REVIEWER IN DRRR

LESSON 1: CONCEPT OF DISASTER

A NATURAL EVENTS BECOMES A HAZARD when someone has been either

injured or killed by it or if property is damaged.
A HAZARD BECOMES A DISASTER if there is a victim.
EXPOSURE refers to people and property.
VULNERABILITY refers to the factors, such as physical, social, economic, and
environmental, that increase the susceptibility to the impact of a hazard.

LESSON 2: DISASTER RISK

Disaster Risk is expressed as a function of HAZARD, EXPOSURE, AND

VULNERABILITY.

THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DISASTER DEPENDS ON:

1. The quantity of exposure of the element at risk which includes lives and properties.
2. Vulnerability level or quality exposure.

DISASTER RISK = HAZARD x EXPOSURE x VULNERABILITY

According to this formula, if there is no hazard, then the risk is null (the same if
population or vulnerability is null).

LESSON 3 : NATURE AND EFFECTS OF DISASTERS

CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS
Disasters are inherently unexpected or come quickly with little or no warning. As a result,
disasters (bot man- made and those resulting fro, natural events) cause widespread death,
injury, and property damage.

THE FOLLOWING ALSO CHARACTERIZE DISASTERS:

* Knows no political boundary.
* Requires restructured and new responding organizations.
* Creates new tasks and requires more people as disaster responders.
* Renders inutile routine emergency response equipment and facilities.
* Worsens confusion in understanding roles of peoples and organizations.
* Exposes lack of disaster planning, response and coordination. Inexperience disaster
organization often fail to see what their roles are.

IMPACTS OF DISASTERS:
MEDICAL EFFECTS
DAMAGE TO CRITICAL FACILITIES
DISRUPTION OF TRANSPORTATION
ECONOMIC IMPACT
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENRAL CHANGE
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACT
LESSON 4: VARIOUS ELEMENTS THAT MAY BE EXPOSED TO HAZARDS:
ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC

Lack of awareness about the range of consequences of a hazard event is the big reason
why many take natural hazard for granted.

ELEMENTS AT RISK AND EXPOSURE

Elements at risk are the people, properties, economic activities, and private and
public services potentially threatened by a harmful event.
In order to reduce risk, most of the focus is reducing vulnerability. Understanding
the elements at risk expose to each type of hazard is the first step in reducing
vulnerability.

HAZARDS refers to the probability of occurrence at a given magnitude.

EXPOSED ELEMENT can refer to the number of people or structures within the
exposed area.

The combination of both hazard and exposed population provides the physical
exposure;
PhExp = Hazard x Exposure
where:
PhExp = physical exposure for the affected area
Hazard = probability of occurrence of an event at a given magnitude.
Exposure = total population living in the affected area for each event

SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSURE

AND VULNERABILITY

SOCIAL. The social dimension of exposure and vulnerability covers a wide range of
buildings ( including migration, social groups, health and well - being, education, culture,
institutions, and governance aspects) but demography is the most important aspect.

ENVIRONMENTAL. The physical aspects of an exposure and vulnerability refer to

location and built structures.

LIST OF THE PHYSICAL ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS HAZARDS:

1. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
- education facilities
- medical and health care facilities (e.g., hospitals and clinics)
- emergency response facilities (e.g., fire station, police station, and shelters)
- government offices
- recreational or tourist facilities (e.g., hotels, resorts, parks, public gardens, camping
grounds, sporting areas, etc)
- places of worship
- banks and financial centers
 - markets and shopping centers
- cemetery
2. INDUSTRIAL AND HIGH POTENTAIL LOSS FACILITIES AND FACILITIES
CONTAINING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- dams and ponds
- fuel reservoirs, pipelines, and pumps
- power (electric) generating plants and lines
- multi- purpose hydropower plants, water tanks, and lines
- food processing facilities

3. TRANPORTATION LIFELINES
- highways, bridges, railway tracks, and tunnels
- bus facilities
- port and harbor facilities
- airport facilities and runways

4. UTILITY LIFELINES
- portable water facilities, waste water facilities, pipelines, and and distribution lines
- oil and natural gas systems facilities, pipelines, and distribution lines
- electric power facilities and distribution lines
- communication facilities (stations) and distribution lines (cables and networks)

ECONOMIC. Among the economic effects of a hazard event include business

interruptions due to accessibility problems, loss of jobs and access to work, and loss of
government income due to inability of business and people to pay taxes at a time when
more funds are needed for relief and rehabilitation. DISASTER may also significantly
affect the gross domestic product (GDP).

LESSON 5 : VULNERABILITY OF EACH EXPOSED ELEMENT

According to the UNDP, vulnerability is “the degree of loss to each element should a
hazard of a given severity occur”.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) defines vulnerability as “ the
degree of loss to a given element at risk at a certain severity level”.

SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS OF

VULNERABILITY

SOCIAL. Certain populations or groups any be more vulnerable than others. Below is a
list of the most vulnerable populations :
- people with disabilities
- children
- seniors
- medication - dependent individuals
- women, single parents, or the unemployed
- ethnic minorities or indigenous people
- homeless or street people
- incarcerated individual
- marginalized groups