pg 5

– Visible light from the sun ==> unhealthy

– Y rays have higher frequency compared to radio waves

Pg 6
– light
– Wave
– Continue to form energy
– Einstein
– Gave light to the circuit => give out electricity
– Hypothesis: Increased intensity of light => current and
voltage would also increase
– Shined light onto a metal specific about not the intensity
wavelength of light
– Photon: particular energy the light has

Pg7

Pg 9
– Energy level is discrete

Pg 10
– there is discrete energy levels
– If move from one level to another, an energy is given off
– This is calculated by: E=hv
– Planck’s constant * frequency

Pg 12
– The energy difference is gradually decreasing as n(number of E
 –
level) increases
– Hence, when the energy gets very big, the purple light is emitted

Pg 15
– Ionization energy: energy required to remove 1 mole of electron
from 1 mole of gaseous atom
– Energy levels are quantised
– When the energy increases excessively ==> atom is ionized

Pg 16

Pg 17
– Planck’s equation
– E=hv
– Einstein
– E=mc^2
– Hv=mc^2

Pg 21
– Heisenberg
– Change of location*change of momentum ≥ h/2
– Can calculate only 1 factor
– If location is found, momentum cannot be
– Electron’s exact location cannot be calculated, but its
location can be given as a probability

Pg 25
– Schrodinger
– Partial differential equation
– Energy conservation
– Electron’s wave functions calculated
– Not exact, but where the electron could possibly be at
Pg 29
– principle quantum number
– Electron shell
– 1: H, He
– 2: Li -> Ne
– 3: Na -> Ar
– The electrons maintain certain distance from the nucleus in order
to prevent being drawn into it

Pg 30
– S orbital
– Spherical
– ≤ 2 electrons
– Opposite spin (dumbbell shape)
– Prevent repelling each other when meet
– The first sub-shell
– H = 1s^1
– He = 1s^2

Pg 31
– p orbital
– Dumbbell shape
– Degenerate = same amount of energy
– 3 p-orbitals, 3 different orientations
– ≤ 2 electrons
– 6 electrons in sub shells (~np^6)

Pg 32
– d orbitals
– 5 types, 5 different orientations
– ≤ 2 electrons
– 10 electrons in sub shells (nd^10)