Domande Verifica di Biologia in ENG

giovedì 26 gennaio 2023 20:56

- The definition of these terms:

a. Genome: entire genetic content
b. Genomics: study of genomes
c. Eukaryote: cells that contain a nucleus
d. Prokaryote: cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound
organelles

- Describe the DNA structure:

a. Bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
b. Structure: base pairs: A - T and G - C, with hydrogen bonds
c. The structure form double helix, antiparallel
d. The DNA direction's 5’ and 3’ end

- Describe the RNA structure and types:

a. It means: Ribonucleic acid
b. Mostly involved in protein synthesis
c. Is differente than DNA because: ribose sugars as opposed to deoxyribose,
mostly exists as single stranded, uracine (U) instead of T
d. Types of RNA:
messenger (mRNA): genetic blueprint to make proteins
transfer (tRNA): mRNA -> proteins, translates
ribosomal (rRNA): form ribosomes (used in protein synthesis)

- When DNA replication occurs?

a. S phase: synthesizes copy of DNA

- What is the DNA replication process?

a.

a. copying of cell’s DNA

b. occurs during the S phase
c. semiconservative process: each strand of the double helix serves as the template strand for the next
replication and building of a new, complementary strand
d. Requirements: template
primer
enzymes:
○ DNA polymerase I - DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers
○ DNA polymerase III - DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the primer
○ DNA primase - DNA primase makes RNA primers complementary to the template strand
○ DNA helicase - Helicase binds to origin & begins to unwind DNA
○ DNA ligase - DNA ligase joins okazaki fragments to the Lagging strand
○ Topoisomerase - Topoisomerase prevents DNA ahead of replication fork from getting to tightly wound
○ Single-strand binding proteins

- How long does DNA replication take? Accuracy?

a. 833.3 hours

- Identify that enzyme!

a.

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 - How leading and Lagging strand works?
a. Leading strand: built in the direction of fork progression - 5' end to 3' end
b. Lagging strand: built in the opposite direction of leading strand - 3'end to 5' end -
discontinuous process
forms okazaki fragments

- What is the Trascription process?

a.

b. RNA is synthesized from template DNA!

c. Can occur for one or more genes at a time, some DNA will never to
transcribed

d. Three phase
e. Initiation, Elongation, Termination
f. Initiation phase: RNA polymerase promoter and transcription begins
g. Elongation phase: the RNA strand grows
Termination phase: RNA polymerase stops adding nucleotides and RNA is separated from
DNA template

- What are the differences bettwen the DNA replication and the Trascription?

- What is the Traslation process?

a.

b. Three phase
c. Initiation, Elongation, Termination
d. Initiation: getting translation started
e. Elongation: extending the chain
f. Termination: finishing up translation
g. mRNA is decoded in sets of 3 (codons) into amino acids (a chain of amino
acids is a polypeptide)
h. Amino acids are the building blocks (monomer) of proteins

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 - What are the requiremenst in the initiations phase?
a. A ribosome (includes a large and a small piece)
b. mRNA with instructions for the protein that’s going to be built
“Initiator” tRNA carries the first amino acid which is almost always Met
To form initiation complex
- What's the last stpe of the termination phase?
a. stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) enter the A site and the Release factors, that
recognize the stop codons in P site, cause peptide bond forming enzyme to
add water to the last amino acid so that the chain separates from the tRNA

- Transcrip and Traslate that coding DNA:

a.
1.
2.
3.

- Describe the RNA Polymerase

a. Formed by 2 subunits
b. Core unit: binds tightly to DNA
c. Sigma (σ): recognizes the promoter

- What is the sequence of RNA produced if this is the template strand: 3’ CGTAAGCGGCT 5’ ?
a. 5’ GCAUUCGCCGA 3’

- DNA polymerase regulates transcription. True or False? Explain.

a. False. RNA polymerase regulates transcription.

- How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ?

a. Prokaryotic transcription produces mRNA immediately, but eukaryotic
transcription requires modification of pre-mRNA ends and removal of introns.

- What are all the steps of translation?

a. Initiation, elongation, and termination

- List all components needed for initiation step of translation.

a. ribosome, mRNA, tRNA with first amino acid

- What bonds connect amino acids in a polypeptide?

a. Peptide bonds

- Explain how termination occurs.

a. Release factors cause peptide bond forming enzyme to add water to the last
amino
acid so that the chain separates from the tRNA

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