Lecture 6b: Structural Systems STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM

Directly carries the floor loads and transfers

INTRO these loads to beams and girders (dead loads
and live loads)
Usually, superstructure na si 6b- components • Types of Slabs:
para mabuo ang ating structure (framing
members or structural members)

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Primary load bearing components of a
building, and each have their own structural
properties (iba’t ibang moment, shear,
deflections, etc.) which need to be considered

STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM

Refers to load-resisting sub-system of a
building or object. Transfers loads through
interconnected elements of members.

• Is a combination of structural members

• Structural plan- Framing Plan

MATERIALS USED AS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Depende sa owner kung anong gusting 1. One-way slab
material 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
≥ 2; ≤ 0.5
a. WOOD/TIMBER 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
- Pang mga secondary elements ➢ One direction from slab (x or y
nalang. Usually, di siya yung main axis)
load-bearing element ➢ Since yung dimensions ng
- Medyo weak compared to toher slabs ay medyo malaki ang
materials diff, pag nag-deflect, sa
- Usually, for architectural purposes iisang direction lang ito
nalang. Pampa-cute ganern magkakaroon ng load
- Timber is weak sa mga movements transfer
katulad ng earthquakes ➢ More rectangular in shape
2. Two-way slab
b. STEEL 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
< 2; > 0.5
- Mostly structural steel (channels, i- 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
beams, angle bars. Except rebars) ➢ Two direction (x AND y axis)
- Si reinforcing bars, automatic nasa ➢ Dims of slabs are somehow
reinforced concrete na siya since closer to each other. Pag
hindi siya stand-alone nag-deflect, sabay-sabay or
- Meron talagang need siya. Very distribution is in all sides
good ito for longer spans (ex. Aircraft ➢ Medyo pa-square
hangar) - When getting the ratio or pag mag-
solve, dapat laging parectangular.
c. REINFORCED CONCRETE ➢ Pag trapezoidal, “I get the
- Meron kasamang rebars (reinforcing larger dimension”
bars) ➢ Pag di talaga square, I get
- Concrete is readily available (yung the projection
materials para mabuo siya) and it is - In cost estimates, inner area
cheaper to produce ginagamit (kasi pag center-to-
center, beam na yon at hindi na
slab)

1
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 ➢ One-way slab is preferred in ➢ Yung direction ni slab
terms of cost nagdedetermine anong
icoconsider.
• NSCP 2015 SECTION 407 (ONE-WAY ▪ Kunyari if horizontal
SLAB) ang direction, left and
right.
▪ Pag vertical, up and
down.
▪ Sa example, may
katabi sa taas na
cantilever and sa baba
may slab pa
4. Cantilever
where l is the value of the short span
- Minimum thickness is dependent
on support condition
1. Simply supported

➢ Di lang ito sa labas nakikita.

Usually, sa labas lang ganern
like extension
➢ Walang katabing beam any
• NSCP 2015 SECTION 408 (TWO-WAY
side (iisang set lang ng span)
SLAB)
➢ No adjacent slab sa direction
ng slab na yon
2. One end continuous

➢ Sa isa lang may katabi. Kung
wala nang katabi sa isa,
based sa direction ni one-way
slab, one-end continuous siya
3. Both ends continuous
- Nine Cases: Marami kang iisipin
here. Pag sinosolve ito, ineexcel
lang
• SLAB SCHEDULE

2
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 - Slab mark (S-1, S-10, etc.)
➢ Kaya maraming slab marks,
iba-iba yung reinforcement
spacing na nakukuha (naka-
depend ito sa slab size)
- Short span and long span
spacing
➢ Mahirap na pieces yung
ilalagay. Mas mabuti na in
spacing tas bahala na
contractor kung pano at ilan
ilalatag.
- Pano magbasa
➢ You have a discontinuous
end, a midspan, and
continuous
o Sa section ni slab, may
top and bot bar. Basta
naka-specify dito yung
spacing sa bawat
parts
o At support, critical is
top bar tas at midspan
ay bot bar. Kaya sa
discontinuous and
continuous, top bar.
• METAL DECK SLAB
- A composite slab that makes use
of metal deck sheet and
concrete
- Specifically for struct steel
structure
- steel deck serves as your main
rebars. Naglalagay nito for
additional support.
- anti-crack mesh- same
distribution or temperature bras
- similar to one-way slab si metal
deck. Kaya sa construction plans,
dapat naglalagay ng arrow na
nagsisignify na ito ay one-way
slab and pinapakita yung
direction ng loading
- Sa construction plan, pag green,
ito ay isang structural steel
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
- Sa structures na nag-uutilize ng
metal deck, dapat iisa lang ang
direction ng one-way slab mo.
Kasi, yung metal deck natin ay
iisa lang ang direksyon; hindi
pwede ibahin orientation. Yun
yung very good dito, lahat ng
slabs mo ay iisa lang ang
direksiyon.
- Easier installation kasi isang
direksiyon lang ang installation
• FLAT SLAB SYSTEM
- A two-way reinforced concrete
slab that does not have girders
and beams. Load from slabs
directly go to the supporting
columns.
- Kaya may iba’t ibang types is to
address punching shear.
- Not common in our structures
here
- Used if ayaw mabawasan ceiling
height. Nagiging load-bearing
ang walls and nagiging part ng
load path since no beams and
girders are present
-
STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM- BEAMS AND
GIRDERS
• Beams are intermediate beams and
hindi ito naka-connect sa columns.
• Girders are the main beams that
connects the columns; however, sa
construction plans (blueprint), we call
as
everything a beam.
• Carries the slab and helps resisting
seismic and wind forces. These loads are
then transferred to the column.
• INTERMEDIATE BEAMS
- Carries the slab. Used to reduce
size of the slab panel that is the
determinant in the slab thickness.
(though part of the floor
3
 diagram, it does not directly help ➢ Generally left to right. Left
resist earthquake and wind is a, right is b
forces. ➢ To determine which side
may katabi, ginagamit
yung Cont. A and Cont. B
➢ Pag patayo si beam,
usually Bot ay A tas Top si B
- Stirrup spacing
➢ Shear and moment diag:
Sa supp mataas pero sa
• BEAM SCHEDULE AND DETAIL midspan not so much.
➢ Pag nagbabasa, laging
galing sa face ng column
or support.
o Kunyare babasahin
yung first row. 1
Diameter 10, from
- stirrups in beams are to address the face of the
shear (shear reinforcement). support, isang bakal
➢ stirrups are shear na 50 mm ang
reinforcement spacing both sides. 8
- web bars are torsion pieces na diameter
reinforcement (twisting). 10 then ang spacing
➢ web bars ay nasa gitna so is 100. Then pag may
beams will not twist natira sa gitna,
➢ Usually, wala kang web bar balance na yon and
pag main beam ang spacing is
- top/bottom bar- main 200mm.
reinforcement; to address - Remarks: Para may consistency
bending or moment kahit magkaiba ang convention
➢ Top bar is important sa ng nagbabasa ng plano
support - Standard dimension is mm
➢ Bottom bar is important sa - Kay beam sched, number of
mid-span pieces pero kay slabs, spacing
ng bars

STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM- COLUMNS

• Carries the beams and girders and

transfers the load to the footing. Helps
resist earthquake and wind loads.

- Beam marks (ex. Gb-1, 2b-1, etc.)

➢ First letter/number pertains
to floor level
➢ B is for beam
➢ Last number is its
designation
- Cont. A and Cont B: Ginagamit if
parehas on both sides may
katabi or if continuous siya

4
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 - Beams : Stirrups, Columns : Ties STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM- SHEAR WALLS
(ties resist shear in columns)
- Pag nagdedesign, hanggang Aside from doubling as a partition or exterior
columns lang. Si footing, wall, its primary purpose is to help resist
cinocompute lang natin earthquake and wind forces
reaction.

TRUSS SYSTEM (purlins, rafters, trusses, bracings,

etc.)

• Carries dead, live, and wind load

• Given na usually found ito sa roof,
depende sa ginagamit na roofing plans
• Purlins- support ng roof member
• Rafter- One type of structural steel only
and one length
• Trusses- Meron kang parang lattice
pattern
• Bracings- Para maging stable ang
trusses

STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM- RAMP

STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM- FOOTING ,

FOOTING TIE BEAM, WALL FOOTING (DISCUSSED
FURTHER IN 6a)

• FOOTING
- Receives load from the column
and transfers it to the ground
• FOOTING TIE BEAM
- Helps in resisting earthquake and
wind forces
- Footing stabilizer to prevent
differential settlement
• WALL FOOTING
- Footing for reinforced concrete
walls and CHB walls (strip)

5
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM- RETAINING • Must be structured to span across space
WALL carry its own weight as well as the
weight of any attached equipment and
Prevents the surrounding soil from collapsing on accumulated rain and snow.
the basement - Ang roof, maraming
components. Like, di lang po siya
• Very simple compared to shear wall bubong.
• Found underground. Pag may ➢ Drainage system- dapat
basement, tanke (septic tank, may dadaanan din si
treatment tank, etc.) tubig
Lecture 7&8: Systems for Enclosing Buildings - Also, mas maliit yung live load
and Interior Construction kay roof kasi siyempre di naman
yan mapupuno ng tao pero
SUMMARY dapat load-an parin! Ang dead
load lang dito is finishes ganern!!!
(Ang point is! may load paren!)
• Basic components of a roof

BUILDING ENVELOPE

• Separation system of the exterior and

interior of the building. Includes doors, 1. Ridge: Horizontal Intersection at the
windows, walls, roof, foundation, and apex of two rising roof inclined in
slab. opposite Directions.
• Used in construction plans to identify - Highest level ng roof! Dito nag-
type of finish and type of building iintersect LAHAT ng rising surfaces
system na ginagamit sa exterior 2. Pitch: Slope of the roof and is
expressed as the ration between the
ROOF: SYSTEMS FOR ENCLOSING BUILDINGS
rise and the horizontal span of the
• Uppermost portion of a building roof. Also expressed in terms of angle
constructed for the purposes of of inclination.
separating the building interior from the
outdoors and excluding exterior
environmental conditions from the
interior
• Has architectural and structural
components: - Siyempre, ende ito constant. It is
a. Architectural- Roofing Material dependent sa taas ng roof na
b. Structural- Framing Plan gusto mo
• Main Purpose is to prevent the
penetration of rain into the building
interior and diversion of water to a
plumbing drain, gutter or other means
of disposal.
6
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 3. Eaves: Lower portion of the inclined
roof which is projecting beyond the
outer face of the wall.
6. Fascia Board: This is the wooden
board fixed to the feet of the
common rafter at eaves. Ends of the
lower-most roof covering material
rest upon it.

- Similar siya sa chajja. Si eaves ay

nagiging overhang para sa roof.
In doing so, di sa wall ang punta
agad ni water since mayroon ka
pang overhang.
4. Gable: Triangular upper part of the
wall at the end of a ridge roof - Vertical board. Part po ito ng
eaves hehe
7. Hip: Outer angle (more than 180
degrees) formed by inclined ridge
between two intersecting roof slopes.

- Bakit dapat alam natin ito???

Si gable kasi ang
nagdedetermine ng available
space para sa area ng roof.
5. Purlins: These are Horizontal
Members laid on principal rafters on - Inclined part from the roof level.
wall-to-wall to support common Intersects sa ridge.
rafter of a roof when span is large. - Roof level is nasan ung beams
Made from wood or steel. (kung hanggang saan structural
members)
8. Flashing: Strip of impervious material,
usually metal used to exclude water
from the junction between a roof
covering and another part of the
structure.

- Ito ay under the structural part

- To support roofing materials. yung
- intersections wherein kagaya
naka-incline ang tawag don ay
nung ridge kanina kung san nag
rafters or trusses. Tas yung nasa
iintersect members mo.
taas non (A.K.A. yung mga
- type of addtl components to
nakapatong), yun yung purlins!!!!
cover the gap!
- Usually, c-shape na member
- ineestimate din kaya di dapat
ginagamit here.
makalimutan na component siya
ni roof.

7
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 - usually, para siyang gurtter na
nilalagyan ng curve so that it
serves as a passageway para
diretso na sa baba (gutter)
• Roof Types and Shapes
1. Flat Roof: is Horizontal or Nearly
Horizontal. Should allow water to run
off freely from a very slight inclination
- NOT ZERO DEGREE SLOPE. kasi
pag-zero, magppool ang water!!
- pag simple flat roof, gutter ang
diretso
- ang finish na usually sinasabi
diyan is mga plain cement
ganern and laging may nakasabi
na provide waterproofing!!!!
pinepaint si waterproofing or
sometimes, we do a sheet
(membrane ang tawag) para di
papasok ang tubig sa interior ni
struct!!
- Pasok ang monoslope
2. Gabled Roof:
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
- isang direction lang ang
intersection. one slope lang siya
ganon
- pag gable, medyo mataas
ceiling. pinaka-applied dito is
trusses.
3. Hip Roof:
- One slope din but dun sa end
parts, nagsslope pa siya ulit like
refer to the picture above.
- Kumbaga, yung gilid nakaslope
din yan (parang l to r may slope
tas paharap may slope din yan
hindi siya basta bagsak na sa
edge)
- depende sa archi and owner
kung anong roof. pag ayaw mo
magmukang super tall siroof, hip
na.
4. Gambrel Roof:
- 2 slopes. mas mataas slope and
area compared kay gable
5. Mansard Roof:
- Para siyang hip roof pero yung
edges nagsslope sa tas gitnat
part is flat (para siyang
combination ng hip and flat)
8
 6. Monitor Roof (Ridge):
-Pwede toh if in-case you wanted
to have another space in ur
house/ building, or small area
lang ng ridge gusto mo.
- Parang kumuha ng area on both
sides tas ginawan ng floor area.
- Similar ito sa gable tas naka
elevate gitna
- Usually, this space is for their
storage or viewing.
7. Monitor Roof (Sawtooth):
- para siyang spikes.
- So bakit may ganito? O bakit
ganito ang construction?
Depende don sa sunlight. Like,
there are times na gusto nila na
yung windows or openings
natatapatan lang ng araw pag
di super init? Depende sa natural
lighting na ipprovide
ROOFING MATERIALS
1. Galvanized Iron: Most Common and
widely used roofing material
- Ang tagalog po ng galvanized
iron ay YERO and ito ang
cheapest material
- Thickness of sheet is measured in
terms of gauge ranging from 24
to 30. Higher the number, thinner
the sheet.
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
- Can be plain (Flat Ganern) or
corrugated
➢ Mas common ang
corrugated compared to
plain. Hindi rin pare-
parehas ito, like may
variation siya
2. Clay Tile Roofing:
- Side note: when we load, dapat
alam na yung type ng finish para
di ka underdesign (like alam mo
gano kabigat naload
icoconsider mo sa analysis)
- nowadays, nagiging popular na
yung mga roofing na parang
puzzle
- clay kaya medj mabigat
3. Asbestos Roofing: Asbestos cement,
genericized as firbro or fibrolite- “short
for fibrous (or fibre) cement sheet”- and
AC sheet, is a building material in which
asbestos fibres are used to reinforce thin
rigid cement sheets
- Most roofing products prior to the
1990’s contained asbestos. This
means that anyone who worked
with roofing before this date may
have asbestos exposure.
- One of the oldest roofing
materials.
- asbestos is mahina sa corrosions
(mabilis mag-corrode) like based
sa chemical composition niya
9
 - usually, for temporary fence or 8. Shingles:
bakod! eventually, papalitan mo
yan ng mas okay huhuhu
4. Pre-painted steel ribbed tray footing:

- Parang may overlaps para may

effect ang struct.
9. Slate: The slate is available in widths
of 6 to 16 inches and length of 12 to
- Parang galvanized. ang
26 inches. The basic colors are blue-
difference is yung paint na
black, gray and green. Slate may be
nilalagay sakanya is meron
purchased smooth or rough-
siyang parang strength na
textured.
eventually, di mo need mag
maintain ng iyong roofing
material
5. Colorblind Kliplok: Colorbond is a
corrosion resistant zinc coated steel
sheet pre-painted steel ribbed tray
roofing and walling with the following - Slate is a type of material
special features:
1. Concealed fastening EXTRA INFO: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
2. Lock action rib design
• If wala sa constru plans, san pede
3. Attractive fluted trays
makita yung finishes?? Asa technical
4. Near flat roof slopes
specifications
5. Less supports-wider spaced
• Technical specifications is not a
6. Strong lightweight steel
blueprint, but a document.
7. Custom cut long length
• Kaya tinawag na ganito kasi dito
- Zinc is corrosion resistant.
nakalista LAHAT ng specifics or details
- Sa maintenance ito
ng building mo. Hindi nagmamatter sa
nagmamatter, kasi here, di mo
design; mas usually used sa construction
need mag maintain!!!!!!
kasi andirito din ang method of
- Yung kanyang installation is
installation, material, etc.
usually kasi ung other roof, naka-
• Pag wala sa plans, andito yung specifics
expose yung mga connection or
• If you want actual details, dun ka sa
connector like clips pero for
technical specifications maglook
colorbond, may lock-action like
di mo need ng clips kasi may lock WALLS: SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS AND
design na siya so walang gaps! INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION
- Madalas sa factories. ideal for
one slope or flat roof 1. Exterior Walls: Extends from the roof to
the foundation walls to separate the
interior building environment from the
outdoor environment.
Functions:
▪ Shelter the building interior from
wind, rain, snow, and extreme
temperatures
10
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 ▪ Must be capable of providing
privacy to occupants
▪ Must protect the building dirt,
noise and unwanted visitors
▪ Should be fire resistant and have
high resistance to heat flow
- our exterior walls have a fire-
resistant rating dependent on
their thickness.
- usually thicker than interior
2. Load Bearing and Non-Load Bearing
a. Load Bearing: An active structural
element of a building
- Structural component that resists
the weight of all the structural
elements resting on it by
transferring the weight to the
foundation below
b. Non-Load Bearing: A wall which
does not help the structure stand up
and holds up only itself
- Curtain wall
- Usually, in construction plans, di
na minemention pag non-load
bearing since ito yung default
3. Precast walls: Load-bearing wall
constructed by casting concrete in a
reusable wall mould or form which is
then cured in a controlled environment,
transported to the construction site,
lifted and placed in position
- Primary objective is to accelerate
the speed of construction
4. Retaining Walls: Load-bearing that is
specially designed to resist lateral
pressure of overburden of soil
5. Unit Masonry walls: Units come in sizes
and weights small enough for a mason
to handle without addt’l help
- Concept of running bond and
stack bond
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
a. Running Bond: alternating
b. Stack bond: Straight hehe
- walang tension si bricks so di
ginagamit for main structure.
Madalas, pang-archi finish siya
6. Metal and Glass Facings: Frames may
be supported at the top and bottom
floors or spandrel beams or may be
attached to mullions, secondary vertical
structural members
- Type of glass is dependent sa
kung ano gusto maabsorb ni
structure
7. Sandwich Panels: Consists of a core of
insulating material sandwiched
between two layers of metal, usually
steel or aluminum, bonded by pressure.
Insulating material can be combustible
or non-combustible.
- Custom Panels are for specific
projs
- Commercial Panels consist of
parts standardized by
manufacturers
- Industrial Panels are assembly of
stock-size, ribbed, fluted or
otherwise preformed sheets,
standard sash and insulation.
8. Drywall Partition: At times, a drywall is
used as interior partitions instead of the
usual hollow blocks.
- Interior lang siya ha!
- Drywall kasi di ginagamitan ng
kahit anogn wet material
- Ply wood or ply board lang po ito
- Drywall is for temporary walls or
for something na madaling
gibain
WINDOWS: SYSTEMS FOR ENCLOSING
BUILDINGS
• Openings, glazed with a transparent, or
translucent material, in a building
exterior
• Functions
1. Must be designed to allow in light
and views and, in many cases, yet
seal out the weather
2. Must shed heavy rain without leaking
& block powerful winds
11
 • Section 8 of the National Building Code: Section 808. Window Openings
- Every room intended for any use, not provided with any artificial ventilation system as
specified in the code, shall be provided with a window/s with a total free area of
openings and equal to at least 10% of the floor area of room, and such window shall
open directly to a court, yard, public street or alley, or open water courses.
• Types of Windows
Type Pros Cons

Arched • Versatile Design • No Ventilation

• Unique architectural • Not ideal escape
Interest windows
• Low maintenance

Awning • Weatherproof • High Maintenance

• Improved Insulation • Not ideal escape
• Enhanced Security windows

Bay • Increased floor space • Not suitable for every

• More natural light room
• Excessive hear

Casement • Excellent for ventilation • Difficult to adjust

• Easy to install & clean • Not the most secure

Double Hung • Easy to add/remove

screens
• Increased room
ventilation
• Easier to clean
Hopper • Excellent insulation • Possible water entry
• Highly Secure
• Reduced Humidity

Jalousie Info: A window composed of acrylic, or wooden louvers set in

a frame.
The louvres are joined onto a track so that they may be tilted
open and shut in unison to control airflow usually by turning a
crank

Fixed Info: Permanently fixed opening in the wall. Its function is

limited to allowing light and or permit vision in the room.
Generally decorative windows near doors, stairwells, and
high-laces or are used in combination with other styles

12
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 DOORS: SYSTEMS FOR ENCLOSING BUILDINGS b. Hinge: connector
AND INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION c. Casing: Para maayos mong
mainstall sa structural members or
• It is an openable barrier secured in a walls yung pintuan
wall opening. d. Sill: Si lintel ay top tas si sill ay bot
• It is provided to give an access to inside e. Door panel: Mismong
of a room. binubukas/sinasara
• It a is framework of wood, steel, • Hardware Features in Doors
aluminum, glass, or combination of a. Lockset: incorporating locks, latches,
these materials secured in an opening bolts, etc.
left in a wall for the purposes of b. Hinges: dito ini-install yung mismong
providing access to the users of the door
structures. c. Panic hardware: another security
• Function system for doors
1. To give access to the inside of a d. Those not mentioned, owner na
room. bahala Kasi di lahat ng nakikita rito,
2. Serves as a connecting link between iniinstall.
various internal portion of building.
3. Lighting and ventilation of rooms
4. Acts as noise barrier
5. Used to screen areas of a building
for aesthetic purposes, keeping
formal and utility areas separate.
6. Doors contribute to air circulation
function in a room
• Sizes of Doors

- Standard size of doors is 2m

• Parts of a door

a. Jamb: where you put your hinges

13
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 • Types of Doors
TYPE LOOK INFO

PANEL • Made from not of one single piece of wood or other

material, but is instead comprised of panels

FLUSH • The flush door with a framed core is a type of door.

• Covered on each side by a sheet of plywood.
Plywood-covered cannot be exposed to rain and sun.
• Mas mura siya kasi the door mismo (door board) is
plywood. solid lang siya kasi may frame. (parang
sandwiched door pero di insulator ang loob)

LOUVERED • Used when privacy with natural ventilation and

quietness for rest is desired, as they allow free passage
of air even when closed.
• If you want if laging gusto mo na may air circulation kasi
may butas. medyo walang privacy

SWING • Fitted to its frame by special double action hinges.

• Can open in any direction kasi two-hinge. easily
accessible

FOLDED • Also called as “bi-fold” or “concertina”

• Can be used as internal or external room dividers and
are made from a variety of materials
• They save space as they do not swing out of the door
opening, though their sound and weather isolation is
poor

COLLAPSIBLE • Such doors are used in garages, workshops, public

buildings etc. to provide increased safety and
protection to property. Door is fabricated from thin mild
steel sections. Used where width of door is large and
space is insufficient to provide two-leafed hinged
shutters to open

ROLLING • Type of door or window shutter consisting of many

SHUTTER horizontal slats hinged together. On large doors, action
may be motorized.

SLIDING • Opens horizontally by sliding, usually parallel to a wall.

• Can be mounted either on top of a track, below or be
suspended from a track above. Some types disappear
in a well when it slides open
• Pwede rin ito pag meron kang confined spaces

14
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 INTERIOR FINISHES: SYSTEMS FOR INTERIOR other finish just make sure na
CONSTRUCTION smooth itech
2. Tool Joint Finish: f Jointing is the
• Finishes are used in the final part of the finishing of all joins as the work
construction or manufacturing the proceeds.
process, forming the final surface of an
element.
• They can protect the element they finish
from the impact, water, frost, corrosion,
abrasion, and so on, and/or they can
be decorative.
• The application of finishes may involve
the build-up of more than one layers.
- It is a masonry joint in which the
• Factors affecting choice of finish
mortar is compressed and given
1. Color and appearance
a concave or V shape with a
2. Texture
jointing tool while the mortar is still
3. Maintenance and cleaning
green.
requirement
- Plastering siya pero naglalagay
4. Durability
ng uka yung palitada para
5. Expected life
magkaroon ng pattern of
6. Weather resistance
embossed finish
7. Corrosion resistance
3. Plain Cement Finish:
8. Availability
9. Preparation required
10. Ease of application
11. Drying time
12. Cost
13. Safety and environmental issues
14. Waste
- Laging tatandaan: lahat ng
finishes ay dependent sa
designer and owner!!!!!! - Eto na mismo yung finish nung
• Common Wall Finishes binuhos yung cement. Lalagyan
1. Cement Plastered Finish: Prepared in lang ng grout??
the form of mortar with cement, - Different types ganern d lng
sand, and water in proper smooth
proportions and applied on masonry a. Salt Finish
manually to achieve a smooth finish
or sand faced finish.

➢ Medyo rough; salt’s

reaction with cement

- Palitada
- Yung mismong cement na yung
finish niya; you don’t put any

15
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 b. Trowel Finish f. Colored Concrete

➢ Basically smooth finished

(parang cement plastered
na wall. pinapalitada)
➢ kulayan mo lang beh para
c. Broom- Finish
estetik
4. Tiles: A thin object usually square or
rectangular in shape.
a. Ceramic Tile: Most common and
oldest. It can be glazed (walls) or
unglazed (floors)
➢ Also a rough kind. minsan
literal na broom pero
minsan may machine
d. Exposed Aggregate or Pebble
Washout

b. Porcelain Tile: Made out from

pressed dust processed into fine
smooth dense & shapely formed
face.

➢ Pebble washout ang mas

common na tawag.
Instead na cement
mortar(cement sand
water) lang, nilalagyan ng ➢ Main diff with porcelain is
pebbles or gravel (mas rate of water they absorb.
marami si pebble) Porcelain: <0.5%; Non-
e. Polished Concrete Porcelain: >0.5%.
➢ Almost same appearance
as ceramic tiles
c. Natural Clay Tile: Made from
either the pressed or the plastic
method from dust clay that
produces a dense body with
distinctive slightly textured
appearance.
➢ Dito kay polished may
epoxy resin para maging
glossy siya

16
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 ➢ usually used in exterior tas g. Rubber Tile: It is a hard-wearing
textured toh beh huh. flooring material; composed
d. Mosaic Tile: Combination of principally of natural or synthetic
materials (glass, ceramic, rubber with a filler of clay and
porcelain, etc.) and is set on a fibrous talc or asbestos; usually
mesh sheet for easy installation set in mastic over a wood or
concrete subfloor.
➢ most likely nasa structures
pag may mabigat na
equipment (para
mawithstand ang impact)
➢ Hindi usually residential
➢ design or estetik purposes h. Parquet: Wood mat finish; strips of
kasi medyo mahal wood na pinag-sama sama to
e. Marble Tile: form a shape
• Common Ceiling Finishes
a. Gypsum Board: Is an excellent fire-
resistive building material
➢ Most common dahil mas
mura compared sa plastic
and it is very easy to work with
wood.
➢ Hindi stand-alone ang
gypsum board (may framing
➢ May streaks or texture kasi kasi di mo maiinstall pag
yun mismo material ni walang sasabitan)
marble ➢ metal furring- frame of ceiling
➢ Pag mayaman ka, asa b. Acoustic Ceiling Board: Helps to
sahig mo toh beh!! Mga dampen noises between floors and
nakaka-angat jan ganon they can be painted to matche the
f. Vinyl Tile: Used primarily in décor of the room. It is also called
commercial & institutional lay-in ceiling, which is versatile,
applications. Composed of durable, and cost- effective.
colored PVC chips. ➢ may insulator for noise
➢ parang snadwich panel pero
for the ceiling
➢ usually applied in offices
➢ para siyang square in shape
wherein ang mga yan,
nappush mo outwards in case
na may maintenance, madali
➢ Plenty of designs to
c. PVC Ceiling: Polyvinyl chloride
choose from & the most
ceilings, or a PVC ceiling, as it’s often
common is the wood
called, is one of the most common
flooring design
types of ceiling today.
➢ if we use gypsum, may risk na
masira (ex. may leakages kasi
pag nabasa, hehe). for pvc,
may water resistance.
Nagkakaroon parin ng tubig

17
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 pero atleast ang kanyang
estetik finish ay di nasisira
• Paint Finishes
- Painting works: Applied on a surface
to impart a thin layer of adhesive film
for its protection, to give color, seal
its imperfections, smoothen its
uneven areas, etc.
- Pigment: Coloring element which
may be opaque, white, or colored
- Vehicle: Oils or resins that hold the
pigment in suspension
- Pigment and paint are the two most
important components in paint
- Before surface is painted, it must be
thoroughly cleaned, allowed to dry
or cure. Then it is given a coat of
primer. The sealer, primer or
undercoating should be compatible
or suitable to the topcoat finish to be
applied
- Paint finish ang easiest and most
available
- Types of Paint
1. Oil-based paint: Slow drying &
Exudes particular odors during &
after it dries. Oil is the vehicle.
2. Emulsion Paint: Elements present
in the pain are emulsified in water
instead of thinners. Can be used
over damp areas, are easily
applied & adhere satisfactorily
on chalking surfaces. No odor,
dries early & at time, one coat of
paint is enough.
3. Catalized Coating: Produce
toughest & most durable finishes.
Contains epoxy & polyurethane
that set by chemical action & not
thru evaporation of solvents &
thinners
➢ Beh, eto yung pain na
madalas ginagamit
cabinets
➢ Not so much ang ilalagay ha
4. Enamel Paint: Formulated by
grinding or mixing pigments with
varnishes or lacquers which can
withstand weather or tear.
5. Alkyd Paint: Dries faster, gives
tough protective covering & can
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
be applied easily. Resin is the
vehicle used in paints
6. Thinners: Solvents added to paint,
where necessary, to make the
pigment & vehicle attain the
proper spreading consistency &
desired drying time, or when a
thin coat of paint is desired.
➢ Used for cleaning
equipment & tools
employed in painting &
removing spatters of paint
on affected areas.
➢ Dinadagdag po ito sa
paint para mag-iba ang
consistency.
7. Primer: First coat of paint applied
over the surface. Seals the pores
of the materials, thus, preventing
uneven absorption of topcoat
paint and ensures better
adhesion.
• Nagwowork ang construction kahit
walang finish
Lecture 9: Plumbing Fundamentals
PLUMBING: Definition and Origin
• The art and science of installing pipes,
fixtures and other appurtenances to
CONVEY AND SUPPLY water in buildings,
and to DISPOSE AND DISCHARGE
wastewater and other liquids, gases,
and other substances out of buildings in
a sanitary way to ENSURE HEALTH AND
SANITATION of life and property.
• Origin: PLUMBUM
➢ Latin for Lead (Pb): First type of
material used
sa
18
 PLUMBING CYCLE • SDG 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
➢ Must have means to make all
water potable
• LEED: Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design

➢ Sila nagdedecide kung ang

isang building ba ay green
building
1. SOURCE ➢ Isa sa inaatupag nila is water
➢ Water providers (includes dam) efficiency, which includes water
2. SUPPLY recycling
➢ Treat water
3. DISTRIBUTION
➢ Happens after water passes
standards
➢ Water stations
4. USE
➢ Used once distributed to houses

*INVOLVING WASTEWATER NA PO ANG NEXT* • BERDE: Building for Ecologically

Responsive Design Excellence
5. COLLECTION
➢ Septic tanks
6. DISPOSAL
➢ So that water is not that murky
➢ Dispose in public
7. TREATMENT
➢ a certain water quality
➢ for water to be reused or ➢ LEED but make it Local
released in source or body of (Philippines)
water

PLUMBING IN GREEN BUILDING DESIGN

19
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 WATER EFFICIENCY TECHNIQUES WATER DISTRIBUTION IN BUILDINGS

1. Eliminate faucet and pipe leaks: Prevent • Element of a Water Distribution System
errors in construction
2. Reduce fixture flow rates: High flow rate
often has leaks
3. Alternate sources of water
4. Reclaimed and greywater
5. Water-efficient landscaping
6. Green roof
7. Innovative wastewater technologies

WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

• WATER QUALITY: Sources of water for 1. Water service or house service

buildings include public water supplies, 2. Water meter: For water consumption
ground and surface water. Each source 3. Horizontal supply main or distribution
requires careful study to determine if a main
sufficient quantity of safe water is 4. Riser: Vertical Pipes
available for the building being 5. Fixture branches
designed. 6. Valves and control
• Potable vs. Non-potable 7. Storage tanks
a. Potable water
➢ Water from fixtures are assumed SEWERAGE
to be potable
• Sanitary Sewer: Wastewater na
b. Non-Potable Water
nanggaling sa pipeline
➢ Not sure if lahat pwede inumin
• Storm Sewer: Surface runoff, Trenches,
beh. Dependent po ito sa
culverts, catch basins
concessionaire
- Basta di nanggaling sa pipeline ha
• CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
• Combined Sewer
a. Physical
- Same drainage from sanitary and
b. Chemical
storm sewer
c. Bacteriological: Water has limited
• PUBLIC SEWER LINE
amt of good bacteria
- Operated and maintained by
• WATER QUANTITY AND PRESSURES
government consisting of sewage
- Quantity of water supplied must be
treatment plant
adequate
• SANITARY SEWER
- Design system for minimum water
- DWV (Drain Waste Vent System)
pressure

20
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 • BUILDING DRAIN highest horizontal drain
- That part of the lowest horizontal connected to the stack and
piping of a drainage system which terminates above the roof
receives discharge from soil, wastes, • Stack
and other drainage pipes inside the - General term for any vertical line
walls of the building and conveys it including offset of the soil, waste,
to the building sewer beginning 0.6- vent or inside conductor piping
meters outside the building wall.
TYPICAL STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM DIAGRAM
• SUMP PUMP AND EJECTOR PUMP
a. Sump Pump: Designed to transport
clear, non-sanitary wastewater w/
some turbidity and suspended soils
no larger than sand grains
b. Ejector Pump: Designed to transport
sanitary waster and larger solids
suspended in the effluent. All effluent
is a liquid with solids suspended in it
but has the same hydraulic
characteristics as water
- If wala kang septic tanks, you can
use pumps
• Venting
- There should be airflow so
pipelines would not burst
- Types of Vents

• Flow ni ante tubeg:

- Gutter ►vertical pipelines ► public
sewer/ stormwater pit (for
groundwater) ► external drainage
► public sewer.

a. Main Vent: Principal artery of
the venting system which
supplies air to branch vents
➢ Specific for ventilation per
floor toward branch vents
b. Branch Vents: Used to
connect one or more
individual vents to a vent
stack. Usually used relative to
fixtures
c. Vent Stack: Extension of a soil
or waste stack above the
PLUMBING FIXTURES
• Fixture
- A receptacle other than a trap
attached to a plumbing system in
which water or wastes may be
collected or retained for ultimate
discharge into the plumbing system
- An exchangeable device which can
be connected to a plumbing system
to deliver and/ or drain water

21
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 FIXTURE LOOK PURPOSE
WATER CLOSET Fixture used to receive human
excrement and to discharge it
through a waste pipe, using
water as a conveying medium

LAVATORY Fixture designed for washing

hands or face. Also known as
wash basin.

SINK A plumbing fixture usually

consisting of a basin with a
water supply, connected with a
drain

Types:
1. Scullery
2. Slop
3. Scrub
4. Kitchen
URINAL A sanitary fixture equipped with
a water supply and drain for
flushing away urine

SHOWERBATH/SHOWER An apparatus for spraying water

in the body, usually from above.

Drain is through the shower bath

floor drain.

BIDET OR ABLUTION HOSE A plumbing fixture used for

washing the middle part of the
body, especially the genitals.

It is also known as the sitz bath.

*yung nasa kanan yung

ablution hose ha!!
TUBS Two common types:
a. Bath Tubs
b. Laundry Tubs

22
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 DRINKING FOUNTAIN Fixture consisting of a shallow
basin, together with a water jet
designed to provide potable
water for human consumption.

PLUMBING ACCESSORIES a. Soap holder

b. Paper holder
c. Toothbrush & Tumbler
Holder
d. Towel Holder/ Towel Bar
e. Seat cover

DISHWASHING MACHINE

EMERGENCY SHOWER

EYEWASH STATION

FOODWASTE GRINDER

23
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 PIPING MATERIALS Plastic Strong, durable, light-
weight and flexible. Also
• Material requires significantly less
energy to fabricate,
TYPE OF
transport and install
MATERIAL
than metal or concrete
Cast- Iron Soil For Sewers, drains, alternatives. Types:
Pipe stacks, and vents in a a. PVC (Polyvinyl
waste system. Also Chloride) –
called “corporation.” CPVC, UPVC
Reinforced b. FRP (Fiberglass
Concrete Pipe Reinforced
Plastic)
c. GRP (Glass/fiber
Reinforce Plastic)
d. RTRP (Reinforced
Vitrified Clay Also called “Terra- Thermosetting
Pipes (VCP) Cotta” Resin Pipe)
e. PE (Polyethylene)
– HDPE, PEX, PERT
f. ABS (Acrylonitrile
Butadiene
Styrene)
g. PPR
Bituminous Fiber (Polypropylene)
Pipe h. PB (Polybutylene)
i. PVDF
(Polyvinylidene
Fluoride)
Wag mo gagamitin pag
Wood Pipe mag-uuse ka rin ng hot
water, masira ito.
• Pipe Gender

Asbestos Pipe Prohibited kasi toxic

• Pipe Hangers and Supports

Metal Has high resistance to
direct heat. Types:
a. Carbon
b. Stainless
c. Galvanized Iron
d. Black Iron
e. Wrought Iron
f. Cast Iron
(Corporation)
g. Lead
h. Copper
i. Brass
24
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 • Pipe Fittings VALVES
- Control flow’s direction, distribution,
increase and decrease of flow • Functions
capacity and interconnection. a. Control
- Types: b. Closure at over-speed flow
Type and Use Image c. Over-pressure protection
d. Backflow Prevention
Tees (Ts): Pipe e. On/Off Service
run branches @ • Types
90-degree 1. Gate Valve
angle

Elbow (Ls):
Change
direction of
pipeline ➢ Utilizes movable gate to allow or
prevent flow
Common types ➢ Gate is raised/lowered using
are 90 & 45- threaded screw
degree angles 2. Globe Valve
Crosses: Joins
two different
pipelines in the
same plane,
making them
perpendicular ➢ Compression-type valve that
to each other controls flow of liquid by means
Couplings: of circular disk
Connect two 3. Angle Valve
lengths of pipe

Nipple: Make
an extension
from a fitting or ➢ Globe valve with inlet and outlet
join two of it at 90 degrees
➢ Recommended for frequent
Plugs & Caps:
peration, throttling, and/or a
Seal off
positive shutoff when closed
openings in
4. Ball Valve
other fittings or
pipe ends,
usually for
testing of a
water system.
➢ Consists of valve body in which
a large sphere with a central
sphere is mounted

25
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 5. Butterfly Valve
➢ Used for regulating flow
➢ Useful in water treatment plants
6. Check Valve
➢ Automatically closes to prevent
backflow
7. Float Valve
➢ Discharges liquid to/from a tank
and regulated by a float on the
surface of the liquid within the
tank to maintain a nearly
constant height of liquid
8. Flushometer Valve
➢ Device which discharges
predetermined quality of water
➢ Siguro alam mo nman itsura ng
flush noh
TANKS
• Overhead Tank / Gravity Supply Tank
(OHT)
• Cistern / Underground Tank
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
• Modular Tank on Grade
o Made up of glass reinforced
polymer/plastic
o Ikaw magsasabi kung gano
karaming tubig gusto mo huh so
wag ka maaksaya so much, bilin
mo lang need
Lecture 10: Heating Ventilating Air-
Conditioning (HVAC) c/o ale and nat (pati font
sakanila galing hehe)
HVAC
• Desirable for health and comfort of
occupants necessary in manufacturing
processes, storage, or operation of
equipment.
IMPORTANT VARIABLES IN HVAC
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Air Movement
• Air Quality
DESIGNER PROCESS
• Design Criteria: Establishment of criteria
for maintenance of an optimum indoor
environment. (Ano yung unit na
gagamitin mo. For example is yung
horsepower ng AC mo is nakadepende
dapat sa area.)
• Heat Loads: Amount of heat that we
cool. (Horsepower – ginagamit sa mga
metric unit na country, watts, British
Thermal Unit (BTU) – sa mga English
countries)
• Control Methods: Selection of
environmental control methods and
equipment for achieving the objectives.
26
 (Anu-ano yung mga need mo na
equipments)
• Cost: Estimates of initial and life-cycle for
the system.

HVAC SYSTEM IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

2. Hot Water Heating
• Affected by and, in turn, influence the
design of other building systems, such as
construction of walls and roods and
shape and orientation of the building.
• Dapat alam mo yung loads ng mga
equipments and unit kasi
makakaapekto siya sa structure.
• Can influence how we construct walls,
roofs, and ceilings dahil nga may mga
wirings na need magtravel dun. May
mga times na binabago yung design.

HEATING

• The process of transferring heat from a

heat source. (Pertains to heating the
- Distributes the heat in hot water
room)
- Passes through a radiator and
METHODS OF HEATING baseboard.
- Uses hot water to heat the radiator tas
1. Warm Air-Heating (Furnace) eventually yung init ng radiator yung
mag-iinit sa room. Usually iisa lang yung
boiler na para sa plumbing (ex. Heater
ng shower) and room heating.
3. Steam Heating

- Heats a room by injecting air from

outside using a vent and heats over a
glass flame
- Warm air is distributed through ducts
from a furnace to the spaces to be
heated.
- Ducts yung tawag sa mga pipeline kasi
yung term na pipeline usually sa
plumbing.
- Heat is distributed in stream piped to the
spaces to be heated or to a heat
exchanger that transfers heat to water
or air.
- Radiators or convectors are used to fulfill
this process.

27
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
 - Steam yung laman nung pipeline pero
same na sa boiler nanggagaling.
4. Radiant Heating
“Furnaces heat air, while boilers heat water”
- Also called as panel heating, it employs
heated floors, ceilings or walls, or a
combination of these, to heat indoor
spaces. Much of the heat from the
warm panels is conveyed by radiation
and electromagnetic waves to
occupants or contents or those space.
Usually heated by hot water that flows
through coils of pipe or tubing.
- Usually sa Korea and Japan and
commonly sa floors. Kaya maninipis
yung tiles nila.
- Isang system lang yung radiant heating
and hot water heating sa kanila kasi
minsan they use hot water for heating
tas eto yung magpapainit sa coils which
is a good conductor.
5. Solar Heating
- Radiation from the sun can provide
sufficient energy to supply at least the
domestic hot water for a building and
also often space heating and cooling.
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
VENTILATION
- The process of supplying air to any
space within a building, without
noticeable odors and without an
objectionable level of contaminants,
such as dust or obnoxious or harmful
gases, and removing vitiated or polluted
air.
- Provide air circulation sa structures.
METHODS OF VENTILATING
1. Natural Ventilation
- May be provided through windows,
skylight, monitors, roof ventilators, doors,
louvers, jalousies, or similar ventilating
openings.
2. Mechanical Ventilation
- Generally an acceptable alternative to
natural ventilation, but usually is
required by building codes for (1) rooms
where natural ventilation can’t be met,
or (2) where dust, fumes, gases, or
dangerous substances that are
hazardous.
OTHER MECHANICAL DEVICES
a. Fans
- Create the pressure differences that
cause air to flow in an air distribution
system
- Example is exhaust fan
b. Filters
- Installed in air-distribution systems to
cleanse air of pollen, dust, smoke, odors,
gases, and bacteria, spores, and other
living organisms
28
 c. Ductwork
- Used for the purpose, especially in large
buildings with central air-conditioning
plants, creating passageway for air to
flow
- The “pipeline” term used in mechanical
field
d. Dampers
- Rotatable partitions used to reduce the
flow rate of air in ducts. These devices
intentionally introduce a pressure drop
in a duct by sharply reducing the cross-
sectional area of the duct over a short
length.
e. Terminal Devices
- At ends of ducts, special terminal
devices should be installed, depending
on the function of the terminal. Ends
should be capped.
- Pangsara or mga coverings
2. Split Systems
- The noisier portion of the plant-the
motor compressor and the air-cooled
condenser – placed outdoors.
- Air handler – placed indoors.
- Main purpose is to contain the noise;
hiwalay yung maingay na part.
3. Package Chillers
- Package means “one unit”
- Sources hilled water as cooling
component
- used in large air-conditioned buildings.

AIR-CONDITIONING

• The process of treating air to control

simultaneously its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness, and distribution to meet
design criteria for any space within a
building. air conditioning may be
applied to raise the temperature of the
space by heating or to lower the
temperature by cooling.
• Main purpose is to lower on increase the
temperature.

COOLING

• Heat-removal process and may also be

accomplished without air conditioning
• Default AC units is for cooling (PH
Setting)

METHODS OF COOLING AND AIR-

CONDITIONING

1. Package Air Conditioning Unit

- Unit is composed into one single casing
– “packaged”
- Window-type aircon
- Maingay; naririnig yung ingay kasi nasa
iisang pack lahat ng mga parts ng
aircon.

29
FINALS REVIEWER PO ITO SA CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN