CH Wise Solved 10 Yr Num

2019
Q.2 (x) Textbook Numerical 11.3
2018
Q.2(vi) A system absorbs 1147 joules of heat, loses 233 joules of heat by conduction to the surroundings
and delivers 614 joules of work. Calculate the change in internal energy of the system.
Data: ∆𝑄 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 = 1147 − 233 = 914 𝐽
Heat absorbed by the system = 𝑄1 = 1147 𝐽 According to First law of

Thermodynamics
Heat lost by the system = 𝑄2 = 233 𝐽
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑈
Work done by the system = 𝑊 = 614 𝐽
914 = 614 + ∆𝑈
Change in internal energy of the system = ∆𝑈 =?
∆𝑈 = 914 − 614 = 300 𝐽
Solution:
Result: The change in internal energy of this
The net internal energy absorbed by the
system is 300J.
system
2017
Q.2 (iii) Calculate the temperature at which the root mean square speed of hydrogen molecules is 3300
m/s. Give your answer in degree Celsius (m = 3.32 x 10-27 kg).
Data: S.O.B.S.
Temperature of gas = T = ? 2 3×1.38×10 −23 ×𝑇

3300 = 3.32×10 −27
Root mean square speed = v = 3300 m/s 3300 2 ×3.32×10 −27
=𝑇
3×1.38×10 −23
Mass of hydrogen molecule = m = 3.32 x 10-27
kg 𝑇 = 873.3 𝐾
Solution: In Celsius:
3𝑘𝑇 𝑇 = 873.3 − 273 = 600.3 oC

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚
Result: The temperature of the gas is 600.3 oC
3×1.38×10 −23 ×𝑇
3300 = 3.32×10 −27
2016
Q.2 (i) The high temperature reservoir of a Carnot engine is at 200°C and has an efficiency of 35%. To
increase the efficiency to 45% by how many degrees should the temperature of cold reservoir be decreased
if the temperature of the high temperature reservoir remains constant?
Data: 𝑇2 = 0.65 × 473
Temperature of Hot Reservoir = T1=200 °C + 𝑇2 = 307.45 𝐾

273 = T1= 473 °C
For e2= 45%:
Initial Efficiency = e1= 35%
2 𝑇 ′
𝑒2 = 1 − 473 × 100
Required Efficiency = e2= 45%
45 2 𝑇 ′
Change in temperature of cold Reservoir = = 1 − 473
100
∆𝑇2 =?
2 𝑇 ′
0.45 = 1 − 473
Solution:
𝑇2 ′
The Efficiency of Carnot Engine is given by = 1 − 0.45
473
𝑇2 𝑇2 ′ = 0.55 × 473
𝑒 = 1− × 100
𝑇1
𝑇2 ′ = 260.15 𝐾
For e1= 35%:
Now,
𝑇2
𝑒1 = 1 − 473 × 100
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇2′ = 307.45 − 260.15
35 𝑇
2
= 1 − 473
100 ∆𝑇2 = 47.3 𝐾
2 𝑇
0.35 = 1 − 473 Result: The temperature of cold reservoir should
be decreased 47.3 𝐾.
𝑇2
= 1 − 0.35
473
2015
Q.2(vi) A heat engine performs 200 J of work in each cycle and has an efficiency of 30 percent. For each
cycle of operation, (a) how much heat is absorbed? (b) How much heat is expelled?
Data: Solution:
Work done in each cycle = W =200J The efficiency of heat engine is

given by
Efficiency of Engine = e = 30%
𝑊
𝑒 = 𝑄 × 100
Absorbed heat = Q1 =? 1
200
Released heat = Q2 =? 30 = × 100
𝑄1
20000 𝑄2 = 466.6 𝐽
𝑄1 = = 666.6 𝐽
30
Result: The heat absorbed is 666.6 J and heat

𝑊 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2
expelled is 466.6 J.
𝑄2 = 𝑄1 − 𝑊 = 666.6 − 200
2014
Q.2(vii) Calculate root mean square Speed of Oxygen molecule at 800K. Its molar mass is 32 grams and
universal Gas constant R = 8.313 J/ mol –K
Data: 3𝑅𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑀
Temperature of gas = T = 800 K
3×8.313×800
Root mean square speed = 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ? 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
0.032
Molar Mass of Oxygen molecule = M = 32 g = 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 789.6 𝑚/𝑠

0.032 kg
Result: The root mean square speed is
Solution:
789.6 m/s.
2013
Q.2 (x) The difference of temperature between a hot and a cold body is 120°C. If the heat engine is 30%
efficient, find the temperature of the hot and the cold body.
Data: 120
30 = × 100
𝑇1
Difference b/w Temp. of Bodies = ∆𝑇 = 120 𝐶 120
𝑇1 = × 100
30
Efficiency of engine = e = 30 %
𝑇1 = 400 𝐾
Temperature of Hot Body = T1 =?
Now, ∆𝑇 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
Temperature of Cold Body = T2 =?
120 = 400 − 𝑇2
Solution:
𝑇2 = 400 − 120
The efficiency of Engine is given by
𝑇 𝑇2 = 280𝐾
𝑒 = 1 − 𝑇2 × 100
1
Result: The temperature of Hot body is 400
𝑇1 −𝑇2
𝑒= × 100 K.The temperature of Cold body is 280K
𝑇1
∆𝑇
Or 𝑒= × 100
𝑇1
2012
Q.2(x) A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is 200k has an efficiency of 50%. It is desired to
increase this to 75%. By how many degrees must the temperature of low temperature reservoir be
decreased if the temperature of the higher temperature reservoir remains constant?
200
Data: 𝑇1 = 0.5
Temperature of Cold Reservoir = T2=200 K

𝑇1 = 400 𝐾
Initial Efficiency = e1= 50%
For e2= 75%:
Required Efficiency = e2= 75%
2 𝑇 ′
𝑒2 = 1 − 400 × 100
Change in temperature of cold Reservoir =
∆𝑇2 =? 75 2𝑇 ′
= 1 − 400
100
Solution: 𝑇 ′
2
0.75 = 1 − 400
The Efficiency of Carnot Engine is given by
𝑇2 ′
𝑇2 = 1 − 0.75
400
𝑒 = 1− × 100
𝑇1
𝑇2 ′ = 0.25 × 400
For e1= 50%:
𝑇2 ′ = 100 𝐾
200
𝑒1 = 1 − × 100
𝑇1 Now,
50 200
= 1− ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇2′ = 200 − 100
100 𝑇1
200 ∆𝑇2 = 100 𝐾

0.5 = 1 − 𝑇1
Result: The temperature of cold reservoir should
200
= 1 − 0.5 be decreased 100 𝐾.
𝑇1
2011
Q.2(vi) A 200 gm piece of metal is heated to 150°C and then dropped into an aluminum calorimeter of mass
500 gm, containing 500 gm of water initially at 25°C. Find the final equilibrium temperature of the system if
the specific heat of metal is 128.100 J/kg-K, specific heat of aluminum is 903 J/kg-K, while the specific heat
of water 4200 J / kg-K.
Data: 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑖𝑐

= 250 𝐶
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑚 = 200𝑔𝑚 = 0.2 𝑘𝑔
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇𝑓 =?
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑐 = 500𝑔𝑚 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑝. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑐𝑚 = 128.100 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝑘
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑤 = 500𝑔𝑚 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑝. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 𝑐𝑐 = 903 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝑘
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚 = 1500 𝐶
𝑆𝑝. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑤 = 4200 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝑘
0.2 × 128.1 150 − 𝑇𝑓 = 0.5 ×
4200 𝑇𝑓 − 25 + 0.5 × 903 𝑇𝑓 − 25
25.62 × 150 − 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓 −
252100+451.5
3843 − 25.62𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓 − 25 2551.5
3843 − 25.62𝑇𝑓 = 2551.5𝑇𝑓 −

63787.5
3843 + 63787.5 = 2551.5𝑇𝑓 +

Solution: 25.62𝑇𝑓
A/c law of heat exchange 67630.5 = 2577.12𝑇𝑓

𝑇𝑓 = 26.2 𝐶
Heat lost by metal = Heat gained by
water + caloriemeter
Result: The final equilibrium temp. is 26.2 degree
Using ∆𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶∆𝑇 C.
𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝑚 𝑇𝑖𝑚 − 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑤 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖𝑐 +
𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑐 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖𝑐
2010
Q.2 (viii) A heat engine performing 400 J of work in each cycle has an efficiency of 25%. How much heat is
absorbed and rejected in each cycle?
CHAPTER NO.11 |HEAT 6
Data:
Work done in each cycle = W =400 J
Efficiency of Engine = e = 25%
Absorbed heat = Q1 =?
Released heat = Q2 =?
Solution:
The efficiency of heat engine is given by

𝑊
𝑒 = 𝑄 × 100
1
400
25 = × 100
𝑄1
40000
𝑄1 = = 1600 𝐽
25
𝑊 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2
𝑄2 = 𝑄1 − 𝑊 = 1600 − 400
𝑄2 = 1200 𝐽
Result: The heat absorbed is 1600 J and heat expelled is 1200 J.
UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS FOR CLASS 12

CHAPTER NO.12 |ELECTROSTATICS 92
2019
Q.2 (ix) Two capacitors of 2µF and 4µF are connected in series to a 40 volt battery. Calculate the charge on
these capacitors and potential difference across each.
Data: 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 = 1.33 × 10−6 × 40 = 5.33 × 10−6 𝐶
Capacitance of 1st capacitor = C1 = 2µF Since charge is same in series combination so
Capacitance of 2nd capacitor = C2 = 4µF 𝑞 = 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = 53.3 × 10−6 𝐶

Voltage = 𝑉 = 40 volt Now,
𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑕 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑞1 =? 𝑞2 =? 𝑞
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 or 𝑉 = 𝐶
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑕 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑉1 =? 𝑉2 =?
𝑞 53.3 ×10 −6
𝑉1 = 𝐶 = = 26.65 𝑉
Solution: 1 2 ×10 −6
The net capacitance in series combination And

is given by
𝑞 53.3 ×10 −6
1 1 1
𝑉2 = 𝐶 = = 13.31 𝑉
4 ×10 −6
=𝐶 +𝐶 2
𝐶 1 2
1 1 1 3 Result: The charge in each capacitor is

=2+4=4 53.3 × 10−6 𝐶
𝐶
4
𝐶 = 3 = 1.33 𝜇𝐹 = 1.33 × 10−6 𝐹 Voltage across 𝐶1 is 26.65 𝑉
Voltage across 𝐶2 is 13.31 𝑉
2018
Q.2(x) Two unequal point charges repel each other by a force of 10 N when they are 10 cm apart. Find the
force which they exert on each other when they are 1 cm apart. If the magnitude of one point charge is
−𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪. Find the magnitude of the other.
Data: Final force between charges = 𝐹2 =?
Initial force between charges = 𝐹1 = 10 𝑁 Final distance between charges = 𝑟2 = 1 𝑐𝑚 =

0.01 𝑚
Initial distance between charges = 𝑟1 = 10 𝑐𝑚 =
0.1 𝑚 Magnitude of one charge = 𝑄1 = −4.25 × 10−6 𝐶

Magnitude of second charge = 𝑄2 =? Now ,
Solution: 𝐹2 =
𝑘𝑄1 𝑄2 0.1
= (0.01)2 = 1000𝑁
𝑟2 2
According to Coulomb’s Law

As we know that
𝑘𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹= 𝑟2
𝑘𝑄1 𝑄2 = 0.1
So, 0.1 0.1
Then 𝑄2 = 𝑘𝑄 = 9×10 9 ×4.25×10 −6
1
𝑘𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹1 = 𝑟1 2
𝑄2 = 2.61 × 10−6 𝐶
𝑘𝑄1 𝑄2 = 𝐹1 × 𝑟12 = 10 × (0.1)2 =
0.1 𝑁 𝑚2 Result: The final force on charges is 1000𝑁 and
the magnitude of second charge is 2.61 × 10−6 𝐶.
2017
Q.2 (i) A particle of mass 1.67 x 10-27 kg and charge 1.6 x 10-19 C is to be held motionless between two
horizontal parallel plates, the Voltage applied between the plates is 14.32 x 10-9 v. Calculate the distance
between plates.
Data: According to the given condition
Mass of particle = m = 1.67 x 10-27 kg 𝐹𝐸 = 𝑊
Charge on particle = q = 1.6 x 10-19 C 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔
Voltage applied between the plates= 14.32 x 10-9 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒

v
𝑉 = 𝐸. 𝑑
Distance between plates = d = ?
So,
𝑞𝑉
= 𝑚𝑔
𝑑
Or we can write as
𝑞𝑉 1.6 x 10 −19 ×14.32 x 10 −9
𝑑 = 𝑚𝑔 = 1.67 x 10 −27 ×9.8
𝑑 = 0.1399 𝑚
Solution: Result: The distance between plates is 0.1399 𝑚.

2016
Q.2 (ix) An α-particle of charge 3.2 x 10-19 C and mass 6.68 x 10-27 kg is held motionless between two
Horizontal parallel plates separated by 10 cm. Find the potential difference between the plates.
Data: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒
Mass of particle = m = 6.68 x 10-27 kg 𝑉 = 𝐸. 𝑑
Charge on particle = q = 3.2 x 10-19 C So,

𝑞𝑉
Voltage applied between the plates= ? = 𝑚𝑔
𝑑
Distance between plates = d = 10 cm = 0.1 m

Or we can write as
Solution: 𝑚𝑔𝑑 6.68 ×10 −27 ×9.8×0.1
𝑉= =
𝑞 3.2 x 10−19
𝑉 = 2.045 × 10−8 𝑣
According to the given condition
Result: The voltage between plates is
𝐹𝐸 = 𝑊
2.045 × 10−8 𝑣.
𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔
2015
Q.2(x) A thin infinite sheet of uniformly distributed positive charge attracts a light sphere having a charge -
5 x 10-6 C with a force of 1.695 N. Calculate the surface charge density of the sheet. (𝝐𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟐 /𝑵𝒎𝟐 )
𝐹 𝜎
Data: Or = 2𝜖
𝑞 0
Charge on sphere= q = -5 x 10-6 C 2𝐹𝜖 0

𝜎= 𝑞
Force = F = 1.695 N
2×1.695×8.85×10 −12
Surface charge density = 𝜎 =? 𝜎= 5×10−6
Solution: 𝜎 = 6 × 10−6 𝑐𝑜𝑙/𝑚2
The electric Intensity due to a charged Result: The surface charge density of the sheet is
sphere is given by 6 × 10−6 𝑐𝑜𝑙/𝑚2
𝜎
𝐸 = 2𝜖
0

Q.2(xiv) How many electrons should be removed from each of the two similar spheres, each of mass 10 g so
that electrostatic repulsion is balanced by the gravitational force? (Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 x 10-11
Nm2 / kg2 and K= 9 x 109 Nm2 /C2)
Data: 𝑞 2 = 7.4 × 10−29
Mass of Spheres = m =10 g =1 x 10-4 kg Or 𝑞 = 8.6 × 10−15 𝐶

No. of electrons = n =? As we know that
Solution: 𝑞 = 𝑛𝑒
According to the given condition So
𝐹𝐸 = 𝐹𝐺 𝑞 8.6×10 −15
𝑛 = 𝑒 = 1.6×10 −19
𝑞𝑞 𝑚𝑚
𝑘 𝑟2 = 𝐺 𝑟2
𝑛 = 5.38 × 106 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑘𝑞 2 = 𝐺𝑚2
Result: 5.38 × 106 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 should be removed
𝐺𝑚 2
𝑞2 = = from each sphere.
𝑘
2
6.67×10 −11 × 1×10 −4
9×10 9
2014
Q.2(viii) A 10µF is charged to a potential difference of 220V. Its plates are then disconnected from the
battery. Its plates are then connected in parallels to another capacitor and it is found that the potential
difference falls to 100V.What is the capacitance of the second capacitor?
Data: Initial charge on C1 :
Capacitance of 1st capacitor = C1 = 10 µF 𝑞1 = 𝐶1 𝑉1 = 10 × 220 = 2200 µC
Initial voltage = V1 = 220 V Final charge on C1 :(When C2 is also connected)
Capacitance of 2nd capacitor = C2 = ? 𝑞1 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑉1 ′ = 10 × 100 =

1000 µC
Final voltage = V1’ = 100 V
Final charge on C2 :
Solution:
𝑞2 = 𝑞1 − 𝑞1′ = 2200 − 1000
The capacitance of 2nd capacitor is
given by 𝑞2 = 1200 µC
𝑞2
𝐶2 = ---- (i) Putting values in eq (i)
𝑉2

𝑞2 1200 µC
𝐶2 = = 𝐶2 = 12 µF
𝑉2 100
Result: The capacitance of 2nd capacitor is 12 µF
2013
Q.2 (xi) The surface charge density on a vertical metal plate is 25 x 10-6 c/m2 .Find the force experienced by
𝒄𝟐
a charge of 2 x 10 -10 C placed in front close to the sheet. (𝝐𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑵𝒎𝟐 )
𝐹 𝜎
Data: Or = 2𝜖
𝑞 0
Charge on sphere= q = 2 x 10-10 C 𝜎 ×𝑞

𝐹= 2𝜖 0
Force = F =?
25 x 10 −6 ×2×10 −10
𝐹=
Surface charge density = 𝜎 =25 x 10-6 c/m2 2×8.85×10 −12
Solution: 𝐹 = 2.8 × 10−4 𝑁
The electric Intensity due to a charged Result: The force experienced by the charge is
sphere is given by 2.8 × 10−4 𝑁
𝜎
𝐸=
2𝜖 0
2012
Q.2 (xiii) Two point charges of +2 x 10-4 and -2 x 10-4 coulomb are placed at a distance of 40cm from each
other. A charge of +5x 10-5 coulomb is placed midway between them. What is the magnitude and direction
of force on it? (K = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2)
Data:
𝑞1 = +2 × 10−4 𝐶
𝑞2 = −2 × 10−4 𝐶
𝑟12 = 40𝑐𝑚 = 0.4 𝑚
𝑞3 = +5 × 10−5 𝐶
Solution:
𝑟13 = 𝑟23 = 0.2 𝑚
There are two forces on q3.
𝐹3 =?

i.e. Force between q1 and q3 and force between 2×10 −4 ×5×10 −5

𝐹23 = 9 × 109 (0.2)2
q2 and q3.
Force between q1 and q3: 𝐹23 = 2250 𝑁
𝑞 1 𝑞3 Total Force on q3:

𝐹13 = 𝑘 2
𝑟13
−4 ×5×10 −5
Since both forces are acting in same
9 2×10
𝐹13 = 9 × 10 (0.2)2 direction
𝐹13 = 2250 𝑁 𝐹3 = 𝐹13 + 𝐹23 = 2250 + 2250
𝐹3 = 4500 𝑁 (towards Negative

Force between q2 and q3:
Charge q2)
𝑞1 𝑞3
𝐹23 = 𝑘 2
𝑟23
Result: The total force on q3 if 4500 N towards –
ve charge
2011
2. (vii) A particle of mass 1.67 x 10-27 kg and charge 1.6 x 10-19 C is to be held motionless between two
horizontal parallel plates, the Voltage applied between the plates is 6 x 10-9 v. Calculate the distance
between plates.
Data:
Mass of particle = m = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
Charge on particle = q = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Voltage applied between the plates= 6 x 10-9 v
Distance between plates = d = ?
Solution:

𝐹𝐸 = 𝑊
𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉 = 𝐸. 𝑑
So,
𝑞𝑉
= 𝑚𝑔
𝑑
Or we can write as
𝑞𝑉 1.6 x 10 −19 ×6 x 10 −9
𝑑 = 𝑚𝑔 = 1.67 x 10 −27 ×9.8
𝑑 = 0.058 𝑚
Result: The distance between plates is 0.058 𝑚.
2010
Q.2 (x) Textbook Numerical 12.10

CHAPTER NO.13 |CURRENT ELECTRICITY 130
17. The electrical energy dissipated as heat in a resistor is:
*I2R *I2Rt *V2R *V2Rt
2019
Q.2 (viii) A rectangular bar of iron is 2cm x 2cm is cross section and 20 cm long. What will be its resistance
at 5000C? (α=0.0052 K-1 and ρ=11 x 108 ohm-m)
Data: 11 x 10 8 ×0.2
𝑅= 4×10 −4
Area of bar = A = 2cm x 2cm =0.02 x 0.02 =
𝑅 = 0.055 Ω
4 × 10−4 𝑚2
Now, using temperature co efficient of
Length of bar = 𝐿 = 20 cm = 0.2 𝑚
resistance
∆𝑡 = 𝑡 = 5000 C or K
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅(1 + 𝛼𝑡)
Resistance at t oC = 𝑅𝑡 = ?
𝑅𝑡 = 0.055(1 + 0.0052 × 500)
Solution:
𝑅𝑡 = 0.198 Ω
The Resistance of wire is given by
Result: The resistance of bar at 500 degree C is
𝜌𝐿
𝑅= 0.198 Ω .
𝐴
2018
Q.2(ii) Find the potential difference at the ends of 15 m long copper wire 0.5 mm in diameter to maintain a
steady current of 4 A.( Resistivity of Copper = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒐𝒉𝒎 − 𝒎)
Data: 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 ---- (i)
Length of wire = L = 15 m Now, Resistance is given by
Diameter of wire = d = 0.5 mm =0.5 x 10-3 m 𝜌𝐿 1.54×10 −8 ×15

𝑅= = 𝜋𝑑2
𝐴
4
Current = 𝐼 = 4 A
23.1×10 −8
Potential Difference = 𝑉 = ? 𝑅= 3.14 ×(0.5 ×10 −3)2
4
Solution:
𝑅 = 1.17 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
′
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑂ℎ𝑚 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤
Putting in eq (i)

𝑉 = 4 × 1.17 Result: The potential difference at the ends is
4.68 𝑣.
𝑉 = 4.68 𝑣
2017
Q.2 (xii) The resistance of a platinum resistance thermometer is 200 ohms at 0°C and 257.6 ohms when
immersed in a hot bath. What is the temperature of the bath (α= 0.00392 0C-1 )
Data: 257.6 = 200(1 + 0.00392 × 𝑡)
Resistance of platinum at 0 0C = 𝑅0 = 200 Ω 257.6

= 1 + 0.00392 × 𝑡
200
Resistance of platinum at t 0C = 𝑅𝑡 = 257.6 Ω
1.288 − 1 = 0.00392 × 𝑡
Temperature of bath = t = ?
0.288
Solution: =𝑡
0.00392
Temperature co efficient of resistance is 𝑡 = 73.4 𝐶
given by
Result: The temperature of the bath is 73.4 oC.
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼𝑡)
2016
Q.2 (iv) Find the resistance at 100°C of a Silver wire, 1 mm in diameter and 1000 cm long.
(𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒐𝒉𝒎 𝒎) (𝜶 =. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖 𝐂−𝟏 )
Data: 1.52 x 10 −8 ×10 15.2×10 −8 15.2×10 −8

𝑅= 𝜋𝑑2
= 3.14 ×(1×10 −3 )
= 7.85×10 −7
4 4
Diameter of bar = d = 1 mm = 1 × 10−3 𝑚
𝑅 = 0.193 Ω
Length of wire = 𝐿 = 1000 cm = 10 𝑚
Now, using temperature co efficient of
∆𝑡 = 𝑡 = 1000 C or K
resistance
Resistance at t oC = 𝑅𝑡 =?
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅(1 + 𝛼𝑡)
Solution:
𝑅𝑡 = 0.193(1 + 0.0038 × 100)
The Resistance of wire is given by
𝑅𝑡 = 0.267 Ω
𝜌𝐿
𝑅= 𝐴 Result: The resistance of wire at 100 degree C is
0.267 Ω .
2015
Q.2(vii) A 50 ohm resistor is to be wound from a platinum wire 0.1 mm in diameter. How much wire is
needed? (Resistivity of the wire= 11 x 10 -8 Ohm-m)
Data: 𝜋𝑑 2
Area of wire = A= =
4
2
Resistance of wire =R = 50 ohm 3.14× 0.1×10 −3
4
Diameter of wire = d =0.1 mm=0.1 x 10-3 m
𝐴 = 7.85 × 10−9 𝑚
Length of wire = L =?
Putting in eq (i)
Resistivity of platinum = 𝜌 = 11 x 10 -8 Ohm-m
𝐿
50 = 11 x 10−8 × 7.85×10 −9
Solution:
50×7.85×10 −9
As we know that 𝐿= = 3.5 𝑚
11 x 10 −8
𝐿
𝑅 = 𝜌 ---- (i) Result: The length of wire needed is 3.5 m.
𝐴
2014
Q.2 (iii) Same as 2019 Q.2 (viii)
Q.2(vi) Three resistors each of 50 ohm can be connected in four different ways. Find the equivalent
resistance for each combination.
Data: 𝑅𝑎 = 50 + 50 + 50
Resistances = R1 = R2= R3=50 ohm 𝑅𝑎 = 150 Ω
1st case Equivalent resistance = Ra = ? Case 2:

2nd case Equivalent resistance = Rb = ? R1 , R2 , R3 are parallel
3rd case Equivalent resistance = Rc = ?
4th case Equivalent resistance = Rd = ?
Case 1:
R1 , R2 , R3 are in series
So,
So,
1 1 1 1
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 =𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅𝑏 1 2 3

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑏 50 50 50
1 3
=
𝑅𝑏 50
𝑅𝑏 = 16.6 Ω
Case 3:
R1 and R2 are parallel

1 1 1
=𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅′ 1 2
1 1 1
= 50 + 50
𝑅′
1 2
R1 , R2 are in series = 50
𝑅′
So,
𝑅′ = 25 Ω
𝑅′ = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 50 + 50
R’ , R3 are in series
𝑅′ = 100Ω
So,
Now ,
𝑅𝑑 = 𝑅′ + 𝑅3 = 25 + 50
R’ and R3 are parallel
𝑅𝑑 = 75 Ω
1 1 1
= 𝑅′ + 𝑅
𝑅𝑐 3 Result:
1 1 1
= 100 + 50 1st case Equivalent resistance = Ra = 150 ohm
𝑅𝑐
1
=
3 2nd case Equivalent resistance = Rb = 16.6 ohm
𝑅𝑐 100
3rd case Equivalent resistance = Rc = 33.3 ohm
𝑅𝑐 = 33.3 Ω
4th case Equivalent resistance = Rd = 75 ohm
Case 4:
2013
Q.2 (xii) Two resistors of 5 ohm and 2 ohm are connected in parallel with a 9V battery. Calculate the
current and power dissipated in each resistance.
Data: Resistance of 1st Resistor = R1 = 5 ohm

Resistance of 2nd Resistor = R2 = 2 ohm 𝐼1 = 1.8 𝐴
Voltage across resistors = V = 9V And

Current through R1 = I1 =? 𝑉 9
𝐼2 = 𝑅 = 2
2
Current through R2 = I2 =?
𝐼2 = 4.5 𝐴
Power dissipation across R1 = P1 =?
For Power Dissipation
Power dissipation across R2 = P2 =?
P = VI
So,
Solution:
P1 = VI1 = 9 × 1.8 = 16.2 W
Using Ohm’s Law
𝑉 9 P2 = VI2 = 9 × 4.5 = 40.5 W
𝐼1 = 𝑅 = 5
1
2012
Q.2.(i) You are given three resistors each of 2 ohms. How would you arrange these to obtain equivalent
resistance of: (a) 1.33 ohms, (b) 3 ohms and (c) 6 ohms? Verify the results mathematically
Data: 𝑅′ = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 2 + 2
Resistances = R1 = R2= R3=2 ohms 𝑅′ = 4Ω
1st case Equivalent resistance = Ra =1.33 ohms Now ,
2nd case Equivalent resistance = Rb =3 ohms R’ and R3 are parallel

1 1 1
3rd case Equivalent resistance = Rc =6 ohms = 𝑅′ + 𝑅
𝑅𝑎 3
Case 1: 1 1 1
=4 +2
𝑅𝑎
1 3
=4
𝑅𝑎
𝑅𝑎 = 1.333 Ω
Case 2:
R1 , R2 are in series
So,
Case 3:
R1 , R2 , R3 are in series
So,
R1 and R2 are parallel 𝑅𝑐 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
1 1 1
=𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅𝑐 = 2 + 2 + 2
𝑅′ 1 2
1 1
=2 +2
1 𝑅𝑐 = 6 Ω
𝑅′
1 2
=2
𝑅′
Result:
𝑅′ = 1 Ω
For Ra = 1.33 ohm resistances must be
R’ , R3 are in series connected as case 1.
So, For Rb = 3 ohm resistances must be connected

as case 2
𝑅𝑏 = 𝑅′ + 𝑅3 = 1 + 2
For Rc = 6 ohm resistances must be connected
𝑅𝑏 = 3 Ω
as case 3
2011
Q.2 (x) Same as 2019 Q.2 (viii)
2010
Q.2 (xi) Textbook Numerical 13.19

CHAPTER NO.14 |MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM 176
2019
Q.2 (iii) A coil of 400 turns in an AC generator having an area of 0.1 m2 is rotating in a
magnetic field of 50 T.In order to generate a maximum voltage of 220 volts, how fast is the
coil to be rotated? Express your answer in revolutions per second.
Data: 220 = 400 × 0.1 × 𝜔 × 50

220 220
Number of turns = N = 400 turns 𝜔 = 400×0.1×50 = 2000 =
Area of coil = A = 0.1 m2 0.11 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Magnetic Field = B= 50 T To find answer in revolutions per

second:
Maximum voltage = 𝜀0 = 220 V
Angular velocity = 𝜔=? 0.11

𝜔= = 0.175 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
2𝜋
Solution:
Result: The coil should be rotated at
Maximum voltage is given by 0.175 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑.
𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐴𝜔𝐵
2018
Q. 2(xii) A current of 6.25 A is maintained in a long straight conductor by a source. Calculate
the force per meter on a similar parallel conductor in air at a distance of 0.5 m from the first
and carrying a current of 2 A. (𝝁𝟎 = 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑻 − 𝒎/𝑨 )
Data: Distance of wire = r = 0.5 m
Current passing through 1st conductor = Current passing through 2nd conductor =
I1 = 6.25 A I2 = 2 A
Force = F = ? Solution:
Length = L = 1 m The magnetic field due to first wire

𝜇 0 𝐼1 4𝜋×10 −7 ×6.25 𝐹 = 𝐵1 𝐼2 𝐿𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐵1 = =
2𝜋𝑟 2×3.15×0.5
𝐹 = 2.5 × 10−6 × 2 × 1 ×
−6
𝐵1 = 2.5 × 10 𝑇 𝑆𝑖𝑛900
Now, force on second conductor per unit 𝐹 = 5 × 10−6 𝑁
length
Result: The force per meter is 5 × 10−6 𝑁.
2017
Q.2 (x) An alternating current generator operates at 79 Hz. The area of the coil is 500 cm2.
Calculate the number of turns in the coil when a magnetic field induction 0.06 tesla produces
a maximum potential difference of 149 volts.
Data: Maximum voltage is given by
Frequency = f = 79 Hz 𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐴𝜔𝐵
500 𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐴(2𝜋𝑓)𝐵
Area of coil = A = 500 cm2=100×100 =
0.05 𝑚2 149 = 𝑁 × 0.05 × 2 × 3.14 × 79 × 0.06
Number of turns in coil = 𝑁 =? 149
𝑁 = 1.488 = 100 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
Magnetic field = B = 0.06 T
Result: The number of turns in the
Maximum P.d = 𝜀0 = 149 𝑣 coil is 100 turns.
Solution:
2016
Q.2 (v) An iron core solenoid with 600 turns has a cross section area of 2.0 cm2. A current of
4.0 ampere passing through it produces B = 0.4 weber /m2. What emf is produced in it, if the
current is turned off in 0.2 second? What is its self-inductance?
Data: Induced EMF = 𝜀 =?
No. of Turns = N = 600 turns Self-inductance = L =?
Cross section area =Δ A = 2.0 cm2= Time = Δt = 0.2 sec

2
= 2 × 10−4 𝑚2
(100×100) Solution:
Change of Current = ΔI = 4 A According to Faraday’s law
Magnetic Field =B = 0.4 weber /m2

𝑁∆𝜑 𝐿∆𝐼
𝜀= 𝜀=
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Or 𝐿(4)
0.24 = 0.2
𝑁(𝐵.ΔA) 600×0.4×2×10 −4
𝜀= = 0.24×0.2
∆𝑡 0.2 𝐿= = 0.012 𝐻
4
𝜀 = 0.24 𝑣
Result: The induced emf is 0.24 𝑣
According to Self Induction and the self inductance is 0.012 𝐻.
Q.2 (xi) A proton of charge 1.6 x 10-19 C and mass 1.67 x 10-27 kg is accelerated by a potential
difference of 6 x 105 volts. Then it enters perpendicularly into a magnetic field of intensity
0.5 Tesla. Find the radius of the circular path of the proton.
Data: 𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 𝑞𝐵
𝑟
Charge on proton = q = 1.6 x 10-19 C 𝑚𝑣𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟= ---- (i)
𝑞𝐵
Mass of proton = mP = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
In Charge to Mass Ratio
Potential Difference = V = 6 x 105 volts
2𝑞𝑉
Magnetic Field = B = 0.5 T 𝑣= =
𝑚
Angle = 𝜃 = 90 degrees 2(1.6 x 10 −19 )(6 x 10 5 )

1.67 x 10 −27
Radius = r = ?
𝑣 = 1.027 × 107 𝑚/𝑠
Solution:
Putting in eq (i)
𝑟=
Centripetal force= Magnetic force 1.67 x 10 −27 ×1.027×10 7 ×𝑆𝑖𝑛 90
1.6 x 10 −19 ×0.5
𝑚 𝑣𝑦2
= 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟 = 0.2236 𝑚
𝑚 (𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2
= 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 Result: The radius of the circular path will
𝑟
be 0.2236 𝑚.
2015

Q.2 (ix) An e.m.f. of 45 millivolts is induced in a coil of 500 turns. When the current in a
neighboring coil changes from 15 amps to 4 amps in 0.2 seconds, (a) what is the mutual
inductance of the coils? (b) What is the rate of change of flux in the second coil?
11
Data: 45 × 10−3 = 𝑀 0.2
Induced emf in secondary coil=
𝜀𝑠 = 45 𝑚𝑉 = 45 × 10−3 𝑉
45×10−3 ×0.2
𝑀= = 8.18 × 10−4 𝐻
11
No. of Turns in secondary coil =
𝑁𝑠 = 500 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 According to Faraday’s Law
Change of current in primary coil = ∆𝜑
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑁𝑠
∆𝐼𝑃 = 15 − 4 = 11 𝐴 ∆𝑡
∆𝜑
Time = ∆𝑡 = 0.2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 45 × 10−3 = 500 × ∆𝑡
Mutual Inductance = 𝑀 =? ∆𝜑
= 45 × 10−3 / 500
∆𝑡
∆𝜑
Rate of change of flux = =? ∆𝜑
∆𝑡 = 9 × 10−5 𝑤𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟/𝑠𝑒𝑐
∆𝑡
Solution:
Result: The Mutual inductance is
Magnitude of Mutual Induction is 8.18 × 10−4 𝐻 and the rate of change of
given by flux is 9 × 10−5
𝑤𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟
.
𝑠𝑒𝑐
∆𝐼𝑃
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑀 ∆𝑡
2014
Q.2(iii) An iron core solenoid with 500 turns has a cross section of 5 cm2 .A current of 2.3
ampere passing through it produces a flux of B = 0.53 Telsa. How large an E.m.f is produced
in it, if the current is turned off in 0.1 second? What is the self Inductance of the solenoid?
Data: Induced EMF = 𝜀 =?
No. of Turns = N = 500 turns Self-inductance = L =?
Cross section area =Δ A = 5.0 cm2= Time = Δt = 0.1 sec

5
= 5 × 10−4 𝑚2
(100×100) Solution:
Change of Current = ΔI = 2.3 A According to Faraday’s law
Magnetic Field =B = 0.53 weber /m2 𝜀=

𝑁∆𝜑
∆𝑡

Or 𝐿(2.3)
1.32 = 0.1
𝑁(𝐵.ΔA) 500×0.53×5×10 −4
𝜀= = 1.32×0.1
∆𝑡 0.1 𝐿= = 0.057 𝐻
2.3
𝜀 = 1.32 𝑣
Result: The induced emf is 1.32 𝑣
According to Self Induction and the self inductance is 0.057 𝐻.
𝐿∆𝐼
𝜀= ∆𝑡
2013
Q.2 (iv) Same as 2017 Q.2 (x)
2012
Q.2 (ii) Find the current required to produce a magnetic field of induction B = 2.512 x 10-3
web/m in a 50 cm long solenoid having 4000 turns of wire. (𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇 − 𝑚/𝐴)
𝑁
Data: Since 𝑛 = 𝐿
No. of Turns = N = 4000 turns

Therefore
Change of Current = I =?
2.512 × 10−3 =
4𝜋×10−7 ×4000 ×𝐼
Magnetic Field =B = 2.512 x 10-3 weber
0.5
/m2
2.512×10 −3 ×0.5
𝐼=
Length of solenoid = L =50 cm =0.5 m 4𝜋×10−7 ×4000
Solution: 𝐼 = 0.25 𝐴
According to Ampere’s law Result: The current required to

produce magnetic field is 0.25 A.
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
2011
Q.2(viii) An alternating current Generator operating at 50 Hz has a coil of 200 turns, while
the coil has an area of 120 cm2. Calculate the magnetic field intensity applied to rotate the
coil to produce the maximum voltage of 240 V.
120
Data: Area of coil = A = 500 cm2=100×100 =
Frequency = f = 50 Hz 0.012 𝑚2
Number of turns in coil = 𝑁 = 200

0𝜀
Magnetic field = B = ? 𝐵 = 𝑁𝐴(2𝜋𝑓 )
Maximum P.d = 𝜀0 = 240 𝑣 240

𝐵 = 200×0.012×2×3.14×50
Solution:
𝐵 = 0.318 𝑇
Maximum voltage is given by
Result: The required magnetic field
𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐴𝜔𝐵 is 0.318 T.
𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐴(2𝜋𝑓)𝐵
Q.2 (xiii) The inner & the outer diameters of the Toroid are 22 cm and 26cm. If a current of
5.0 amp is passed which produces 0.025 tesla flux density inside core, find the approximate
length of the wire wound on the toroid. (𝝁𝟎 = 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑻 − 𝒎/𝑨)
0.025×2𝜋×0.12
Data: 𝑁= 4𝜋×10−7 ×5
22
Inner radius= 𝑟1 = = 11 𝑐𝑚 = 0.11 𝑚 𝑁 = 3000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
2
26
Outer radius= 𝑟2 = = 13 𝑐𝑚 = 0.13 𝑚 The length of wire in one loop is given by
2
𝑟1 +𝑟2 0.11+0.13 ∆𝑟
Radius of Toroid= = = 𝐿 = 2𝜋( 2 )
2 2
0.12 𝑚 0.02
𝐿 = 2 × 3.14 × ( )
2
Current= 𝐼 = 5 𝐴
𝐿 = 0.0628 𝑚
Magnetic Field= 𝐵 = 0.025 𝑇
Now for “N” loops
Length of wire= 𝑙 =?
𝑙 =𝐿×𝑁
Solution:
𝑙 = 0.0628 × 3000
The Magnetic Field due to
Toroid is given by 𝑙 = 188.4 𝑚
𝐵=
𝜇 0 𝑁𝐼 Result: The length of wire is 188.4 m
2𝜋𝑟
𝐵×2𝜋𝑟
𝑁= 𝜇0𝐼
2010
Q.2 (x) Same as 2012 Q.2 (ii)

CHAPTER NO.15 |ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 208
2019 , 2018
No Numerical
2017
Q.2 (v) A 400 volts voltmeter has a total resistance of 40000 ohms. What additional series
resistance must be connected to it to increase its range to 750 volts?
Data: 𝑉𝑔 = 𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝑔
Resistance of voltmeter = Rg = 40000 Ω 𝑉𝑔 400

So, 𝐼𝑔 = 𝑅 = 40000 =
𝑔
Initial range of voltmeter = Vg = 400 v 0.01 𝐴
Series resistance = Rx = ? Putting values in eq (i)
Final range of voltmeter = V = 750 v 750

𝑅𝑥 = 0.01 − 40000
Solution:
𝑅𝑥 = 35000 Ω
As we know that
Result: The additional resistance
𝑉
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐼 − 𝑅𝑔 ---- (i) must be connected in series with a value
𝑔
of 35000 ohms.
According to Ohm’s Law
2016
No Numerical
2015
viii) A galvanometer, whose resistance is 60 ohms, deflects full scale for a potential
difference of 100 millivolts across its terminals. What shunt resistance must be connected to
convert it into an ammeter of 5 ampere range?
Data: Full scale deflection voltage = Vg = 100

mV
Resistance of Galvanometer= Rg = 60
ohms V
g = 0.1 V

𝑉𝑔 0.1
Shunt Resistance = Rs =? 𝐼𝑔 = 𝑅 = = 1.66 ×
𝑔 60
Range of ammeter = I = 5 A 10−3 𝐴
Solution: Putting in eq (i)
Shunt resistance is given by 1.66×10 −3 ×60

𝑅𝑠 = 5−1.66×10 −3
𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝑔
𝑅𝑠 = ---- (i)
𝐼−𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝑠 = 0.02 𝛺
According to Ohm’s Law Result: The value of shunt

resistance is 0.02 ohms.
2014
Q.2(i) A galvanometer, having a resistance of 50 ohms deflects full scale for a potential
difference of 100 mV across the terminals. What resistance should be connected to increase
its range to 50 Volts?
Resistance of galvanometer = Rg = 50 Ω According to Ohm’s Law
Full scale deflection voltage = Vg = 100 𝑉𝑔 = 𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝑔

mV
𝑉𝑔 0.1
So, 𝐼𝑔 = 𝑅 = =
50
= Vg = 0.1 V 𝑔
0.002 𝐴
Series resistance = Rx = ?
Putting values in eq (i)
Final range of voltmeter = V = 50 V
50
𝑅𝑥 = 0.002 − 50
Solution:
𝑅𝑥 = 24950 Ω
As we know that
𝑉 Result: The resistance must be
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐼 − 𝑅𝑔 ---- (i)
𝑔 connected in series with a value of 24950
ohms.
2013
Q.2 (xv) A voltmeter measuring upto 200 volts has a total resistance of 20,000 ohms. What
additional series resistance must be connected to it to increase its range to 600 volts?
Data: Series resistance = Rx =?
Resistance of voltmeter = Rg = 20000 Ω Final range of voltmeter = V = 600 v
Initial range of voltmeter = Vg = 200 v Solution:

As we know that Putting values in eq (i)

𝑉 600
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐼 − 𝑅𝑔 ---- (i) 𝑅𝑥 = 0.01 − 20000
𝑔
According to Ohm’s Law 𝑅𝑥 = 40000 Ω
𝑉𝑔 = 𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝑔 Result: The additional resistance

must be connected in series with a value
𝑉𝑔 200
So, 𝐼𝑔 = 𝑅 = 20000 = of 40000 ohms.
𝑔
0.01 𝐴
2012
Q.2 (iii) A galvanometer of resistance 50 ohms gives full scale deflection with a current of 10
mA. A shunt of 0.05 ohm is connected in parallel to convert it into an ammeter. Find the
range of the ammeter.
𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝑔
Data: 𝑅𝑠 = ---- (i)
𝐼−𝐼𝑔
Resistance of Galvanometer= Rg = 50
Putting in eq (i)
ohms
0.01×50
Full scale deflection current = Ig = 10 mA 0.05 = 𝐼−0.01
Ig
= 0.01 A
0.55
𝐼 − 0.01 = 0.05
Shunt Resistance = Rs =0.05 ohm
𝐼 = 10 + 0.01
Range of ammeter = I =?
𝐼 = 10.01 𝐴
Solution:
Result: The range of ammeter is
Shunt resistance is given by
10.01 A.
2011
No Numerical
2010
Q.2 (ix) Same as 2014 Q.2(i)

CHAPTER NO.16 |ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & ELECTRONICS 227
2015
𝒄𝟐
Q.2( xii) Calculate the speed of the electromagnetic wave, given that, (𝝐𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑵𝒎𝟐 , 𝝁𝟎 = 𝟒𝝅 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑻 − 𝒎/𝑨)
Data:
Speed of electromagnetic waves = c =?
−12
𝑐2
𝜖0 = 8.85 × 10
𝑁𝑚2
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇 − 𝑚/𝐴
Solution:
The speed of electromagnetic wave is given by

1
𝑐= 𝜖 0×𝜇 0
1
𝑐=
8.85 × 10−12 × 4𝜋 × 10−7
1
𝑐=
3.335 × 10−9
𝑐 = 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
Result: The speed of electromagnetic waves is 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠

CHAPTER NO.17 |ADVENT OF MODERN PHYSICS 259
2019
Q.2 (xv) What will be the velocity and momentum of a particle whose rest mass is mo and kinetic energy is
equal to twice of its rest mass energy?
Data: 𝑣2 1
1 − 𝑐2 = 3
Rest mass of particle = 𝑚𝑜
S.O.B.S
𝐾 = 2𝐸0
𝑣2 1
1 − 𝑐2 = 9
𝑣 =?
𝑣2 1
𝑃 =? =1−9
𝑐2
Solution: 𝑣2 8
=9
𝑐2
As we know that
8
𝑣2 = 9 𝑐2
𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝐸0
Taking square root on both sides
𝐸 = 2𝐸0 + 𝐸0
2 2
𝐸 = 3𝐸0 𝑣= 𝑐
3
Or
Now,
𝑚𝑐 2 = 3𝑚0 𝑐 2
Momentum is given by
𝑚 = 3𝑚0
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑚0
∵𝑚= 2 2
𝑣2
1− 2 𝑃 = 3𝑚0 𝑐
𝑐 3
𝑚0
∴ = 3𝑚0 Result: The velocity of particle is 𝑣 =
2 2
𝑐 and
𝑣2
1− 2 3
𝑐
momentum is 2 2𝑚0 𝑐.
2018
2(xiv) A photon of wavelength 0.004 A0 in the vicinity of a heavy nucleus produces an electron positron
pair. Find the kinetic energy of each particle in MeV, is the kinetic energy of positron is twice that of
electron. 𝒎𝟎 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝑱 𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒𝑱𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
−13 −14
Data: 4.97 × 10 = 16.38 × 10 + 3𝐾(𝑒 −)
Wavelength of photon = 𝜆 = 0.004 A0=4 x 10-13 3𝐾(𝑒 −) = 4.97 × 10−13 − 16.38 × 10−14
m
3𝐾(𝑒 −) = 4.69 × 10−13
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 𝐾(𝑒 −) =?
𝐾(𝑒 −) = 1.56 × 10−13 𝐽
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 𝐾 𝑒+ =?
In MeV:
Solution:
𝐾(𝑒 − ) = 1.56 × 10−13 / 1.6 × 10−19
The pair production is given by
𝑕𝜈 = 2𝑚0 𝑐 2 + 𝐾 + 𝐾(𝑒 − ) 𝐾(𝑒 −) = 0.977 × 106 = 0.977 𝑀𝑒𝑉

𝑒+
According to the given condition And
𝐾 𝑒+ = 2𝐾(𝑒 −) 𝐾 𝑒+ = 2𝐾(𝑒 −) = 2 × 0.977 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 1.95 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝑕𝜈 = 2𝑚0 𝑐 2 + 2𝐾(𝑒 −) + 𝐾(𝑒 −) Result: The kinetic energy of electron is

0.977 𝑀𝑒𝑉and of positron is 1.95 𝑀𝑒𝑉.
𝑕𝑐
= 2𝑚0 𝑐 2 + 3𝐾(𝑒 − )
𝜆
6.63×10 −34 ×3×10 8

= 2(8.19 × 10−14 ) +
4×10 −13
3𝐾(𝑒 −)
2017
Q.2 (vi) X-rays of wavelength 3.64 x 10-10 m are used in Compton scattering process. Find the fractional
change in wavelength for a scattering angle of 120°. (Give h = 6.63x10-34Js, m0=9.1x10-31kg, c = 3 x108m/
s)
Data: 6.63 × 10−34

Δ𝜆 = (1 − cos 120)
9.1 × 10−31 × 3 × 108
Wavelength of x rays = λ = 3.64 x 10-10 m
Δ𝜆 = 2.42 × 10−12 × (1 − (−0.5))
Scattering angle = 𝜃 = 1200
Δ𝜆
Δ𝜆 = 3.64 × 10−12 𝑚
Fractional change in wavelength = =?
𝜆
Solution:
Δ𝜆 3.64×10 −12
= 3.64 x 10 −10 = 0.01
𝜆
According to Compton’s Scattering
𝑕 Δ𝜆
Δ𝜆 = 𝑚 𝑐 (1 − cos 𝜃) = 0.01 × 100 = 1%
0 𝜆

Result: The fractional change in wavelength is 1%.
2016
Q.2 (vi) Textbook Numerical 17.13
2015
Q.2(iv) Same as 2019 Q.2 (xv)
2014
Q. 2(iv) Same as 2019 Q.2 (xv)
Q. 2(ix) In a TV picture tube, an electron is accelerated by a potential difference of 12000 V. Determine the
de Broglie’s wavelength given that h = 6.63 x 10-34 JS, e=1.6 x 10-19 coulomb m= 9.11 x 10-31kg.
Data: 2𝑒𝑉 2(1.6×10 −19 )(12000 )

𝑣= =
𝑚 9.1×10 −31
Potential Difference = V = 12000 V
𝑣 = 64.9 × 106 𝑚/𝑠
De Broglie’s wavelength = λ = ?
Putting in eq (i)
Solution:
6.63×10 −34
The De Broglie’s wavelength is given 𝜆 = 9.1×10 −31 ×64.9×106
by
𝜆 = 0.112 × 10−10 𝑚
𝑕
𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣 ---- (i)
Or 𝜆 = 0.112𝐴𝑜
The velocity of electron is given by Result: the De Broglie’s wavelength of electron is
0.112𝐴𝑜 .
2013
Q.2 (vi) Pair annihilation occurred due to a head-on-collision of an electron and a positron having the same
kinetic energy, producing pair of photons each having of 2.5 MeV. What were their kinetic energies before
collision? Given moc2 = 0.511 MeV.
Data: The pair annihilation is given by
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑕𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 𝑕𝜈 = 2.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉 2𝑚0 𝑐 2 + 𝐾 𝑒+ + 𝐾(𝑒 −) = 2𝑕𝜈
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑕 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾 =? According to the given condition

Solution:
𝐾 𝑒+ = 𝐾(𝑒 − ) = 𝐾 3.978 = 2𝐾
2𝑕𝜈 = 2𝑚0 𝑐 2 + 2𝐾 𝐾 = 1.989 𝑀𝑒𝑉
2 × 2.5 = 2 × 0.511 + 2𝐾 Result: The kinetic energy of electron and

positron is 1.989 𝑀𝑒𝑉
5 = 1.022 + 2𝐾
2012
Q.2 (iv) Textbook Numerical 17.3
Q.2(xv) Textbook Numerical 17.13
2011
Q.2 (xii) Same as 2019 Q.2 (xv)
Q.2 (xv) Textbook Numerical 17.15
2010
Q.2(xiv) Textbook Numerical 17.15

CHAPTER NO.18 |THE ATOMIC SPECTRA 288
2019
Q.2 (vi) What is the wavelength of 3rd spectral line of Paschen series in hydrogen atom? (Rh= 1.097 x 107 m-
1).
Data: 1 1 1
= 1.097 x 107 − 62
𝜆 32
Series = Paschen series (𝑛𝑓 = 3) 1 1
= 1.097 x 107
𝜆 12
Initial Orbit = 𝑛𝑖 = 6 (3rd spectral line)
Or
Rh= 1.097 x 107 m-1
12
𝜆 = 1.097x 10 7
Wavelength = 𝜆=?
Solution: 𝜆 = 1.01x 10−6 m
The wavelength of radiation is given by Result: The wavelength of third spectral line will
be 𝜆 = 1.01x 10−6 m .
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝑕 − 𝑛2
𝜆 𝑛 𝑓2 𝑖
2018
Q.2(viii) A photon of what minimum energy is required to excite a hydrogen atom from n=1 to n=3? (Rh=
1.097 x 107 m-1).
13.6 13.6
Data: ∆𝐸 = − +
𝑛 𝑓2 𝑛 𝑖2
Excitation Energy = ∆𝐸 = ? 13.6 13.6

∆𝐸 = − (3)2 + (1)2
Initial Orbit = 𝑛𝑖 = 1
∆𝐸 = −1.5 + 13.6
Initial Orbit = 𝑛𝑓 = 3
∆𝐸 = 12.1 𝑒𝑉
Solution:
Result: the minimum energy is required to excite
The excitation Energy is given by
a hydrogen atom from n=1 to n=3 is 12.1 𝑒𝑉.
∆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐸𝑖
2017
Q.2 (viii) How much energy is needed to ionize a hydrogen atom originally in ground state? 6.63 x 10-34Js, c
= 3 x 108m/ s, RH =1.097 x 107 m-1)
Data: ∆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐸𝑖
Ionization energy = E = ? 13.6 13.6

∆𝐸 = − +
𝑛 𝑓2 𝑛 𝑖2
Initial Orbit = 𝑛𝑖 = 1
13.6 13.6
∆𝐸 = − (∞)2 + (1)2
Final Orbit = 𝑛𝑓 = ∞
∆𝐸 = 13.6 𝑒𝑉
Solution:
Result: The energy required to ionize a hydrogen
The Ionization Energy is given by
atom from n=1 is 13.6 𝑒𝑉.
2016
Q.2 (vii) Find the shortest and the longest wavelength of emitted photons in Hydrogen spectra in Pfund
series.
Data:
900
Series = pfund = nf =5 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.097×10 7 ×11 = 7.45 × 10−6 𝑚
Longest wavelength = λmax = ? For Shortest Wavelength ni = ∞
Shortest wavelength = λmin = ? Then
Solution: 1 1 1
= 1.097 × 107 2
−
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 (5) (∞)2
According to Rydberg’s Formula
1 1
1 1 1 = 1.097 × 107 −0
𝜆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 25
= 𝑅𝐻 = − 𝑛2
𝜆 𝑛2 𝑓 𝑖
1 1
For Longest Wavelength ni = 6 = 1.097 × 107
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 25
Then
25
1 7
1 1 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.097×10 7 = 2.27 × 10−6 𝑚
= 1.097 × 10 −
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 (5)2 (6)2
Result: The shortest wavelength of pfund series
1 7 1 1
𝜆 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 1.097 × 10 25
− 36 is 2.27 × 10−6 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 longest is 7.45 ×−6 𝑚
1 11
= 1.097 × 107
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 900
2015
Q.2 (xi) Find the shortest wavelength of photon emitted in the Balmer series and determines its energy in
eV. (RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1).
Data: 1 1
= 1.097 × 107
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 4
Series = Balmer = nf =2
Shortest wavelength = λmin =? 4

𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.097×10 7 = 3.64 × 10−7 𝑚
Minimum Energy = Emin =? (eV)
Now, Energy is given by
Solution:
𝑕𝑐 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
According to Rydberg’s Formula 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 3.64 × 10−7
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 = − 𝑛2
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5.45 × 10−19 𝐽
For Shortest Wavelength ni = ∞ 5.45×10 −19
In eV: 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 3.40 𝑒𝑉
1.6×10 −19
Then
1 1 1 Result: The shortest wavelength of Balmer series

= 1.097 × 107 2
− is 2.27 × 10−6 𝑚
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 (2) (∞)2
1 1 And minimum its energy is 3.40 eV.
= 1.097 × 107 −0
𝜆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4
2014
Q.2(x) Determine the longest and the shortest wavelength photons emitted in the Lyman series (Rh =
1.097 x 107m-1).
Data: 1 1
= 1.097 × 107 1 − 4
𝜆 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Series = Lyman = nf =1
1 3
= 1.097 × 107
Longest wavelength = λmax = ? 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 4
Shortest wavelength = λmin = ?

4
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.097×10 7 ×3 = 121 × 10−9 𝑚 = 121 𝑛𝑚
Solution:
According to Rydberg’s Formula For Shortest Wavelength ni = ∞
1 1 1 Then
= 𝑅𝐻 = 2 − 2
𝜆 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖
1 1 1
= 1.097 × 107 2
−
For Longest Wavelength ni = 2 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 (1) (∞)2
1 1
Then = 1.097 × 107 −0
𝜆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1
1 1 1 1
= 1.097 × 107 2
− = 1.097 × 107
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1) (2)2 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛

Result: The shortest wavelength of Lyman series
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
1
= 91 × 10−9 𝑚 = 91 𝑛𝑚 is 121 𝑛𝑚 and longest is 91 𝑛𝑚
1.097×10 7
2013
Q.2 (v) Textbook Numerical 18.5
2012
Q.2 (xi) Find the value of the shortest and the longest wavelength of emitted photons in hydrogen spectra
in Balmer series, where Rh = 1.097 x 107 m-1.
Data:
36
Series = Balmer = nf =2 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.097×10 7 ×5 = 6.56 × 10−7 𝑚
Longest wavelength = λmax = ? For Shortest Wavelength ni = ∞
Shortest wavelength = λmin = ? Then
Solution: 1
= 1.097 × 107
1 1
− (∞)2
𝜆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (2)2
1 1
= 1.097 × 107 −0
𝜆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 = − 𝑛2
𝜆 𝑛 𝑓2 𝑖 1 1
= 1.097 × 107
𝜆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4
For Longest Wavelength ni = 3
Then 4
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.097×10 7 = 3.64 × 10−7 𝑚
1 1 1
= 1.097 × 107 (2)2
− (3)2
𝜆 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Result: The shortest wavelength of Balmer series
1
= 1.097 × 107
1
−9
1 is 2.27 × 10−6 𝑚
𝜆 𝑚𝑎𝑥 4
1 5
= 1.097 × 107
𝜆 𝑚𝑎𝑥 36
2011
2. (xi) Calculate the energy of the longest wavelength radiation emitted in the Paschen series in hydrogen
atom spectra. (Rh =1.097 x 10 m-1, h = 6.63 x 10-34 JS, C= 3 x 108m/s)
Data: Longest wavelength = λmax = ?
Series = paschen = nf =3 Solution:

144
1 1 1 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 1.87 × 10−6 𝑚
= 𝑅𝐻 − 𝑛2 1.097×10 7 ×7
For Longest Wavelength ni = 4
𝑕𝑐 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
Then 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.87 × 10−6
1 1 1
= 1.097 × 107 − 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.06 × 10−19 𝐽
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 (3) 2 (4)2
1.06×10 −19
1
= 1.097 × 10 7 1
− 16
1 In eV: 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 0.66 𝑒𝑉
1.6×10 −19
𝜆 𝑚𝑎𝑥 9
1 7 Result: The longest wavelength of paschen series

= 1.097 × 107 is 1.87 × 10−6 𝑚 and energy is 0.66 eV
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 144
2010
Q.2(xii) Find the shortest wavelength of photon emitted in to Balmer series determine its energy in eV.
(RH= 1.097 x 107m-1)
Data: 1 1
= 1.097 × 107
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 4
Series = Balmer = nf =2
Shortest wavelength = λmin =? 4

𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.097×10 7 = 3.64 × 10−7 𝑚
Minimum Energy = Emin =? (eV)
Solution:
𝑕𝑐 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
According to Rydberg’s Formula 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 3.64 × 10−7
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 = − 𝑛2 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5.45 × 10−19 𝐽
5.45×10 −19
For Shortest Wavelength ni = ∞ In eV: 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 3.40 𝑒𝑉
1.6×10 −19
Then
Result: The shortest wavelength of Balmer series
1 1 1 is 2.27 × 10−6 𝑚 and minimum its energy is 3.40
= 1.097 × 107 2
−
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 (2) (∞)2 eV.
1 1
= 1.097 × 107 −0
𝜆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4

CHAPTER NO.19 |THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS 317
2019
Q.2 (ii) Textbook Numerical 19.7
2018
2(iv) Find the Q-value of the reaction 92Pu239 2He4 + 92U235 +Q
The isotopic mass of plutonium = 239.0522 u The isotopic mass of uranium = 235.0439 u
The isotopic mass of alpha particle = 4.0026 u 1 u => 931.5 MeV
Data:
The isotopic mass of plutonium = 239.0522 u
The isotopic mass of uranium = 235.0439 u
The isotopic mass of alpha particle = 4.0026 u
1 u = 931.5 MeV
Solution:
𝑄 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡) × 931.5𝑀𝑒𝑣---(i)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = isotopic mass of plutonium = 239.0522 u
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 =isotopic mass of plutonium + isotopic mass of alpha particle
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 235.0439 u + 4.0026 u = 239.0456 u
Putting in eq (i)
𝑄 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = (239.0522 u − 239.0456 u) × 931.5𝑀𝑒𝑣
𝑄 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = (0.0066 u) × 931.5𝑀𝑒𝑣
𝑄 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 6.14 𝑀𝑒𝑣
Result: The Q value of this reaction is 6.14 𝑀𝑒𝑣.
2017
Q.2 (vii) The half life of 104Po210 is 140 days. By what percent will its activity decrease per hour?

Data: ∆𝐴 ∆𝑁
= ---- (iii)
𝐴 𝑁
Half life =T 1/2 = 140 days = 140 x 24 =3360

According to the law of radioactive decay
hours
∆𝑁 0.696
Δ𝐴 = 𝜆𝑡 = ×𝑡
Percent activity decrease = % =? 𝑁 𝑇1
𝐴 2
Time = 𝑡 =1 hour Putting in eq (iii)

∆𝐴 0.696
Solution: = ×𝑡
𝐴 𝑇1
2
As we know that
∆𝐴 0.696
= ×1
𝐴 = 𝜆𝑁 ----- (i) 𝐴 3360
∆𝐴
Then = 0.000206
𝐴
∆𝐴 = 𝜆∆𝑁 ---- (ii) ∆𝐴

Or % = 0.0206 %
𝐴
Dividing eq (ii) by Eq(i)
Result: The activity of 104Po210 decreases
∆𝐴 𝜆∆𝑁
= 0.0206% 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟.
𝐴 𝜆𝑁
Q.2 (xi) A deuteron of mass 3.3431 x 10-27 kg is formed when a proton of mass 1.6724 x 10-27 kg and a
neutron of mass 1.6748 x 10-27 kg combine. Calculate the mass defect and binding energy In MeV.
Data:
Mass of deutron = mD = 3.3431 x 10-27 kg
Mass of neutron = mN = 1.6748 x 10-27
Mass Defect = ∆𝑚 = ?
Binding Energy = EB = ?
Solution:
Mass defect is given by
∆𝑚 = Mass of proton + Mass of neutron − Mass of deuteron
∆𝑚 = 1.6724 x 10−27 + 1.6748 x 10−27 − 3.3431 x 10−27

∆𝑚 = 3.3472x 10−27 − 3.3431 x 10−27
∆𝑚 = 0.0041x 10−27 𝑘𝑔
Now Binding energy is given by
𝐸𝐵 = ∆𝑚 × 𝑐 2
𝐸𝐵 = 0.0041x 10−27 × (3 × 108 )2 = 3.69 ×−13 𝐽
In MeV:
3.69×−13
𝐸𝐵 = 1.6×10 −19 = 2.306 × 106 𝑒𝑉
Or
𝐸𝐵 = 2.306 𝑀𝑒𝑉
Result: The mass defect of deuteron is 0.0041x 10−27 𝑘𝑔 and binding energy is 2.306 𝑀𝑒𝑉
2016
Q.2 (viii) Textbook Numerical 19.7
Q.2 (xiv) Find the binding energy and the packing fraction in MeV of 52Te126 given that mp = 1.0078u, mn =
1.0086u, mTe = 125.9033u and 1u = 931.5 MeV.
Data:
Mass of Te = mTe = 125.9033 u
Mass of proton = mP = 1.0078 u
Mass of neutron = mN = 1.0086 u
Packing Fraction = 𝐸 = ?
Solution:
∆𝑚 = (Mass of proton × No. of Proton) + (Mass of neutron × No. of Neutron) − Mass of Te
∆𝑚 = (1.0078 × 52) + (1.0086 × 74) − 125.9033

∆𝑚 = (52.4056) + (74.6364) − 125.9033
∆𝑚 = 127.042 − 125.9033
∆𝑚 = 1.1387 𝑢
𝐸𝐵 = ∆𝑚 × 𝑐 2

𝐸𝐵 = 1.1387 × 931.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 1060.7 𝑀𝑒𝑉
For Packing Fraction:
1060 .7
𝑃. 𝐹 = 𝐸𝐵 /𝐴 = = 8.41 𝑒𝑉
126
Result: The binding energy is 1060.7 𝑀𝑒𝑉 and Packing fraction is 8.41 𝑒𝑉
2015
Q.2 (v) Same as 2016 Q.2 (xiv)
2014
Q.2 (v) Same as 2016 Q.2 (xiv)
2013
Q. 2(vii) Textbook Numerical 19.7
2012
Q.2 (xii) Same as 2016 Q.2 (xiv)
2011
No Numerical
2010
Q.2(xiii) A deutron (3.3431 x 10-27 Kg) is formed when a proton (1.6724 x 10-27Kg) & a neutron (1.6748 x
10-27 Kg) combine; Calculate the mass defect and binding energy (in MeV)
Data:
Mass of deutron = mD = 3.3431 x 10-27 kg
Mass of neutron = mN = 1.6748 x 10-27
Mass Defect = ∆𝑚 = ?
Solution:

∆𝑚 = Mass of proton + Mass of neutron − Mass of deuteron
∆𝑚 = 1.6724 x 10−27 + 1.6748 x 10−27 − 3.3431 x 10−27

∆𝑚 = 3.3472x 10−27 − 3.3431 x 10−27
∆𝑚 = 0.0041x 10−27 𝑘𝑔
𝐸𝐵 = ∆𝑚 × 𝑐 2
𝐸𝐵 = 0.0041x 10−27 × (3 × 108 )2 = 3.69 ×−13 𝐽
In MeV:
3.69×−13
𝐸𝐵 = 1.6×10 −19 = 2.306 × 106 𝑒𝑉
Or
𝐸𝐵 = 2.306 𝑀𝑒𝑉
Result: The mass defect of deuteron is 0.0041x 10−27 𝑘𝑔 and binding energy is 2.306 𝑀𝑒𝑉

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2019

Q.2 (x) Textbook Numerical 11.3

Data: ∆𝑄 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 = 1147 − 233 = 914 𝐽

Heat absorbed by the system = 𝑄1 = 1147 𝐽 According to First law of

Temperature of gas = T = ? 2 3×1.38×10 −23 ×𝑇

3𝑘𝑇 𝑇 = 873.3 − 273 = 600.3 oC

Data: 𝑇2 = 0.65 × 473

Temperature of Hot Reservoir = T1=200 °C + 𝑇2 = 307.45 𝐾

Work done in each cycle = W =200J The efficiency of heat engine is

Result: The heat absorbed is 666.6 J and heat

Molar Mass of Oxygen molecule = M = 32 g = 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 789.6 𝑚/𝑠

Temperature of Cold Reservoir = T2=200 K

200 ∆𝑇2 = 100 𝐾

Data: 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑖𝑐

3843 − 25.62𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓 − 25 2551.5

3843 − 25.62𝑇𝑓 = 2551.5𝑇𝑓 −

3843 + 63787.5 = 2551.5𝑇𝑓 +

A/c law of heat exchange 67630.5 = 2577.12𝑇𝑓

Work done in each cycle = W =400 J

Efficiency of Engine = e = 25%

The efficiency of heat engine is given by

Result: The heat absorbed is 1600 J and heat expelled is 1200 J.

UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS FOR CLASS 12

Data: 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 = 1.33 × 10−6 × 40 = 5.33 × 10−6 𝐶

Capacitance of 1st capacitor = C1 = 2µF Since charge is same in series combination so

Capacitance of 2nd capacitor = C2 = 4µF 𝑞 = 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = 53.3 × 10−6 𝐶

The net capacitance in series combination And

1 1 1 3 Result: The charge in each capacitor is

Voltage across 𝐶2 is 13.31 𝑉

Data: Final force between charges = 𝐹2 =?

Initial force between charges = 𝐹1 = 10 𝑁 Final distance between charges = 𝑟2 = 1 𝑐𝑚 =

UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS FOR CLASS 12

Magnitude of second charge = 𝑄2 =? Now ,

According to Coulomb’s Law

Data: According to the given condition

Mass of particle = m = 1.67 x 10-27 kg 𝐹𝐸 = 𝑊

Charge on particle = q = 1.6 x 10-19 C 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔

Voltage applied between the plates= 14.32 x 10-9 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒

Solution: Result: The distance between plates is 0.1399 𝑚.

UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS FOR CLASS 12

Mass of particle = m = 6.68 x 10-27 kg 𝑉 = 𝐸. 𝑑

Charge on particle = q = 3.2 x 10-19 C So,

Distance between plates = d = 10 cm = 0.1 m

Charge on sphere= q = -5 x 10-6 C 2𝐹𝜖 0

Solution: 𝜎 = 6 × 10−6 𝑐𝑜𝑙/𝑚2

UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS FOR CLASS 12

Data: 𝑞 2 = 7.4 × 10−29

Mass of Spheres = m =10 g =1 x 10-4 kg Or 𝑞 = 8.6 × 10−15 𝐶

Data: Initial charge on C1 :

Capacitance of 1st capacitor = C1 = 10 µF 𝑞1 = 𝐶1 𝑉1 = 10 × 220 = 2200 µC

Initial voltage = V1 = 220 V Final charge on C1 :(When C2 is also connected)

Capacitance of 2nd capacitor = C2 = ? 𝑞1 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑉1 ′ = 10 × 100 =

UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS FOR CLASS 12

Result: The capacitance of 2nd capacitor is 12 µF

Charge on sphere= q = 2 x 10-10 C 𝜎 ×𝑞

Solution: 𝐹 = 2.8 × 10−4 𝑁

𝑟12 = 40𝑐𝑚 = 0.4 𝑚

UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS FOR CLASS 12

i.e. Force between q1 and q3 and force between 2×10 −4 ×5×10 −5

Force between q1 and q3: 𝐹23 = 2250 𝑁

𝑞 1 𝑞3 Total Force on q3:

𝐹13 = 2250 𝑁 𝐹3 = 𝐹13 + 𝐹23 = 2250 + 2250

𝐹3 = 4500 𝑁 (towards Negative

I2R I2Rt V2R V2Rt