La Excellence

General Science

Reproductive System
By D. Malleswari Reddy
Plant Reproduction
(i) Asexual- In asexual reproduction plants can give rise to new
plants without seeds

(ii) Sexual- In sexual reproduction, new plants are obtained from seeds.
Asexual Reproduction in Plants: The new plants are exact copies of
the parent plant, as they are produced from a single parent.

1.Vegetative Propagation- Ex:

2.Budding- Ex:
3.Fragmentation - Ex:
4.Spore formation - Ex:
Vegetative Propagation-

Bryophyllum (sprout leaf plant)

Budding-
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Sexual Reproduction
in Plants –
Unisexual and Bisexual

The flowers are

the reproductive parts of a
plant.
The stamens are the male
reproductive part and
the pistil is the female
reproductive part.
Corn, papaya and cucumber produce unisexual flowers, whereas mustard,
rose and petunia have bisexual flowers.
 Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination.
 Self-Pollination
1. Pollen grains are transferred to the
stigma of the same flower.
2. Occurs in bisexual plants having
anther and stigma maturing at same
time.
3. It takes place in plants like wheat,
peas etc.
Cross-Pollination
1. Pollen grains are carried to
stigma of another flower.
2. Occurs in bisexual flowers
having anther and stigma maturing
at different times.
3. It takes place in plants like lady-
finger, tomato, brinjal etc.

Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, and bats; water;
wind; and even plants themselves, when self-pollination occurs within a
closed flower.
Category Asexual Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction
 Asexual reproduction
a) Only one parent plant is involved.
b) Occurs in unisexual plants.
c) Occurs in lower plants.
d) Reproductive organs are not present.
e) In most of the methods the original
parent disappears.
f) Process like gamete formation or
fertilization is not seen.
g) Characteristics of only one parent is
inherited.
h) No need of seeds.
Sexual reproduction
a) Both male and female parents are involved.
b) Occurs in bisexual plants.
c) Occurs in higher plants.
d) Fully developed reproductive parts are
present
e) Original parents remain alive after process
of reproduction.
f) Fertilization of gametes give rises to zygote.
g) Characteristics of both parents are
inherited.
h) Seeds are used to get new plants from a
flower.
Human Reproductive System

Male and female reproductive systems allow human

reproduction.

Fertilisation occurs when a sperm and egg join to form an

embryo.

An embryo develops into an unborn baby in the uterus during

pregnancy.
Gestation-

The fetus relies upon its mother for:

1. protection against knock and
bumps, and temperature
changes
2. oxygen for respiration
3. nutrients - food and water
4. removal of waste substances
The fetus is protected by the uterus and
a liquid called amniotic fluid.
Sex Hormones-
Sex hormones play a key role in reproduction and sexual development.

These are mainly produced by the gonads and adrenal glands. The sex hormones are
generally involved in:
1. Reproduction and sexual development
2. Puberty
3. Inflammatory responses
4. Promoting hair growth
5. Regulating cholesterol levels
6. Body fat distribution

The levels of sex hormones keep fluctuating the entire life. These fluctuations can lead to
health issues such as hair loss, bone loss, infertility, etc.
Female Sex Hormones Male Sex Hormones
1. Progesterone 1. Testosterone
2. Oestrogen
3. Small Amounts of
Testosterone
Female Sex Hormones
In females, the sex hormones are released by the ovaries and adrenal glands. The main sex
hormones in females include – progesterone, estrogen, and small amounts of testosterone.
Progesterone
The hormone progesterone is produced by the adrenal glands, ovaries and placenta. The
progesterone levels are higher during ovulation and it fastens during pregnancy.
Progesterone also stabilizes the menstrual cycle and prepares the body for pregnancy.
Low level of progesterone leads to an imbalance in the menstrual cycle and complications
during pregnancy.
Estrogen
Estrogen is widely released by the ovaries. Only a small amount of estrogen is released by
the adrenal glands and fat cells. It is responsible for sexual and reproductive development
during puberty.
Testosterone
A very small amount of testosterone is produced in females. It affects menstruation,
fertility, RBC production, and bone and tissue mass.
Male Sex Hormones
1. Testosterone is the only male sex hormone responsible for sexual and reproductive
development.
2. It belongs to a class of male hormones called androgens that are also known as
steroids.
3. It is mainly produced in the testes with a very small amount produced in the
adrenal glands.
4. The testosterone production is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
5. It is responsible for the development of male sex organs during birth and
development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty.
6. The testosterone levels gradually decrease with age. It results in impotence, low
sperm count, shrunken testes, depression, irritability, etc.
All The Best