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Math8-Quarter-2-Mod10 - Think Logically and Reason Out
Math8-Quarter-2-Mod10 - Think Logically and Reason Out
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Mathematics
Quarter 2 - Module 10
Think Logically and Reason Out
Mathematics - Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 10: Think Logically and Reason Out
First Edition, 2020
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Management Team
Lesson 1
Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive ...................................................................... 6
What I Need to Know ................................................................................................ 6
What’s In ……………………………………………………………………………….….6
What Is It …………….………………………………………………………………….…8
Lesson 2
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning ........................................................................... 11
What I Need to Know ............................................................................................... 11
What’s In ................................................................................................................... 11
Geometry deals with logical reasoning to prove a certain statement. Logic and
reasoning are tools in geometry to facilitate mathematical thinking for making valid
conclusions.
In this module, the learner will deal with statements/implications that are logically
equivalent which provide different methods of stating the same idea. And then, the learner
will study the kinds of reasoning in an argument.
1
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
• Use the internet if you need more information about the lesson.
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What I Know
Find out how much you already know about this module. Write the letter that you
think is the best answer to each question on a sheet of paper. Answer all items. After taking
and checking this short test, take note of the items that you were not able to answer correctly
and look for the right answer as you go through in this module.
2. The statement, “If two angles are not congruent, then they do not have the same
measures.” is logically equivalent as ______.
A. If two angles do not have the same measures, then they are not congruent.
B. If two angles have the same measures, then they are congruent.
C. If two angles are not congruent, then they have the same measures.
D. If two angles are congruent, then they have the same measures.
3. Which statement has the same truth value as the following statement?
“If a figure is a segment, then it has exactly one midpoint.”
A. If a figure is not a segment, then it does not have exactly one midpoint.
B. If a figure is a segment, then it does not have exactly one midpoint.
C. If a figure has exactly one midpoint, then it is not a segment.
D. If a figure does not have exactly one midpoint, then it is not a segment
5. What conclusion can you draw from the following two statements?
If a person does not get enough sleep, that person will be tired.
Carl does not get enough sleep.
A. Carl will get enough sleep. C. Carl will be tired.
B. Carl should get enough sleep. D. Carl will not be tired.
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8. What conclusion can you draw from the following two statements?
If you have a job, then you have an income.
If you have an income, then you must pay taxes.
A. If you have a job, then you must pay taxes.
B. If you don’t have a job, then you don’t pay taxes.
C. If you pay taxes then you have a job.
D. If you have a job, then you don’t have to pay taxes
12. Use deductive reasoning to complete the statement, “All right angles are congruent.
∠B and ∠C are both right angles. Therefore, ______.
A. ∠B and ∠C are congruent angles. C. ∠B and ∠C have equal measures.
B.∠B and ∠C are right angles. D.∠B and ∠C are not congruent.
For items 13-15, determine whether the reasoning is an example of deductive or inductive
reasoning. Choose the correct answer below.
A. The reasoning is deductive because general principles are being applied to
specific examples.
B. The reasoning is inductive because general principles are being applied to specific
examples.
C. The reasoning is inductive because a general conclusion is being made from
repeated observations of specific examples.
D. The reasoning is deductive because a general conclusion is being made from
repeated observations of specific examples.
13. In the sequence 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, ..., the most probable next term is 24.
14. It is a fact that every student who ever attended in a university was accepted into
graduate school. Because I am attending in a university, I can expect to be accepted
to graduate school, too.
15. If you build it, they will come. You build it. Therefore, they will come.
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Converse, Inverse, and
Lesson Contrapositive
1
What I Need to Know
With aspects of the implication in our rear view mirror, we now want to form new
compound statement from that original implication. These new statements are called
converse, inverse, and contrapositive.
Logically equivalent statements are related conditional statements that have the
same truth value. Understanding the key concepts in dealing with if-then statement is much
of help in this lesson.
In this lesson, you will illustrate the equivalences of the statement and its
contrapositive, and the converse and inverse of a statement.
What’s In
Study the table below to recall how you will convert the statement in terms of p and q.
Statement If p, then q
Converse If q, then p
Inverse If not p, then not q
Contrapositive If not q, then not p
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In the next section, you will find out the equivalences of the given if-then statement
and its contrapositive, and the converse and inverse of a statement.
What’s New
The truth value of conditional statement is either true or false. It is false only when
the hypothesis is true and the conclusion is false.
Illustrative Example: Determine the truth value of the following related conditionals.
Truth Value
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What Is It
From the example and the activity above, notice that the given statement and its
contrapositive have the same truth value. Therefore, the conditional statement is logically
equivalent to its contrapositive. Likewise with the converse of a statement is logically
equivalent to the inverse of a statement.
Logically equivalent statements are statements that have the same logical content,
i.e., truth value.
Illustrative examples:
Illustrate the equivalences of the statement and its contrapositive; and the converse
and inverse of a statement.
Solution:
Conditional: The given statement is false. Counterexample: 6 is divisible by 2 but not
divisible by 4.
Converse: If a number is divisible by 4, then it is divisible by 2. The converse is true.
Inverse: If a number is not divisible by 2, then it is not divisible by 4. The inverse is true.
Contrapositive: If a number is not divisible by 4, then it is not divisible by 2. The
contrapositive is false. Counterexample: 6 is not divisible by 4 but divisible by 2.
Therefore, the statement and its contrapositive are both false while the converse and
inverse of the statement are both true. Thus, the statement and its contrapositive; and the
converse and inverse of a statement are logically equivalent.
Solution:
Conditional: The given statement is true.
Converse: If a bird cannot fly, then it is an ostrich. The converse is false.
Counterexample: The bird could be a penguin.
Inverse: If a bird is not an ostrich, then it can fly. The inverse is false.
Counterexample: The bird could be a penguin.
Contrapositive: If a bird can fly, then the bird is not an ostrich. The contrapositive is true.
Therefore, the statement and its contrapositive are both false while the converse
and inverse of the statement are both true. Thus, the statement and its contrapositive; and
the converse and inverse of a statement are logically equivalent.
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What’s More
Given the statements below, complete the following table to illustrate the
equivalences of a statement and its contrapositive; and the converse and inverse of the
statement.
TRUTH
RELATED CONDITIONALS Counterexample
VALUE
Conditional If two angles are right, then they are congruent. True N/A
Converse If two angles are congruent, then they are right.
If two angles are not right, then they are not
Inverse congruent.
If two angles are not congruent, then they are
Contrapositive not right.
Direction: Illustrate the equivalences of the statement and its contrapositive; and the
converse and inverse of a statement by completing the following table and paragraph
below.
TRUTH
RELATED CONDITIONALS Counterexample
VALUE
If a number is a whole number, then
Conditional
it is an integer.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
Therefore, the ___________ and its ___________ are both _________while the
___________ and ____________ of the statement are both ____________. Thus, the
___________ and its ____________, and the ___________ and ______________of a
statement are _______________ equivalent.
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What I Can Do
Table 1
TRUTH
RELATED CONDITIONALS Counterexample
VALUE
If yesterday is Tuesday, then today
Conditional
is Wednesday.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
Table 2
TRUTH
RELATED CONDITIONALS Counterexample
VALUE
If an animal has stripes, then it is a
Conditional
zebra.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
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Inductive and Deductive
Lesson Reasoning
2
What I Need to Know
One of the tools used in proving is reasoning. The conclusion drawn from
observations, examples and pattern is called conjecture. The conjecture may or may not be
true.
In making conclusions, we can use either Inductive reasoning or Deductive
reasoning. A type of reasoning that allows you to reach conclusions based on a pattern of
specific examples or past events is inductive reasoning while a type of reasoning which
makes use of accepted rules of logic is deductive reasoning.
What’s In
The main focus in the study of geometry is to learn how to think logically. An
argument is a series of statements intended to determine the truth of another statement.
From lesson 1, you have learned that equivalent statements are related conditionals with the
same truth value. When the given conditional is a simple implication then we have two pairs
of equivalent statements, which are conditional-contrapositive and converse-inverse.
In the next section, you will find out one how these related conditionals with the same
truth value are used in an argument through inductive or deductive reasoning.
What’s New
1.
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3.
Statement Conclusion
1. Filipinos are hospitable.
Bonifacio is a Filipino.
2. If points are collinear, then they lie on the
same plane.
Points R, M, and N are collinear.
3. A quadrilateral is a polygon with four
sides. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
In the first activity, it’s the pattern that helps you guess and make judgment. And
because you use pattern to create conclusion, then that way of thinking or reasoning is
inductive. While in the second activity, it’s your comprehension and your common sense
that will drive you to a correct judgment. And because you use logic to create conclusion,
then your way of thinking/reasoning is deductive.
What Is It
“Define Me”
Inductive reasoning is a kind of reasoning where the conclusion is made based
upon current knowledge, observation, examples and patterns. It uses specific examples to
arrive at a general rule, generalizations or conclusions. It is judging by experience. It
involves uncertainty in making conclusions. Inductive Reasoning is a process of observing
data, recognizing patterns, and making generalizations from observations.
Illustrative examples:
Draw a conclusion from each given situation using inductive reasoning.
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3. My Math teacher is strict. My previous Math teacher was strict.
What can you say about all math teachers?
_All Math teachers are strict.
4. 1 × 10 = 10
2 × 10 = 20
3 × 10 = 30
24 × 10 = 240
2345 × 10 = _23450_
5. Every time Jackie visits her doctor she receives excellent services .With this she
believes that __her doctor gives excellent services__.
Illustrative examples :
Draw a conclusion from each given situation using deductive reasoning.
1. Major Premise: If you are an 18-year old Filipino citizen, then you can vote.
Minor Premise: Pete is an 18-year old Filipino.
Conclusion: _Therefore, Pete can vote.
Illustrative examples:
Draw a conclusion from each given situation using deductive reasoning.
2. Major Premise: If you drive a smaller car, then you will use less gasoline.
Minor Premise: If you use less gasoline, then you save money.
Conclusion: _If you drive a smaller car, then you save money.
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What’s More
2. It has rained every day for the past six days, and it is raining today as well.
Conclusion: ______________________________________________________
B. Use the Law of Detachment to determine what you can conclude from the given
information, if possible.
3. If Eimon pass the final, then he passes the class. Eimon pass the final.
Conclusion: ______________________________________________________
4. If your uncle let you borrow the car, then you will go to the movies with your sister.
Your parents let you borrow the car.
Conclusion: ______________________________________________________
C. Use the Law of Syllogism to write a new conditional statement that follows from the pair of
true statements, if possible.
5. If , then . If , then .
Conclusion: ______________________________________________________
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3. A regular polygon is equilateral. A BELIN is a regular pentagon.
Therefore, __________________________________.
4. A child’s teacher in pre-school was a female. In his grade 1 and 2, his teachers
were both female. The child may say that, ___________________.
5. Filipinos are a peace-loving people. Julia is a Filipino.
Therefore, _______________________________________.
What I can Do
Instruction: Determine if each argument uses inductive or deductive reasoning. Write RIGHT
THUMB if the reasoning used in an item is inductive, and LEFT THUMB if deductive.
_________________1. Niku is Danica’s cousin. Since Donna is Danica’s twin sister, Niku is
also Donna’s cousin.
_________________2. The school librarian notices that many Grade 8 students are
requesting books about different countries in Africa. The librarian concludes that their social
studies class must be studying about Africa.
_________________3. Conrad notices that each term in the sequence 4, 8, 16, 32, …. is
found by multiplying the previous term by two. He concludes that the next two terms are 64
and 128.
_________________4. Given the sequence 13, 18, 23, and 28 you conclude that the next
term will be 33.
_________________5. All of the people that Ruby met in town are very strange. Ruby
conclude that everyone in town is very strange.
Summary
The conclusion drawn from observation, examples and pattern is called conjecture,
thus conjecture may or may not be true. That is why in inductive reasoning, it does not
guarantee a true result at all times. Law of Detachment (Modus Ponens) and Law of
Syllogism (Chain Rule) are some laws in logic that are vital in deductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning is reasoning which begins using basic and general statements to
prove more complicated statements.
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Assessment (Post-Test)
Find out how much you already know about this module. Write the letter that you
think is the best answer to each question on a sheet of paper. Answer all items. After taking
and checking this short test, take note of the items that you were not able to answer correctly
and look for the right answer as you go through in this module.
2. The statement that has the same truth value as the given statement: “If a polygon is a
rectangle, then its pairs of opposite sides are parallel.” is _________.
A. If a polygon is a not a rectangle, then its pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
B. If the pairs of opposite sides of a polygon are not parallel, then the polygon is not
a rectangle.
C. If the opposite sides of a polygon are parallel, then the polygon is not a rectangle.
D. If a polygon is a not a rectangle, then its pairs of opposite sides are not parallel.
3. The equivalent statement of “If two angles are not complementary, then the sum of
their measures is not 90° is ______.
A. If two angles are complementary, then the sum of their measures is 90°.
B. If two angles are complementary, then the sum of their measures is not 90°.
C. If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90°, then the two angles are
complementary.
D. If two angles are not complementary, then the sum of their measures is not 90°.
5. What conclusion can you draw from the following two statements?
If a person does not get enough sleep, that person will be tired.
Marcos does not get enough sleep.
A. Marcos will be tired. C. Marcos will get enough sleep.
B. Marcos should get enough sleep. D. Marcos will not be tried.
7. For inductive reasoning: What is the next term in the sequence 19, 23, 27, 31,…?
A. 33 B. 35 C. 37 D. 39
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8. Determine the right conclusion from the following statements:
I. A shape that has more than 2 sides is a polygon.
II. A regular polygon has both all sides and all angles congruent.
III. An equilateral triangle has 3 congruent sides and 3 congruent angles.
A. All triangles are polygons.
B. A rectangle with sides 2, 2, 4, and 4 is not a regular polygon.
C. An equilateral triangle is a regular polygon.
D. All of the above can be concluded.
10. Determine the next number in the sequence: 1, 2, 4, 7, 11... Is this inductive or
deductive reasoning?
A. The next number is 22. This is inductive reasoning.
C. The next number is 16. This is inductive reasoning.
B. The next number is 22. This is deductive reasoning.
D. The next number is 16. This is deductive reasoning.
For items 13-15, determine whether the reasoning is an example of deductive or inductive
reasoning. Choose the correct answer below.
A. The reasoning is deductive because general principles are being applied to
specific examples.
B. The reasoning is inductive because general principles are being applied to specific
examples.
C. The reasoning is inductive because a general conclusion is being made from
repeated observations of specific examples.
D. The reasoning is deductive because a general conclusion is being made from
repeated observations of specific examples.
13. It has rained every day for the past six days, and it is raining today as well. So it will
also rain tomorrow.
14. If the mechanic says that it will take seven days to repair your SUV, then it will
actually take ten days. The mechanic says, "I figure it'll take exactly one week to fix it,
ma'am." Then you can expect it to be ready ten days from now.
15. It is a fact that every student who ever attended in a university was accepted into
graduate school. Because I am attending in a university, I can expect to be accepted
to graduate school, too.
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Key to Answers
Pre-Test
1. B 4. A 7. C 10. C 13. C
2. B 5. C 8. A 11.C 14. A
3. D 6. B 9. C 12. A 15. A
Possible Answers
LESSON 1
Activity 1
Conditional If a shape is a triangle, then it is a polygon.
Hypothesis A shape is a triangle.
Conclusion It is a polygon.
Converse If a shape is a polygon, then it is a triangle.
Inverse If a shape is not a triangle, then it is not a polygon.
Contrapositive If a shape is not a polygon, then it is not a triangle.
Activity 2
Statement If-then form Converse Inverse Contrapositive
An even If a number is If a number is If a number is If a number is
number is even, then it is divisible by 2, not even, then it not divisible by
divisible by divisible by 2. then it is even. is not divisible 2, then it is not
two. by 2. even.
Truth Value true true true true
Activity 3
RELATED CONDITIONALS TRUTH Counterexample
VALUE
Conditional If two angles are right, then they True N/A
are congruent.
Converse If two angles are congruent, then Two angles can be congruent
they are right. False but not necessarily right.
Inverse If two angles are not right, then False Two angles could not be right
they are not congruent. but can be congruent.
Contrapositive If two angles are not congruent, True N/A (There are no two angles
then they are not right. that are not congruent but are
right angles.)
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Activity 4
RELATED CONDITIONALS TRUTH VALUE Counterexample
If a number is a whole number,
Conditional True N/A
then it is an integer.
If a number is an integer, then it –1 or any negative
Converse False
is a whole number. number
If a number is not a whole –1 or any negative
Inverse False
number, then it is not an integer. number
If a number is not an integer,
Contrapositive True N/A
then it is not a whole number.
Therefore, the conditional and its contrapositive are both true while the converse and
inverse of the statement are both false. Thus, the conditional and its converse, and the
inverse and contrapositive of a statement are logically equivalent.
Activity 5
Table 2
Table 2
TRUTH
RELATED CONDITIONALS Counterexample
VALUE
If an animal has stripes, then it is Tiger has stripes but it is
Conditional False
a zebra. not a zebra.
If it is a zebra, then an animal
Converse True N/A
has stripes.
If an animal has no stripes, then
Inverse True N/A
it is not a zebra.
If it is not a zebra, then an Tiger is not a zebra but it
Contrapositive False
animal has no stripes. has stripes.
EQUIVALENT STATEMENTS: conditional and its contrapositive; converse and inverse
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LESSON 2
Activity 1
1. 2. 38 3.
Activity 2
Statement Conclusion
1. Filipinos are hospitable. Bonifacio is hospitable.
Bonifacio is a Filipino.
2. If points are collinear, then they lie on the
same plane. Points R, M, and N lie on the same plane.
Points R, M, and N are collinear.
3. A quadrilateral is a polygon with four A parallelogram is a polygon with four sides.
sides. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral.
Activity 3
A.
1. 2. It will also rain tomorrow.
Activity 4
1. 25. Inductive reasoning
2. X, Y, Z are on the same plane. Deductive reasoning.
3. BELIN is equilateral. Deductive reasoning.
4. All teachers are female. Inductive reasoning
5. Julia is a peace-loving person. Deductive reasoning.
Activity 5
1. RIGHT THUMB 4. RIGHT THUMB
2. LEFT THUMB 5. RIGHT THUMB
3. RIGHT THUMB
Pre-Tes
1. B 4. D 7. B 10. C 13. C
2. B 5. A 8. C 11.C 14. C
3. C 6. B 9. A 12. C 15. A
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References
Abuzo, Emmanuel, Merden Bryant, Jem Boy Cabrella, Belen Caldez, Melvin Callanta,
Anastacia Proserfina Castro, Alicia Halabaso, Sonia Javier, Roger Nocom, and
Conception Ternida. Mathematics Learner’r Module 8. 1 st ed. Reprint,
Department of Education, 2013.
Cuenco, Editha, Arnel Olofernes, Ralmond Roca, Rverie Vargas, and Mark Anthony Vidalgo.
Spiral Mathematics For Growth Mindset 8. Reprint, IEMI, 2020.
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