPEULR üHOLMD L
SRVWDYOMDQMHSLWDQMDRVPLVOXLRSUDYGDQRVWLWDNYLK
SRVWXSDND
0QRJL VPDWUDMX GD PRüQH NRUSRUDFLMH QH
LQWHUHVXMHHWLNDYHüQRYDFRGQRVQRSURILW5XãHüL
HWLþNH QRUPH NRUSRUDFLMHåHOHGDSDWHQWLUDMX åLYRW
L]MHGQDþDYDMXüL åLYD ELüD VD LQGXVWULMVNLP
SURL]YRGLPD 1MLKRY ELRWHKQRORãNL LPSHULMDOL]DP
LPSOLFLUD SRVWRMDQMH LPSHUDWLYD profita D QH RSãWH
GUXãWYHQH GREURELWL.RUSRUDWLYQLLPSHUDWLYSURILWD
„VWRML L]QDG GREURELWL ]DMHGQLFH ]GUDYOMD
VWDQRYQLãWYD PLUD ]DãWLWH VUHGLQH LOL GUåDYQH
EH]EHGQRVWL³ 31
=QDþDMDQ SUREOHP YH]DQ ]D NRUSRUDFLMH D
QD NRML XND]XMX KXPDQLVWLþNL RULMHQWLVDQL
WHRUHWLþDULXSUDYRVHRGQRVLQD– ELRWHKQRORJLMX
7UDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH QDVWRMH GD
NRQWUROLãX EDQNH VMHPHQD %RPEDUGRYDQMH ,UDND
XNOMXþLORMHLERPEDUGRYDQMHLUDþNHEDQNHVMHPHQD
MHU NRQWUROD L SRVMHGRYDQMH JHQHWVNH EDãWLQH
SROMRSULYUHGH SRGUD]XPLMHYD NRQWUROX L
SRVMHGRYDQMHåLYRWD
.RPSDQLMHüH]DMHGQRVDGUåDYDPDNRMHVH
EDYH ELRNRORQL]DFLMRP NRQWUROLVDWL JHQHWVNH
UHVXUVH QD 3ODQHWL þLPH üH VWHüL SUHYODVW QDG
JOREDOQRPLORNDOQRPVYMHWVNRPSULYUHGRP$OLV

31
'å 0DQGHU 3UDYLOD NRUSRUDFLMVNRJ SRQDãDQMD, X
*OREDOL]DFLMD – DUJXPHQWL SURWLY 3ULUHGLOL 'åHUL 0DQGHU L
(GYDUG*ROGVPLW %HRJUDG³&/,2´ VWU
49
GUXJH VWUDQH SRVPDWUDQR LQWHQFLMD ND RVWYDUHQMX
PHÿXQDURGQH KHJHPRQLMH SUHGVWDYOMD SULMHWQMX
ÄNUKNLP]HPOMLQLPHNRVLVWHPLPDL RQLPDNRMLåLYH
XQMLPD³8WRPVPLVOXL(QGUX.LPEUHO $QGUHZ
.LPVEUHOO  GHFLGQR LVWLþH GD MH ELRWHKQRORJLMD
RSDVQD ]DWR ãWR ÄSURãLUXMH þRYHNRYX YODVW QDG
SULURGQLP VLODPD YLãH QHJR LMHGQD WHKQRORJLMD X
LVWRULML³ RSDVQD MH ]DWR ãWR ELRLQåHQMHUL
ÄPDQLSXOLãX REOLFLPD åLYRWD³ L JRWRYR ÄQD LVWL
QDþLQ QD NRML VX LQåHQMHUL WRNRP LQGXVWULMVNH
UHYROXFLMH ELOL X VWDQMX GD L]GYDMDMX VDNXSOMDMX
SULPHQMXMX L LVNRULãüDYDMX QHåLYH PDWHULMH³
1DVWRMDQMH NRUSRUDFLMD L PRüQLK GUåDYD NRMH
SURYRGH ELRNRORQL]DFLMX SUHGVWDYOMD YHOLNX L
]DEULQMDYDMXüX DYDQWXUX WDNR GD VH þRYMHþDQVWYR
QDãORSUHGSRVWDYOMDQMHPELWQLKSLWDQMDNDRãWRVX
GDOLNRUSRUDFLMHLQMLKRYLQDXþQLFLLPDMXSUDYRGD
PLMHQMDMX JHQHWVNH NRGRYH þLPH EL ]ERJ SURILWD
XWLFDOL QD JHQHWVNH VWUXNWXUH GD OL SRVWRML JUDQLFD
NRMD QH GRSXãWD XJUDGQMX OMXGVNLK JHQD
åLYRWLQMDPDGDOLVXåLYRWLGLMHORYLOMXGVNRJWLMHOD
VYHWLQMD NRMH WUHED RGYRMHQR SRVPDWUDWL RG
ÄELRWHKQRORãNH SLMDFH³ L NRQDþQR GD OL JHQHWVND
VWUXNWXUD åLYLK ELüD SUHGVWDYOMD RSãWH ]DMHGQLþNR
QDVOLMHÿHLOLPRåHELWLSULVYRMHQRRGVWUDQHGUåDYD
LQMLKRYLKNRUSRUDFLMD 32
2QR QD ãWR .LPEUHO XSR]RUDYD ]DSUDYR VH
RGQRVL QD WR GD MH SRSXW LQGXVWULMVNH UHYROXFLMH L
ELRWHKQRORJLMD SURL]YRG NDUWH]LMDQVNRJ GXKD L
0RGHUQH ]D NRMH MH NDUDNWHULVWLþQR LQVWUXPHQWDOQR

32
(.LPEUHO%LRNRORQL]DFLMDSDWHQWLUDQMHåLYRWDLVYHWVNR
WUåLãWHRUJDQD, X*OREDOL]DFLMD– DUJXPHQWLSURWLY 3ULUHGLOL
'åHUL 0DQGHU L (GYDUG *ROGVPLW  %HRJUDG ³&/,2´ 
VWU-
50
RGYDMDQMDVXEMHNWDRGREMHNWDSULURGHRGGUXãWYD L
UD]YLMDQMHL]X]HWQRULJLGQRJRGQRVDSUHPDSULURGLL
åLYRWX

51
3.

,1'8675,-6.$
352,=92'1-$
HRANE
Ä9HüLQDKUDQHNRMXGRELMDPRX
QDãLPSURGDYQLFDPDX=DSDGQRM(YURSLL
6$'QLMHXRSãWHSRJRGQD]D
OMXGVNXXSRWUHEX
$NRPRJXGDEXGHPLVNUHQ
RQDMHWROLNRLQGXVWULMDOL]RYDQD
LSUHSXQMHQDKHPLNDOLMDPD
UD]OLþLWLPYHãWDþNLPXNXVLPD
YHãWDþNLPãHüHULPDDVSDUWDPRP«
GDMHQHELWUHEDORMHVWL³
:LOOLDP)(QJGDKO

5HYROXFLMD X SROMRSULYUHGL VH GRJRGLOD


]DKYDOMXMXüLQHNLPHSRKDOQLPRWNULüLPD LQMLKRYLP
SULPMHQDPD
'RGDYDQMHP KHPLMVNRJ ÿXEULYD ]HPOMD MH
SRþHOD GDYDWL YHüH SULQRVH X SRYUüX  åLWDULFDPD L
VWRþQRMKUDQL
6D RWNULüHP IHUPHQDWD SRYHüDOD VH
SURL]YRGQMD YLQD L DONRKROQLK SLüD D SURQDODVNRP
PLNURED GRãOR MH GR OLMHþHQMD EROHVWL ELOMDND L
åLYRWLQMD
PURXþDYDMXüL QDVOLMHÿH L XNUãWDQMH OMXGL VX
XVSMHOL GD X]JRMH NYDOLWHWQLMH VRUWH L YHüH NROLþLQH
ELOMDND L åLYRWLQMD =DPMHQRP GUYHQRJ RUXÿD L
DODWNL SROMRSULYUHGQLP PDãLQDPD VNUDüLYDQ MH
UDGQL GDQ VPDQMLYDOD VH XSRWUHED UDGQH VQDJH D
SRYHüDYDOD SURGXNWLYQRVW 5D]YRMHP WUDQVSRUWQLK
VUHGVWDYD L VDREUDüDMQH LQIUDVWUXNWXUH WUJRYLQD
SROMRSULYUHGQLK SURL]YRGD MH SURãLULOD SRGUXþMH
VYRJDXWLFDMD

55
,SDN VPDWUD VH GD üH WHN VD NRULãWHQMHP
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD SURL]YRGQMD
KUDQHGRVWLüLVYRMÄEXP³
3URL]YRGQMDJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQHKUDQHMH
X VWDOQRP SRUDVWX D QDMYHüL SURL]YRÿDþL JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD VX 6$' $UJHQWLQD
%UD]LO.LQDL,QGLMD
2G  JRGLQH VX VH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQL SURL]YRGL X]JDMDOL QD  PLOLRQD
KHNWDUD  QD  X 6$' .DQDGL .LQL
$UJHQWLQL  D QDYRGQR   PLOLRQD KHNWDUD X
FLMHORPVYLMHWX
*RGLQH  MH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
RUJDQL]DPD ELOR ]DVDÿHQR QD  PLOLRQDKHNWDUD
RGWRJDRWSDGDQD6$'DãWRVHWLþHåLWDULFDX
6$'QDNXNXUX]DLVRMH 
*RGLQH ]HPOMHNRMHVXX]JDMDOH
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK ELOMDND ELOH VX $PHULND
  $UJHQWLQD   .DQDGD   %UD]LO
 .LQD  L-XåQD$ILND 1 
2NR  X $PHULFL VH  JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK ]DVDGD RGQRVLOR QD VRMX  QD
SDPXN LQDNXNXUX]
8 SHULRGX RG - JRGLQH VH
SRYUãLQD ]HPOMLãWD ]DVDÿHQRJ SROMRSULYUHGQLP
NXOWXUDPD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD
SRYHüDOD ]D  SXWD 'DQDV VX WH SRYUãLQH
]DVDÿHQLK JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD
]QDWQR YHüH PURFHQMXMH VH GD  SUHKUDPEHQLK
SURL]YRGDX$PHULFLVDGUåLJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQH
NRPSRQHQWH
9HüLQD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK XVMHYD VH
QDOD]L X6$'$UJHQWLQL%UD]LOX.DQDGL,QGLMLLX
.LQL L XJODYQRP VX WR ]DVDGL VRMH NXNXUX]D

56
SDPXNDLNURPSLUD0HÿXJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLP
SURL]YRGLPD VX L SDUDGDM] SURL]YHGHQ 
JRGLQH NRML VH QDMSULMH SRþHR NRULVWLWL X OMXGVNRM
LVKUDQL QD]YDQ FlavrSavr D NRML MH NDVQLMH
SRYXþHQ L] SURGDMH ]DWR ãWR QLMH RVWYDULR
NRPHUFLMDOQLXVSMHK VRMD MHQDMUDãLUHQLMDJHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQD ELOMND X VYLMHWX RNR  D X 6$'
þDN   ULåD XOMD EXQGHYD ORVRV KUDQD ]D
åLYRWLQMH
'LVWULEXFLMD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
SURL]YRGD QDMþHãüH VH RGYLMD X QHUD]YLMHQLP
]HPOMDPDL]HPOMDPDXUD]YRMX 2GXVNODGX
VD UH]ROXFLMRP (8 HYURSVNH ]HPOMH VX GXåQH GD
RELOMHOHåDYDMX VYH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH
SURL]YRGH NDR L GD XVSRVWDYH VWDQGDUGH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH 1HROLEHUDOQL FHQWUL PRüL X
APHULFL L .DQDGL VPDWUDMX GD RYDNYH PMHUH
QDUXãDYDMXÄVORERGQXWUJRYLQX³
7UHED QDSRPHQXWL GD MH RGXYLMHN þRYMHN
SULPMHQMLYDR ELRWHKQRORJLMX RGQRVQR ELRORãNH
DNWLYQRVWL SURFHGXUH L SURFHVH GD EL GRELR QHNL
QRYL SURL]YRG LOL RVWYDULR QHNH ELR-KHPLMVNH
SURFHVH L GRELR QRYH VRUWH L YUVWH ELOMDND L
åLYRWLQMD NDNR EL QRYLP L EROMLP QDþLQLPD
NRULãWHQMD PLNRURRUJDQL]DPD SURL]YHR KUDQX SLüH
LHQHUJLMX1DYHãüHPRQHNHRGQMLK
6XPHULL9DYLORQFLVXSULMHQHNROLNRKLOMDGD
JRGLQD XSRWUHEOMDYDOL NYDVDF ]D SURL]YRGQMX SLYD
RNR  JRGLQD SULMH QDãH HUH ]DSRþHOD MH
SURL]YRGQMD VLUD SLYD YLQD L KOMHED NRULãWHQMHP
NYDVFD L EDNWHULMD /DFWREDFLOOXV D RNR 
JRGLQD SULMH QDãH HUH VX SHUXDQVNL ,QGLMDQFL
VHOHNWRYDOL L VDGLOL NYDOLWHWQLML NURPSLU 2NR 
JRGLQH QDãH HUH MH ]DSRþHOD SURL]YRGQMD VLUD

57
0XQVWHU D  VLUD &DPHPEHUW 
0HNLQWRãHYLK MDEXND  %RVNRYLK NUXãDND
 NUXSQLK NDOLIRUQLMVNLK ÄQDYHO³ QDUDQGåL
 OXEHQLFDEH]VMHPHQNL
,DNR MH þRYMHN RGDYQR NRULVWLR
ELRWHKQRORãNH SURFHVH NDR SULURGQH SURFHVH LSDN
MH GDQDV VYH YLãH X HNVSDQ]LML VDYUHPHQD
ODERUDWRULMVND ELRWHKQRORJLMD NRMD ]DKYDWD PQRJH
REODVWL D SRVHEQR REODVWL NDR ãWR VX PHGLFLQD
IDUPDFLMDKHPLMVNDLQGXVWULMDSROMRSULYUHGD
9UHPHQRP MH WUDGLFLRQDOQD RUJDQVND
SROMRSULYUHGD JRWRYR X SRWSXQRVWL ]DPLMHQMHQD
LQGXVWULMVNRPSROMRSULYUHGRP
.RMD MH UD]OLND L]PHÿX RUJDQVNH
SROMRSULYUHGHLLQGXVWULMVNHSROMRSULYUHGH"
'DELVPRQDSUDYLOLGLVWLQNFLMXL]PHÿXGYLMH
YUVWHSROMRSULYUHGHRUJDQVNHLLQGXVWULMVNHSRPRüL
üHQDP9DQGDQDâLYD 9DQGDQD6KLYD 
=D RUJDQVNX HNRORãNX ELRORãNX LOL
ELRIDUPLQJ SROMRSULYUHGX NDR LPDQHQWQL GLR
RGUåLYRJ UD]YRMD FLOM MH SURL]YHGQMD GRYROMQR
]GUDYH KUDQH X] GRPDüLQVNR NRULãWHQMH SULURGQLK
UHVXUVD L RþXYDQMH SULURGQH åLYRWQH VUHGLQH
2UJDQVND SROMRSULYUHGD „VH WHPHOML QD UDYQRWHåL L
VNODGXL]PHÿXVYLKXþHVQLNDXSURL]YRGQMLKUDQH–
þRYMHNDåLYRWLQMHELOMNHL]HPOMLãWD³âLYDLVWLþHGD
QDP VWDOQR ÄJRYRUH GD üHPR VH EH] RWURYQLK L
KHPLMVNLK JQRMLYD VXRþLWL VD JODÿX³ $OL NDNR
LVWLþH ÄKHPLNDOLMH SRWNRSDYDMX VLJXUQRVW KUDQH
XQLãWDYDMXüL SORGQRVW WOD L XELMDMXüL ELRUD]QROLNRVW
RUJDQL]DPDXWOXLQVHNWHNRMLNRQWUROLUDMXãWHWRþLQH
L RSUDãLYDþH SRSXW SþHOD L OHSWLUD EH] NRMLK
UD]PQRåDYDQMH ELOMDND L SURL]YRGQMD KUDQH QLVX
PRJXüL³ 1LMH RUJDQVND SURL]YRGQMD QHJR MH

58
LQGXVWULMVND SURL]YRGQMD GRYHOD ÄGR WDNR R]ELOMQH
HNRORãNH L VRFLMDOQH NUL]H GD VH XNROLNR åHOLPR
RVLJXUDWL RSVNUEX ]GUDYRP KUDQRP PRUDPR
RNUHQXWL DJURHNRORãNLP L RGUåLYLP VLVWHPLPD
SURL]YRGQMHKUDQHNRMLUDGHVSULURGRPDQHSURWLY
QMH³ ,QGXVWULMVND SROMRSULYUHGH SURL]YRGL JODG L
SRWKUDQMHQRVW ãWR MH SDUDGRNVDOQR MRã XYLMHN VH
ÄQXGL NDR UMHãHQMH ]D NUL]X³ 0HÿXWLP XNROLNR
„X]JDMDPRKUDQXHNRORãNLVDGRPDüLPVUHGVWYLPD
YLãH KUDQH üH RVWDWL XQXWDU SROMRSULYUHGQRJ
GRPDüLQVWYD L ELW üH PDQMH SRWKUDQMHQRVWL PHÿX
GMHFRPXUXUDOQLPVUHGLQDPD$NRKUDQXX]JDMDPR
KHPLMVNL VD NXSOMHQLP VMHPHQNDPD L VNXSLP
KHPLNDOLMDPD PDQMH KUDQH üH RVWDWL UXUDOQLP
SURL]YRÿDþLPD D YLãH üH MH RWLüL NDR URED
RVWDYOMDMXüL UXUDOQD SRGUXþMD X JODGL³
PDUDGRNVODQR MH WR ãWR VH SROMRSULYUHGQD SROLWLND
IRNXVLUDÄQDSRYHüDQMHSULQRVDSRMHGLQDþQLKXVMHYD
- QH QD XþLQDN SUHKUDPEHQRJ VLVWHPD L QMHJRYX
QXWULWLYQXYULMHGQRVW³$OLÄVLVWHPVLJXUQRVWLKUDQH
]DVQRYDQMHQDMDYQRPVLVWHPXGLVWULEXFLMHNRMLVH
QH EDYL LVKUDQRP L NYDOLWHWRP KUDQH $
SUHKUDPEHQL SURJUDPL RGYRMHQL VX RG
SROMRSULYUHGH L VLJXUQRVWL KUDQH $JUDUQD NUL]D
NUL]D KUDQH L NUL]D LVKUDQH L ]GUDYOMD XVNR VX
SRYH]DQH 2QH VH WUHEDMX UMHãDYDWL ]DMHGQR &LOM
SROMRSULYUHGQH SROLWLNH QH VPLMH ELWL YRÿHQ
PDNVLPDOQLPSRYHüDQMHPSURGDMHVNXSRJVMHPHQD
L VNXSLK KHPLNDOLMD &LOM SUHKUDPEHQH SROLWLNH QH
PRåH VH ]DVQLYDWL QD SURPLFDQMX LQGXVWULMVNH
SUHUDGH KUDQH &LOM SROLWLNH LVKUDQH QH PRåH ELWL
VWYDUDQMH SRWKUDQMHQRVWL QD WUåLãWX +HPLNDOL]DFLMD
SROMRSULYUHGH L KUDQH VX UHFHSWL ]D RVLURPDãLYDQMH
QDãH LVKUDQH KUDQMLYLP VDVWRMFLPD 2QL QH PRJX

59
ULMHãLWL SUREOHP JODGL L SRWKUDQMHQRVWL *ODG L
SRWKUDQMHQRVW SRþLQMX X WOX L VWRJD X WOX OHåH
UMHãHQMD]DQMLK,QGXVWULMVNDSROMRSULYUHGDNRMDVH
]HPOMDPD WUHüHJ VYLMHWD SURPRYLUD NDR ]HOHQD
UHYROXFLMD KHPLMVNL MH LQWHQ]LYQD NDSLWDOQR
LQWHQ]LYQD L LQWHQ]LYQD NDGD MH X SLWDQMX XSRWUHED
IRVLOQLKJRULYD3RVDPRMVYRMRMVWUXNWXULRQDPRUD
WMHUDWL SROMRSULYUHGQLNH X GXJRYH D ]DGXåHQL
SROMRSULYUHGQLFL RGOD]H VD ]HPOMH SRãWR LP
]DSOLMHQH IDUPH 8 VLURPDãQLP ]HPOMDPD
SROMRSULYUHGQLFL NRML XSDGQX X GXJRYH ]ERJ
NXSRYLQH VNXSLK KHPLNDOLMD L QHREQRYOMLYRJ
VMHPHQD SURGDMX KUDQX NDNR EL YUDWLOL GXJRYH 7R
MH UD]ORJ ]DãWR MH JODG GDQDV UXUDOQL IHQRPHQ
1HJDWLYQD HNRQRPLMD VNXSH LQGXVWULMVNH
SROMRSULYUHGH MH VLVWHP ]D SURL]YRGQMX JODGL D QH
VLVWHP ]D VPDQMHQMH JODGL *GMHJRG VX VH
KHPLNDOLMH L NRPHUFLMDOQR VMHPH SURãLULOL
SROMRSULYUHGQLFL VX X GXJRYLPD L JXEH SUDYR QD
VYRMH SURL]YRGH 2QL WDNR ELYDMX ]DUREOMHQL X
VLURPDãWYX L JODGL ,QGXVWULMVND KHPLMVND
SROMRSULYUHGDWDNRÿHUVWYDUD JODG SRWLVNLYDQMHPL
XQLãWDYDQMHPELRUD]QROLNRVWLNRMDRVLJXUDYDKUDQX
7DNRMH]HOHQDUHYROXFLMDSRWLVQXODPDKXQDUNHNRMH
VX YDåDQL]YRUSURWHLQDNDRLXOMDULFHVPDQMLOD MH
KUDQX SR KHNWDUX XPMHVWR GD MH SRYHüDOD
0RQRNXOWXUH QH SURL]YRGH YLãH KUDQH L LVKUDQH
2QHNRULVWHYLãHKHPLNDOLMDLIRVLOQLKJRULYDLVWRJD
VXSURILWDELOQH]DDJURKHPLMVNHLQDIWQHNRPSDQLMH
'DMX YHüH SULQRVH SRMHGLQDþQLK URED DOL PDQMX
SURL]YRGQMX KUDQH L KUDQMLYLK PDWHULMD
.RQYHQFLRQDOQHPMHUHSURGXNWLYQRVWLIRNXVLUDMXVH
QD UDG NDR JODYQL XOD]QL HOHPHQW GRN
HNVWHUQDOL]LUDMX PQRJH LQSXWH HQHUJLMH L UHVXUVD

60
2YDSULVWUDVQDSURGXNWLYQRVWWMHUDSROMRSULYUHGQLNH
VD ]HPOMH L ]DPMHQMXMH LK KHPLNDOLMDPD L
PDãLQDPD ãWR SDN GRSULQRVL VWDNOHQLþNLP
JDVRYLPD L NOLPDWVNLP SURPMHQDPD 1DGDOMH
LQGXVWULMVND SROMRSULYUHGD IRNXVLUD VH QD
SURL]YRGQMX SRMHGLQDþQRJ XVMHYD NRMLP VH PRåH
JOREDOQR WUJRYDWL NDR URERP )RNXV QD CSULQRVC
SRMHGLQDþQLK URED VWYDUD RQR ãWR ]RYHP
CPRQRNXOWXURP XPDC 3URPLFDQMH W]Y YUVWD VD
YLVRNLPSULQRVRPYRGLGRJXELWNDELRUD]QROLNRVWL
7DNRÿHU XQLãWDYD HNRORãNH IXQNFLMH ELRORãNH
UD]QROLNRVWL .DGD VH X RE]LU X]PX SUHGQRVWL
ELRUD]QROLNRVWL ELRUD]QROLNL VLVWHPL LPDMX YHüL
SURL]YRGQL XþLQDN QHJR PRQRNXOWXUH $ RUJDQVND
SROMRSULYUHGD MH NRULVQLMD SROMRSULYUHGQLFLPD L
]HPOML QHJR KHPLMVND SROMRSULYUHGD 7DNRÿHU
LQGXVWULMVND KHPLMVND SROMRSULYUHGD VWYDUD JODG L
SRWKUDQMHQRVWRGX]LPDMXüLKUDQMLYHWYDULL]XVMHYD
,QGXVWULMVNL SURL]YHGHQD KUDQD MH SR SLWDQMX
KUDQMLYLK YULMHGQRVWL SUD]QD PDVD SUHSXQD
KHPLNDOLMD L WRNVLQD +UDQMLYRVW X KUDQL GROD]L L]
KUDQMLYLK WYDUL X WOX ,QGXVWULMVND SROMRSULYUHGD
]DVQRYDQD QD VLQWHWLþNLP JQRMLYLPD ED]LUDQLP QD
D]RWX IRVIRUX L NDOLMXPX GRYRGL GR VPDQMHQMD
YLWDOQLK PLNURQXWULMHQDWD L HOHPHQDWD X WUDJRYLPD
NDR ãWR VX PDJQH]LMXP FLQN NDOFLMXP L åHOMH]R
.DNRELGRELOLLVWXNROLþLQXKUDQMLYLKWYDULOMXGLüH
PRUDWL MHVWL SXQR YLãH KUDQH 3RYHüDQMH CSULQRVDC
SUD]QH PDVH QH PRåH VH WXPDþLWL NDR SRYHüDQD
KUDQMLYRVW 8VWYDUL WR GRYRGL GR SRWKUDQMHQRVWL
1DMHILNDVQLMD L MHIWLQD VWUDWHJLMD ]D ERUEX SURWLY
JODGL L SRWKUDQMHQRVWL VH PRåH RVWYDULWL NUR]
ELRUD]QROLNX RUJDQVNX SROMRSULYUHGX 2UJDQVND
SROMRSULYUHGDRERJDüXMHWORDWODERJDWDKUDQMLYLP

61
WYDULPDGDMXQDPLKUDQXERJDWXQMLPD+XPXVRG
NLãQLKJOLVWDNRMLPRåHL]QRVLWLRGþHWLULGRWRQD
SR KHNWDUX JRGLãQMH VDGUåL SHW SXWD YLãH D]RWD
VHGDP SXWD YLãH IRVIRUD WUL SXWD YLãH L]PMHQMLYRJ
PDJQH]LMXPD  SXWD YLãH NDOLMXP-NDUERQDWD L
MHGDQLSRSXWDYLãHNDOFLMXPDQHJRWOR1MLKRYUDG
X WOX SRGVWLþH PLNUREQX DNWLYQRVW NRMD MH ELWQD ]D
SORGQRVW YHüLQH ]HPOMLãWD 7OD ERJDWD
PLNURRUJDQL]PLPD L JOLVWDPD VX WOD ERJDWD
KUDQMLYLP WYDULPD 1MLKRYL SURL]YRGL VX WDNRÿHU
ERJDWLKUDQMLYLPWYDULPD3RND]DORVHGDRUJDQVND
KUDQD X SURVMHNX LPD  SRVWR YLãH åHOMH]D 
SRVWRYLãHIRVIRUDSRVWRYLãHKURPDSRVWR
YLãHVHOHQDSRVWRYLãHNDOFLMXPDSRVWRYLãH
ERUD  SRVWR YLãH PDJQH]LMXPD  SRVWR YLãH
YLWDPLQD & WH  GR  SRVWR YLãH YLWDPLQD ( L
EHWD-NDURWHQDâWRMHYLãHELRUD]QROLNRVWLQDQDãLP
IDUPDPD YLãH MH KUDQMLYLK PDWHULMD SR KHNWDUX X]
PLQLPDOQHWURãNRYH%LOMNHOMXGLLWORGLRVXMHGQH
KUDQLGEHQH PUHåH NRMD MH PUHåD åLYRWD 7HVW ]D
GREUX SROMRSULYUHGX MH WDM NROLNR GREUR RQD
XVSLMHYDSREROMãDWL]GUDYOMHLRWSRUQRVWKUDQLGEHQH
PUHåH³ =DWR MH QHRSKRGQR VKYDWLWL ]QDþDM
„RþXYDQMD WHPHOMQLK UHVXUVD ]D SURL]YRGQMX
ORNDOQRJ WUDGLFLMVNRJ VMHPHQD L SDVPLQD WH
SORGQRJ WOD 7OR MH SRVWDOR MHGDQ R QDMXJURåHQLMLK
UHVXUVDEXGXüLGDPXSORGQRVWSDGDUDGLVYHYHüHJ
XWMHFDMD LQGXVWULMDOL]LUDQH L RNUXSQMHQH
SURL]YRGQMH SUHWYDUDMXüL SORGQH RUDQLFH X PUWYR
WOR0RQRNXOWXUDX]LPDGDQDNXSROMRSULYUHGLDOLL
X OMXGVNLP RGQRVLPD 3ROMRSULYUHGQD PRQRNXOWXUD
XQLãWDYD SORGQD WOD RQHPRJXüXMXüL =HPOML GD QDV
QDJUDGL VYRMLP RELOMHP D PRQRNXOWXUD XPD
VSUMHþDYDQDVGDUD]PLãOMDPRJOHGDMXüLãLURNXVOLNX

62
VYLMHWD L VYH GRN UD]PLãOMDPR QD WDM QDþLQ QH
PRåHPR VH SUDYLOQR RGQRVLWL QL SUHPD SULURGL D
QLWL MHGQL SUHPD GUXJLPD³ âLYD LVWLþH GD VPR YHü
XQLãWLOL  SODQHWH  YRGHQLK UHVXUVD 
WOD  ELRGLYHU]LWHWD WH GD XNROLNR QH NUHQHPR
RGPDK VD L]PMHQRP XVOLMHGLüH NDWDVWURID 9HOLNH
NOLPDWVNH SURPMHQH V NRMLPD VH VYDNRGQHYQR
VXVUHüHPR X]URNRYDQH VX L  XGMHORP
VWDNOHQLþNLK JDVRYD D QDVWDMX HPLVLMDPD XJOMHQ
GLRNVLGDL]IDEULNDLDXWRPRELODD]RWQRJ RNVLGDL]
XPMHWQLK JQRMLYD „L SOLQRYD NRML GROD]H RG
XWDPQLþHQLK åLYRWLQMD NRMH VH X]JDMDMX ]D KUDQX³
3UHPD âLYLQRP PLãOMHQMX KHPLMVND SROMRSULYUHGD
LPDVYRMHLVKRGLãWHLPDXUDWXD]DWLPVHQDVWDYOMD
X SUHKUDPEHQRP VLVWHPX 5DW NRML VH YRGL MH UDW
SURWLYELRGLYHU]LWHWDRGQRVQRELRUD]QROLNRVWL]DWR
ãWR KHPLMVND SROMRSULYUHGD MHGQDNR ÄPRåH RSVWDWL
VDPR X PRQRNXOWXUL³ NRMD ]DSUDYR XQLãWDYD
ELRUD]QROLNRVW WM ELRGLYHU]LWHW „,]D]LYDQMH UDWQH
SVLKR]H X R]UDþMX NRMH MH VWYRUHQR DPHULþNRP
SROLWLNRP ERUEH SURWLY WHURUL]PD RPRJXüLOR MH
PRGHUQLP URERYODVQLFLPD GD GDQDãQMH DPHULþNH
IDUPHUH NRML VH EDYH RUJDQVNLP X]JRMHP KUDQH L
þXYDMX VWDUH VRUWH VMHPHQD SURJODVH QL PDQMH QL
YLãH QHJR - DJURWHURULVWLPD 2SDVQH VH
PRQVDQWRYVNH LJUH LJUDMX QD SRGUXþMX ,VWRþQH
(XURSH L YUOR MH ELWQD XORJD VYDNRJ SRMHGLQFD X
]DXVWDYOMDQMX QDSUHGRYDQMD SROLWLNH LVNRULãWDYDQMD
NDNRELVHRþXYDOD=HPOMDLXVSRVWDYLODHNRQRPLMD
RELOMD (NRQRPLMD RELOMD VDþXYDQD MH X - VMHPHQX
6MHPHQX NRMH QDP =HPOMD GDMH EHVSODWQR L VYDNR
VMHPH GDW üH MRã GHVHWNH VMHPHQMD 2þXYDQMHP
X]JRMHP L GLMHOMHQMHP VMHPHQMD VWYDUDPR
HNRQRPLMXRELOMD1DãDQDPMHSODQHWDRPRJXüXMH

63
3ULKYDüDQMHP 0RQVDQWD SULKYDüDPR PRQRNXOWXUX
XPD 3ULKYDüDPR GDWL VMHPH NRMH SULSDGD VYLPD
QDPD X UXNH MHGQRM NRUSRUDFLML RG NRMH üHPR JD
NXSRYDWLNRMDüHQDVWURYDWLLRQHPRJXüLWLGDQDãD
GMHFD XåLYDMX X ERJDWVWYLPD NRMH SUXåD RYD
SODQHWD³ 33
2YX ]DPMHQX RUJDQVNH SROMRSULYUHGH
LQGXVWULMVNRP SROMRSULYUHGRP ]DJRYDUDOLVXPQRJL
SODüHQL PHGLML LQWHOHNWXDODFL QDXþQLFL SROLWLþDUL
IDUPDFHXWL SROLWLþNL ORELML ELRWHKQRORãNH
NRPSDQLMH L GUXJL SRþHOL JORULILNRYDWL ãLUHüL
VHPDQWLþNH GLVNXUVH R   JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQRM
KUDQL NDR ]GUDYRM KUDQL NRMD üH RWNODQLWL JODG L
VLURPDãWYR X VYLMHWX VPDQMLWL XSRWUHEX SHVWLFLGD
GRSULQLMHWLL]OMHþHQMXPQRJLKEROHVWLWHSREROMãDQMX
]GUDYOMDLNYDOLWHWDåLYRWD
1D GUXJM VWUDQL VH QDOD]H RQL NRML WYUGH GD
MH LVWLQDVDVYLPGUXJDþLMD
8SURL]YRGQMLJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQHKUDQH
MH SRYHüDQD XSRWUHED DQWLELRWLND KRUPRQD UDVWD L
KHPLNDOLMD KHUELFLGD SHVWLFLGD IXQJLFLGD þDN L
]DEUDQMHQRJ ''7 - LMD  8SRWUHED WDNYH KUDQH
L]D]LYD EURMQH ]GUDYVWYHQH SRVOMHGLFH RG NRMLK VH
QHNH RGQRVH QD DOHUJLMVNH UHDNFLMH NRMH VX
L]UDåHQLMH NRG GMHFH  WRNVLþQRVW SDG LPXQLWHWD
VWHULOLWHW NDQFHURJHQRVW RGQRVQR SRJRUãDQMH
]GUDYOMD L SRYHüDQMH PRUELGLWHWD PDOLJQLWHWD L
PRUWDOLWHWD

33
KWWSVZZZOLEHODRUJYLMHVWL-VMHPH-NDR-SRNUHW-
RWSRUD96KLYD ,QGXVWULMVNDSROMRSULYUHGD- UHFHSW]D
JODG'RVWXSQRQD
KWWSEDONDQVDOMD]HHUDQHWYLMHVWLLQGXVWULMVND-SROMRSULYUHGD-
UHFHSW-]D-JODG  
64
=GUDYVWYHQHLQVWLWXFLMHLVWLþXGDMHMHGDQRG
QDMRWURYQLMLK SHVWLFLGD ''7 GLKORU-GLIHQRO-
WULKORUHWDQ  þLMH MH GMHORYDQMH YLãHJRGLãQMHJ
NXPXODWLYQRJ NDUDNWHUD ,VWUDåLYDQMD VX þDN
SRND]DOD YHüX NRQFHQWUDFLMX RYRJ SHVWLFLGD X
PDMþLQRP POLMHNX L YLVRN VWHSHQ SRYH]DQRVWL
L]PHÿX XSRWUHEH ''7-LMD L REROLMHYDQMD RG UDND
OHXNHPLMHLSRYLãHQRJNUYQRJSULWLVND 
$OL QLVX WR MHGLQH SRVOMHGLFH UD]YRMD
ELRWHKQRORãNRJLPSHULMDOL]PD
=D QMHJD MH SULMH VYHJD NDUDNWHULVWLþQR
L]UDåHQR SRVWRMDQMH LPSHUDWLYD SURILWD D QH RSãWH
GREURELWL ,PSHUDWLY SURILWD QHJLUD YULMHGQRVWL
GUXãWYD HWLNH L PRUDOD DXWHQWLþQLK OMXGVNLK
SRWUHED ]GUDYOMD ]DãWLWH SULURGQH VUHGLQH L RSãWH
EH]EMHGQRVWL
PRVOMHGLFHELRWHKQRORãNRJLPSHULMDOL]PDVH
RGQRVH QD WHQGHQFLMX RVWYDUHQMD NRQWUROH L
SRVMHGRYDQMD åLYRWD 3ULURGQD RNROLQD VH VQDåQR
XQLãWDYD ]DWURYDQD VX VMHPHQD KUDQD OLMHNRYL
]HPOMLãWH YRGD YD]GXK 6YH VX L]UDåHQLMH EROHVWL
ELOMDNDåLYRWLQMDLOMXGLL]DWRMHXJURåHQDJHQHWVND
EDãWLQD SROMRSULYUHGH ODQDF LVKUDQH L ]GUDYOMD WH
ELRORãND VXSVWDQFD åLYRWD 7DNRÿH XJURåHQ MH L
SROMRSULYUHGQL L DOLPHQWDUQL VXYHUHQLWHW QDURGD L
GUåDYD L QMLKRYD EH]EMHGQRVW NDR L SULURGQR
RNUXåHQMH
6DYUHPHQD W]Y ]HOHQD UHYROXFLMD SRVHEQR
X ]HPOMDPD 7UHüHJ VYLMHWD ÄMH QHãWR YLãH RG
SURJUDPD]DSURãLULYDQMHWUåLãWDKHPLMVNHLQGXVWULMH
6$'³ NRML MH QDMþHãüH ILQDQVLUDQ ÄRG VWUDQH


. 'åHUHPL / 'HMYLG 9HOLNH VYHWVNH NDWDVWURIH L NUL]H,
%HRJUDG Ä52 1DURGQD NQMLJD – 9XN .DUDGåLü³  VWU

65
DPHULþNLK SURJUDPD GRGMHOH SRPRüL³ 2G
QHNDGDãQMHSURL]YRGQMHWUDGLFLRQDOQLKYUVWDåLWDULFD
VHSUHãORQDSROMRSULYUHGQXSURL]YRGQMXSURL]YRGD
QDPLMHQMHQLK]DL]YR]2YDSURPMHQDSURL]YRGQMHL
QMHQ SRUDVW ]DKWLMHYDOL VX SUHWMHUDQR NRULãWHQMH
SHVWLFLGD .DR SRVOMHGLFD QMLKRYH SUHWMHUDQH
XSRWUHEHSRMDYLODVXVHPQRJREURMQDWURYDQMDDOLL
SDG SULQRVD ]DWR ãWR MH SUHWMHUDQD XSRWUHED
SHVWLFLGD VWYRULOD RWSRUQRVW LQVHNDWD QD SHVWLFLGH
8]RYDMSUREOHPWUHEDSRPHQXWLLVOMHGHüLDRQVH
RGQRVL QD ÄEDQNX VMHPHQD³ 1DLPH VMHPHQD
KLOMDGH YUVWL SLULQþD NRMH VX JHQHUDFLMH XVSMHãQR
NRULVWLOHþDNLXRGQRVXQDãWHWRþLQHVDGDVHþXYDMX
X ODERUDWRULMDPD NRUSRUDFLMD ERJDWLK ]HPDOMD NRMH
üH LPDWL PRQRSRO QD QMLKRYX XSRWUHEX L SURGDMX L
WLPH MRã YLãH GRYHVWL X QHSRYROMDQ SRORåDM YODGH L
VWDQRYQLãWYR]HPDOMD7UHüHJVYLMHWD 
7DNR üH VH SRND]DWL GD VH V RE]LURP QD
]QDþDM KUDQD XYLMHN PRJOD LVNRULVWLWL L X
JHRSROLWLþNHVYUKH
3DLSRUHGVYRJ]QDþDMDþRYMHþDQVWYREDFD
YHOLNH NROLþLQH KUDQH L PQRJL VPDWUDMX GD MH LPD
VDVYLPGRYROMQR8VYLMHWXVHSUHNRPLOLMDUGL
WRQDEDFLXRWSDG
%DFDQMH KUDQH X RWSDG QLMH VDPR
ILQDQVLMVNL YHü L HWLþNL SUREOHP SXQR MH JODGQLK
NRMLPD WUHED KUDQD 7R MH L HNRORãNL SUREOHP NRML
VH RGQRVL QD JXELWDN HQHUJLMH WURãNRYH L HNRORãNH
SUREOHPH WUDQVSRUWD L ]DJDÿHQMH NRMH SURL]YRGL
QHRGUåLYL UD]YRM -HU GD EL VH SURL]YHOD YHOLND
NROLþLQD KUDQH QHRSKRGQD MH L YHOLND NROLþLQD


0.RU*OREDOQDSULYUHGDL7UHüLVYHW X*OREDOL]DFLMD–
DUJXPHQWL SURWLY 3ULUHGLOL 'åHUL 0DQGHU L (GYDUG
*ROGVPLW %HRJUDGÄ&/,2³VWU-
66
KHPLMVNLKVXVSWDQFLþLPHVHNRQWDPLQLUD]HPOMLãWH
WOR YRGD DWPRVIHUD L GHJUDGLUD SULURGQD åLYRWQD
VUHGLQD
6D UD]YRMHP PRGHUQH LQGXVWULMVNH Ä]HOHQH
SROMRSULYUHGH³ VYH MH YLãH UDVSURVWUDQMHQD L
KHPLMVND HNRORJLMD D V QMRP L UL]LFL RSDVQRVWL L
W]YÄHIHNDWEXPHUDQJ³
%URM SR]QDWLK MHGLQMHQMD VH SURFMHQMXMH QD
SUHNR  PLOLRQD SUHNR  PLOLRQD KHPLMVNLK
MHGLQMHQMD RNUXåXMH þRYMHND D SUHNR 
KHPLMVNLK MHGLQMHQMD VYDNH JRGLQH VX QRYD
MHGLQMHQMD 6PDWUD VH GD VH NRULVWL SUHNR 
KHPLNDOLMD
8 VYDNRGQHYQRM XSRWUHEL L X RJURPQLP
NROLþLQDPD VH NRULVWH GHWHUGåHQWL VDSXQL
GH]RGRUDQVLLGUXJDKHPLMVNDVUHGVWYDWDNRGDRQL
XWLþXQDSDGSORGQRVWLLQDVWHULOLWHWSDVHSRND]XMH
GD VH RG ]DþHWLK OMXGVNLK ELüD - RGQRVL QD
VSRQWDQLSREDþDM
âWR VH WLþH SRPHQXWRJ W]Y ÄEXPHUDQJ
HIHNWD³ SRJOHGDMPR NDNR VH RQ PDQLIHVWXMH QD
SULPMHUX SROMRSULYUHGH - X 6DYH]QRM 5HSXEOLFL
1MHPDþNRM
8 RYRM GUåDYL MH SRWURãQMD YMHãWDþNRJ
GXYDQDSRUDVODVDQDNLORJUDPD SRKHNWDUX
XSHULRGXRGGRJRGLQH,VWRYUHPHQRL
SRWURãQMD SROMRSULYUHGQLK KHPLNDOLMD MH WDNRÿH
SRUDVOD VD  X  QD  X 
JRGLQL7DNRVXSULQRVLSRKHNWDUXSRUDVOLDOLLQH
WROLNR L SRUHG SRYHüDQMD XSRWUHEH YMHãWDþNRJ
ÿXEULYD L SROMRSULYUHGQLK KHPLNDOLMD 3ULQRVL
åLWDULFD  VX VH XGYRVWUXþLOL D NRG NURPSLUD VX
SRYHüDQL ]D  Ä'LVSURSRUFLRQDOQR malo
SRYHüDQMHSULQRVDXRGQRVXQDNRULãüHQMHÿXEULYDL

67
KHPLNDOLMD X VXSURWQRVWL MH VD GLVSURSRUFLRQDOQR
YHOLNLP SRYHüDQMHP RãWHüHQMD X SULURGL YLGOMLYLKL
EROQLK]DVHOMDNH³1DWDMQDþLQÄSURL]YRGQMDUL]LND
PRGHUQL]DFLMH SUDWL NULYXOMX EXPHUDQJD³ MHU
LQWHQ]LYQDLQGXVWULMVNDSROMRSULYUHGDXVXãWLQLÄQH
L]D]LYD VDPR X GDOHNLP JUDGRYLPD GUDPDWLþDQ
SRUDVW VDGUåDMD RORYD X PDMþLQRP POHNX L NRG
GHFH³ QHJR L ÄSRGULYD VDPX SULURGQX ED]X
SROMRSULYUHGQH SURL]YRGQMH³ MHU ÄRSDGD SORGQRVW
QMLYDYLWDOQRYDåQHåLYRWLQMHLELOMNHQHVWDMXUDVWH
RSDVQRVW RG HUR]LMH ]HPOMLãWD³ 7DNR X RYRP
NUXåQRP WRNXEXPHUDQJHIHNWD„SRþLQLODF LåUWva
SRVWDMXMHGQDNL³ 36
3ROMRSULYUHGQD SURGXNWLYQRVW VH LSDN QD
JOREDOQRP L ORNDOQRP QLYRX SRYHüDOD ]ERJ
NRULãWHQMD YMHãWDþNRJ ÿXEULYD L SHVWLFLGD $OL VH
QD GUXJRM VWUDQL SRVPDWUDQR QDUXãLOD HNRORãND
UDYQRWHåD
(NRORãND UDYQRWHåD MH VWYDUDQD PLOLRQLPD
JRGLQD DOL LSDN ]D NUDWNR YULMHPH PRåH ELWL
SRUHPHüHQD =D SULPMHU QDUXãDYDQMD HNRORãNH
UDYQRWHåH X]HüHPR LQGXVWULMVNX SURL]YRGQMX NRMD
MHQH]DPLVOLYDEH]XSRWUHEHIRVIDWQLKÿXEULYD
3R]QDWRMHGDMHXPDOLPNROLþLQDPDIRVIRU
KUDQMLY VDVWRMDN NRML MHQHRSKRGDQ ]D UDVW L UD]YRM
ELOMDND DOL L GD MH X YHüLP NROLþLQDPD NRMH VH X
SROMRSULYUHGL NRULVWH YHRPD RWURYDQ Ä6DYUHPHQD
LQGXVWULMVND SROMRSULYUHGD ]DVQLYD VH QD SROMLPD
QDÿXEUHQLP YHãWDþNLP ÿXEULYLPD NRMD RELOXMX
IRVIRURP DOL VH IRVIRU NDVQLMH VSLUD V SROMD L WUXMH
UHNH MH]HUD L RNHDQH ãWR LPD SRJXEQR GHMVWYR QD
åLYL VYHW X PRULPD 3ROMRSULYUHGQLN NRML JDML

36
8 %HN 5L]LþQR GUXãWYR X VXVUHW QRYRM PRGHUQL
%HRJUDGÄ)LOLS9LãQMLü³VWU
68
NXNXUX] X $MRYL WDNR PRåGD QHKRWLFH XELMDULEH X
0HNVLþNRP]DOLYX.DRSRVOHGLFDWDNYRJOMXGVNRJ
SRQDãDQMD ELRORãND VWDQLãWD SURSDGDMX ELOMQH L
åLYRWLQMVNH YUVWH L]XPLUX L þLWDYL HNRVLVWHPL NDR
ãWR VX DXVWUDOLMVNL 9HOLNL NRUDOQL JUHEHQ L
DPD]RQVNH SUDãXPH PRJOL EL ELWL ]EULVDQL V OLFD
SODQHWH+LOMDGDPDJRGLQDKRPR VDSLMHQVVHSRQDãD
NDR HNRORãNL VHULMVNL XELFD VDG SUHUDVWD X
HNRORãNRJ PDVRYQRJ XELFX $NR QDVWDYLPR GD VH
GUåLPR RYRJ SUDYFD QH VDPR ãWR üHPR LVNRUHQLWL
YHOLNL SURFHQDW VYHXNXSQRJ åLYRJ VYHWD QD =HPOML
QHJR ELVPR WDNRÿH PRJOL LVFUSVWL WHPHOMH VDPH
QDãHFLYLOL]DFLMH³ 37
.RULãWHQMHPYMHãWDþNLKÿXEULYDLSHVWLFLGDX
SURL]YRGQML KUDQH ]DSRþHR MH L VYRMHYUVQL UDW
L]PHÿXOMXGVNHYUVWHLLQVHNDWDNRMLVHKUDQHLVWLP
SORGRYLPDSULURGH
8 åHOML GD RQHPRJXüL LQVHNWH GD PX
RGX]LPDMXKUDQXþRYMHNMHSRþHRNRULVWLWLVUHGVWYD
X ERUEL SURWLY ãWHWRþLQD 6D SRUDVWRP VWDQRYQLãWYD
NRMH MH ]DKWLMHYDOR YLãH KUDQH UD]YLMDOD VH
LQWHQ]LYQD SROMRSULYUHGD NRMD MH ]DKWLMHYDOD
XSRWUHEX RJURPQH NROLþLQH KHPLMVNLK YMHãWDþNLK
SHVWLFLGD NRML VX SRVWDOL YHOLND SULMHWQMD ]GUDYOMX
$OL EH] RE]LUD QD WR L X SROMRSULYUHGL üH VH
GHãDYDWLPQRJREURMQHSURPMHQH
6DYUHPHQD SROMRSULYUHGD üH QDSUDYLWL
YHOLNH SURPMHQH X LVWRULML ]DWR ãWR üH SURL]YRGLWL
YHüXNROLþLQXKUDQHLYODNQDX]DWYRUHQRPSURVWRUX
D SR ]QDWQR QLåLP FLMHQDPD X RGQRVX QD RQH RG
X]JDMDQMD ELOMDND QD SROMLPD 7LPH EL SUHOD] QD
SROMRSULYUHGX X ]DWYRUHQRP SURVWRUX GRYHR GR

37
- 1 +DUDUL  OHNFLMD ]D  YHN %HRJUDG Ä/DJXQD³
VWU
69
NUDMDSROMRSULYUHGQHHUH NRMDMHWUDMDODRGQHROLWVNH
UHYROXFLMH RG SULMH GHVHW KLOMDGD JRGLQD GR ]HOHQH
UHYROXFLMH GUXJH SRORYLQH GYDGHVHWRJ VWROMHüD
3ROMRSULYUHGD X ]DWYRUHQRP SURVWRUX EL GRYHOD GR
SRYHüDQMD YHOLNH NROLþLQH KUDQH VPDQMHQMD FLMHQD
ãWR EL ]D SRVOMHGLFX GRYHOR GR RVWDMDQMD EH] SRVOD
PLOLRQDSROMRSULYUHGQLKUDGQLNDXVYLMHWX%LRELWR
YHOLNLSUHRNUHWXVYMHWVNRMLVWRULML
8 GUHYQLPGUXãWYLPDVXNRULãWHQLRUJDQVNL
SHVWLFLGL NRML VX ]QDWQR VODELML RG RYLK GDQDãQMLK
YMHãWDþNLKSHVWLFLGDDNRMLVXXQLãWDYDOLRQHLQVHNWH
NRMLPD VX L ELOL QDPLMHQMHQL -Rã MH EROMD ]DãWLWD
SUHGVWDYOMDODXSRWUHEDÄELRORãNRJRUXåMD³RGQRVQR
VWYRUHQMD NRMD SUHGVWDYOMDMX SULURGQH XQLãWDYDWHOMH
ãWHWRþLQD
6PDWUD VH GD QDMUDQLMD XSRWUHED SHVWLFLGD
GDWLUD L] GUHYQH .LQH NRMD MH L ELOD QDMERJDWLMH
]HPOMRUDGQLþNRGUXãWYRWDGDãQMHJ VYLMHWD
8 ,,, YLMHNX  SULMH QDãH HUH X .LQL VX ELOL
QRPLQRYDQL SRVHEQL IXQNFLRQHUL NRML VX ELOL
]DGXåHQL GD SUDWH RGEUDQX RG ãWHWRþLQD %LOD VX
RWNULYHQD L SULURGQD VYRMVWYD ELOMDND L åLYRWLQMD
NRMD VX NRULãWHQD X ]DãWLWL RG ãWHWRþLQD 8 WRP
SRJOHGX MH L] SHULRGD GLQDVWLMH +DQ RVWDOD SR]QDWD
NQMLJDXNRMRMVXRSLVLYDQHPMHUHSUHGRVWURåQRVWLL
]DãWLWH XVMHYD RG VMHWYH GR åHWYH 'D EL VH
REH]ELMHGLOD]DãWLWDSHVWLFLGLVXSRVLSDQLSR]HPOML
SULMHVMHWYHNDNRELVHXQLãWLOLLQVHNWLLNRURY]DWLP
VXSRVLSDQLLSRXVMHYLPDNDNRELVHSWLFHRWMHUDOH
DLXSHULRGXUDVWDVXELOMNHELOHãSULFDQHNDNRELVH
RWMHUDOH åLYRWLQMH 3RåQMHYHQR L SULNXSOMHQR åLWR MH


-5LIINLQ%LRWHKQRORãNRVWROMHüHWUJRYLQDJHQLPDXRVYLW
YUORJ QRYRJ VYLMHWD =DJUHE Ä1DNODGD -HVHQVNL L 7XUN³
VWU
70
SRQRYRSUVNDQRSHVWLFLGLPDLWHNRQGDRGODJDQRX
VSUHPLãWD 7DNRÿH QD NURãQMH EUHVNYL VX
SRVWDYOMDQH ODPSH NRMH VX SULYODþLOH LQVHNWH D
]DWLP LK VSDOMLYDOL 8 NRUX VWDEDOD VX XEUL]JDYDQD
RWURYQD XOMD NRMD VX XQLãWDYDOD LQVHNWH X NXüDPD
VX NRULãWHQD OLãüD UXWYLFH SURWLY PROMDFD D
SDOMHQMHP ELOMQLK PMHãDYLQD VX WMHUDQL NRPDUFL
.LQH]L VX ]DEUDQMLYDOL XSRWUHEX åDED X OMXGVNRM
LVKUDQL]DWRãWRVXNRULãWHQHXXQLãWDYDQMXLQVHNDWD
7DNRÿH .LQH]L VXXERUELSURWLY LQVHNDWDNRULVWLOL
ERJRPROMNH $ NDR QDMSR]QDWLML L HNRQRPVNL
]QDþDMQRELRORãNRRUXåMHELRMHåXWLPUDYXELFD8
+VL+DQRYLP=DSLVLPDRELOMNDPDLGUYHüXMXåQLK
REODVWLL]JRGLQHQRYHHUHSLãHÄ0DQGDULQVND
QDUDQGåDMHYUVWDQDUDQGåHL]X]HWQRVODWNRJLOHSRJ
XNXVD/MXGLýLDRýLMDSURGDMXQDSLMDFDPDPUDYH
PHVRåGHUH XYUHüLFDPDRGNRVWUHWL*QH]GDVXLP
SRSXWVYLOH9UHüLFHVX]DNDþHQH]DJUDQþLFHLOLãüH
NRML VH SURGDMX ]DMHGQR VD PUDYOMLP JQH]GLPD
0UDYL VX FUYHQNDVWR-åXWH ERMH L YHüL VX RG RQLK
RELþQLK 2QL QH MHGX QDUDQGåH DOL QDSDGDMX L
XELMDMX LQVHNWH NRML LK MHGX 1D MXJX DNR GUYR
PDQGDULQVNH QDUDQGåH QHPD WX YUVWX PUDYD
SORGRYL üH PX ELWL RãWHüHQL PQRJLP ãWHWQLP
LQVHNWLPD L QLMHGDQ QHüH YDOMDWL³ ,] SHULRGD
SRVWRMDQMD5LPVNH,PSHULMHVXWDNRÿHSR]QDWHQHNH
PHWRGH VXSURVWDYOMDQMD ãWHWRþLQDPD 3OLQLMH MH 
JRGLQHSULMHQDãHHUH]DSLVDRRELþDM]DãWLWHVMHPHQD
RGLQVHNDWDWDNRãWRVHRQRSULMHVMHWYHSRWDSDORX
RSDVQH WHþQRVWL3R]QDWMHL RELþDM SDOMHQMDELMHORJ
OXND NDNR EL VH RWMHUDOH SWLFH L JXVMHQLFH NDR L
UDVSRUHÿLYDQMHRWURYQLKELOMDNDOLãüDLL]GDQDNDSR
DPEDULPD NDNR EL VH RWMHUDOL SDFRYL L LQVHNWL 8
WRPSRJOHGXMHNRULãWHQHILNDVDQSULURGQLLQVHNWLFLG

71
WDNR ãWR VH L]JQMHþHQR OLãüH þHPSUHVD PLMHãDOR VD
VMHPHQRP þLPH VH GRELMDOD KLGURFLMDQLþQD
NLVHOLQD 39
3HVWLFLGLVXRUJDQVNDLQHRUJDQVNDKHPLMVND
MHGLQMHQMD NDR L SURL]YRGL åLYLK RUJDQL]DPD NRML
VH NRULVWH X SROMRSULYUHGL L ãXPDUVWYX ]D
SUHYHQFLMX NRQWUROXLXQLãWDYDQMHX]URþQLNDELOMQLK
EROHVWL ãWHWRþLQD L NRURYD WH ]DãWLWX
SROMRSULYUHGQLK SURL]YRGD GUYHWD L SURL]YRGD RG
GUYHWD
7DNRÿH SHVWLFLGL VH NRULVWH X YHWHULQDUVWYX
]D ]DãWLWX åLYRWLQMD RG LQVHNDWD QDPHWQLND L
SDUD]LWDNDR LYHNWRUDX]URþQLNDEROHVWLåLYRWLQMD
.RULVWH VH L X PHGLFLQL L NRPXQDOQRM KLJLMHQL ]D
XQLãWDYDQMHYHNWRUDLX]URþQLNDEROHVWLOMXGL
1DXND NRMD SURXþDYD SHVWLFLGH VH QD]LYD
ILWRIDUPDFLMD
2YD QDXND QDP SRND]XMH GD SRVWRMH UD]QL
SHVWLFLGL3UHPDQDPMHQLWRPRJXELWLKHUELFLGL–
VUHGVWYD]DXQLãWDYDQMHNRURYDLQHåHOMHQLKELOMDND
zoocidi – VUHGVWYD NRQWUROH L VX]ELMDQMD ãWHWQLK
RUJDQL]DPD L] JUXSD animalia L PRJX ELWL
LQVHNWLFLGL NRML VH NRULVWH ]D XQLãWDYDQMH LQVHNDWD
akaricidi – VUHGVWYD ]D XQLãWDYDQMH JULQMD
QHPDWRFLGL– ]DXQLãWDYDQMHQHPDWRGDPROXVNRFLGL
(limacidi) – ]D XQLãWDYDQMH SXåHYD UHRGHQWLFLGL
PXULFLGL  – ]D XQLãWDYDQMH JORGDUD L avicidi –
VUHGVWYD ]D XQLãWDYDQMH SWLFD IXQJLFLGL – VUHGVWYD
]D XQLãWDYDQMH ILWRSDWRJHQLK JOMLYD EDNWHULFLGL –
VUHGVWYD ]D XQLãWDYDQMH ILWRSDWRJHQLK EDNWHULMD
DQWLELRWLFL – VX SURL]YRGL PHWDEROL]PD åLYLK
RUJDQL]DPD DOL L VLQWHWLþNH VXSVWDQFH NRML

39
3 'åHMPV 1 7RUS 'UHYQD RWNULüD %HRJUDG Ä1DURGQD
NQMLJD$OID³ VWU
72
XQLãWDYDMXPLNURRUJDQL]PHNRMLSURX]URNXMXELOMQH
EROHVWL UHSHOHQWL – VUHGVWYD RGELMDQMD LQVHNDWD
JULQMD SWLFD L JORGDUD atraktanti – VUHGVWYD
SULPDPOMLYDQMD LQVHNDWD JULQMD SWLFD L JORGDUD V
FLOMHP QMLKRYRJ VX]ELMDQMD KHPRVWHULOL]DQWL –
VUHGVWYD L]D]LYDQMD VWHULOLWHWD NRG ãWHWQLK
RUJDQL]DPD fiziotropi – VUHGVWYD XVSRUDYDQMD LOL
PRGLILNRYDQMDIL]LRORãNLKSURFHVDELOMDND 
1HNRQWUROLVDQR NRULãWHQMH SHVWLFLGD VWYDUD
YHOLNH ]GUDYVWYHQH L HNRORãNH SUREOHPH åLYRWQRM
VUHGLQL ELOMNDPD åLYRWLQMDPD PLNURRUJDQL]DPD L
OMXGLPD
2YLSUREOHPLVXSR]GUDYOMHQDURGD 7UHüHJ
VYLMHWD ]DLVWD XåDVQL MHU MH YHüLQD SHVWLFLGD NRML VH
NRULVWHXSROMRSULYUHGLXRGUHÿHQRMPMHULRWURYQDD
PQRJL RG QMLK VXLNDQFHURJHQLLOLVDWHUDWRJHQLP
LOLPXWDJHQLPHIHNWLPDÄ1DSULPHUSURFHQMXMHVH
GD þHWUGHVHW KLOMDGD OMXGL JRGLãQMH X 7UHüHP VYHWX
XPUH RG WURYDQMD SHVWLFLGLPD 'DOMH PLOLRQL EHED
XPUOLVXRGQHXKUDQMHQRVWLLOLRGEROHVWLL]D]YDQLK
UD]EODåHQRP LOL ]DJDÿHQRP KUDQRP ]D EHEH NRMX
JXUDMX PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH NRPSDQLMH XEHÿXMXüL
PDMNHGDSUHVWDQXVDGRMHQMHPX]REUD]ORåHQMHGD
MH KUDQD ]D RGRMþDG EROMD³ 8SRWUHED GHIROLMDQDWD
KHUELFLGD L SHVWLFLGD ]DJDÿXMX SULURGQX VUHGLQX L
ODQFH LVKUDQH WDNR GD SUHPD SRGDFLPD $PHULþNH
DJHQFLMH ]D KUDQX L GURJH RG -1 RVRED
JRGLãQMH XPUH D RG - GRELMX QHND
RãWHüHQMD RG WURYDQMD SHVWLFLGLPD PRVHEQX
SULMHWQMX SUHGVWDYOMD ''7 SHVWLFLG þLML VH RWURY
]DGUåDYD WUDMQR D þLMH MH SULPMHQD SRþHOD 
JRGLQH 3UHPD SURFMHQDPD VWUXþQMDND 6YMHWVNH


9-DQMLü60LWULü3HVWLFLGLXSROMRSULYUHGLLãXPDUVWYX
%DQMD/XNDÄ3ROMRSULYUHGQLIDNXOWHW³VWU7-
73
]GUDYVWYHQH RUJDQL]DFLMH SR SRYUãLQL ]HPOMH MH
UDVXWR SUHNR  WRQD ''7-D 1DXþQLFL
0HGLFLQVNH ãNROH X 0DMDPLMX XWYUGLOL VX YLVRN
VWHSHQ SRYH]DQRVWL L]PHÿX QLYRD ''7-D L
VPUWQRVWL XVOMHG UDND OHXNHPLMH L YLVRNRJ NUYQRJ
SULWLVND9HOLND]DEULQXWRVWVHL]UD]LODNDGDMHRYDM
SHVWLFLG UHJLVWURYDQ X PDMþLQRP POLMHNX WH VX
XVOMHG WRJD PQRJH ]HPOMH ]DEUDQLOH QMHJRYR
NRULãüHQMH 0HÿXWLP QHUD]YLMHQH ]HPOMH $]LMH L
$IULNHLGDOMHPDVRYQRNRULVWH RYDMSHVWLFLG 
.ROLNR VX ]DLVWD GHVWUXNWLYQH SRVOMHGLFH
QHNRQWUROLVDQH XSRWUHEH KHPLMVNLK VXSVWDQFL
GRYROMQR MH VDPR ]D SULPMHU X]HWL ERPEDUGRYDQMH
9LMHWQDPD RG VWUDQH 6MHGLQMHQLK $PHULþNLK
'UåDYD
8 SHULRGX RG - JRGLQH VX
$PHULNDQFL QD WHULWRULM 9LMHWQDPD EDFDOL L]X]HWQR
YHOLNH NROLþLQH NODVLþQRJ HNVSOR]LYD L QDSDOP
ERPEL SUHNR  PLOLRQD OLWDUD  PLOLRQD
NLORJUDPD  KHUELFLGD QD SRYUãLQL RG  PLOLRQD
KHNWDUD ãXPH L SROMRSULYUHGQLK XVMHYD 1D SORGQR
SROMRSULYUHGQR ]HPOMLãWH RG  PLOLRQD KHNWDUD MH
EDþHQR  PLOLRQD OLWDUD  PLOLRQD NLORJUDPD 
KHUELFLGD 7D HQRUPQR YHOLND NROLþLQD EDþHQLK
KHUELFLGD MH XQLãWLOD KUDQH ]D LVKUDQX 
RVRED 


0DUWLQ .RU *OREDOQD SULYUHGD L 7UHüL VYHW, X
*OREDOL]DFLMD – DUJXPHQWL SURWLY, 3ULU 'å 0DQGHU L (
*ROGVPLW %HRJUDGÄ&/,2³VWU6$+:RGND
3HVWLFLGHV 6FLHQFH 6LOHQW 6SULQJ, LQ 7KH (QYLURQPHQWDO
+DQG %RRN (G E\ * GH %HOO  Ä%DOODQWLQH %RRNV³ 1HZ
<RUNS

3 ĈXNLü 0 3DYORYVNL (NRORJLMD L GUXãWYR %HRJUDG
´(NRFHQWDU´VWU0*DOMDN2EUD]RYDQMHåLYRWQD
VUHGLQD L YDQUHGQH VLWXDFLMH, %HRJUDG Ä=DGXåELQD
74
2VLP WRJD KHPLMVNH VXVSWDQFH VX
NRQWDPLQLUDOH ]HPOMLãWH YRGX L YD]GXK L WLPH
XJUR]LOH ]GUDYOMH L åLYRW OMXGL ELOMDND L åLYRWLQMD
OVWDOH VX WUDMQH SRVOMHGLFH NRG UDÿDQMD GMHFH VD
GHIRUPLWHWLPDNDRLXSRYHüDQMXVWHULOLWHWD

$QGUHMHYLü³  VWU - 6 -DQNRYLü *HQHWVNL


PXWLUDQL SRUHGDN X *HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL SRUHGDN
RSDVQRVW RG *02 3ULUHGLR %UDQLPLU 1HãLü   ,]G
%HRJUDGÄ&DWHQDPXQGL³VWU
75
4.

235$9'$1-(
UPOTREBE
GENETSKI
MODIFIKOVANIH
ORGANIZAMA
„Ako QDMVLURPDãQLMLQHPDMXQRYDFDGD
NXSHKUDQX SRYHüDQDSURL]YRGQMD
LPGRLVWDQLãWDQHüH]QDþLWL8YRÿHQMH
QRYLKWHKQRORJLMDSULVDGDãQMRM
GLVWULEXFLMLUHVXUVDGRSULQRVLWüH
VYHYHüRMNRQFHQWUDFLMLPRüLLQRYFD
XUD]YLMHQLPLERJDWLP]HPOMDPD
VDVDVYLPPRJXüHMRã
QHJDWLYQLMLPSRVOMHGLFDPD]D
]HPOMHXUD]YRMXLVLURPDãWYRX
QMLPD7UDJLþQDSRVOMHGLFDVYHJD
üHELWLMRãYLãHSURL]YHGHQHKUDQH
XVYLMHWXLMRãYLãHJODGQLK³
äHOMNR.DOXÿHURYLü

.DGD MH X SLWDQMX SURL]YRGQMD KUDQH MDVQR


MH L VDVYLP UD]XPOMLYR ãWR VWUXþQMDFL VHEL
SRVWDYOMDMX þLWDY QL] SLWDQMD NRMD VH RGQRVH QD
SRYHüDQMH SULQRVD SROMRSULYUHGQH SURL]YRGQMH
KUDQH1DUDYQRLXXVORYLPDNOLPDWVNLKSURPMHQD
NDR L X QDVWRMDQMX GD VPDQMH QMLKRYH JXELWNH
HOLPLQLãX ãWHWRþLQH L SURL]YRGH NYDOLWHWQXL]GUDYX
KUDQX $OL GD OL MH ]D WDNYR QHãWR QHRSKRGQR
NRULãWHQMH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD X
SURL]YRGQML KUDQH" 'D OL XSRWUHED JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD L JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH ãWHWL SULURGQRM UDYQRWHåL
ELOMNDPDåLYRWLQMDPDLþRYMHNX"
6WDYRYL L JOHGLãWD R XSRWUHEL JHQHWVNL
PRGLIRNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD L JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQHKUDQHVXGLMDOHPWUDOQRVXSURWQL

79
.DGD MH X SLWDQMX RGQRV SUHPD PRGHUQRM
ELRWHKQRORJLML L XSRWUHEL JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
RUJDQL]DPD L SURL]YRGQML JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH
KUDQH QDXþQLFL VX VH VYUVWDOL X GYD VXSURVWDYOMHQD
SUDYFD
x RSWLPLVWD – NRML SUHPD JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLP RUJDQL]PLPD L
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQRM KUDQL LPDMX
SR]LWLYDQRGQRVL
x SHVLPLVWD – NRML ]DX]LPDMX
QHJDWLYDQVWDY
1HNL VPDWUDMX GD MH XSRWUHED JHQHWVNRJ
LQåHQMHULQJD SR]LWLYQD ,VWLþH VH GD üH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQD KUDQD RPRJXüLWL SUHKUDQX YHüHJ
EURMD OMXGL GD üH XPDQMLWL JODG MHU üH VH VWYRULWL
YUVWH NRMH EL LPDOH YHüH SULQRVH ,QVHNWL L SDUD]LWL
üH PDQMH QDSDGDWL L ODQDF LVKUDQH üH ELWL
NYDOLWHWQLML
3RERUQLFL XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
SURL]YRGD LVWLþX GD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH
RUJDQL]PHQHWUHEDRGEDFLYDWLYHüNRULVWLWLRQRãWR
MH GREUR 6 RE]LURP GD SRVWRML YHOLNL EURM OMXGL X
VYLMHWX L GD MH LK MH PQRJR NRML VX QHXKUDQMHQL
VPDWUD VH GD MH WR UD]ORJ YLãH ]ERJ NRMHJ WUHED
VWLPXOLVDWLSURL]YRGQMXWDNYLKSURL]YRGD
*HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL SURL]YRGL PRJX
ULMHãLWL SUREOHP JODGL X VYLMHWX VPDWUDR MH L
QHNDGDãQML SUHGVMHGQLN 6$' 'åRUGå %Xã *HRUJH
+ 9 %XVK  2Q MH  JRGLQH  UHNDR GD VH
SUREOHP JODGL X $IULFL PRåH ULMHãLWL XSRWUHERP
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH 6 RE]LURP GD VX
6$' QDMYHüL SURL]YRÿDþL JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
SURL]YRGDUD]XPOMLYMH%XãRYQHROLEHUDOQLVWDYMHU

80
SRGUD]XPLMHYD YHüL L]YR] WLK SURL]YRGD L] 6$' L
RVWYDUHQMHSURILWDL]DUDGH
=YDQLþDQ VWDY 2UJDQL]DFLMH ]D KUDQX L
SROMRSULYUHGX8MHGLQMHQLKQDURGD (FAO RGQRVLVH
QD LVWLFDQMH NRULVWL RG XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD 2YD RUJDQL]DFLMD WYUGL
GDMH]DKYDOMXMXüLXSRWUHELJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLK
RUJDQL]DPD SROMRSULYUHGQD SURL]YRGQMD SRYHüDOD
SURGXNWLYQRVWMHUVXVDGDELOMNHSRYHüDOHRWSRUQRVW
QD ãWHWRþLQH NDR L QD VYH YHüH YDULMDFLMH
YUHPHQVNLK SULOLND =D SULPMHU VH X]LPD Ä]ODWQL
SLULQDþ³NRMLMHSRYHüDRKUDQMLYRVWLQLYRYLWDPLQD
A 7DNRÿH LVWLþH VH L WR GD SREROMãDQD L SRYHüDQD
SURGXNWLYQRVW RG NRULãWHQMD L XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD PRåH RPRJXüLWL
SROMRSULYUHGQLFLPD GD X EXGXüQRVWL QH PRUDMX GD
REUDÿXMXQRYD]HPOMLãWDNRMDLPDMXGUXJXQDPMHQX
7DNRÿH ]ERJ QHRGUåLYLK QDþLQD QDYRGQMDYDQMD
YHOLNH SRYUãLQH QHXSRWUHEOMLYRJ ]HPOMLãWD X
]HPOMDPDXUD]YRMXPRJX ELWLVDVYLPXSRWUHEOMLYH
]DWR ãWR VH JHQHWVNRP PRGLILNDFLMRP PRJX
UD]YLMDWL L RQH YUVWH NRMH SRND]XMX WROHUDQFLMX QD
SULVXVWYR YHüH NROLþLQH VROL D WDNRÿH L QD
GHJUDGLUDQRP ]HPOMLãWX VH PRJX JDMLWL YUVWH NRMH
üHWR]HPOMLãWHREQRYLWL2VLPWRJDLVWLþHVHGDVH
JHQHWVNLWUHWLUDQRYRüHLSRYUüHPRåHGXåHþXYDWLX
VNODGLãWLPD KODGQMDþDPD L X WUDQVSRUWX 3D L
RUJDQVND PDWHULMD VH PRåH RGJDMDWL L NRULVWLWL ]D
GRELMDQMH HQHUJLMH .RQDþQR LVWLþH VH L WR GD VX
PRJXüD SREROMãDQMD ]GUDYOMD OMXGL ]DKYDOMXMXüL
XSRWUHEL JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD
1DLPH X]LPDQMHP W]Y ÄRWLVND SUVWLMX³ EROHVWL
ELOMDND L åLYRWLQMD QDXþQLFL SD SUHPD WRPH L
YHWHULQDULPRJXXWYUGLWLNRMHVXåLYRWLQMH]GUDYHD

81
NRMH EROHVQH %LOMNDPD VH PLMHQMD JHQHWVNL NRG
NDNR EL VH GRELOL RUJDQL]PL ]D SURL]YRGQMX
YDNFLQD SURWHLQD L UD]OLþLWLK IDUPDFHXWVNLK
SURL]YRGD =DKYDOMXMXüL PROHNXODUQRM ELRORJLML X
ELOMNDPD VH PRJX SURQDüL DOHUJHQL NRMH WUHED
XNORQLWL
*OHGLãWD NRMD RSUDYGDYDMX XSRWUHEX
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD LVWLþX GD EL
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL XVMHYL ]ERJ VPDQMHQMD
NRULãWHQMD SHVWLFLGD SRYHüDOL VLJXUQRVW L SURILW
IDUPHUD SRYHüDOL SULQRVH D VPDQMLOL FLMHQX KUDQH
ãWRELVLURPDãQLPDRPRJXüLORSUHåLYOMDYDQMH
8 WRP SRJOHGX FAO LVWLþH GD üH WUHEDWL
SURL]YHVWL  YLãH KUDQH GR  NDNR EL VH
RGUåDR UDVW VYMHWVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD $ NDNR üH
NOLPDWVNH SURPMHQH XþLQLWL ]QDWQR WHåLP WOR ]D
REUDGX JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL XVMHYL EL PRJOL
GRYHVWL GR YLãLK SULQRVD UDVWD L QD VXKRP
]HPOMLãWX L PRJOL EL RSVWDWL QD YLVRNLP L QLVNLP
WHPSHUDWXUDPDLELWLRWSRUQLQDLQVHNWHKHUELFLGHL
EROHVWL 
=D RQH NRML RSUDYGDYDMX XSRWUHEX JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLKSURL]YRGHJHQHWVNRLQåHQMHUVWYRMH
NRULVQRXVYRPXWLFDMXQDSULURGQXRNROLQX]DWRãWR
VH VPDQMXMH NROLþLQD XSRWUHEH SHVWLFLGD D RVLP
WRJD XSRWUHED JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD
PRåH GRYHVWL GR VPDQMHQMD L RGVWUDQMLYDQMD
KHPLNDOLMDLWHãNLK PHWDODL]SULURGHNDRLþLãüHQMD
RNROLQHUD]JUDGQMRPSODVWLþQLKVXSVWDQFL
2QL NRML LVWLþX SUHGQRVW XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLKRUJDQL]DPD]DSUDYRLVWLþXGDQHPD


KWSZZZHNRORJLMDUVJPR  

KWWSZZZ]QDQRVWEORJFRPJPR-]D-SURWLY  
82
GRND]D GD RQL GMHOXMX GHYDVWLUDMXüH QD SULURGQX
RNROLQX6PDWUDMXGDQMLKRYDXSRWUHED
x RPRJXüDYDEUåLUDVWGDMHEROMLXNXV
NYDOLWHWLYHüLNYDQWLWHW
x SREROMãDYD KUDQMLYRVW PDWHULMD
NROLþLQXYLWDPLQD QSUYLWDPLQDA X
Ä]ODWQRPSLULQþX³- ]ERJQHGRVWDWND
RYRJ YLWDPLQD X VYLMHWX JRGLãQMH
RVOLMHSL SUHNR SROD PLOLRQD GMHFH D
XPUHRNRPLOLRQRVRED LPLQHUDOD
L SREROMãDYD QHRSKRGQH QXWULWLYQH
YULMHGQRVWL
x SRYHüDYD L SREROMãDYD SURL]YRGHWH
SURGXNWLYQRVWSURL]YRGQMHLSULQRVD
x PRåH GDWL YLãH SORGRYD UDVWL SRG
QHXRELþDMHQLP NOLPDPD L ]D UDVW
]DKWLMHYDWL PDQMH YRGH WH PDQMH
JQRMLYDNDRLSHVWLFLGD
x SRYHüDYDQLYRDQWLRNVLGDQDWD
x SRYHüDYD RWSRUQRVW JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK ELOMDND L åLYRWLQMD
NRMH VX RWSRUQLMH QD KHUELFLGH
LQVHNWH ãWHWRþLQH SDUD]LWH EROHVWL
NDRLNOLPDWVNHXVORYH
x LPDGXåLURNWUDMDQMD
x ]DKWLMHYD PDQMH SHVWLFLGD X
SURL]YRGQMLMHUXELOMNDPDSURL]YRGL
VRSVWYHQH SHVWLFLGH NRMLPD VH
XQLãWDYDMX ELOMQL SDUD]LWL JOMLYLFH L
ãWHWRþLQHãWRMHHNRORãNL]QDþDMQRMHU
VH PDQMD NROLþLQD SHVWLFLGD ãLUL X
YD]GXKYRGXL]HPOMLãWH
x SRYHüDYD RWSRUQRVW SUHPD
LQVHNWLPD
83
x SUHGVWDYOMDUHYROXFLMXXLVKUDQL
x RPRJXüDYD RNR 20- VDVYLP
EUåXSURL]YRGQMXKUDQH
x VPDQMXMH WURãNRYH DJUREL]QLVD
SRYHüDYDMXüLSURILWXSROMRSULYUHGL
x GRSULQRVLVPDQMHQMXJODGLXVYLMHWX
x RPRJXüDYD SURL]YRGQMX MHIWLQLMLK
OLMHNRYD
x VPDQMXMH DOHUJLMH L GRSULQRVL
L]OMHþHQMXEROHVWL
,]UD]LWR SR]LWLYQH VWDYRYH R JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLP RUJDQL]PLPD ]DVWXSDMX L -
WUDQVQDFLRQDOQH NRUSRUDFLMH
1MLKRYL SUHGVWDYQLFL LVWLþX QHRSKRGQRVW
XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLP RUJDQL]PLPD V
RE]LURPQDGHPRJUDIVNHSUREOHPHYH]DQH]DYHOLNL
SRUDVWVWDQRYQLãWYD
ýRYMHþDQVWYR LPD SUHNR  PLOLMDUGL
VWDQRYQLND D RþHNXMH VH GD üH VH WDM EURM üH
XYHüDYDWLLGRPLOLMDUGL=DYHüLEURMVWDQRYQLND
3ODQHWHQHRSKRGQDMHLYHüDNROLþLQDKUDQHNDNREL
VH]DGRYROMLOHQMLKRYHDOLPHQWDUQHSRWUHEH8SUDYR
]DWR MH QHRSKRGQD VPDWUDMX þHOQLFL NRUSRUDFLMD
SURL]YRGQMD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH þLMD MH
SURL]YRGQMD ]QDWQR SURGXNWLYQLMD RG NODVLþQH
SURL]YRGQMH KUDQH 6PDWUDMX GD JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQL RUJDQL]PL QH ]DKWLMHYD YHüX
XSRWUHEX SHVWLFLGD GD MH YHüD RWSRUQRVW ELOMDND D
GD VH VPDQMXMH SRWUHED ]D GXEOMLP RUDQMHP WH VH
WDNR XPDQMXMH HUR]LMD WOD *HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL
RUJDQL]PLREQDYOMDMXGHYDVWLUDQR]HPOMLãWH
8 LVWLFDQMX SR]LWLYQRJ ]QDþDMD JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD VH SRUHG
PXOWLQDFLRQDOQLK NRUSRUDFLMD SRVHEQR
84
L]GYDMDMX L SRWNXSOMLYL NRUXPSLUDQL PHGLML
Ä3XWHP PDVRYQLK PHGLMD NRMH VX GREUR
SRWSODWLOL PXOWLQDFLRQDOQH ELRWHKQRORãNH
NRPSDQLMH NRMH XELUX QDMYHüX GRELW RG QMH
RGDVODOHVXYUORXYMHUOMLYXSRUXNXSUHPDNRMRMMH
ELRWHKQRORJLMD þXGR NRMH üH ULMHãLWL SUREOHP
JODGL X VYLMHWX VPDQMLWL XSRWUHEX SHVWLFLGD LOL
L]OLMHþLWLEROHVWLþRYMHþDQVWYD³ 
7DNR NDåX RQL NRML RSUDYGDYDMX XSRWUHEX
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD L JHQHWVNL
PRGRILNRYDQH KUDQH $OL QD GUXJRM VWUDQL VH
QDOD]H RQL NRML VQDåQR NULWLNXMX XSRWUHEX WLK
SURL]YRGD


$ 6WHSKDQV 3UHGJRYRU X - 0 6PLWK 6MHPH REPDQH
UD]RWNULYDQMH NRUSRUDFLMVNLK L YODGLQLK ODåL R VLJXUQRVWL
JHQHWVNL PRGLILFLUDQH KUDQH NRMX MHGHWH =DJUHE  VWU

85
5.

KRITIKA UPOTREBE
GENETSKI
MODIFIKOVANIH
ORGANIZAMA
Ä*LJDQWVNLVXSURL]YRÿDþLVMHPHQD
WROLNRORãHRVLJXUDOLVXVMHGQD
SROMDRGGROLMHWDQMDVYRMHJD
modifkovDQRJVMHPHQMD
QMHJRYRJXNRULMHQMDYDQMDL
XQDNUVQRJRSUDãLYDQMDGDX
PQRJLPGLMHORYLPDVYLMHWD
NRQ]XPLUDQMHKUDQH
NRMDQLMHJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYana
YLãHþDNQLMHQLWLPRJXüH–
FLMHODMH]DOLKDKUDQH
NRQWDPLQLUDQD´
1DRPL.OHLQ

3RUHG JOHGLãWD NRMD LVWLþX SR]LWLYQX VWUDQX


XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD
SRVWRMDLVDVYLPGUXJDþLMD– QHJDWLYQDJOHGLãWD
3UHPD 6YMHWVNRM ]GUDYVWYHQRM organizaFLML
(WHO) SRWHQFLMDOQL UL]LFL XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD ]D OMXGVNR ]GUDYOMH
RGQRVHVHQD
x GLUHNWDQ WRNVLþQL XWLFDM QD OMXGVNR
]GUDYOMH
x VSHFLILþQH NRPSRQHQWH NRML VDGUåH
QXWULFLRQRãNHLOLWRNVLþQHGLMHORYH
x WHQGHQFLMX L]D]LYDQMD DOHUJLMVNLK
UHDNFLMD
x VWDELOQRVWXPHWQXWRJJHQD
x QHåHOMHQHHIHNWH NRMLPRJXQDVWDWLL]
XPHWDQMDJHQD

89
x QXWULFLMDOQH HIHNWH SRYH]DQH VD
JHQHWVNRPL]PMHQRP
3URWLY XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
RUJDQL]DPD VX RQL NRML NULWLNXMX XSRWUHEX
KHPLMVNLKVUHGVWDYD
9HOLNH NRUSRUDFLMH NRMH VH EDYH
SURL]YRGQMRP JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD
NDR SUHGQRVW RYH YUVWH SURL]YRGQMH QDYRGH
RVWYDUHQMH YHüLK SULQRVD X] PDQML XWURãDN
KHPLMVNLK VUHGVWDYD =D SURL]YRÿDþH EL WR ]QDþLOR
RVWYDUHQMHYHüH]DUDGH0HÿXWLPQHNDLVWUDåLYDQMD
VX SRND]DOD GD VX SULQRVL PDQML L GD MH XSRWUHED
KHUELFLGD SURL]YHOD VXSHU-NRURYH NRML VX YHRPD
RWSRUQLQDKHUELFLGHL]DOMXGHRWURYQLD]DþLMHMH
XQLãWDYDQMH SRWUHEQD YHüD NROLþLQD KHUELFLGD
1DUDYQR YHüD XSRWUHED KHPLMVNLKVUHGVWDYDYLãHL
GHYDVWLUDSULURGQXRNROLQX
3RVHEDQSUREOHPXSRWUHEHKHUELFLGDRGQRVL
VH QD XJURåDYDQMH ELRGLYHU]LWHWD L HNRVLVWHPD
1DLPHJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLSURL]YRGLVHSUHQRVH
L SRPRüX YMHWUD WDNR GD NRQWDPLQLUDMX SURVWRUH
]DVDÿHQH SULURGQLP NXOWXUDPD L LVWUHEOMXMX
SULURGQRVMHPH
8 5LR GH äDQHLUX MH  JRGLQH RGUåDQD
NRQIHUHQFLMDRELRORãNRMUD]QRYUVQRVWL CBD &LOM
QMHQRJ RGUåDYDQMD VH RGQRVLR QD ]DãWLWX ELRORãNH
UD]QRYUVQRVWLRGQRVQRELRGLYHU]LWHWD
%LRGLYHU]LWHW LOL GUXJLP ULMHþLPD ELRORãND
UD]QRYUVQRVW SRND]XMH UD]QROLNH REOLNH åLYRWD QD
=HPOML JGMH SRVWRML YLãH RG  PLOLRQD SR]QDWLK
YUVWD L YHOLNL EURM QHNL VPDWUDMX L YLãH PLOLRQD 
QHSR]QDWLK YUVWD 9HOLND XJURåHQRVW ELGLYHU]LWHWD
PRåH GRVYHVWL GR GHJUDGDFLMH L NRQWDPLQDFLMH

90
HNRVLVWHPD D ]DWLP L GR PDVRYQRJ XPLUDQMD
VWDQRYQLãWYD
9HOLNL SUREOHP V NRMLP VH þRYMHþDQVWYR
VXRþDYD RGQRVL VH QD SULMHWQMH SR ELRORãNX
UD]QRYUVQRVW RGQRVQR ELRGLYHU]LWHW ,DNR MH X
GRVDGDãQMRMJHRORãNRMLVWRULMLELORGRVWDLVWUHEOMHQMD
ELOMDND L åLYRWLQMD LSDN VDGD WR þLQH OMXGL Ä6WRSD
L]XPLUDQMD KLOMDGX SXWD MH YLãD RG QRUPDOQH L MRã
UDVWH 0L XQLãWDYDPR NQMLJX åLYRWD SUH QHJR ãWR
VPR MH SURþLWDOL 3RVWRML YHURYDWQR YLãH RG 
PLOLRQD YUVWD RG NRMLK YHüLQD QLMH þDN QL
]DEHOHåHQD – XJODYQRP VX WR LQVHNWL ELOMNH L
EDNWHULMH³ 
8JURåDYDQMHJXELWDNLGRYRÿHQMHXSLWDQMH
ELRGLYHU]LWHWD, QDVWDOR MH XSUDYR ]ERJ UD]QLK
OMXGVNLK SURL]YRGQLK GMHODWQRVWL NRMD VX SRWSXQR
PLMHQMDOD L XQLãWDYDOD HNR-VWDQLãWD XQLãWDYDMXüL
PLNURRUJDQL]PHELOMQLLåLYRWLQMVNLVYLMHW
1HVWDOD VX YHOLND SRGUXþMD ãXPD UD]RUHQL
VXPQRJLHNRVLVWHPLLQHVWDRMHL]X]HWQRYHOLNLEURM
ELOMQLK L åLYRWLQMVNLK YUVWD .DNR LVWLþH 9DQGDQD
âLYD V RE]LURPD GD ÄåLYRWQL UHVXUVL L SURFHVL
SRVWDMXQRYHVLURYLQHDYLWDOQLUHVXUVLSRSXWKUDQH
L YRGH VUHGVWYD NRPHUFLMDOQRJ SURILWD³ VYH VH WR
RGYLMD ÄQD ãWHWX UD]QROLNRVWL YLWDOQRVWL L
REQRYOMLYRVWL åLYRWD QD SODQHWL³ 8SUDYR QD WDM
QDþLQVHGLYHU]LWHWÄ]DPHQMXMHPRQRNXOWXUDPD³D
„HNRORãND PUHåD åLYRWD QMHJRYLP LQåHQMHULQJRP³


5L]LFL JOREDOQLK NDWDVWURID 3ULU 1 %RVWURP 0 0
ûLUNRYLü 6PHGHUHYRÄ+HOLNV³VWUYLL
91
D VWYDUQD „QHSURFHQMLYRVW åLYRWD QMHJRYRP
PHUNDQWLOL]DFLMRP³ 
*RYRUHüL R SRãDVWL VDYUHPHQH QHROLEHUDOQH
PHUNDQWLOL]DFLMHSRFMHORNXSQLåLYRWLQMHQRPÄUDWX
SURWLY=HPOMH³LäLYRWDQD3ODQHWL9DQGDQDâLYDMH
SULOLNRP GRGMHOH 6LGQHM QDJUDGH ]D PLU X VYRP
]DQLPOMLYRP JRYRUX SRG QD]LYRP 7LPH WR (QG
:DU $JDLQVW (DUWK UHNOD Ä$NR MH WUJRYLQD
]DSRþHOD V SRWNRSDYDQMHP RGUåLYRVWL åLYRWD WDG
WUJRYLQD PRUD SUHVWDWL -HU åLYRW VH PRUD QDVWDYLWL
9ULMHPH MH GD ]DXVWDYLPR UDW SURWLY =HPOMH .DGD
PLVOLPR R UDWRYLPD GDQDãQMLFH QDãH PLVOL NUHüX VH
X SUDYFX ,UDND L $IJDQLVWDQD 1R QDMYHüL UDW
GDQDãQMHJ YUHPHQD MH UDW SURWLY SODQHWH .RULMHQL
WRJD UDWD QDOD]H VH X HNRQRPLML NRMD QH SRãWXMH
HNRORãND L PRUDOQD RJUDQLþHQMD – RJUDQLþHQMD X
QHMHGQDNRVWL QHSUDYGL SRKOHSL WH RJUDQLþHQMD X
HNRQRPVNRM NRQFHQWUDFLML âDþLFH NRUSRUDFLMD L
PRüQLK ]HPDOMD QDVWRMH NRQWUROLUDWL ]HPDOMVNH
UHVXUVH SUHWYDUDMXüL SODQHW X YHOHWUJRYDþNL FHQWDU X
NRMHPX MH VYH QD SURGDMX 2QL åHOH SURGDYDWL QDãH
YRGH JHQH VWDQLFH RUJDQH ]QDQMH NXOWXUX L
EXGXüQRVW 5DWRYL NRML VH YRGH X $IJDQLVWDQX
,UDNX L GUXJGMH QLVX VDPR CNUYRSUROLüD ]ERJ QDIWHC
.DNR VH EXGX UD]YLMDOL VKYDWLW üHPR GD VH UDGL R
NUYRSUROLüLPD ]D KUDQX JHQH L ELRORãNX
UD]QROLNRVW WH YRGX 'D VH UDGL R UDWQLþNRP
DJUHVRUVNRP PHQWDOLWHWX NDR SRGOR]L YRMQR-
LQGXVWULMVNH SROMRSULYUHGH YLGOMLYR MH L] LPHQD
KHUELFLGD WYUWNH 0RQVDQWR – C5RXQG-8SC
C0DFKHWHC C/DVVRC $PHULFDQ +RPH 3URGXFWV


9 âLYD 6YHW QD LYLFL X Na ivici – äLYHWL VD JOREDOQLP
NDSLWDOL]PRP 3ULUHGLOL9LO+DWRQL(QWRQL*LGHQV %HRJUDG
Ä3ODWR³VWU
92
WYUWND NRMD VH XGUXåLOD V 0RQVDQWRP WDNRÿHU
KHUELFLGH QD]LYD VOLþQLP DJUHVLYQLP LPHQLPD
XNOMXþXMXüL C3HQWDJRQC L C6TXDGURQC 7R MH MH]LN
UDWD 'RN VH RGUåLYRVW WHPHOML LVNOMXþLYR QD PLUX VD
=HPOMRP 5DW SURWLY =HPOMH ]DSRþLQMH X XPX
1DVLOQH PLVOL SUHWYDUDMX VH X QDVLOQD GMHOD 1DVLOQH
NDWHJRULMH SURL]YRGH DODWH QDVLOMD , QLJGMH WR QLMH
WDNR RåLYRWYRUHQR NDR X PHWDIRUDPD L PHWRGDPD
QD NRMLPD VH WHPHOML LQGXVWULMVND SROMRSULYUHGQD L
SUHKUDPEHQD SURL]YRGQMD 7YRUQLFH NRMH VX
SURL]YRGLOH RWURYH L HNVSOR]LYH ]D XELMDQMH OMXGL X
UDWX SUHWYRUHQH VX X WYRUQLFH ]D SROMRSULYUHGQR-
NHPLMVNX SURL]YRGQMX QDNRQ UDWD *RGLQD 
SUREXGLOD PH X YH]L þLQMHQLFH GD MH QHãWR XåDVQR
SRJUHãQR X QDþLQX SURL]YRGQMH KUDQH .UR] QDVLOMH
VSUDP SULURGH X 3XQMDEX L NDWDVWURIH X %KRSDOX
SROMRSULYUHGD MH L]JOHGDOD SRSXW UDWD 7DGD VDP
QDSLVDOD C1DVLOMH ]HOHQH UHYROXFLMHC L WR MH UD]ORJ
]DãWR VDP SRNUHQXOD 1DYGDQ\D-X SRNUHW ]D
SROMRSULYUHGX EH] RWURYD L WRNVLQD 3HVWLFLGL
NRULãWHQL NDR NHPLNDOLMH X UDWX QLVX SRJRGQL ]D
NRQWUROX ãWHWQLK QDPHWQLND *HQHWLþNL LQåHQMHULQJ
MH WUHEDR SUXåLWL DOWHUQDWLYX RWURYQLP
NHPLNDOLMDPD 8PMHVWR WRJD SRYHüDQD MH XSRWUHED
SHVWLFLGD L KHUELFLGD ãWR MH SRWDNQXOR UDW SURWLY
VHOMDND 9LVRNH FLMHQH KUDQH L YLVRNH FLMHQH
NHPLNDOLMD XKYDWLOH VX SROMRSULYUHGQLNH X GXåQLþNX
]DPNX – D GXJ LK MH VWMHUDR GR VDPRXERMVWYD
3UHPD VOXåEHQLP SRGDFLPD YLãH RG 
LQGLMVNLK VHOMDND MH SRþLQLOR VDPRXERMVWYR X ,QGLML
RG  äLYRW X PLUX VD =HPOMRP XYLMHN MH
PRUDOQL L HNRORãNL LPSHUDWLY 1R VDGD MH WR SRVWDR
LPSHUDWLY RSVWDQND QDãH YUVWH 1DVLOMH QDG WORP
QDG ELRORãNRP UD]QROLNRãüX QDG YRGRP QDG

93
DWPRVIHURP QDG IDUPDPD L IDUPHULPD YUãL
UDWRERUQL SUHKUDPEHQL VXVWDY NRML QLMH X VWDQMX
QDKUDQLWL QDURG -HGQD PLOLMDUGD OMXGL JODGXMH
'YLMH PLOLMDUGH SDWH RG EROHVWL SRYH]DQLK V KUDQRP
– SUHWLORVW GLMDEHWHV KLSHUWHQ]LMD L NDUFLQRP
3RVWRMH WUL UD]LQH QDVLOMD XNOMXþHQH X QHRGUåLYL
UD]YRM 3UYD MH QDVLOMH QDG =HPOMRP ãWR VH
RGUDåDYD X REOLNX HNRORãNH NUL]H 'UXJD MH QDVLOMH
SURWLY OMXGL ãWR VH RGUDåDYD X REOLNX VLURPDãWYD
ELMHGH L UDVHOMDYDQMD 7UHüD MH QDVLOMH UDWD L VXNRED
NDR L VQDåDQ KDSDþNL SRULY ]D VUHGVWYLPD X SRVMHGX
GUXJLK ]DMHGQLFD L ]HPDOMD D X VYUKX XGRYROMDYDQMD
VYRMLP QHRJUDQLþHQLP DSHWLWLPD .DGD MH VYDNL
DVSHNW åLYRWD NRPHUFLMDOL]LUDQ åLYRW SRVWDMH
VNXSOML D OMXGL VLURPDãQLML þDN L DNR ]DUDÿXMX YLãH
RG GRODUD GQHYQR 6 GUXJH VWUDQH OMXGL PRJX
SULKRGLWL X PDWHULMDOQRP VPLVOX þDN L X
JRVSRGDUVWYX EH] QRYFD LPDMX OL SULVWXS REUDGLYRM
]HPOML SRVMHGXMX OL SORGQD WOD L þLVWH ULMHNH QMHJXMX
OL VYRMH ERJDWH NXOWXUH WH EXGX OL QRVLWHOML WUDGLFLMH
X SURL]YRGQML SUHNUDVQLK GRPRYD RGMHüH L XNXVQH
KUDQH WH XNROLNR MH SULVXWQD VRFLMDOQD NRKH]LMD
VROLGDUQRVW L GXK ]DMHGQLFH 3RGL]DQMH GRPHQH
WUåLãWD WH QRYFD NDR OMXGVNH WYRUHYLQH – NDSLWDOD
QD QDMYLãX SR]LFLMX SR SLWDQMX SULQFLSD RUJDQL]DFLMH
GUXãWDYD QD SODQHWL RGQRVQR NDR MHGLQX PMHUX
QDãHJ EODJRVWDQMD GRYHOD MH GR SRWNRSDYDQMD
SURFHVD NRML RGUåDYDMX L SRGUåDYDMX åLYRW X SULURGL
L GUXãWYX âWR VPR ILQDQFLMVNL ERJDWLML WR VPR
HNRORãNL L NXOWXUQR VLURPDãQLML 3RUDVW ERJDWVWYD
PMHUHQ X QRYFX GRYHR MH GR UDVWD VLURPDãWYD QD
PDWHULMDOQRM NXOWXUQRM HNRORãNRM L GXKRYQRM
UD]LQL 6WYDUQD YDOXWD åLYRWD MH åLYRW VDP SR VHEL
SD NDSLWDOLVWLþNRP SRJOHGX QD VWYDUL SRVWDYOMDP

94
VOLMHGHüD SLWDQMD NDNR PL VHEH YLGLPR X RYRP
VYLMHWX" ýHPX VOXåH OMXGL" -HVPR OL VDPR
SURL]YRÿDþL QRYFD L L]UDEOMLYDþL SULURGQLK UHVXUVD"
,OL PRåGD LPDPR YLãL FLOM EROML NUDM" 9MHUXMHP GD
QDP SRMDP C]HPDOMVNH GHPRNUDFLMHC RPRJXüXMH
VWYDUDQMH YL]LMH R åLYLP GHPRNUDFLMDPD NRMH VH
WHPHOMH QD XQXWUDãQMLP YULMHGQRVWLPD VYLK YUVWD
VYLK QDURGD VYLK NXOWXUD – NDR MHGQRVWDYQH L
UDYQRSUDYQH SRGMHOH YLWDOQLK UHVXUVD =HPOMH NDR L
GLMHOMHQMH RGOXNH R NRULãWHQMX LVWLK =HPDOMVND
GHPRNUDFLMD ãWLWL HNRORãNH SURFHVH NRML RGUåDYDMX
åLYRW L WHPHOMQD OMXGVND SUDYD PHÿX NRMLPD RVQRYX
þLQH SUDYR QD åLYRW XNOMXþXMXüL L SUDYR QD YRGX
KUDQX ]GUDYOMH REUD]RYDQMH UDGQR PMHVWR L
HJ]LVWHQFLMX 0L VH PRUDPR RGOXþLWL +RüHPR OL
SRãWLYDWL ]DNRQH WUåLãWD L NRUSRUDFLMVNH SRKOHSH LOL
*DLD ]DNRQH ]D RGUåDYDQMH HNRVXVWDYD =HPOMH L
UD]QRYUVQRVW QMHJRYD ELüD" /MXGVNH SRWUHEH ]D
KUDQRP L YRGRP PRJX ELWL LVSXQMHQH VDPR DNR MH
SULURGQD VSRVREQRVW SUXåDQMD KUDQH L YRGH
]DãWLüHQD 0UWYD WOD L PUWYH ULMHNH QH PRJX GDWL
KUDQX L YRGX 6WRJD EUDQHüL SUDYD 0DMNH =HPOMH
PL YRGLPR QDMYDåQLMX ELWNX ]D OMXGVND SUDYD L
VRFLMDOQX SUDYGX 7R MH QDMãLUL PLURYQL SRNUHW
QDãHJ YUHPHQD³ 
1DXþQLFL VX L GRVDGD LVWLFDOL QHJDWLYQD
VYRMVWYD QHNLK SUHKUDPEHQLK SURL]YRGD *RYRULOL
VX L R KUDQL NDR NRQWDPLQDQWX NRML DSVROXWQR
XJURåDYD ]GUDYOMH OMXGL L NRML SUHGVWDYOMD ÄWLKRJ
XELFX³þRYMHþDQVWYD
'DQDVVHVYHYLãHLVWLþHGDMHKUDQDÄRUXåMH
SURWLY þRYMHþDQVWYD³ L GD MH WR „YUOR SRGPXNDR L


KWWSZZZSFQHQFRPSRUWDOXWRSLMD-LOL-
LPSHUDWLY-GU-YDQGDQD-VKLYD  
95
WLKL UDW YUOR GREUR NDPXIOLUDQ³ VD VWUDãQLP
SRVOMHGLFDPD$QDOL]D YLãHRGYUVWDUD]OLþLWH
KUDQHYLWDPLQDåLWDULFDGRãODMHGR]DEULQMDYDMXüLK
UH]XOWDWD 0DMN $GDPV 0LNH $GDPV  MH REMDYLR
]DVWUDãXMXMXüL ]DNOMXþDN „+UDQD MH GDQDV
RVPLãOMHQDWDNRGDXELMD 1DWHPHOMXRQRJDãWRVDP
YLGLR DWRPVNRP VSHNWURVNRSLMRP L DQDOL]RP VYLK
PDWHULMD NRMH OMXGL NRQ]XPLUDMX QD GQHYQRM ED]L
PRUDPUHüLGDMHVWDQMH]DLVWDDODUPDQWQR³$GDPV
LVWLþHGDMHÄGRND]DRNDNRMHKUDQDGDQDVQDPMHUQR
RVPLãOMHQD QH GD EL þRYMHN SRPRüX QMH SUHåLYLR
YHü XSUDYRVXSURWQRGDVHãWRSULMHXVPUWL³+UDQD
L]D]LYD VPUW SVLKLþNH EROHVWL GHPHQFLMX
GHSUHVLMX VWUHV  QHSORGQRVW RãWHüHQMD SRMHGLQLK
RUJDQD JXELWDN VSRVREQRVWL þRYMHND GD UD]PLãOMD
UDFLRQDOQR L]D]LYD VPHWHQRVW QHGRVWDWDN
NRQFHQWUDFLMH WH ]DERUDYOMDQMH 7DNRÿH NDR
SRVOMHGLFH XSRWUHEH RYH KUDQH QDYRGL L NRåQH
EROHVWL WXPRUH PRåGDQH XGDUH Ä,PD PQRJR YLãH
QHJR ãWR VX DQDOL]H SRND]DOH RG NRQWDPLQDFLMH
KUDQH WHãNLP PHWDOLPD NRMH OMXGL VYDNRGQHYQR
NRQ]XPLUDMX D NRMH VDPH SR VHEL YRGH X JURE
2YGMH VH UDGL R SRWSXQR QDPMHUQRM IRUPXODFLML
WRNVLþQLK RWURYD X SURL]YRGLPD NRML VH PDVRYQR
NRULVWH X FLMHORP VYLMHWX³ LVWLþH $GDPV 5H]XOWDWL
NRML VH YLGH VX „PDVRYQR OXGLOR L UHWDUGDFLMD
SRUDVW NULPLQDOLWHWD NRODSV PDVRYQH UDGQH VQDJH
NRODSV GHPRNUDWLMD NRMH QH PRJX ]DåLYMHWL ]ERJ
NRJQLWLYQHUHWDUGDFLMHPDVDNRMHLPDMXSUDYRJODVD
SRUDVW ]DWYRUVNH SRSXODFLMH DOL L SRWSXQL NRODSV
VSRVREQRVWL VYHRSãWH MDYQRVWL NRMD QH PRåH GD
VKYDWL QL RVQRYQHLQIRUPDFLMHNRMHLPVH VHUYLUDMX
XPHMQVWULPPHGLMLPD³ .DRGXJRURþQHSRVOMHGLFH
WURYDQMD RYRP  KUDQRP $GDPV QDYRGL ÄSRWSXQX

96
SURSDVW PRGHUQH OMXGVNH FLYLOL]DFLMH L WR L] YLãH
UD]ORJD HNRQRPVNH QHRGUåLYRVWL HNRORãNRJ
XQLãWHQMD PDVRYQH GHSRSXODFLMH JHQRFLGD 
VWDQRYQLãWYD DOL L SROLWLþNRJ QDVLOMD NRMH MH VYH
þHãüH³ , GUXJD LVWUDåLYDQMD VX SRND]DOD GD MH
YHüLQDKUDQHNRMRPVHGDQDVOMXGLKUDQHD NRMDVH
SURGDMH X PDVRYQLP NROLþLQDPD - RWURYQD 2VLP
WRJD RYD YUVWD KUDQH L]D]LYD L RGUHÿHQH QDYLNH
XELMD L PLMHQMD PRåGDQH VWDQLFH D WR MH
VPUWRQRVQLMH RG UDWD JODGL L JHQRFLGD 2QR ãWR
]DEULQMDYD MHVWH L WR GD MH VYLMHVW R KUDQL X
]DSDGQRP VYLMHWX GUDVWLþQR VPDQMHQD D XSRWUHED
YHOLNLK NROLþLQD SHVWLFLGD YMHãWDþNLK ERMD
NRQ]HUYDQVD WHãNLK PHWDOD L GUXJLK WRNVLþQLK
VXSVWDQFL XKUDQLL]X]HWQRPQRJRSRUDVOD /MXGLVX
VYH YLãH ]DYLVQL R SUHUDÿHQRM L ]DWURYDQRM KUDQL
NRMD LK XELMD 8 WRP VPLVOX 9LOLMDP 'HMYLV
:LOOLDP 'DYLV  LVWLþH GD MH MHGQD RG
QDMSRSXODUQLMLK åLWDULFD VYLMHWD SãHQLFD NRMD VH
QDOD]L X JRWRYR VYRM KUDQL - „VDYUãHQL KURQLþQL
RWURY³ 7YUGL GD MH ³QHYMHURYDWQR GD WDNDY RWURY
VWYRUHQXODERUDWRULMLPRåHELWLSRQXÿHQOMXGLPD]D
KUDQXLXKUDQL³ 
3RVHEDQ SUREOHP YH]DQ ]D QH VDPR
XSRWUHEXJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLKRUJDQL]DPDQHJR
L ]D GUXJH SUREOHPH X NRMLPD SURILW LPD
GRPLQDQWQX XORJX XSUDYR VH RGQRVL QD HWLþNL
QDXþQL DVSHNW 9HOLNL EURM RQLK NRML VH EDYH
QDXþQLP UDGRP X GRPHQX ELRWHKQRORJLMH QH
LQWHUHVXMX HWLþND SLWDQMD R UL]LFLPD L SRVOMHGLFDPD
UD]YRMDLNRPHUFLMDOQHSULPMHQHQDXNH


KWWSELJSRUWDOEDDPHULFNL-QDXFQLFL-KUDQD-MH-
GDQDV-RUX]MH-SURWLY-FRYMHFDQVWYD  
97
,]YMHãWDML R IUDQFXVNRP NUYQRP VNDQGDOX
NORQLUDQMX þRYMHND SUHVDÿLYDQMX RUJDQD NUDYOMHP
OXGLOX XSRWUHEL JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
RUJDQL]DPD ]DUD]L +,9-RP NRMD VH UDãLULOD
WUDQVIX]LMRP ]DUDåHQH NUYL HSLGHPLMD .URMFIHOG-
-DNRERYH EROHVWL NRMD MH QDVWDOD NDR SRVOMHGLFD
NRQ]XPLUDQMD JRYHGLQH L] 9HOLNH %ULWDQLMH
]DUDåHQH X]URþQLNRP NUDYOMHJ OXGLOD %6( 
WURYDQMD L GRåLYRWQD REROMHQMD SURX]URNRYDQD ,-
WULSWRIDQRP NRML MH SURL]YHGHQ X] SRPRü
UHNRPELQDQWQLKEDNWHULMDGR]YRODWUJRYLQHPOLMHND
NRMH MH SURL]YHGHQR UHNRPELQRYDQLP JRYHÿLP
KRUPRQRP UDVWD – XND]DOD VX QD HWLþNL SUREOHP
QDXNH NRMD VOXåL QHQDXþQLP HNRQRPVNLP L
SROLWLþNLPLQWHUHVLPD 
2NR  QDXþQLND UDGL ]D LQWHUHV
NDSLWDODãWRMHSRVHEDQHWLþNLSUREOHP7DNRMHQD
SULPMHU DPHULþND DGPLQLVWUDFLMD SUHGVMHGQLND
5RQDOGD 5HJDQD 5RQDOG5HDJDQ L 'åRUGåD%XãD
VWDULMHJ  LVWLFDOD ÄQHSRVWRMDQMH SRWSXQH QDXþQH
VLJXUQRVWL³ GD HPLVLMD JDVRYD GRYRGL GR VWYDUDQMD
ÄNLVHOLKNLãD³NRMHPDVRYQRUD]DUDMXMH]HUDLãXPH
.DQDGH L 6MHYHUQH (YURSH 7DNRÿH  JRGLQH
'åRUGå%XãL]QLRVWDYRÄHNYLYDOHQWQRVWL³þLPHMH
L]MHGQDþLR NRULãWHQMH L XSRWUHEX JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD VD WUDGLFLRQDOQLP
NXOWXUDPD
1DXþQLFLXSR]RUDYDMXGDMHOMXGVNR]GUDYOMH
XJURåHQR NDNR LQGXVWULMDOL]DFLMRP L KHPL]DFLMRP
SROMRSULYUHGH WDNR L JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLP
RUJDQL]PLPD


0 -RãW 7 .RNV 7HKQRORJLMD VDPRXQLãWHQMD NDNYH VX
SRVOHGLFH SURL]YRGQMH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH"
%HRJUDGÄ0HWDSK\VLFD³VWU
98
=ERJ YHOLNRJ EURMD VWDQRYQLND QD QDãRM
SODQHWLQHRSKRGQDMHLYHOLNDNROLþLQDKUDQHDRQD
VH REH]EMHÿXMH NUR] SURFHV iQGXVWULMDOL]DFLMH L
KHPL]DFLMH SROMRSULYUHGH NRMD ]D VYRMX SRVOMHGLFX
LPDYHOLNR]DJDÿHQMHSULURGQHRNROLQHNRMHGRYRGL
X SLWDQMH ]GUDYOMH L åLYRW OMXGL L RSVWDQDN þRYMHND
,QGXVWULMVND SURL]YRGQMD KUDQH ]DVQLYD VH QD
YHOLNRM XSRWUHEL SHVWLFLGD DGLWLYD NRQ]HUYDQVD
YMHãWDþNLKãHüHUD0HGLFLQVNLVWUXþQMDFLLVWLþXGDMH
WR YHOLNL SUREOHP NRML QDUXãDYD ]GUDYOMH D X
RGUHÿHQLPVOXþDMHYLPDLL]D]LYDVPUW
1HVDPRVWDULMLQHJRLPODGLVXVYHPDQMH
RWSRUQL ]DKYDOMXMXüLVYH YHüHP]DJDÿHQMXSULURGH
EU]RM L JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQRM KUDQL VHGDWLYQRP
QDþLQXåLYRWDELRWHKQRORãNLPPDQLSXODFLMDPD1D
GHVHWLQH KLOMDGD QRYLK WUDQVJHQLþNLK YLUXVD
EDNWHULMDELOMDNDLåLYRWLQMDELPRJORELWLUDãLUHQRX
HNRVLVWHPH ãWR EL  PRJOR GRYHVWL GR NDNR 5LINLQ
-HUHP\ 5LIINLQ  NDåH ÄJHQHWVNRJ RQHþLãüHQMD
ãLURPVYLMHWD³DWLPHLGRSRJRUãDQMD]GUDYOMDOMXGL
L åLYRWLQMD Ä8 JRGLQDPD NRMH VX SUHG QDPD
DJURNHPLMVNH L ELRWHKQRORãNH NRPSDQLMH SODQLUDMX
X NRQYHQFLRQDOQH SUHKUDPEHQH NXOWXUH L åLYRWLQMH
XQLMHWLVWRWLQHþDNLWLVXüHJHQDL]EDNWHULMDYLUXVD
JOMLYLFDLQHMHVWLYLKELOMDNDLåLYRWLQMD– XNOMXþXMXüL
OMXGVND ELüD – WH VWYRULWL YUOR UHDOQX PRJXüQRVW
L]D]LYDQMD DOHUJHQVNLK UHDNFLMD R NRMLPD VH PDOR
]QD L NRMH QH ]QDPR OLMHþLWL 1HNH RG WLK DOHUJLMD
PRJOHELELWLR]ELOMQHLþDNRSDVQHSRåLYRW³ 
,]YRUL ]DJDÿHQMD PDWHULMD NRMH þRYMHN
NRULVWL X LVKUDQL PRJX ELWL ELRORãNRJ L KHPLMVNRJ


-5LIINLQ%LRWHKQRORãNRVWROMHüHWUJRYLQDJHQLPDXRVYLW
YUORJ QRYRJ VYLMHWD =DJUHE Ä1DNODGD -HVHQVNL L 7XUN³
VWU
99
NDUDNWHUD L RGQRVH VH QD PLNURRUJDQL]PH
JOMLYLFH SDUD]LWH PHKDQLþNX NRQWDPLQDFLMX
GRGDWNH]DERMHQMHLOLNRQ]HUYLVDQMHKUDQHDGLWLYH
HPXOJDWRUHUDGLRDNWLYQHPDWHULMHLWG
3RVOMHGLFH XSRWUHEH QHLVSUDYQH KUDQH VH
RGQRVH QD XJURåDYDQMH ]GUDYOMD OMXGL 3DWRJHQH
EDNWHULMH SURX]URNXMX WURYDQMD L ]DUD]QH EROHVWL
3RGDFL L ODERUDWRULMVNL QDOD]L L]  JRGLQH X
6UELMLVXSRND]DOLGDVHPLNURELRORãNDQHLVSUDYQRVW
RGQRVLODQDPOLMHNRLPOLMHþQHSURL]YRGH  
PHVR   YRüH L SURL]YRGH RG YRüD
  'DNOH NDR ãWR VH YLGL NRQWDPLQLUDQRVW
KUDQHMHYHRPDYLVRNDL]DWRMHRQDYHRPDRSDVQD
]D]GUDYOMHOMXGL
6D YRüHP L SRYUüHP NDR L UD]QLP
QDPLUQLFDPD OMXGL NRQ]XPLUDMX L UD]QH GRGDWNH
KUDQL
.RULãWHQMH KHPLNDOLMD X SROMRSULYUHGL
XJURåDYD ]GUDYOMH L SRYHüDYD VPUWQRVW NRG RVRED
8SRWUHED SHVWLFLGD IXQJLFLGD L KHUELFLGD SRPDåH
]HPOMRUDGQLFLPD GD VPDQMH JXELWNH X
SROMRSULYUHGQRM SURL]YRGQML DOL GRYRGH GR
R]ELOMQRJXJURåDYDQMD]GUDYOMDOMXGLLGR VPUWL-
PLOLRQDRVREDVYDNHJRGLQH
3HVWLFLGL VX XJUR]LOL PDOH ULEDUH L ULEDUVWYR
X 7UHüHP VYLMHWX JGMH MH ULED RVQRYQL L]YRU
SURWHLQDDULEDUVWYRSUHGVWDYOMDORJODYQXSULYUHGQX
JUDQX X LVKUDQL VWDQRYQLãWYD 0HÿXWLP SHVWLFLGL
NRML VX GRãOL ]D =HOHQRP UHYROXFLMRP ÄL]D]YDOL VX
SRPRU ULEH X MH]HULPD ]D QDYRGQMDYDQMH SLULQþD X


0 3DQWHOLü % -RUGRYLü 6 1HãNRYLü 8WLFDM KLJLMHQVNL
QHLVSUDYQHKUDQHQD]GUDYOMHVWDQRYQLãWYD, X %H]EHGQRVWX
SRVWPRGHUQRP DPELMHQWX 3ULU 6 1HãNRYLü  =ERUQLN
UDGRYDNQM,9%HRJUDGVWUSDVV
100
NRMLPD VX UDWDUL ORYLOL ULEX L] VYHåLK YRGD NDNREL
GRSXQLOL VYRMX LVKUDQX 7LPH MH XJURåHQ RSVWDQDN
PLOLRQDPDOLKULEDUDX7UHüHPVYHWXGRNMHYDåDQ
L]YRU EHODQþHYLQD ]D LVKUDQX VWDQRYQLãWYD
LVFUSHQ³ 
.DNDYMHRGQRVL]PHÿXXSRWUHEHSHVWLFLGD
KUDQHLzdravlja"
2NR  VYMHWVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD SURL]YRGL
KUDQX ]D RVWDOH D GD EL X WRPH XVSMHOL NRULVWH
YHOLNHNROLþLQHSHVWLFLGD8SRVOHGQMLKJRGLQDVH
XSRWUHED SHVWLFLGD XWURVWUXþLOD 1DUDYQR WD
XSRWUHED MH GRYHOD L GR SUREOHPD – XJURåDYDQMD
]GUDYOMD 8 XEU]DQRM SURL]YRGQML KUDQH NRULVWH VH
UD]QRYUVQLSURL]YRGLKHPLMVNHLQGXVWULMHYMHãWDþND
ÿXEULYD SHVWLFLGL KHUELFLGL LQVHNWLFLGL IXQJLFLGL
OLMHNRYL DQWLELRWLFL YDNFLQH UD]QL GRGDFL KUDQL
1D ED]L DUVHQLND FLMDQRYRGRQLþQH NLVHOLQH
VXPSRUD KORUD IOXRUD D]RWD KHPLMVND VUHGVWYD
XJURåDYDMXHNRVLVWHPHHNRVUHGLQX]GUDYOMHLåLYRW
ELOMDND OMXGL L åLYRWLQMD 3UHNR ]HPOMH YD]GXKD L
YRGH SHVWLFLGL XOD]H X ELOMNH L åLYRWLQMH NRMH OMXGL
MHGX D SULVXWQL VX L X YRGL NRMX SLMX L X YD]GXKX
NRML XGLãX 1MLKRY XOD]DN X WLMHOR GRYRGL GR SDGD
LPXQRORãNRJVLVWHPDLSRMDYHREROMHQMD
8 6UELML VH NRULVWH YHRPD NDQFHURJHQL
SHVWLFLGL DDT – NRML L]D]LYD UDN L PXãNX
QHSORGQRVWlindan – NRMLUD]DUDHQGRNULQLVLVWHPL
SURX]URNXMHUDNLQHSORGQRVWafrazin – NRMLL]D]LYD
UDN GRMNL molinat – ]D NRMHJ MH GRND]DQR  GD
L]D]LYDNDUFLQRPRUJDQVNLIRVIDWL– NRMLX PDQMLP


0.RU*OREDOQDSULYUHGDL7UHüLVYHWX*OREDOL]DFLMD–
DUJXPHQWL SURWLY 3ULUHGLOL 'åHUL 0DQGHU L (GYDUG
*ROGVPLW %HRJUDG³&/,2´VWU
101
NROLþLQDPD L]D]LYDMX XPRU SRUHPHüDM VQD
JODYREROMXLORãXNRQFHQWUDFLMX
8 6UELML VH RNR  KUDQH SUVND UD]QLP
KHPLNDOLMDPD L KHPLMVNLP VUHGVWYLPD -DEXND VH
SUVND YLãH RG  SXWD GRN MH VYMHWVNL VWDQGDUG WUL
SXWD PULPMHQD SHVWLFLGD MH YHRPD RVMHWOMLYD VWYDU
QDURþLWR]ERJNOLPDWVNLKSURPMHQDMHUVXÄSDWRJHQL
SUHãOLXQDãUHJLRQ³DGRGDWDQSUREOHPSUHGVWDYOMD
L QMLKRYD UH]LVWHQWQRVW XSUDYR XVOMHG GXJRJRGLãQMH
SUHNRPMHUQH XSRWUHEH SHVWLFLGD WDNR GD PQRJL
SUHSDUDWL SRWSXQR JXEH HILNDVQRVW 2VLP WRJD
WUåLãWH SHVWLFLGD MH YHRPD SURILWDELOQR L ]DWR X
6UELML SRVWRML  UHJLVWURYDQLK SHVWLFLGD 9HOLNL
EURMRYLKKHPLMVNLKVXSVWDQFLLSHVWLFLGDMHQDOLVWL
SUHLVSLWLYDQMD (YURSVNH XQLMH L RþHNXMH VH GD üH
YHOLNLEURMELWL L L]EDþHQL]XSRWUHEH 
(YR QD]QDNH YRüD L SRYUüD NRQWDPLQLUDQLK
VD YHüLP EURMHP SHVWLFLGD MDEXNH FHOHU MDJRGH 
EUHVNYH VSDQDü QHNWDULQH JURåÿH SDSULNH
NURPSLUERURYQLFD]HOHQDVDODWDNHOM
*HQHWVNR PRGLILNRYDQMH SRVWDOR MH MHGQR
RGQDMNRQWURYHU]QLMLKSUREOHPDQDãHJGREDLSRãWR
VX JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL XVMHYL X VXãWLQL VDVYLP L
QRYHVRUWHMDVQRMHGDQLNRQHPRåHELWLVLJXUDQX
WRNDNYHüHSRVOMHGLFHSURL]YHVWLQMLKRYDXSRWUHED
=DWRVHNRGPQRJLKSRMDYLOD]DEULQXWRVWXYH]LVD
UL]LFLPD XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
SURL]YRGD D WLP SULMH MHU MH W]Y Ä]HOHQD

KWWSZZZUWYEQFRPKHPLMVNL-WUHWPDQ-QDG-70-
KUDQH-  

8 EROQLFDPD ãLURP 6UELMH MH NUDMHP MXQD  JRGLQH
SULPOMHQR PQRJR RVRED NRMH VX VH RWURYDOH MDJRGDPD
KWWSZZZUWYEQFRPPDVRYQD-WURYDQMD-
MDJRGDPD-X-VUELML  

102
UHYROXFLMD³ SURX]URNDYDOD JXELWDN þDN 
JHQHWVNHUD]QROLNRVWLXVMHYDLGRPDüLKåLYRWLQMD
3UHPD PLãOMHQMX HNVSHUDWD 6YMHWVNH
]GUDYVtYHQH RUJDQL]DFLMH :RUOG +HDOWK
Organization) VDPD XSRWUHED JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLKRUJDQL]DPDVWYDUDUL]LNHSROMXGVNR
]GUDYOMHNDRãWRVX SRYHüDQMH WRNVLþQRVWLDOHUJLMH L
GUXJLQHåHOMHQL HIHNWH
1HNDGVWDWLVWLþNLSRGDFLPRJX QDLQGLUHNWDQ
QDþLQ GD SRNDåX Ä]GUDYVWYHQL L VRFLMDOQL NDUWRQ³
QDURGD$NRVHQDSULPMHUX]PH6$'NDRQDMYHüL
SURL]YRÿDþ JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD X
VYLMHWX RQGD EL VH ]D PRJXüH GMHORYDQMH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD QD VWDQRYQLãWYR PRJOR
UHüL VOMHGHüH SUHNR WUHüLQH VWDQRYQLãWYD  
6$'LPDMXJRMD]QLKRVREDUDVWHEURM]DWYRUHQLND
VDQDPLOLRQDDSRUHGWRJEURMDWXMHL
 PLOLRQD RVRED QD XVORYQRM VORERGL UDVWH EURM
PODGLK X X]UDVWX RG - JRGLQD  RG $'+'
QHGRVWDWDN SDåQMH VD KLSHUDNWLYQRãüX  WDNR GD LK
XJRGLQLELOR PLOLRQD  2YLSRGDFL
SRND]XMX GD MH X RYH WUL JUXSH REXKYDüHQD
SRORYLQDVWDQRYQLãWYD6$' 
1DMþHãüH VX JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL VRMD
SDPXNNXNXUX]XOMDQDUHSLFDLULåD
8 SHULRGX RG  GR  JRGLQH VH
XNXSQD SRYUãLQD ]HPOMLãWD SRG JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLP RUJDQL]PLPD SRYHüDOD  SXWD
1DMYHüL SURFHQDW WRJ ]HPOMLãWD VH QDOD]L X


= 3HWURY Deda-0LOLMD L 7DVPDQLMVNL ]LG LOL 6UELMD NDR
MHGQD RG SRVOHGQMLK RD]D åLYRWD L VORERGH X *HQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQL SRUHGDN RSDVQRVW RG *02 3ULUHGLR
%UDQLPLU1HãLü L]G%HRJUDGÄ&DWHQDPXQGL³VWU
129-
103
6MHYHUQRM$PHULFLDOLVHSULPMHüXMHL]QDWDQSRUDVW
X ]HPOMDPD X UD]YRMX SRVHEQR X %UD]LOX L ,QGLML
6PDWUD VH GD SUHNR  REUDÿHQH KUDQH X 6$'
VDGUåLQHNXJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQXNRPSRQHQWX
3UYLSXWVHQDWUåLãWXJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQD
KUDQD SRMDYLOD SRþHWNRP GHYHGHVHWLK JRGLQD ;;
YLMHND
%LR MH WR PRGLILNRYDQL SDUDGDM] SRG
QD]LYRPFlavrSavr NRMLMHWDNRL]PHQMHQGDMH]ULR
EH] RPHNãDYDQMD SORGD DOL MH VD WUåLãWD SRYXþHQ
]ERJ NRPHUFLMDOQRJ QHXVSMHKD 6PDWUD VH GD MH
VRMD QDM]DVWXSOMHQLMDJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQDELOMND
LGDMHRGVYHSRVLMDQHVRMHXVYLMHWX(X6$'
þDN JHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQDGDELELODRWSRUQD
QD QHNH YUVWH KHUELFLGD *HQHWVNL L]PLMHQMHQD ULåD
VDGUåL YHOLNH NROLþLQH YLWDPLQD A .XNXUX] VH
NRULVWL ]D NXNXUX]QH SDKXOMLFH L NDR VUHGVWYR X
PDMRQH]DPD UD]QLP XPDFLPD L NUHP MXKDPD WH
åHODWLQR]QLP NRPSRQHQWDPD 8 SURL]YRGQML
VXKRPHVQDWLK SURL]YRGD JRWRYLK MHOD NHNVD
SHNDUVNLK SURL]YRGD VODGROHGD þRNRODGH SXGLQJD
LGUXJLKSURL]YRGDNRULVWLVH– VRMD
(NVSHULPHQWL QD SDFRYLPD VX SRND]DOL GD
VX SDFRYL NRMLPD MH X LVKUDQL NRULãWHQ JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQ krompir XJLQXOL QDNRQ NUDüHJ
YUHPHQD 3LOLüL KUDQMHQL JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLP
NXNXUX]RP VX LPDOL GYRVWUXNR YHüX VPUWQRVW X
RGQRVX QD RQH NRML VX KUDQMHQL RELþQLP
NXNXUX]RP JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL NXNXUX] X VHEL
VWYDUDDOHUJHQHLWRNVLQH
1DXþQLFL VX XWYUGLOL GD XSRWUHED JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD L]D]LYD DOHUJLMVNH
UHDNFLMH

104
$OHUJLMH VX ]QDWQR SRYHüDQH L QDNRQ
NRULãWHQMD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH VRMH 8SRWUHED
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD MH GRYHOD GR
QHGRYROMQRJ QDSUHWND GMHFH 7DNRÿH XWYUÿHQR MH
GD XSRWUHED JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH L]D]LYD
RGUHÿHQH ]GUDYVWYHQH SUREOHPH – DOHUJLMH
GLMDEHWHV NDR L UL]LNH RG NDQFHUD 3RVHEQR VH
QDSRPLQMH L XSR]RUDYD GD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL
RUJDQL]PL SURX]URNXMX SRMDYX QRYLK DOHUJHQD L
DOHUJLMH WRNVLQH YLUXVH L EDNWHULMH WH LQIHNFLMH
EROHVWL L ÄVXSHUEROHVWL³  PXWDFLMH XPDQMXMX
LPXQLWHW NRG OMXGL D VWYDUDMX EURMQH XSDOH NRG
åLYRWLQMDWXPRUHLUDN
2QL NRML VH SURWLYH XSRWUHEL JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD NDR DUJXPHQW QDYRGH
SDG LPXQRORãNRJ VLVWHPD QD ãWR MH QDNRQ VYRMLK
HNVSHULPHQDWD XND]DR JHQHWLþDU $USDG 3XãWDLML
$USDG3XV]WDL 
2YD ]DEULQXWRVW ÄMH UDãLUHQD X (YURSL 8
%ULWDQLML QHSULMDWHOMVWYR SUHPD NRPHUFLMDOQRP
JDMHQMXJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLKXVHYDSRGVWDNQXWR
MH RWNULüLPD GU $USDGD 3XãWDLMD PHGXQDURGQR
SR]QDWRJ JHQHWLþDUD NRML UDGL X GUåDYQRM
ODERUDWRULMLXâNRWVNRM8VYRMLPLVWUDåLYDQMLPDGU
3XãWDL MH WHVWLUDR NURPSLUH NRML VX VDGUåDOL JHQ ]D
MHGDQ SRVHEDQ SULURGQL LQVHNWLFLG - SURWHLQ SR]QDW
NDROHNWLQNRMLVHGRELMDRGRGUHÿHQHYUVWHFYHüD
5H]XOWDWL VX XND]DOL GD MH NRG SDFRYD NRML VX MHOL
RYDNDY JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQ NURPSLU GRãOR GR
]QDWQLKRãWHüHQMDLPXQRORãNRJVLVWHPDLXVSRUHQRJ
UDVWDRUJDQD1DOD]HGU3XãWDLMDNULWLNRYDOLVXGUXJL
YRGHüL QDXþQLFL L RQ MH RWSXãWHQ L] GUåDYQH
ODERUDWRULMHQDNRQQDVWXSDQDWHOHYL]LMLXNRMHPMH

105
SULþDR R VYRMRM ]DEULQXWRVWL X YH]L VD XSRWUHERP
JHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQHKUDQH³ 
2QR ]ERJ þHJD VH NULWLNXMH XSRWUHED
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD L JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH QDMþHãüH VH RGQRVL QD WR GD
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQD KUDQD QH UMHãDYD SUREOHPH
NUL]H L QHVWDãLFH KUDQH WDNR VH X L]YMHãWDMX
6YMHWVNH EDQNH L]  JRGLQH LVWLþH GD L]D
SRYHüDQMD FLMHQD KUDQH ]DSUDYR VWRML SRYHüDQD
SURL]YRGQMD ELRJRULYD MHU VH ELOMNH QH JDMH ]D
LVKUDQX YHü VXSURWQR ]D VDVYLP SURILWDELOQLMX
SURL]YRGQMX JRULYD QD WDM QDþLQ HYLGHQWQD NUL]D
KUDQH X VWYDUL  SURPRYLãH SURL]YRGQMX JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGDLJHQHWVNLPRGRILNRYDQH
KUDQH  WDNRÿH LVWLþH VH GD EL OMXGL WUHEDOR GD
GQHYQRSRMHGXSRVXGDW]YÄ]ODWQRJSLULQþD³ GD
EL X RUJDQL]DP XQLMHOL GRYROMQR YLWDPLQD A D
GQHYQR þDN  NJ JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH PUNYH
GD EL GRELOL QHRSKRGQX NROLþLQX NDOFLMXPD L
QDYRGQR OLMHþLOL RVWHRSRUR]X 7DNRÿH WYUGL VH GD
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL XVMHYL SUHGVWDYOMDMX
HNRQRPVNX SURSDVW ]D IDUPHUH MHU VX FLMHQH
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQRJ VMHPHQD X RGQRVX QD
SULURGQRVMHPHYHRPDYLVRNH]ERJNRUSRUDFLMVNRJ
PRQRSROD ãWR MH IDUPHUH NRML VX RGOXþLOL GD VH
LVNOMXþLYR EDYH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQRP


( *LGHQV 6RFLRORJLMD %HRJUDG Ä(NRQRPVNL IDNXOWHW³
 VWU - 1DNRQ 3XãWDLMHYLK LVWUDåLYDþNLK  RWNULüD
GDJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLSURL]YRGLVODEHLPXQRORãNLVLVWHP
GRYRGHüL GR EROHVWL EXEUHJD FULMHYD L VOH]HQH JUXSD
QDXþQLND MH ]DKWLMHYDOD L]YRÿHQMH RELPQLMLK LVWUDåLYDQMD R
JHQHWVNLP PRGLILNDFLMDPD 3 ĈXNLü 0 3DYORYVNL
(NRORJLMDLGUXãWYR%HRJUDGÄ(NRFHQWDU³VWU
106
SURL]YRGQMRP GRYHORGRHNRQRPVNRJEDQNURWVWYD
SDþDNLGRVXLFLGD 


9DQGDQDâLYDLVWLþHGDMHNUL]DXSURL]YRGQMLKUDQHX,QGLML
GRYHODGRVDPRXELVWYDþDNIDUPHUDÄ,VWDDJULNXOWXUD
NRMD VWYDUD HPLVLMH XQLãWDYD IDUPHUH L JXUD LK X
VDPRXERMVWYR3UYLKSHWJRGLQD9ODGDMHWRSRULFDOD]DWLPVX
XþLQLOL QHNH VLüXãQH NRUDNH DOL NDNR VX GDQDãQMH YODGH
NRUSRUDWLYQH YODGH QH XSXãWDMX VH X QLãWD ãWR EL RJUDQLþLOR
UDVW SURILWD NRUSRUDFLMD 'UåDYH YLãH QLVX QH]DYLVQH³ .DNR
âLYD LQVLVWLUD QD ]DEUDQL NRULãWHQMD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
RUJDQL]DPD L QHREQRYOMLYRJ VMHPHQD LVWLþH GD EL YROMHOD
YLGMHWLNDNRLQGLMVNDYODGDPLOLMDUGLNRMHWURãLQDSRWLFDMH
]D KHPLMVND JQRMLYD WUHEDOD GD WURãL QD RUJDQVNX
SROMRSULYUHGX L QD WDM QDþLQ RVLJXUD PDOLP IDUPHULPD
GRVWRMDQVWYHQ åLYRW Ä=HOHQD UHYROXFLMD NRMX SURPRYLUDMX
NRUSRUDWLYQLIRQGRYLSRSXW5RFNHIHOOHUIRQGDFLMHL)RQGDFLMH
%LOOD *DWHVD X $IULFL NUR] $*5$-X $OOLDQFH IRU *UHHQ
5HYROXWLRQ  SURGXEOMXMH D QH UMHãDYD SUREOHP .DG VH
MHGQRP QRYDF SRþQH NUHWDWL SRþQH L XQLãWDYDQMH SULRULWHWD
]HPOMH 'HVHW SXWD YLãH YRGH NRULVWL VH X ]HOHQRM UHYROXFLML
QHJR X GUXJLP SRGUXþMLPD GD EL VH SURL]YHOD LVWD NROLþLQD
KUDQH 8 3XQMDEX L +DU\DQL VX VH SRGYRGQH YRGH WRWDOQR
SRYXNOH MHU VX WR ELOH GUåDYH X NRMLPD VH SURYRGLOD ]HOHQD
UHYROXFLMD 6HGDPGHVHW SRVWR YRGH NRMD VH NRULVWL X
SURL]YRGQMLKUDQHSRWURãLVHNUR]LQGXVWULMVNXDJULNXOWXUXMHU
NHPLNDOLMH WUHEDMX YRGX³ QDSRPLQMH âLYD NRMD ]DJRYDUD
RUJDQVNXSROMRSULYUHGXPDOLKIDUPHUD6PDWUDGDMHRYDYUVWD
SURL]YRGQMH UMHãHQMH ]D RVLJXUDQMH GRVWRMDQVWYHQRJ åLYRWD
PDOLK SROMRSULYUHGQLND SURL]YRGQMX ]GUDYH KUDQH NDR L
þHWUGHVHW SRVWR SUREOHPD NOLPDWVNLK SURPMHQD âLYD
SURPRYLãHW]YÄGHPRNUDWLMXKUDQH´ NUR]VXYHUHQRVW]QDQMD
8WRPVPLVOXMHX,QGLMLSRNUHQXOD1DYGDQ\MXPUHåXþXYDUD
VMHPHQMD L RUJDQVNLK SROMRSULYUHGQLND D NRQFHSW 1DYGDQ\D
MH SRPRJDR X RVQLYDQMX EDQNL VMHPHQMD X ORNDOQLP
]DMHGQLFDPD HGXNRYDR YLãH RG  IDUPHUD R
VXYHUHQRVWL KUDQH L RGUåLYRM SROMRSULYUHGL WH SRPRJDR X
XVSRVWDYOMDQMX ÄIDLU WUDGH³ RUJDQVNH PUHåH 0 .HODYD
,QWHUYMX– 9DQGDQD6KLYD*QRM=HOHQHUHYROXFLMH'RVWXSQRQD
KWWSVORERGQLILOR]RIVNLFRPLQWHUYMX-YDQGDQD-
VKLYD-JQRM-]HOHQHKWPO  
107
PURL]YRGQMD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
SURL]YRGD ]DKWLMHYD YHüX XSRWUHEX SHVWLFLGD
ÿXEULYD L KHPLMVNLK VUHGVWDYD ãWR VWYDUD ]DYLVQRVW
SROMRSULYUHGH LQGLYLGXDOQLK SROMRSULYUHGQLND RG
NRUSRUDFLMVNLK KHPLMVNLK VXSVWDQFL L ODERUDWRULMVNL
SURL]YHGHQLK ELOMDND NRULãWHQMH YHüH NROLþLQH
KHUELFLGD ]QDþL GD üH VH RQL QDüL X NUDMQMHP
SURL]YRGX WM KUDQL QD SULPMHU BT (%DFLOOXV
WKXULQJLHQVLV  NXNXUX] MH JHQHWVNL L]PLMHQMHQ WDNR
GD SURL]YRGL YLVRNR WRNVLþDQ JHQ BT L LQVHNWLFLG
DOL WDNR ãWR QLMH SURJUDPLUDQ GD X RGUHÿHQRP
WUHQXWNX SUHVWDQH GD SURL]YRGL WDM RWURY YHü JD
NUDMQMLNRULVQLNXQRVLXRUJDQL]DP
.ULWLND XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
RUJDQL]DPDRGQRVLVHLQDWRGD
x QHNHELOMNH GRELMDMXJHQNRMLPVDPH
SRVWDMX SHVWLFLG D WDNYH ELOMNH OMXGL
NRQ]XPLUDMX L XQRVH X VYRM
RUJDQL]DP WR QLVX SUVNDQH ELOMNH
SHVWLFLGLPD L] YDQD QHJR X VHEL
QRVHJHQRWURYD]DLQVHNWH
x SURL]YRGH WRNVLQH RSDVQH SR
]GUDYOMHOMXGLLåLYRWLQMD
x JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH ELOMNH L
RELþQH ELOMNH QH PRJX GD ]DMHGQR
NRHJ]LVWLUDMXJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQL
RUJDQL]PL VX RSDVQL ]D SULURGQX
RNROLQX VDPRVWDOQR PXWLUDMX L ãLUH
VH QHNRQWUROLVDQR WDNR GD VH PRJX
SRMDYLWL L YHRPD QHRþHNLYDQH
QXVSRMDYH

108
x GRYRGH GR L]UD]LWR GHYDVWLUDMXüLK
SURPMHQD X HNRVLVWHPLPD MDNR
QDUXãDYDMX HNRVLVWHPH MHU JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQH ELOMNH RãWHüXMX GUXJH
ELOMNH L SULURGQH RUJDQL]PH - QD
SULPMHU JHQ NRML LPD RVRELQX
SHVWLFLGDXQLãWDYDSþHOHLOHSWLUH
x GRYRGH GR SRUHPHüDMD X
ELRGLYHU]LWHWX MHU VPDQMXMX
UD]QROLNRVW YUVWD XPDQMXMX  L
XJURåDYDMX ELRGLYHU]LWHW GRYRGH X
RSDVQRVWSULURGQLSRUHGDNQDSODQHWL
=HPOML L]D]LYDMXüL WUDJLþQH
SRVOMHGLFH SR PLNURRUJDQL]PH
ELOMNHåLYRWLQMHLOMXGH
x VWYDUDMX NRURYH ]D þLMH MH
XQLãWDYDQMH SRWUHEQD QH VDPR
]QDWQR YHüD XSRWUHED QHJR L
SUHNRPMHUQDNRQFHQWUDFLMDKHUELFLGD
ãWR MRã YLãH NRQWDPLQLUD SULURGQX
VUHGLQX L XVMHYH ELOMNH åLYRWLQMH L
SULURGQXRNROLQX
x L]D]LYDMX ]GUDYVWYHQH SUREOHPH -
DOHUJLMH DUWULWLV XSDOH FULMHYD
SRUHPHüDM L SDG LPXQR VLVWHPD
DXWRLPXQH EROHVWL WXPRUH
NDQFHURJHQD REROMHQMD REROMHQMD
åLYRWLQMD L ELOMDND VD OHWDOQLP
LVKRGRP
x GRYRGHGRSURPMHQDQDXQXWUDãQMLP
RUJDQLPD EXEUH]LPD MHWUL
SDQNUHDVXGLJHVWLYQRPWUDNWXWHGR
QDUXãDYDQMDUHSURGXNWLYQLKIXQNFLMD
VWHULOLWHWDVPDQMHQMDPR]JD
109
x UD]YLMX UH]LVWHQWQRVW SDWRJHQLK
PLNURRUJDQL]DPDQDDQWLELRWLNH WDNR
GD DQWLELRWLFL VDVYLP SRVWDMX
QHHILNDVQL
x ãLUH VH YMHWURP ãWR MH WHãNR
NRQWUROLVDWL SRGUXþMH VD JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLP RUJDQL]PLPD
VWYDUDMXÄVXSHUãWHWRþLQH³LSURPMHQH
X HNRVLVWHPLPD L QMLKRYX
NRQWDPLQDFLMX JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQH ELOMNH L åLYRWLQMH
PRJX GD X SULURGQRM VUHGLQL UD]YLMX
SURFHVH NRMH þRYMHN QH PRåH
NRQWUROLVDWL
x PRJX GD NRQWDPLQLUDMX XVMHYH NRML
QLVX JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL WDNR ãWR
VH SHOXG VD JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
XVMHYDPRåHSURãLULWLLQDXVMHYHNRML
XRSãWH QLVX SRG JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLP]DVDGLPD
x ãLUH WXPRUH NRULMHQMD JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLKVDGQLFDYRüD- ãOMLYD
PDOLQDMDEXND
x ]DKWLMHYDMX SRYHüDQX XSRWUHEX
KHUELFLGD XQLãWDYDMX SORGQRVW WOD L
WLPHXPDQMXMXHNRQRPVNXGRELW
x GRSULQRVH ]DJDÿHQMX OLMHNRYD
SURL]YHGHQLK QD ED]L JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLKSURL]YRGD
x UD]YLMDMX JHQHWVNX NRQWDPLQDFLMX L
UL]LNH RG XNUãWDQMD VD GLYOMLP
VURGQLFLPD L SUHGVWDYOMDMX RSDVQRVW
RG L]PMHQH JHQHWVNLK SURFHVD QD
3ODQHWL
110
x GRYRGH GR VWYDUDQMD NRUSRUDWLYQRJ
PRQRSRODQDGSURL]YRGQMRPKUDQH L
JXELWND VXYHUHQLWHWD GUåDYD QDG
SURL]YRGQMRP KUDQH XQLãWDYDQMD
QDFLRQDOQH VLJXUQRVWL NDR L
DOLPHQWDUQHLVRFLMDOQHRGUåLYRVWL
x ]HPOMHNRMHVXVYRMXSROMRSULYUHGQX
SURL]YRGQMX VDVYLP SUHSXVWLOH
NRUSRUDFLMDPDNRMHVHEDYHJHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQRP SURL]YRGQMRP VX
GRåLYMHOH HNRQRPVNX GHPRJUDIVNX
LHNRORãNXGHYDVWDFLMX
x SRVOMHGLFH QMLKRYH XSRWUHEH VX
QHVDJOHGLYH
9HOLNH RSWXåEH XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLKRUJDQL]DPDVHRGQRVHQDJHQRFLGQL
NRQFHSWQHRPDOWX]LMDQVWYD VYMHWVNLKPRüQLND
3URL]YRGQMD L SULWLVDN NRULãWHQMD JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH ]D PQRJH SUHGVWDYOMD L]UD]
SRVWRMDQMD SURMHNWD ÄVYMHWVNH YODGH³ NRMLP VH
RVWYDUXMH QHRPDOWX]LMDQVND SROLWLND XQLãWDYDQMD
VWDQRYQLãWYD
3RUHG XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH
KUDQH X XELMDQMX OMXGL EROHVWLPD WUHED XQLãWLWL
SUHNRPLOLMDUGHDVWHULOLWHWRPYLãHRGPLOLMDUGH
RVRED&LOMMHVPDQMHQMHEURMDVWDQRYQLNDXVYLMHWX
DVRE]LURPGDJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQLRUJDQL]PLL
JHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQDKUDQDNRQWDPLQLUDMXLWUXMX
RUJDQL]DP VNUDüXMX åLYRWQL YLMHN L RQHPRJXüXMX
UHSURGXNFLMXELRELWRSODQNRQWUROHRJUDQLþDYDQMD
EURMD VWDQRYQLND QD =HPOML 0RUELGQL JHQRFLGQL
VWDY QHROLEHUDOQLK QHR PDOWX]LMDQDFD MH GD QD
=HPOMLQHWUHEDGDåLYLYLãHRGPLOLMDUGHRVRED7R

111
MH WD Ä]ODWQD PLOLMDUGD³ R NRMRM JRYRUH L QHNL W]Y
ÄILODQWURSL³

* *

.DRãWRVPRPRJOLYLGMHWLQHNLVH]DODåX]D
XSRWUHEX JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK SURL]YRGD L
JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQH KUDQH GRN GUXJL VQDåQR
NULWLNXMXQMLKRYXXSRWUHEX
1HNL WHRUHWLþDUL SUHGODåX L „srednje
UMHãHQMH³NDGDMHXSLWDQMXRGQRVSUHPDXSRWUHELLOL
QH XSRWUHEL JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK RUJDQL]DPD
7DNRQDSULPMHU(QWRQL*LGHQVLVWLþHÄ%XGXüLGD
MH SULWLVDN ]D X]JDMDQMH L NRQ]XPLUDQMH JHQHWVNL
PRGLILNRYDQLKXVHYDMHGQLPGHORPXVORYOMHQþLVWR
NRPHUFLMDOQLP LQWHUHVLPD ]DU QH EL ELOR UD]XPQR
GD LK ]DEUDQLPR QD JOREDOQRP QLYRX" ýDN L DNR
SUHWSRVWDYLPR GD EL WR ELOR PRJXüH VWYDUL NDR L

112
XYHN QLVX WDNR MHGQRVWDYQH ,QWHQ]LYQD
SROMRSULYUHGD NDNYD VH SULPHQMXMH GDQDV QH PRåH
WUDMDWLEHVNRQDþQR8QMRMVHNRULVWHYHOLNHNROLþLQH
KHPLMVNLK VUHGVWDYD ]D SRYHüDQMH URGQRVWL NDR L
LQVHNWLFLGD NRML SRJXEQR XWLþX QD RNUXåHQMH 1H
PRåHPR VH YUDWLWL QD WUDGLFLRQDOQH QDþLQH
]HPOMRUDGQMH MHU WLPH QHüHPR SUHKUDQLWL VYHWVNX
SRSXODFLMX 8VHYLPD NRML VX SORG ELRLQåHQMHULQJD
PRJOL ELVPR XPDQMLWL NRULãWHQMH ãWHWQLK KHPLMVNLK
VUHGVWDYD ãWR EL SRPRJOR UD]UHãHQMX RYLK
SUREOHPD³ 
3LWDQMH XSRWUHEH JHQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQLK
SURL]YRGDMHSLWDQMHOMXGVNLKSUDYD LDOLPHQWDUQRJ
VXYHUHQLWHWD,VWRYUHPHQRWRMHLSUREOHPELRHWLNH
RGQRVQR HWLþNRJ RGQRVD SUHPD SULURGL SD SUHPD
WRPHLSUHPDOMXGVNRMSULURGL
7DNR VH SRND]XMH GD ELRHWLND SURXþDYD L
þRYMHNRY RGQRV SUHPD SULURGQRM VUHGLQL WH GD WDM
RGQRVPRUDELWL- KROLVWLþNL


( *LGHQV 2GEHJOL VYHW NDNR JOREDOL]DFLMD SUHREOLNXMH
QDãHåLYRWH %HRJUDGÄ6WXERYLNXOWXUH³VWU
113
LITERATURA
 $QWL OLEHUDOL]DP L HNRQRPLMD 8UHÿLYDþNL
RGERU 9HVHOLQ 9XNRWLü HW DO  %HRJUDG
Ä&HQWDU]DHNRQRPVNDLVWUDåLYDQMD,QVWLWXWD
GUXãWYHQLKQDXND³
 %HN 8 5L]LþQR GUXãWYR X VXVUHW QRYRM
PRGHUQL %HRJUDGÄ)LOLS9LãQMLü³
 %H]EHGQRVW X SRVWPRGHUQRP DPELMHQWX,
=ERUQLN UDGRYD 3ULU 6 1HãNRYLü 
%HRJUDG
 %H]EHGQRVW X SRVWPRGHUQRP DPELMHQWX,
=ERUQLN UDGRYD EU  3ULU 6 1HãNRYLü 
%HRJUDG
 %H]EHGQRVW X SRVWPRGHUQRP DPELMHQWX,
3ULU 6 1HãNRYLü  =ERUQLN UDGRYD NQM
,9%HRJUDG
 %H]EHGQRVW X SRVWPRGHUQRP DPELMHQWX,
3ULU 6 1HãNRYLü  =ERUQLN UDGRYD NQM
9,%HRJUDG
 %LRþDQLQ 5 %DGLü 0 äLYRWQD VUHGLQD L
UD]YRM, %HRJUDGÄ&(61$%³
 %UXFNQHU 3 %LMHGD EODJRVWDQMD WUåLãQD
UHOLJLMD L QMH]LQL QHSULMDWHOML, =DJUHE
Ä$OJRULWDP³
 %XGRQ 5  ,PRUDOL]DP VXPUDN
YULMHGQRVWL" VXPUDN PRUDOD, 3RGJRULFD
„C,'³
 &DSUD ) 0UHåD åLYRWD QRYR ]QDQVWYHQR
UD]XPLMHYDQMH åLYLK VXVWDYD, =DJUHE
Ä/LEHUDWD³
 &DSUD ) 9ULMHPH SUHRNUHWD ]QDQRVW
GUXãWYR L QDVWXSDMXüD NXOWXUD, =DJUHE
³*OREXV´
 &DUVRQ 5 6LOHQW 6SULQJ +DUPRQGVZRUWK
„3HQJXLQ%RRNV³, 

117
 &DUU ' ( 'HDWK RI WKH 6ZHHW :DWHUV
1HZ<RUN
 &DUWHU12GUåLYLUD]YRM=DJUHE „%DUEDW´

 &LIULü , 5XUDOQL UD]YRM L PRGHUQL]DFLMD
3ULOR]L LVWUDåLYDQMX UXUDOQRJ LGHQWLWHWD 
=DJUHEÄ,',=³
 &KRPVN\ 1 *OREDOQR QH]DGRYROMVWYR
UD]JRYRUL R VYH YHüLP SULMHWQMDPD
GHPRNUDFLML =DJUHE Ä1DNODGD /MHYDN³

 ýRPVNL 1 3URSDJDQGD L MDYQR PQMHQMH,
1RYL6DGÄ5XELNRQ³
 'DYLV : 3ãHQLþQL WUEXK ULMHãLWH VH
SãHQLFH ULMHãLWH VH WHåLQH L SURQDÿLWH SXW
SRYUDWND ]GUDvlju =DJUHE Ä1DNODGD
-DVHQVNLL7XUN³
 'HäDUGHQ5'å(NRORãNDHWLND– XYRGX
HNRORãNX ILOR]RILMX, %HRJUDG Ä6OXåEHQL
*ODVQLN³
 'åHMPV 3 7RUS 1 'UHYQD RWNULüD
%HRJUDGÄ1DURGQDNQMLJD$OID³ 
 'åHUHPL . 'HMYLG / 9HOLNH VYHWVNH
NDWDVWURIH L NUL]H %HRJUDG Ä52 1DURGQD
NQMLJD– 9XN.DUDGåLü³
 ĈRUÿHYLü , %H]EHGQRVQD DUKLWHNWXUD X
XVORYLPD JOREDOL]DFLMH %HRJUDG
Ä8QLYHU]LWHW X %HRJUDGX – )DNXOWHW
EH]EHGQRVWL6OXåEHQLJODVQLN³
 ĈXNDQRYLü 0 äLYRWQD VUHGLQD L RGUåLYL
UD]YRM, %HRJUDGÄ(OLW´
 ĈXNLü 3 3DYORYVNL 0 (NRORJLMD L
GUXãWYR%HRJUDG „(NRFHQWDU³

118
 (NRORJLMD L HWLND, 3ULU 9 3DYORYLü 
%HRJUDGÄ(NRFHQWDU³
 (QJGDKO ) : 6MHPH XQLãWHQMD
JHRSROLWLND JHQHWVNL PRGLILFLUDQH KUDQH L
JOREDOQRFDUVWYR =DJUHEÄ'HWHFWD³
 )RXUDVWLH - &LYLOL]DFLMD VXWUDãQMLFH,
=DJUHEÄ1DSULMHG³
 *DOMDN 0 2EUD]RYDQMH åLYRWQD VUHGLQD L
YDQUHGQH VLWXDFLMH %HRJUDG Ä=DGXåELQD
$QGUHMHYLü³ 
 *HQHWVNL PRGLILNRYDQL SRUHGDN RSDVQRVW
RG*02 3ULUHGLR%UDQLPLU1HãLü L]G
%HRJUDGÄ&DWHQDPXQGL³
 *LGHQV ( .OLPDWVNH SURPHQH L SROLWLND,
%HRJUDGÄ&/,2³
 *LGHQV(2GEHJOLVYHWNDNRJOREDOL]DFLMD
SUHREOLNXMH QDãH åLYRWH %HRJUDG„6WXERYL
NXOWXUH³ 
 *LGHQV ( 6RFLRORJLMD %HRJUDG
Ä(NRQRPVNLIDNXOWHW³
 *OREDOL]DFLMD– DUJXPHQWLSURWLY 3ULUHGLOL
'åHUL0DQGHUL(GYDUG*ROGVPLW %HRJUDG
„&/,2´
 *OREDOL]DFLMD – PLW LOL VWYDUQRVW 3ULUHGLR
9ODGLPLU 9XOHWLü  %HRJUDG Ä=DYRG ]D
XGåEHQLNHLQDVWDYQDVUHGVWYD³
 +DUDUL 1 - +RPR 'HXV .UDWND LVWRULMD
VXWUDãQMLFH%HRJUDGÄ/DJXQD³
 +DUDUL 1 - 6DSLMHQV NUDWND LVWRULMD
OMXGVNRJURGD, %HRJUDGÄ%LEOLRQHU³ 
 +DUDUL1-OHNFLMD]DYHN%HRJUDG
Ä/DJXQD³

119
 +DUWPDQ73RVOMHGQLGDQLSODQHWH=HPOMH
QDXþQLGRND]L]DEU]LNUDMVYLMHWD, %HRJUDG
Ä0HWDSK\VLFD³
 +URPDGåLü + .RQ]XPHUL]DP 3RWUHED
åLYRWQL VWLO LGHRORJLMD, =DJUHE Ä1DNODGD
-HVHQVNLL7XUN³
 ,OLü 0 4XR YDGLV VYHWH %HRJUDG Ä)LOLS
9LãQMLü´
 ,]D]RYL ELRHWLNH =ERUQLN UDGRYD 8U $
ýRYLü  =DJUHE Ä3HUJDPHQD-+UYDWVNR
ILOR]RIVNRGUXãWYR³
 -DQHY , 6WDWXWDUQR XUHÿHQMH
PHÿXQDURGQLK RUJDQL]DFLMD, %HRJUDG
Ä,QVWLWXW]DSROLWLþNHVWXGLLMH³
 -DQMLü 9 0LWULü 6 3HVWLFLGL X
SROMRSULYUHGL L ãXPDUVWYX %DQMD /XND
Ä3ROMRSULYUHGQLIDNXOWHW³
 -RãW 0 *02 – L] XP EH] UD] XPD 
=DJUHEÄ2PHJDDQ³
 -RãW 0 .RNV 7 7HKQRORJLMD
VDPRXQLãWHQMD NDNYH VX SRVOHGLFH
SURL]YRGQMHJHQHWVNLPRGLILNRYDQHKUDQH"
%HRJUDGÄ0HWDSK\VLFD³
 .DOXÿHURYLü ä *02 SUYLK GYDQDHVW
JRGLQD – VWDQMH L SHUVSHNWLYH Ä6RFLMDOQD
HNRORJLMD³=DJUHE9RO1R
 .DQWRQ 'å (NVWUHPQD EXGXüQRVW
QDM]QDþDMQLMHWHQGHQFLMHNRMHüHSURPHQLWL
VYHW X QDUHGQLK SHW GHVHW L GYDGHVHW
JRdina, %HRJUDGÄ&/,2³
 .HQHGL 3 3ULSUHPD ]D GYDGHVHW SUYL YHN,
%HRJUDGÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW65-³
 .ODMQ11LMHGRYROMQRUHüLQHNDNRGDVH
RGXSUHPR 7UDPSRYRM SROLWLFL ãRND L

120
L]JUDGLPR VYHW NDNDY QDP MH SRWUHEDQ
%HRJUDGÄ6DPL]GDW³
 .OHLQ 1 'RNWULQD ãRND 8VSRQ
NDSLWDOL]PD NDWDVWURIH =DJUHE Ä9%=³

 .OHLQ 1 2JUDGH L SUR]RUL GRSLVL V OLQLMD
IURQWHVSRUDRJOREDOL]DFLML, =DJUHEÄ9%
=³
 .RYDþHYLü % .RYDþHYLü , 6RFLRORJ\ RI
*OREDO 5LVN 6RFLHW\ %DQMD /XND
Ä(YURSVNL GHIHQGRORJLMD FHQWDU ]D QDXþQD
SROLWLþND HNRQRPVND VRFLMDOQD
EH]EMHGQRVQD VRFLRORãND L NULPLQRORãND
LVWUDåLYDQMD%DQMD/XND³
 /LVLþNLQ $ 9 âHOMHSLQ $ / *OREDOQD
imperija zla QRYD JHRSROLWLþND UDVSRGHOD
VQDJD, %DQMD/XND Ä8GUXåHQMHVRFLRORJD³
%HRJUDGÄ9DOLGXV³
 /RYHORFN - *HMD QRYL SRJOHG QD åLYRW
Zemlje, =DJUHEÄ,]YRUL³
 0LüRYLü 9 *OREDOL]DFLMD L QRYL VYHWVNL
SRUHGDN%HRJUDG
 Na ivici – äLYHWL VD JOREDOQLP
NDSLWDOL]PRP 3ULUHGLOL 9LO +DWRQ L (QWRQL
*LGHQV %HRJUDGÄ3ODWR³
 3HþXMOLü 0 *OREDOL]DFLMD GYD OLND VYHWD
%HRJUDGÄ*XWHPEHUJRYDJDODNVLMD³
 3HWURYLü-3LURüDQDF = *HRSROLWLND KUDQH
%LWQD UD]YRMQD NRPSRQHQWD GUXãWYD X
;;, VWROHüX  %HRJUDG  Ä,QVWLWXW ]D
SROLWLþNHVWXGLMH&HQWDU-XJRLVWRN³
 5DGHUPDFKHU)-5DYQRWHåDLOLUD]DUDQMH
(NR-VRFLMDOQR-WUåLãQR JRVSRGDUVWYR NDR

121
NOMXþ VYMHWVNRJ RGUåLYRJ UD]YRMD  =DJUHE
Ä,QWHUFRQ– 1DNODGQL]DYRG*OREXV³
 5DPRQH , *HRSROLWLND KDRVD %HRJUDG
³,QVWLWXW]DJHRSROLWLþNHVWXGLMH´
 5LINLQ - %LRWHKQRORãNRVWROMHüH WUJRYLQD
JHQLPDXRVYLWYUORJQRYRJVYLMHWD, =DJUHE
Ä1DNODGD -HVHQVNL L 7XUN - Ä+UYDWVNR
VRFLRORãNRGUXãWYR³
 5L]LFL JOREDOQLK NDWDVWURID 3ULU 1
%RVWURP 0 0 ûLUNRYLü  6PHGHUHYR
Ä+HOLNV³
 5L]LFL L EH]EMHGQRVQH SULMHWQMH =ERUQLN
UDGRYD 3ULUHGLR %UDFR .RYDþHYLü  %DQMD
/XND
 5L]LFL L HNR-EH]EHGQRVW X SRVWRGHUQRP
DPELMHQWX, 8U 5DGH %LRþDQLQ  1RYL
3D]DU ³'UåDYQL XQYHU]LWHW X 1RYRP
3D]DUX´
 6DNV ' 'å 'RED RGUåLYRJ UD]YRMD
%HRJUDGÄ&HQWDU]DPHÿXQDURGQXVDUDGQMX
L RGUåLYL UD]YRM³ - Ä6OXåEHQL JODVQLN³

 6HQND 5LPD QDG 9DãLQJWRQRP 3UR HW
FRQWUD  %HRJUDGÄ)LOLS9LãQMLü³
 6PLWK 0-6MHPHREPDQHUD]RWNULYDQMH
NRUSRUDFLMVNLK L YODGLQLK ODåL R VLJXUQRVWL
JHQHWVNL PRGLILFLUDQH KUDQH NRMX MHGHWH
=DJUHE
 6XSHN 5 Ova jedina Zemlja =DJUHE
Ä1DSULMHG³
 âWLJOLF 'å 3URWLYUHþQRVWL JOREDOL]DFLMH
%HRJUDG

122
 7KH (QYLURQPHQWDO +DQG %RRN (G E\
*GH%HOO 1HZ<RUNÄ%DOODQWLQH%RRNV³

 9HMQRYLü ' 6LPLü 6 (NRORãND
EH]EMHGQRVW L VRFLMDOQD HNRORJLMD %DQMD
/XND
 9LGDO * 5DW L] VQRYD .UY ]D QDIWX –
UD]YRM DPHULþNLK LPSHULMDOQLK DPELFLMD 
%HRJUDGÄýDUREQDNQMLJD³

,QWHUQHWOLQNRYL

x KWWSVZZZDJURPHGLDUVEORJDJURNXWDNQ
DXFQLFL-WYUGH-QLMH-VYDNL-JHQHWVNL-
LQ]HQMHULQJ-X-SROMRSULYUHGL-JPR
x KWWSELJSRUWDOEDDPHULFNL-
QDXFQLFL-KUDQD-MH-GDQDV-RUX]MH-SURWLY-
FRYMHFDQVWYD
x KWSZZZHNRORJLMDUVJPR
x KWWSILWQHVV-
WUHQLQJFRPEORJSUHKUDQDLVWLQD-R-JPR-OL-
JHQHWVNL-PRGLILFLUDQD-KUDQD-ORVD-WHEHJ-

x .HODYD 0 ,QWHUYMX – 9DQGDQD 6KLYD *QRM
=HOHQHUHYROXFLMH'RVWXSQRQD
KWWSVORERGQLILOR]RIVNLFRPLQWHU
YMX-YDQGDQD-VKLYD-JQRM-]HOHQHKWPO
x KWWSVZZZOLEHODRUJYLMHVWL-VMHPH-
NDR-SRNUHW-RWSRUD
x 0LORãHYLü=.DGDMHÄ0RQVDQWR³MDþLRG
GUåDYH 'RVWXSQR QD

123
KWWSZZZELJSRUWDOEDNDGD-MH-PRQVDQWR-
MDFL-RG-GU]DYH
x KWWSZZZSFQHQFRPSRUWDOXW
RSLMD-LOL-LPSHUDWLY-GU-YDQGDQD-VKLYD
x KWWSZZZUWYEQFRPPDVRYQD-
WURYDQMD-MDJRGDPD-X-VUELML
x KWWSZZZUWYEQFRPKHPLMVNL-
WUHWPDQ-QDG-70-KUDQH-
x 6KLYD 9 ,QGXVWULMVND SROMRSULYUHGD -
UHFHSW ]D JODG 'RVWXSQR QD
KWWSEDONDQVDOMD]HHUDQHWYLMHVWLLQGXVWULMV
ND-SROMRSULYUHGD-UHFHSW-]D-JODG
x KWWSZZZ]QDQRVWEORJFRPJPR-]D-
SURWLY
x KWWSV-
WUDQVIRUPDFLMDVYLMHVWLFRPPDQLSXODFLMHJP
R-KUDQD-NDR-RUX]MH

124
%5$&2.29$ý(9,û
,5,1$.29$ý(9,û

GENETSKI MODIFIKOVANA HRANA


(ZA I/ILI PROTIV)

âWDPSD
0$5.26%DQMD/XND

=DãWDPSDULMX
,JRU-DNRYOMHYLü

7HKQLþNDSULSUHPD
'DQLMHO-RYLü

7LUDå
200
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Народна и универзитетска библиотека
Републике Српске, Бања Лука

631.528.6:316 6
КОВАЧЕВИЋ, Брацо, 1952-
Genetski modifikovana hrana : za i/ili protiv / Braco Kovačević,
Irina Kovačević. - Banja Luka : Evropski defendologija centar za naučna,
politička, ekonomska, socijalna, bezbjednosna, sociološka i
kriminološka istraživanja, 2019 (Banja Luka : Markos). - 124 стр. : 23
cm
Тираж 200. - Предговор: стр. 9-12. - Напомене и библиографске
референце уз текст. - Библиографија: стр. 117-124..

ISBN 978-99976-22-46-4
4

COBISS.RS-ID 8261144
View publication stats

You might also like