DR. JEANNETTE R.

ABELLA 6 STRUCTURAL LEVELS:

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1. CHEMICAL- interaction between atoms &
Course code: Ana/ Physio 1 combination to form molecules
Descriptive Title: Anatomy & Physiology (Lecture/ 2. CELL LEVEL- basic living unit of all living things
Laboratory) 3. TISSUE LEVEL-group of similar cells & material
Semester surrounding them
Credit: 5 units (3 units lecture/ 2 units laboratory 4. ORGAN LEVEL- 2 or more tissue types that together
No. of hours Lecture 3hrs./week= 54 hours perform 1 or more common function
No. of hours Laboratory 6hrs./week = 108 hours 5. ORGAN SYSTEM- group of organs classified as a unit
having common function
Course description: 6. ORGANISM- makes up an organism
Human anatomy and physiology is the scientific
discipline that investigates the structure and function of CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE:
the human body. 1. GROWTH-increase in size of all parts
2. RESPONSIVENESS- ability to sense changes & make
Required Textbook: adjustments to maintain life
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology 3. REPRODUCTION-formation of new cells or individuals
Rod Seeley, Trent Stephens & Philip Tate 4.ORGANIZATION- specific relationship w/ other parts
to perform specific function
Other Resources: 5. METABOLISM- ability to use energy
Anatomy & Physiology Kevin Patton, Catherine 6. DEVELOPMENT- begins w/ fertilization & end at death
Anthony & Gary Thibodeau
Anatomy & Physiology Ester Greisheimmer and Mary HOMEOSTASIS (standing the same)
Weideman condition where in body function, fluids & other factors
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology inside the body are maintained w/in a range of value
Elaine Marieb suitable for life
Other Resources:
Anatomy & Physiology Gerard Tortora and Sandra Variables causing change
Reynolds Grabowski 1. Temperature
Anatomy & Physiology Donald C. Rizo 2. Fluid volume
3. Chemical contents
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1 NORMAL RANGE- value where variables fluctuates
CHAPTER 1 - HUMAN ORGANISM around a given set point
SET POINT- ideal normal value of variables
ANATOMY- deals w/ the structure / morphology of the
body Components of a feedback mech.
1. GROSS- seen by the naked eye 1. Receptor- monitors the value of variables
2. MICROSCOPIC- seen under the microscope 2. Control Center- establishes a set point in w/c
3. DEVELOPMENTAL- through human development variables are maintained
4.SURFACE-using external features as landmarks of 3. Effector- can change the value of the variables
deeper structures
5. IMAGING- non-invasive method of creating a picture MECHANISMS
of internal structures 1.NEGATIVE FEED BACK-pro-life, operates to maintain
homeostasis, does not prevent variation but maintain
PHYSIOLOGY- deals w/ processes or functions of living w/in normal range
things Inhibitory, opposes change by a response opposite the
CLASSIFICATION: direction of disturbance, stabilizes physiologic variables
1.Type of ORGANISM
2. Type of ORGANIZATION Normal BP 120/80
change in variables140/90 Abnormal range
Goals in Physiology: detected by BARO 
- understand & predicts body’s response to stimuli stimulates the HEART or effector organ less H.R.=less
- understand how the body maintain an internal B.P. returns to 120/80
condition w/in a narrow range of values in a continually Normal BP= Homeostasis
changing environment
MECHANISMS BODY REGIONS
2.POSITIVE FEEDBACK 1.HEAD- Cephalic
Often harmful but also possible, does not operate to a. Forehead- Frontal
maintain stable condition, stimulates than opposing, b. Eyes- Orbital
amplify or reinforce the change & may accelerate the c. Nose- Nasal
process d. Mouth – Oral
CHILD BIRTH e. Ears – Otic
Delivery baby pushes the birth canal change in f. Cheek- Buccal
variables muscle stretch due to baby’s movement g. Chin- Mental
STRETCH RECEPTOR detect stretching control
center BRAIN response  triggers PITUITARY GAND 2. NECK- Cervical region
or effector secrete OXYTOCIN more stretch
.Continues until baby is out STOP 3. TRUNK- Thoracic region
a. Chest- Pectoral
APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF ANATOMY b. Breast bone- Sternal
1. REGIONAL- by regions c. Breast- Mammary
2. SYSTEMIC- by system
ABDOMEN
REGIONAL APPROACH: Belly- Umbilical
CENTRAL REGION PELVIC
1.HEAD a. Pelvis- Pelvic
2.NECK b. Groin- Inguinal
c. Genital- Pubic
3.TRUNK- thorax, abdomen & pelvis
THORAX- chest 4. UPPER LIMBS
ABDOMEN- between chest & pelvis a. Collar bone-Clavicle
PELVIS- inferior end of the trunk associated w/ the hips b. Armpit- Axillary
c. Arm- Brachial
UPPER LIMBS d. Elbow- Cubital
1.ARM- shoulder to elbow e. Forearm- Anti-brachial
2.FOREARM- elbow to wrist f. Wrist- Carpals
g. Palm-
LOWER LIMBS Palmar
1.THIGH- hip to knee h. Fingers – Digital
2.LEG- knee to ankle
5. LOWER LIMBS
QUADRANTS of the ABDOMEN a. Hip- Coxal
1.RUQ- right upper quadrant b. Thigh – Femoral
2.RLQ- right lower quadrant c. Knee cap- Patella
3. LUQ- left upper quadrant d. Legs- Crural
4.LLQ- left lower quadrant e. Ankle- Talus
f. Top of foot- Dorsum
9 REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN g. Toes- Digital
1.Right hypochondriac h. Foot- Pedal
2. Epigastric
3. Left hypochondriac SYSTEMIC APPROACH
4. Right lumbar 11 organ systems
5.Umbilical 1.INTEGUMENTARY- Skin, hair & nails
6. Left lumbar 2.SKELETAL - bones, tendons, ligaments cartilages &
7.Right iliac joints
8. Hypogastric 3.MUSCULAR –muscles attached to the skeleton by
9. Left iliac tendons
4. NERVOUS- brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory
receptors
5. ENDOCRINE- glands & hormones
6. CARDIOVASCULAR- heart, blood & blood vessels
7.LYMPHATICS- lymphnodes , lymphatic vessels & 2. TRANSVERSE SECTION- cut the organ at right angle to
organs the long axis
8.RESPIRATORY- lungs & respiratory passages 3. OBLIQUE SECTION-obliquely to the long axis
9. DIGESTIVE – mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
& accessory organs BODY CAVITIES
10. URINARY- kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra some opens to the
11. REPRODUCTIVE-male/female outside, some do not
VENTRAL CAVITY- trunk
DIRECTIONAL TERMS 1. THORACIC- rib cage separated by the diaphragm &
ANATOMICAL POSITION- person standing erect w/ face divided by the mediastinum
directed forward upper limbs hanging on the sides & heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus ,lungs
palm of hand facing forward 2. ABDOMINAL- bounded by the abdominal muscles
,stomach, intestines, liver, kidney, spleen
COMMON REPLACEMENT 3. PELVIC-enclosed by the pelvic bone
Above/higher bladder, reproductive organ
Below/lower
Front/go before DORSAL CAVITY
Back/following 1.BRAIN
Right side 2. SPINAL CORD
Left side
Back/ dorsum SEROUS MEMBRANES- lines the trunk cavities & covers
Superior the organs of these cavities
Inferior 1. VISCERAL- lines the organs
Anterior 2. PARIETAL- lines the walls of the cavity
Posterior SEROUS FLUID- lubricating film that fills the space, to
Right reduce friction on movement of organs against the wall
Left
Dorsal THORACIC CAVITY
1. PERICARDIAL CAVITY- space enclosing the heart
Belly/venter Visceral Pericardium- covers the heart
Nearest/proximus Parietal Pericardium-covers the wall
Distant/disto Pericardial fluid- space
Side/ latus 2. PLEURAL CAVITY- (2) right & left enclosing the lungs
Middle/medialis Visceral Pleura- covers the lungs
Surface Parietal Pleura- cover the walls
Deep Pleural fluid - space
Ventral 3. PERITONEAL CAVITY- abdominopelvic cavity,
Proximal Visceral peritoneum- enclosing the area of the stomach,
Distal intestines
Lateral Parietal peritoneum- the walls
Medial Peritoneal fluid- inside the space
Superficial
Deep MESENTERIES - 2 layers of peritoneum fused together
Anchor the organ to the body
BODY REFERENCES PLANES Provides pathway for nerves & blood vessels
1. SAGITTAL PLANE- vertically separating the right & left
parts of the body RETROPERITONEAL CAVITY:
2. TRANSVERSE PLANE- divides the body into superior & Behind the peritoneal region
inferior part -contains the kidneys, adrenals, pancreas, bladder, parts
3. FRONTAL or CORONAL PLANE- divide the body into of the intestines
anterior & posterior part

BODY REFERENCES
SECTIONS OR CUT
1. LONGITUDINAL SECTION-divides the organ along the
long axis