UNIT II

EXPOSURE AND
VULNERABILITY:
VARIOUS ELEMENTS THAT
MAY BE EXPOSED TO
HAZARDS: SOCIAL,
ENVIRONMENTAL AND
ECONOMIC
PREPARED BY: MR.
 HELLO,
DEAR
STUDENTS!
WELCOME
 CLASSROOM
REMINDER AND
ONLINE
ETIQUETTE
Simple and
CHECKING
OF
ATTENDAN
 LET’S
RECALL
LET’S PLAY
PICTO
ANALYSIS
 MECHANICS
The students will interpret the image
shown on the screen, then they will be
selected using the crane machine.

ARE YOU
READY?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
• differentiate the various types of
elements at risk
• explain differences in exposure to
hazards
• describe or quantify exposure of the
elements at risk to hazards
VARIOUS ELEMENTS THAT MAY BE EXPOSED
TO HAZARDS: ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC
Lack of awareness about the range of consequences
of a hazard event is the big reason why many take
natural hazards for granted. People are not only one’s
who can be affected by hazards. For some, this might
not be an easy task as disasters do not happen every
day. One should however try to think in terms of
who and what might be affected if something goes
ELEMENTS AT RISK AND EXPOSURE
Elements at risk are the people, properties,
economic activities and private and public services
potentially threatened by a harm event. Risk
assessment involves the identification and mapping
of the elements at risk and the assessment of
vulnerability. In order to reduce risk, most of the
focus is on reducing vulnerability.
Risk= Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
 Hazard refers to the probability of
occurrence at a given magnitude. Exposed
element can refer to the number of people or
structures within the exposed area. Figures
for these two types of elements at risk are the
most reliable and least subjective. The
combination of both hazard and exposed
population provides the physical exposure.
PhExp = Hazard x Exposure
where:
PhExp = physical exposure for the affected
are
Hazard = probability of occurrence of an
event at a given magnitude
Exposure = total population living in the
affected area for each event
 SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC
DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY
When a disaster strikes, casualties (deaths, missing
persons, and injured people) and property losses and
damages are the first to be reported in tri-media. Long after
a disaster the effects to the others elements assume greater
attention. These are the consequences that cannot be
measured or quantified as easily as property losses or
damages. Tangible and intangible losses fall under social,
environmental, and economic categories.
Social – the social dimension of exposure and vulnerability
covers a wide range of concerns (including migration,
social groups, health and well-being, education, culture,
institutions and governance aspects) but demography is the
most important aspect. Population density maps are
excellent indicators of exposure and vulnerability
Environmental – the physical aspects of exposure and
vulnerability refer to location and built structures.
Environmental aspects of exposure and vulnerability
encompass those beyond the physical dimension.
BEFORE THE TYPHOON AFTER THE TYPHOON
YOLANDA IN TACLOBAN YOLANDA IN TACLOBAN
Economic – among the economic effects of a
hazard event include business interruptions due
to accessibility problems, loss of jobs, and
access to work, and loss of government income
due to inability of business and people to pay
taxes at a time when more funds are needed for
relief and rehabilitation. Disasters may also
significantly affect the gross domestic product
Here is a detailed list of the physical elements
exposed to various hazards:
1. Essential Facilities
• Educational facilities
• Medical and healthcare facilities (hospital and
clinics)
• Emergency response facilities (fire station,
police station and shelters)
• Government offices
2. Industrial and High Potential Loss Facilities
and Facilities Containing Hazardous Materials
• Dams and ponds
• Fuel reservoirs, pipelines and pumps
• Power (electric) generating plants and lines
• Multi-purpose hydropower plants, water
tanks and lines
• Food processing facilities
3. Transportation Lifelines
• Highways, bridges, railways tracks
and tunnels
• Bus facilities
• Port and harbor facilities
• Airport facilities and runways
4. Utility Lifelines
• Potable water facilities, waste water facilities,
pipelines, and distribution lines
• Oil and natural gas systems facilities,
pipelines, and distribution lines
• Electric power facilities and distribution lines
• Communication facilities (stations) and
distribution lines (cable and networks)
THANK
YOU
FOR