13.

1 First Row d-Block Elements

Catalyst
– accelerate rate of reaction
– Decrease activation
– Does not change
– Active site
– Enzyme

Magnetism
– Attraction/repulsion
– Magnetic field

Catalyst
: a substance which alters the rate of reaction, by providing an
alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy
– allow chemical process to be proceeded in economical rate
– Poisonous
– Group V, VI, VII
– Blocking of active site
– A lot of C in the active site
– Physical damage of the catalyst itself

Heterogenous catalyst (industry)

: catalyst in different phase from reactants
– easier to separate
1. Porus structure
 1. Increase surface area
2. Promotes better interaction with the active site
Eg) Haber process: N2(g) +3H2(g) <-> 2NH3(g)
– Fe catalyst activates the N and H bonds
1. Adsorb
2. Reaction
3. Desorb: leave
Eg II) Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Eg III) contact process
: oxidise SO2 to make SO3 in an equilibrium process
– V2O5 is used as catalyst
– must be recycled
Homogenous catalyst (biological systems)
: catalyst of the same phase with the reactants
1. Adsorption
1. Physical = van der waals force = strong/weak
2. Chemical = sharing of e- clouds between the catalysts as well
as the reactant
– hemoglobin
– Complex ion with ligands binding to the central element Fe
– CO has greater ability to bind than O2, and hence, it is easier
to get poisoned by CO as it is hard to be removed
– Fe in hemoglobin
– Variable&reversible oxidation states
– Variety of catalytic&transport effects in biological
systems
– Fe2+ in Heme(active site of hemoglobin) = oxidized in 6th
coordination site by binding O2(ligand) reversible for
transport into cells during respiration
– CO3+ in vitamin B
– 3 variable oxidation states (+1, +2, +3)
– Enabling factor for all of the activities in vitamin B12
– B vitamins important for cell metabolism and B12 also
involved in DNA synthesis, cell division, etc.

Magnetism
– every e- with spin can behave as a tiny magnet and can interact
with an external magnetic field
– e- with opposite spins = opposing orientation in the context of their
 –
state in bonding = no net magnetic effect
– Ferromagnetism
– Some TM and their compounds = unusual in having some e-
that remain unpaired = aligned —> magnetic properties
– Eg) iron, nickel, cobalt
– Unpaired d e- in large number of atoms line up with parallel
spins in domain
– Magnetism remains after the external magnetic field is
removed
– Long range interaction between the unpaired e- in
different atoms
– Paramagnetism
– Unpaired spinning e-
– Weaker than ferromagnetism
– Diamagnetism
– Property of all materials
– Very weak opposition to an applied M field
– Most substances with paired e-

50. Chromium is the most paramagnetic element in the first transition

series because it has the greatest number of unpaired e-, 6,
because chromium is one of the rare cases in d-block metals which
fill the d orbital first where others fill the s orbital first. The largest
number of unpaired spinning e- allows it to be the most
paramagnetic.