Topic 4

Chemical bond
– atoms combine in a stable association
– Atoms have very different properties from their parent atoms
– Ionic
– Conduct electricity when molten
– High MP/BP
– Brittle
– Covalent
– Doesn’t conduct electricity
– Metallic
– Valence e- = key to the formation of all bonds
– Can either be shared/transferred
– Pauling’s scale
– Electronegativity difference
– High (≥ 1.8) —> ionic
– e- transferred to create ions
– Low (≤ 1.7) —> covalent
– e- shared to a certain degree

Intermolecular forces
– Permanent dipole-dipole
– Induced dipole-dipole
– Hydrogen bonding

* C—F

– Fluorine is more electronegative as electronegativity increases as it

cross periods and decreases as going down the group. Since F is
 located at the top right corner, it is more electronegative.
– Hence, electron is closer to F which has higher force of attracting
the shared e-.
– Permanent dipole-dipole
– S+ = slightly positive
– S- = slightly negative

Ionic bonding
: Electrostatic attractive force between 2 oppositely charged ions
– e- transferred from one atom —> another
– Cations(+) and anions(-) formed
– Eg) chlorine —> chloride ion

Polyatomic ions
: ions made up of +1 atom which together have experience a gain/loss of
e- to form ion
Polyatomic ions Symbol Charge
Nitrate NO3 1-
Hydroxide OH 1-
Hydrogencarbonate HCO3 1-
Carbonate CO3 2-
Sulfate SO4 2-
Phosphate PO4 3-
Ammonium NH4 1+

* Pauling’s scale
– Correct in only some occasions
– Contradiction in TMs
– H/N/O/F —> H bonding
* The fact that compounds can have degree of ionic character, it’s
useful to think of bonding as a continuum with intermediate types
possible

Ionic compounds
– Electrostatic force —> oppositely charged ions surrounded by the
other
– Predictable 3D crystalline structure known as lattice
– Lattice = network of strong ionic bond
– Reflected in some physical properties (brittle)
– Smallest ratio = formula unit
– Coordination number
– # of ions surrounding another ion of lattice
Eg) sodium chloride
– formula unit: NaCl
– Coordination # = 6
– High MP
– Many strong ionic bonds
– Need high E to break lattice / ionic bonds
– Low volatility (lack smell)
– Soluble
– Able to be solvated by H2O
– Because they are charged
– Due to H2O’s polar nature & ability to attract ions from
lattice & lower enthalpy/entropy of system overall
– Insoluble in non-polar solvents (not charged)
– Opposing nature of two substances
– Conductive in liquid/aqueous state
– Ions are free to move & carry charge
– Brittleness (shatter with force)
– Like charges line up —> repel each other
 – Break along cleavage planes

Questions

1.