Uriel Marie Jabao GE 211 – General Surveying 1

GE_ GE2_2A Mark Dave Plaza

Laboratory Equipment’s: Utilization and Safety Practices

After 2 years of pandemic we finally back to conduct the face to face classes, the 2 years of
being an online learning is not easy because for us especially for those students who struggle the
online learning like me, the internet connection not stable, so after 2 years for being online
learning is finally back. I feel excited and also a little bit nervous not because of the one of our
major subject which is General surveying 1 it because I don’t know what to do for our first
classes and it will happen for my journey of our classes.

October 7, 2022 is we conduct our first face to face class with Engr. Plaza and it is for the
introductory towards the several instrument that we’re going to use for our incoming laboratory.
Getting to know all the instrument that you’re going to use its functions and it really important to
know the background of all equipment and the history also. So before we going to the root of the
subject is we doing the orientation of this subject and sir plaza introduce all the instruments one
by one small to big equipment. Before the introduction happen, sir plaza assigned a group into 6
groups for the whole semester. And last we doing is a first quiz of this subject to make sure all of
us understand what sir plaza discuss.

If you have a goa in your life don’t easily give up even if is hard but do your best to achieve your
desire goal rest but don’t quit.
GE211: General Surveying 1 Date: October 11, 2022
Group Members:
Jel Barbie Bersabal
Uriel Marie Jabao
Orcel Jacinto
Christine Jocel Padernal
Egy Lariba Pananganan

Laboratory Activity 2: Taping

Narrative Report

The use of a surveyor's tape to measure the horizontal distance between two
points is known as taping. The act of measuring horizontal distances with tape includes
applying line a with a graded tape of given length. The objectives of this laboratory are
to utilize tape and its peripherals in measuring and lay-out distances, to record the
readings on tape and its peripherals and to compute for the corrected distance
measures and to be laid-out.
We conducted our Laboratory 2: Taping last October 11, 2022 the same day
when we conduct the Pacing. There are 5 members in our group with designated roles.
The roles in every groups are the head tape man, rear tape man, Plumb Bob Holter at
A, plumb bob holder at B and recorder. We were task to perform 5 trials and every time
we finished each trials, we switch places or roles in order for us to know all the
processes individually. The instruments that we used in this laboratory was the plumb
bob, fiberglass tape, thermometer, weighing scale and marker. The first thing that we
did in this lab is the Measurement of Distance Method. Our instructor marked two
points, point A and B on the field. Using the tape, we measured the distance between
the points where the rear tape man holds the tape at point A with a guide of plumb bob
and a weighing scale at its end. We pulled the tape to make sure that the tape does not
touch the ground. When everything was set up, the plumb bob holder at B have read
the measurement of the tape, the current temperature, and the rear tape man also read
the weighing scale for the pull reading. Everything was recorded by the assigned
recorder. Next is the Laying-out of Distance, the procedure and roles were almost the
same however this time we calculate first the corrected distance. After calculation the
corrected distance using the formula provided in our manual, we then laid it out on the
field. With the same positions and roles, we pulled the tape to reach the standard pull
reading and marked the corrected distance on field as what you have seen in figure 4.0.
The struggles that we have encountered in this laboratory are: First is reading the tape
since the fiberglass tape was damaged and we need to start reading from 1 meter, we
sometimes made mistakes in reading the tape. That is why we became so cautious and
alert in every tape reading. Second was when pulling and pull reading, the end of the
tape and the weighing scale’s hook sometimes loose because the end of the tape was
already broken. Lastly is during the calculations, most of us were confused at first but
we managed to understand and performed it at the end.
This was our first on field laboratory and we’ve realized so many things,
especially our group. It wasn’t easy for us at first since some of us experienced reading
the fiberglass tape, temperature and weighing scale for the first time but we were able
to meet our objectives. We were now able to measure and lay-out distances using tape.
We can now compute and record the corrected distances that needed to be laid out
Documentation

Figure 1.0 Jabao as

the rear tape man, Jacinto as plum bob
holder at A and Pananganan as the recorder
 Figure 2.0 Padernal as the head tape man and
Bersabal as the plumb bob holder at B

Figure 3.0 Pulling the tape where Jacinto is the head tapeman
and Jabao as the plumb bob holder at point B

Figure 4.0 Marked corrected distances

GE211: General Surveying 1 Date: October 11, 2022
Group Members:
Jel Barbie Bersabal
Uriel Marie Jabao
Orcel Jacinto
Christine Jocel Padernal
Egy Lariba Pananganan

Laboratory Activity 3: Pacing

Narrative Report

Pacing is an easy and quick technique used to measure distances in a certain

area. This method is used when there are no available instruments in the field. Pacing
consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance. Distances
obtained by pacing are sufficiently accurate for many purposes in surveying. In our
laboratory 3, we did the pacing. The objectives in performing this laboratory are to
determine our own pace factor, to estimate distance measurement using pacing and
estimate distance lay-out using pacing.
Last October 11, 2022 we conducted our Laboratory 3 entitled “Pacing” at around
1:30 – 4:30 pm. First, a 50m distance was marked by our instructor and using our
normal pace, we were tasked to walk from point A which is the starting of the 50m
distance to point B which is the end and vice versa. While walking, we also count the
number of paces. We have observed that there are differences in the number of paces
every trials even though the distance is the same. When performing this activity, one
must be careful in his pace whether your step was too big or too small because this
might cause a large error in calculating your pace factor. The steps must always be your
normal pace. In order to determine the pace factor, we calculate the average pace from
our pace counting for 5 trials divide it from 100m (pace factor = 100m/pace count).
Next, point C and D were marked on the field then using pacing we count the number of
steps from C to D and vice versa for 5 trials. To determine the estimate distance from C-
D, we used the formula distance = No. of pace x pace factor. Lastly, each of us must
estimate a 35m distance from an established point E. Using the formula pace count =
distance/ pace factor, we were able to estimate a distance of 35m. Even though the
distance varies every time we marked our estimated distance of 35m, the marked were
not very distant from each other.
At the end of the Laboratory, we were able to determine our own pace factor and
was able to compare that each of our members has different pace factors. We have
also estimated the distance measurement using pacing and estimated the distance lay-
out using pacing. Because of this laboratory, we can now easily and quickly measure
distances using pacing when there are no available instrument on field.
 Documentation

Figure 1.0 Group 1 Performing Pacing (Determining Pace Factor)

Figure 2.0 Group 1 Performing Pacing (Estimation of Distance Measurement)

 Figure 3.0 Marked Estimation of Distance Layout
of 35m (Egy Pananganan)

Figure 4.0 Marked Estimation of Distance Layout (Uriel Marie Jabao

 Figure 5.0 Marked Estimation of Distance Layout (Orcel Jacinto)

Figure 6.0 Marked

Estimation of Distance Layout (

Jel Barbie Bersabal)
Figure 7.0 Marked Estimation of Distance Layout (Christine
Jocel Padernal)
GE211: General Surveying 1 Date: October 18, 2022
Group Members:
Jel Barbie Bersabal
Kim Caya
Uriel Marie Jabao
Orcel Jacinto
Christine Jocel Padernal
Egy Lariba Pananganan

Laboratory Activity 4: Closed Compass Traverse

Narrative Report

The first thing that comes into our mind when we hear the word compass is
“North, South, East and West” directions. A compass is a device for determining
directions by means of a magnetic needle or group of needles turning freely on a pivot
and pointing to the magnetic north. In this laboratory, we were taught to perform a
closed compass traverse. This was our fourth laboratory activity and this activity aims to
make us familiarize the function of compass in closed compass traverse, to determine
the corresponding direction of a line using the compass and to recognize the adjust
readings of the direction of a line using the compass traverse.
Last October 18, 2022 we performed our Laboratory 4: Closed Compass
Traverse. The materials and equipment that we used were compass, plumb bob, 2 sets
of range pole, chaining pin and tripod. The first thing we did in this laboratory was the
orientation on how to properly read the compass. Next is that we assigned the roles of
all the members in our group. We also did the rotation of roles so that each of us will
know the different roles in the field. We established three points on the field with an
estimate of 10 meters from each other and labeled it as point A, B, and C going counter-
clockwise and marked it with chaining pins. We then set the tripod at point A and made
sure to level it so that the compass that we placed it above can be read accurately. The
range poles were placed at point B and C. In this set up, the backsight rodman will at
point C and the foresight rodman will be at point C. The compass was sight at point B
and C and recorded the compass reading by the recorder. After we took the reading, we
then transferred the tripod and compass at point B where the foresight is now at point C
and backsight at point A. We took the record of the compass sighting in point A and C
then we transferred the tripod again to point C. The same procedure was performed.
We did two trials in this laboratory. Since we have already our required data for the
closed compass traverse, we decided to proceed on the calculation. This is where we
got challenged. Since we do not have the idea in calculating this type of problem, we
struggled analyzing how to compute the adjusted bearings. Since our instructor was
there to guide us during calculation, we were able to analyze and understand.
Moreover, since all of us has shared our ideas in our group we answered the laboratory
early.
In this laboratory, we have showed the teamwork in our group. Each of us have
shared our ideas and performed our roles on the field well. Because of this, we have
met our objectives. We can now familiarize the function of the compass in closed
compass travers, we have determined the corresponding direction of a line using
compass and was able to recognized the adjust readings of the direction of a line using
compass traverse. We made some errors in calculation but it wasn’t that large enough
angle that could affect the calculations.
Documentation

Figure 1.0 Reading the Compass

Figure 2.0 Bersabal and Jabao as the Compass holder

Figure 3.0 Jacinto as Range Pole Holder and

Pananganan as Compass Holder
Jabao, Uriel Marie Date: November 29, 2022
GE211: General Surveying 1 Narrative Report 5

Laboratory Activity 5: Total Station Set Up

Last November 15, 2022 we conduct our individual activity which is the total
station set up, First sir Plaza discuss how to use the instrument and how to do the
proper set up the instrument. And after that sir Plaza allow us to do the set up to
the instrument, he give us 10 minutes to familiarize all the equipment and how to
use it, So after we familiarize all we need to do in individual performance. I am
the last member of group 1 to perform the total set up station I have a little bit
struggle how to set up because of the bubble that we need to be in the center not
only the bubbles but all the set up you need to do it without asking help for
others and sir Plaza ask mi to some parts of the instrument like the where’s the
monitor, laser plummet and other parts of the instrument.

This activity is not so easy for me because I can’t even memories and familiarize
all the parts of the equipment but If u want to learn do what as told because in
the future all of these is very useful to your work in the future.

Documentation:
Total Station Set up:

GE211: General Surveying 1 Date: December 6, 2022

Group 1

Laboratory Activity 6: Closed Loop Traverse

Narrative Report

Traverse surveying is a type of survey in which a number of connected lines

forming a closed loop. The lengths of the survey lines are measured and its angles. In
this laboratory, we must be able to conduct traverse distance and direction data
collection using total station. We must also be able to conduct traverse distance and
direction correction using compass rule and transit rule. Lastly is to evaluate traverse
survey accuracy by computed Linear Error of Closure (LEC) and Relative Precision
(RP).
In this laboratory, we have applied what we learned from the laboratory 4 and 5,
especially the Laboratory 5 which is the setting up of the Total Station. This laboratory’s
method was somewhat like the Laboratory 4 but this time we used the total station. On
the field, we established 5 points which has an estimate of more than 10 meters apart.
We marked the points with bottle caps, nails and flags. Using the compass, we were
able to get the azimuth T5-T1. This was our assumed azimuth. We then set up our
instrument in T1, a backsight rod man in T5 and foresight rodman at foresight with a
level bubble guide. After setting up, we input our assumed azimuth in the total station
pressing ESC multiple times and then pressed ANG. We set the total station in
backsight position where the vertical tangent screw not facing the instrument man and
aimed at the rod. We then set the horizontal angle to the previews azimuth by pressing
F3 to set it in “Set A” at “P1/2”. We just repeat those steps up to point T-5. All the data
were written in the Engineer’s Field Book. When we finished collecting data for our last
station, we observed that we have an error in getting the azimuth at station T-4 and T-5
so we performed again in T-4. That’s why it was already evening when we finished the
laboratory. What I have learned in our experience is that we must be always careful in
collecting our data and recheck it because it might cause a big error in the calculations.
After we have finished organizing our data, we calculate the adjustment of traverse
using the compass rule and transit rule. All of our results were written in the Field Book.
Through performing this activity, we can now conclude that Traverse surveying
was indeed a type of survey which survey lines and angles are to be measure forming a
closed loop. We have also compared the transit rules and compass rule in calculating
the adjustment of traverse. Even though both methods of calculating, as what is given in
the manual, were different however the results that came out gave almost the same
answers. We have also evaluate the Linear Error of closure (LEC) and Relative
Precision(RP) using the formula given in the Manual. Therefore, we have met the
objectives in this Laboratory.

Documentation:
 Figure 1.0 A Group photo of Group 1 prior to performing the Lab 6

Figure 2.0 Bersabal as BS rodman Figure 3.0 Pananganan as FS rodman

 Figure 4.0 Jabao as IM aiming for foresight from station T-1 to T-2

Figure 5.0 Bersabal as the Instrument Man, Jabao(BS rodman), Padernal (FS rodman),
Pananganan (Recorder), and Jacinto(Documenter)
GE211: General Surveying 1 Date: January 17-18, 2022

Group 1
Jel Barbie Bersabal
Uriel Marie Jabao
Orcel Jacinto
Christine Jocel Padernal
Egy Lariba Pananganan
Kim Tinaja Caya

Laboratory Activity 7: Side shots and Lay-out

Narrative Report

Coordinates are very important in plane surveying to be able to know the direction
and position of a structure in a real-life situation. The coordinates that the geodetic
engineers used in plane surveying are the Northing (N), Easting (E) and Elevation (Z).
This laboratory aims to conduct distance and direction observation of unknown points
from known points. Compute for the horizontal coordinates of the unknown points using
known points coordinates and observed distance and direction. Conduct automatic
determination of coordinates of points and recording using programs in total station.
Compute for the horizontal distance and direction required to lay-out on ground given
point coordinates. Conduct staking out of the points on ground using the computed
values. Conduct automatic stake-out of points using programs in total station. Last
January 17-18, 2023 we conducted our laboratory 7 which is the sides hot and layout. In
this laboratory we've chose to stake 10 Station on field, with a distance of 8 meters from
each other, which divides 2 Stations per members to observe. The stations were
recorded as G1-1a where G1 is the group number and 1a as the number of the member
and the station he/she observed. We observed each stations from T1 where we set up
the instrument. First, we assumed a 0 degrees azimuth as our back sight then observed
the stations as foresight. We then record the HR which is the azimuth of the stations
and its HD which is the distance from the instrument to the stations observed. After
getting the azimuth and distance of the stations, we calculated the latitude and
departure of each stations using the formula -Dcos(theta) for latitude and -Dsin(theta)
for departure. Using the calculated azimuth and departure, we also calculated the
Coordinates of each stations with an assumed Northing of 20000 and Easting of 20000.
This is the manual method of sides hot. Next, we performed the automatic method of
sides hot. First, we input the assumed Northing and Easting of 20000 then we set the
instrument's setting to Menu 1. Surveying , 5.Surveying. We then observed the same
stations and pressed the key EDM to get the coordinates. After we gathered the
coordinates of all the stations, we compared it to the coordinates that we calculated in
the manual sides hot. We have observed that the coordinates from manual and
automatic are approximately the same therefore our data is correct. However, at first we
were confused when we compared our coordinates because they're not almost the
same. That was because we forgot to set our instrument to foresight when observing
the stations so we subtract/add 180 degrees from the azimuth that we got to get the
correct azimuth. Lastly, we performed the laying out on field. We were given
coordinates to be laid out on field. First, we calculated the latitude and departure by
subtracting the assumed Northing and Easting of 20000 then we calculated next the
distance and azimuth of the stations. In manual layout, we set the instrument to Menu,
Surveying and Stakeout. We assumed a back sight azimuth of 0 degrees first then shot
a foresight after we input the coordinates that we calculated to the instrument then laid
out the azimuth and distance of the coordinates. We have observed that our
coordinates formed a letter F on the field. Our instructor checked our work then we
proceed on the automatic layout. First is we set our instrument to Menu, Stakeout,
Stakeout and input the coordinates given. In the LCD of the instrument, we observed
the DHR and DHD to where the value is equivalent to zero and then put stake on it.
Since we changed our control point, we encountered an obstruction during laying out.
There are coordinates that should be laid out inside the obstruction. However, we were
still able to plot our coordinates. We still got the letter F therefore we got the lay-out
right. We have also encountered the difficulty in communicating the measurements
because sometimes we move the rod too much or lesser the required distance but
overall, we finished the activity. In this activity, we have applied all our past laboratory
activities. When we finished this laboratory activity, we were able to observed the
unknown points in the field from the known points. We were able to compute the
coordinates of the unknown stations using the manual and automatic methods in sides
hot and layout. It is very important to know the
manual and automatic sides hot and layout
because this activity will be mostly used in
surveying. It is also very important to be able to
operate the total station as a future geodetic
engineer.

Documentation:
Figure 1.0 Setting up the Total Station Figure 2.0 Dis cussing the Methodology

Figure 3.0 Setting up the backsight to 0 deg

Figure 3.0 Bersabal as rodman during Sideshot activity
Figure 5.0 Jabao as the instrument man Figure 6.0 Bersabal as Rodman during during the
Layout Activity Layout Activity