BIO REVIEWER 3rd Periodical Exam
Long Test 1: Concepts to Remember
• Squids à open circulatory system False
Earthworms à closed circulatory system True
• Cnidarians and mollusks lack circulatory systems
False
Echinoderms and arthropods have circulatory
systems False
• All leukocytes are nonspecific and are active
against pathogens False
Products of leukocytes are secreted only in
response to specific pathogens False
• When would guttation most likely occur:
soil is wet and air is humid
à during the morning, when it’s not hot
because transpiration would occur when the
sun is at peak
à main cause of guttation: root pressure
• In a seedling, the seed is the main sugar source
• Stomata is needed for transpiration to occur
• Advantage of having an open circulatory system
à uses less energy
• Path of oxygenated blood in fishes
gills à body à heart à gills
• Advantage of human circulatory system compared
to fishes
à our body receive blood at higher pressure to
gain oxygen more quickly
• If one of the atrioventricular valves was leaky…
à one of the atria will refill more quickly
- atrioventricular valves: prevent backflow
from ventricle to atrium
• time when atrium and ventricle are filling up with
blood à atrium and ventricle diastole
• Feeling light headed after standing up abruptly…
à brain is experiencing a decrease in blood supply
because blood from the veins are rushing down the
body due to gravity
• Instance where precapillary sphincters to the Plant Transport
digestive tract need to be relaxed • Root pressure
à after a hearty meal à pushing of water up the xylem
- relaxed means open -> more blood flow à due to continuous water intake
• Found in both vein and artery à short distances
à deoxygenated blood • Transpiration
- hint: pulmonary artery à evaporation in leaves , creating a transpirational pull
• If a blood clot from a vein in your leg were to be which pulls water in xylem upwards
dislodged, it could travel through your circulatory à tension aided by cohesion
system and cause a blockage of one of your blood • Stomata – regulate rate of transpiration
vessels. Which of your blood vessels would be • Translocation
most likely to be blocked by the blood clot from à movement of phloem sap from source to sink
your leg? à one of your pulmonary arteries • due to difference in pressure
- systematic veins go together as they go to ………………………………………………………………
the heart (so blood clot will not clog because
vein is large) -> right atrium -> right ventricle Animal Circulation
-> pulmonary arteries which branch out going • Unicellular Organisms
to capillaries (thus causing blockage) à use their surface area for gas exchange
……………………………………………………………… • Porifera, Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda
Cell Transport à does not have a true circulatory system
• Diffusion à gastrovascular cavities
à molecules move from high to low concentration à cells have direct contact to env. for diffusion
à passive transport • Echinoderms
• Facilitated Diffusion à water vascular system
à require protein channels ~ locomotion, respiration, food and waste transport
• Osmosis (no ATP required)
Open Circulatory Systems
à solvent move to higher solute concentration
⇒ circulatory fluid is the
• Bulk Transport
same as interstitial fluid
à endocytosis – molecules move into the cell
- Hemolymph
à exocytosis – molecules move outside the cell
⇒ arthropods, gastropods,
bivalves
heart à sinus à ostia à heart
*sinus – diffusion to tissues
*ostia – openings
Closed Circulatory Systems
⇒ blood is separate from lymphatic fluid
⇒ cephalopods, annelids, vertebrates
heart à arteries à capillaries à veins à heart
Open vs
~ hemolymph
~ vessels don’t connect
directly to tissues
~ lower pressure
~ cannot support higher
levels of metabolic activity
Circulatory Systems of:
A. Fish à pulmonary arteries
à Heart (2 chambers):
- ventricle
- atrium
à capillaries:
- gill
- systematic
Closed
~ blood
~ vessels connect
directly to tissues
~ higher pressure
~ can support higher
levels of metabolic activity
B. Amphibian
à Heart (3 chambers): à tricuspid valve
- right atrium
- left atrium
- ventricle
à capillaries
- lung and skin
- systematic
C. Mammal and Birds
à Heart (4 chambers):
- left ventricle
- right ventricle
- left atrium
- right atrium
à capillaries
- lung
- systematic
Human Circulatory System
Blood Flow:
à Inferior/Superior
Vena cava
à right atrium
à right ventricle
à pulmonary
capillaries
à pulmonary veins
à left atrium
à left ventricle
à aorta
à systematic
capillaries
à right atrium
à right ventricle
à pulmonary valve
à pulmonary arteries
à left atrium
à bicuspid/mitral valve
à left ventricle
à aortic valve
Cardiac Cycle
• Systole – contraction
• Diastole – relaxation
Three Phases:
1. Atrial Systole
2. Ventricular Systole
3. Ventricular Diastole
Electrical Activity of the heart
1. Sinoatrial node
(pacemaker)
2. Atrioventricular node
3. Atrioventricular bundle
4. Left and Right
bundle branches
5. Bundle branches
à purkinje fibers
Blood Pressure
- force exerted by blood on walls of vessels
- cardiac output and resistance of arterioles
- measured by a sphygmomanometer
- systolic/diastolic (mmHg)
Pulse • ruptured artery : less oxygen to heart à 3rd Line of Defense
- stretching of arteries as an effect of heartbeat less power to make heart beat ⇒ adaptive/acquired immunity
- normal resting pulse: 60-100 bpm ~cardiac arrest ⇒ kick in when vaccinated
• heart murmur – abnormal blood flow across valves ⇒ involves lymphocytes
Cardiac Output
• coronary artery ⇒ humoral – B cells produce antibodies
- denoted as Q = HR x SV
• inflammation ⇒ cell-mediated – T cells that respond to any cell
- total volume of blood pumped by left ventricle per min
- more blood will flow to fight germs that displays MHC markers
- Heart Rate (HR) – no. of beats per min
- immune response, causing more repair ⇒ specific
- Stroke Volume (SV) – volume of blood pumped per beat
• more blood will go out at pulse points due to higher à requires pathogen identification: antigens (protein markers)
Precapillary sphincters pressure in the body in order to learn how to fight pathogen
- regulate blood flow through capillary beds ………………………………………………………………
- vasodilation : sphincters are relaxed, Germ Theory
more blood will flow - diseases are caused by pathogens
- vasoconstriction : sphincters are closed, à bacteria, viruses, protists, parasites, fungi
less blood will flow

Capillary beds
- reduced blood velocity and pressure

Arteries vs Veins
~ deliver blood away ~ deliver blood back
from the heart to the heart
~ higher blood velocity ~ lower blood velocity
~ higher blood pressure ~ lower blood pressure
~ thicker walls ~ thinner walls
~ no valves ~ has valves

Pressure Velocity Areas 1st Line of Defense (nonspecific, innate w/ birth)

highest A A C ⇒ skin, mucus and secretions
second C V ⇒ prevent entry of pathogens into body
last V C 2nd Line of Defense (nonspecific, innate w/ birth)
*slower velocity at capillaries à good for diffusion
⇒ Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
*arteries have thicker walls to withstand pressure à release chemicals to destroy pathogens
Application à eat up pathogens
• during heavy exercise ⇒ some are phagocytic
- red ⇒ antimicrobial proteins and cytokines (other
- more blood flow in skin, signaling molecules) Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
to release more heat àinflammatory response caused by histamine à protein markers in cell membranes ~ display antigens
• in cold environment à Class I – most cells in the body
- pale (macrophages, dendritic cells)
à Class II – antigen-presenting cells
- less blood flow in skin, to conserve heat
Cytotoxic T cell action Immune disorders/ diseases
⇒ allergies
- hypersensitive responses to allergens
⇒ autoimmune diseases ⇒ marine fish excrete lots of slats and little water
- immune system loses tolerance for self and turns ⇒ freshwater fish excrete less salts and lots of water
against certain molecule of the body
⇒ immunodeficient diseases
- inborn or primary (severe combined ID)
- acquired or secondary
~ AIDS : HIV attacks CD4 molecules on helper
T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
Natural Killer Cells ………………………………………………………………
à lymphocyte Review
à attack virus-infected body cells and cancer cell
~ includes apoptosis – cell suicide

Active vs Passive
~ long-lasting protection ~ immediate
but takes a long time but short-term
~ own system develops ~ antibodies are Types of metabolic waste produced by living systems
antibodies passed by women 1. Digestive waster (elimination)
~ develops naturally in through placenta 2. Respiratory waste (respiration)
response to infection and breast milk 3. Excess water and salts (osmoregulation)
~ develops following ~ antibodies may be 4. Nitrogenous waste (excretion)
immunization injected to a hyperosmotic - environment has more solutes
non-immune person - less concentration of outside
Extra notes - water will move outside
• macrophages – guard cells that cause inflammation - cell will shrink
• weakening effect caused by immune system isosmotic – equal concentration inside and outside of cell
fighting pathogens hypoosmotic - more solute inside cell
• fever, sneezing, coughing – immune system trying - more concentration inside
to remove pathogens - water will move inside
• B cells – produce antibodies which bind to - cell will expand
antigens, causing bacteria to clump together and Osmoregulation
becoming easier to eat up Osmoconformer
• memory cells ⇒ isosmotic with
à work to have 2nd response its surroundings
à cannot be passed through child birth ⇒ marine animals
• passive immunity – needed by babies because of Osmoregulator
weak immune system ⇒ controls internal osmolarity
• Rh factor – another RBC antigen (Rh+/Rh-) independent of the external env.
⇒ vertebrates
Ammonia
à interferes with production of ATP
Malpighian Tubules
- too much, cell might not produce ATP
à tubules immersed in hemolymph,
à can only be tolerated at very low concentrations
connected to the digestive tract
à needs access to lots of water
à arthropods
à most toxic and simplest
- circulatory system : open
à jellyfish, mostly animals that live in water
-> interstitial fluid mix with tubules
Urea
-> secretion: pee with poop
à produced in vertebrate liver (CO2+NH3) Anti-Diuretic (ADH)
à lower toxicity à stimulus : increased blood osmolarity
à can be stored in higher concentrations à released by : hypothalamus
à requires ATP to produce à response : increased water absorption
Uric acid à higher water reabsorption,
à relatively nontoxic lower osmolarity
à not easily dissolved in water
- can be excreted as semisolid paste w/ poop Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
à requires even more ATP to produce à stimulus : low blood volume/pressure
……………………………………………………………… à renin-angiotensin – released by kidneys
Excretory System induces arteriole constriction
à aldosterone – released by adrenal
What Kidneys do glands induces increased reabsorption
1. Filtration of water and Na+
Kidneys
2. Reabsorption
à compact network of tubules associated with capillaries
3. Secretion
à most chordates
4. Excretion

Protonephridia
à network of dead-end tubules
à flatworms

Metanephridia
à tubules that collect fluid Extra Notes
from the coelom
• aldosterone – water and salt reabsorption
à annelids, molluscs
• ADH – water reabsorption
• desert mammals – long Loop of Henle
• mammals that can easily freshwater – short Loop of Henle
• birds survive in dehydrating environment because they have
short Loop of Henle à less water reabsorption à excrete uric acid
• vampire bats: drink lots of blood à heavier sila à need to excrete,
diluting it by drinking water à excrete as urea
~ without drinking water, bats will produce hormones which
can affect the rate of reabsorption