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Banjir
CREATED BY:
DEDI WIBOWO
GUIDED BY:
This paper contains about global warming . With the existence of this paper I hope we
can all be more aware of how global warming itu.Semoga with this paper can provide greater
insight again to us all . In this paper there may still be a lot of mistakes and shortcomings ,
therefore I hope that the reader can provide constructive criticism and suggestions . Hopefully
this paper is useful for the reader .
Writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE .........................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY
A. Background Of The Problem .................................................................................
B. Formulate of the problem .......................................................................................
C. Purpose ...................................................................................................................
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. Factors That Cause Flooding...................................................................................
B. Types Of Floods......................................................................................................
C. Impact Of Flooding.................................................................................................
D. How To Deal With Floods.......................................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................
CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY
Berdasarkan Latar Belakang masalah diatas, maka identifikasi masalah yang diangkat
dalam makalah ini adalah :
1. Apa factor penyebab banjir
2. Mengetahui macam-macam banjir
3. Apa dampak dari banjir
4. Mencari tahu cara penanggulangan banjir
C. Purpose
The purpose of making this paper is:
1. Knowing the extent of the influence of floods on the affected population.
2. Knowing the extent of the understanding of the Indonesian people in the dangers of
floods.
3. Knowing the extent of the impact on residents affected by floods.
A. Definition of flood
Flooding is a natural phenomenon that usually occurs in an area that is often flowed
by rivers. Simply stated, flood can be defined so that the presence of water in a large area so
that it covers the earth's surface of the region.
In a broad range of talks, we can see flooding as a part of the hydrological cycle,
namely on the part of water on the surface of the Earth that moves to the sea. In the
hydrological cycle we can see that the volume of water flowing on the surface of the Earth is
predominantly determined by the level of rainfall, and the rate of water infiltration into the
ground.
Surface Flow = Rainfall - (Infiltration into the ground + Evaporation into the air)
From the character of the river segments, it can be said that:
1. Flood is part of the process of land formation by river flow. With flooding, sediment is
deposited on land. If the sediment load is very large, land formation also occurs in the sea
in front of a river mouth known as a "river delta."
2. Widespread flooding only occurs in the downstream area of a stream and engulfs the
plains to the left and right of the river flow. In the middle area, flooding only occurs in the
river channel.
From the above understanding it can be concluded that flooding is an event that occurs
when excessive water flow inundates the land. Flooding can also occur in rivers, when the
flow exceeds the capacity of waterways, especially in river gutters.
B. Types of floods
There are various kinds of floods caused by several things, including:
1. Water flooding
This flood is a common flood. The cause of this flood is the overflow of river
water, lakes, or gutters so that the water will overflow and inundate the land. Generally
floods like this are caused by continuous rain so rivers or lakes are no longer able to hold
water.
2. "Cileunang" flood
This type of flooding is almost the same as water flooding. However, this Chilean
flood is caused by very heavy rain with a lot of water discharge. Flooding finally occurred
because of the abundant rainwater which could not immediately flow through drains or
ditches around the residents' houses. If water flooding can occur in a long time, then flood
Cileunang is a sudden flood (directly occurs when it rains).
3. Flash floods
Not only flooding with water material, but this flood also carries water material in
the form of mud. Floods like this are definitely more dangerous than water floods because
a person will not be able to swim in the midst of a flood like this to save himself. Flash
floods are able to wash away anything, therefore the damage is very high. Flooding is
common in areas near mountains, where mountain lands appear to be landslides due to
rain water and then carry water into the lower land. Usually this flash flood will wash
away a number of forest trees or large stones. These materials can certainly damage
residential areas in the surrounding mountains.
4. Tidal flood (high tide)
Tidal floods are floods caused by seawater. Floods like this often hit the city of
Muara Baru in Jakarta. This tidal water generally will hold the accumulated water, finally
able to break the embankment and inundate the land.
5. Cold lava flood
One of the types of flood is cold lava flood. This type of flood usually only occurs
when a volcano erupts. This eruption then emits cold lava from the top of the mountain
and flows to the land beneath. This cold lava causes siltation of the river, so that river
water will easily overflow and can overflow into residential areas.
C. Causes of Flooding
1. River
Old: Deposits from rain or snowmelt quickly exceed the capacity of the river channel.
Caused by heavy monsoon rains, hurricanes and tropical depressions, external winds
and hot rains that affect snow. Unexpected drainage barriers such as landslides, ice or
debris can cause slow flooding upstream of the obstacle.
Fast: Includes flash floods due to convective rainfall (large thunderstorms) or sudden
release of upstream deposits that form behind dams, landslides or glaciers.
2. Estuary
Usually caused by a combination of tides caused by hurricanes. Hurricane floods
caused by tropical cyclones or extratropical cyclones fall into this category.
3. Beach
Resulting in a major sea storm or other disaster such as a tsunami or hurricane).
Hurricane floods caused by tropical cyclones or extratropical cyclones fall into this
category.
4. Natural Events
Caused by sudden events such as a breakdown of dams or other disasters such as
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
5. Humans
Damage due to human activities, whether intentional or not damage the balance of
nature
6. Mud
Mud floods occur through deposition of sediment on agricultural land. The sediment
is then separated from the sediment and transported as fixed material or river bed
buildup. Mud deposition is easily known when it starts to reach inhabited areas. Mud
flood is a valley process, and is not the same as mud flow caused by mass movement.
E. Flood mitigation
Preventing and overcoming flooding cannot be done by the government alone or by
individuals. It takes commitment and cooperation from various parties to prevent Jakarta and
other cities in Indonesia from major floods.
The actions that can be taken include:
Disposing of water absorption holes
Increase green open space
Change the behavior of the people so that they no longer make rivers become giant
rubbish bins
Elevating houses can indeed save our property when floods occur, but we don't
prevent floods from happening again. Humans are causing floods, humans also have to
jointly save the city. Saving Jakarta from a major flood is not only because it means saving
personal property, but also saving the face of this nation in the eyes of the world.
Participation of all elements of the community must be carried out in an organized
and coordinated manner so that it can be carried out effectively. A community organization
should be formed to take initial actions and manage community participation in flood
management. Flood mitigation is done in stages, from prevention before flooding when
flooding, and recovery after flooding. These stages are in a continuous cycle of flood control
activities. Flood prevention activities follow a cycle (life cycle), which starts from the flood,
then examines it as input for prevention before the flood disaster occurs again.
Artinya :
A. Pengertian banjir
Banjir merupakan fenomena alam yang biasa terjadi di suatu kawasan yang banyak
dialiri oleh aliran sungai. Secara sederhana banjir dapat didefinisikan sebagainya hadirnya air
di suatu kawasan luas sehingga menutupi permukaan bumi kawasan tersebut.
Dalam cakupan pembicaraan yang luas, kita bisa melihat banjir sebagai suatu bagian
dari siklus hidrologi, yaitu pada bagian air di permukaan Bumi yang bergerak ke laut. Dalam
siklus hidrologi kita dapat melihat bahwa volume air yang mengalir di permukaan Bumi
dominan ditentukan oleh tingkat curah hujan, dan tingkat peresapan air ke dalam tanah.
Aliran Permukaan = Curah Hujan – (Resapan ke dalam tanah + Penguapan ke udara)
Dari karakter segmen-segmen aliran sungai itu, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa :
1. Banjir merupakan bagian proses pembentukan daratan oleh aliran sungai. Dengan banjir,
sedimen diendapkan di atas daratan. Bila muatan sedimen sangat banyak, maka
pembentukan daratan juga terjadi di laut di depan muara sungai yang dikenal sebagai
“delta sungai.”
2. Banjir yang meluas hanya terjadi di daerah hilir dari suatu aliran dan melanda dataran di
kiri dan kanan aliran sungai. Di daerah tengah, banjir hanya terjadi di dalam alur sungai.
Dari pengertian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa banjir adalah peristiwa yang terjadi
ketika aliran air yang berlebihan merendam daratan. Banjir juga dapat terjadi di sungai,
ketika alirannya melebihi kapasitas saluran air, terutama di selokan sungai.
B. Macam-macam banjir
Terdapat berbagai macam banjir yang disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, diantaranya:
1. Banjir air
Banjir yang satu ini adalah banjir yang sudah umum. Penyebab banjir ini adalah
meluapnya air sungai, danau, atau selokan sehingga air akan meluber lalu menggenangi
daratan. Umumnya banjir seperti ini disebabkan oleh hujan yang turun terus-menerus
sehingga sungai atau danau tidak mampu lagi menampung air.
2. Banjir “Cileunang”
Jenis banjir yang satu ini hampir sama dengan banjir air. Namun banjir cileunang
ini disebakan oleh hujan yang sangat deras dengan debit air yang sangat banyak. Banjir
akhirnya terjadi karena air-air hujan yang melimpah ini tidak bisa segera mengalir melalui
saluran atau selokan di sekitar rumah warga. Jika banjir air dapat terjadi dalam waktu
yang cukup lama, maka banjir cileunang adalah banjir dadakan (langsung terjadi saat
hujan tiba).
3. Banjir bandang
Tidak hanya banjir dengan materi air, tetapi banjir yang satu ini juga mengangkut
material air berupa lumpur. Banjir seperti ini jelas lebih berbahaya daripada banjir air
karena seseorang tidak akan mampu berenang ditengah-tengah banjir seperti ini untuk
menyelamatkan diri. Banjir bandang mampu menghanyutkan apapun, karena itu daya
rusaknya sangat tinggi. Banjir ini biasa terjadi di area dekat pegunungan, dimana tanah
pegunungan seolah longsor karena air hujan lalu ikut terbawa air ke daratan yang lebih
rendah. Biasanya banjir bandang ini akan menghanyutkan sejumlah pohon-pohon hutan
atau batu-batu berukuran besar. Material-material ini tentu dapat merusak pemukiman
warga yang berada di wilayah sekitar pegunungan.
4. Banjir rob (laut pasang)
Banjir rob adalah banjir yang disebabkan oleh pasangnya air laut. Banjir seperti
ini kerap melanda kota Muara Baru di Jakarta. Air laut yang pasang ini umumnya akan
menahan air sungan yang sudah menumpuk, akhirnya mampu menjebol tanggul dan
menggenangi daratan.
5. Banjir lahar dingin
Salah satu dari macam-macam banjir adalah banjir lahar dingin. Banjir jenis ini
biasanya hanya terjadi ketika erupsi gunung berapi. Erupsi ini kemudian mengeluarkan
lahar dingin dari puncak gunung dan mengalir ke daratan yang ada di bawahnya. Lahar
dingin ini mengakibatkan pendangkalan sungai, sehingga air sungai akan mudah meluap
dan dapat meluber ke pemukiman warga.
2. Muara
Biasanya diakibatkan oleh penggabungan pasang laut yang diakibatkan angin badai.
Banjir badai akibat siklon tropis atau siklon ekstratropismasuk dalam kategori ini.
3. Pantai
Diakibatkan badai laut besar atau bencana lain seperti tsunami atau hurikan). Banjir
badai akibat siklon tropis atau siklon ekstratropismasuk dalam kategori ini.
4. Peristiwa Alam
Diakibatkan oleh peristiwa mendadak seperti jebolnya bendungan atau bencana lain
seperti gempa bumi dan letusan gunung berapi.
5. Manusia
Kerusakan akibat aktivitas manusia, baik disengaja atau tidak merusak keseimbangan
alam
6. Lumpur
Banjir lumpur terjadi melalui penumpukan endapan di tanah pertanian. Sedimen
kemudian terpisah dari endapan dan terangkut sebagai materi tetap atau penumpukan
dasar sungai. Endapan lumpur mudah diketahui ketika mulai mencapai daerah
berpenghuni. Banjir lumpur adalah proses lembah bukit, dan tidak sama dengan aliran
lumpur yang diakibatkan pergerakan massal.
F. Penanggulangan banjir
Mencegah dan menanggulangi banjir tak dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah saja atau
orang perorang saja. Dibutuhkan komitmen dan kerjasama berbagai pihak untuk
menghindarkan Jakarta dan kota lain di Indonesia dari banjir besar.
A. Conclusions
Floods which in essence a natural process can be a disaster for humans if the process
is about humans and causes loss of life and material In the context of natural systems,
flooding occurs in its place. Floods will hit humans if they inhabit areas that are naturally
floodplains. So, it is not the flood that comes, it is precisely the people who come to the
flood.
If we can accept that, then the flooding experienced by humans is actually the result
of human failure in reading the character of nature. Human failure to read whether an area is
safe or not to be inhabited. For example, human failure to read the character of an area so that
it does not know the area is a flood area. Or, already know the area is flooded but do not care
Banjir yang pada hakekatnya proses alamiah dapat menjadi bencana bagi manusia bila
proses itu mengenai manusia dan menyebabkan kerugian jiwa maupun materi. Dalam konteks
sistem alam, banjir terjadi pada tempatnya. Banjir akan mengenai manusia jika mereka
mendiami daerah yang secara alamiah merupakan dataran banjir. Jadi, bukan banjir yang
datang, justru manusia yang mendatangi banjir.
Apabila hal tersebut dapat kita terima, maka bencana banjir yang dialami manusia
sebenarnya adalah buah dari kegagalan manusia dalam membaca karakter alam. Kegagalan
manusia membaca apakah suatu daerah aman atau tidak untuk didiami. Misalnya, kegagalan
manusia membaca karakter suatu daerah sehingga tidak mengetahui daerah tersebut
merupakan daerah banjir. Atau, sudah mengetahui daerah tersebut daerah banjir tetapi tidak
peduli.
B. Suggestions
With the flood disaster, it is hoped that Indonesian citizens will be able to know the
impact of littering that causes floods. And prevent floods so that the next day will not be
affected by floods again.
With the flooding that is happening right now we can learn from it to preserve this
universe and preserve the universe, rather than actually destroying it.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/banjir
Kompas.com
http://citizennew.suaramerdeka.com
http://makalahlaporanterbaru1.blogspot.com/2014/01/makalah-tentang-bencana-banjir.html
http://cari-carimakalah.blogspot.com/2017/03/makalah-tentang-banjir.html