4.

4 Intermolecular forces and MP/BP

IMF
: force that exist between molecules that hold the bulk substance
together
– Oppositely charged attraction
– Van Der Waals force
– inter- = within the molecule
– Applies to molecular covalent compounds only
– only exist in simple covalent bondings not giant covalent
structures
– Strength of particular IMF —> physical properties
– Volatility
– Solubility
– Conductivity
– MP / BP
– permanent partial charges (∂±)

Hydrogen bonding
– Special type of dipole-dipole
– H covalently bonded to N, O, or F
– High degree of polarity
– e- is pulled away to form almost a bare proton
– Bare proton —> attractive force to any adjacent lone pair
– H2O: 2 H-bonds
– NH3: 1 H-bond
* ice(s) density < water(l) density
– Strong examples: immense amount of H-bondings present
– Nylon, cellulose, base pairing of DNA(C-G, A-T), protein
folding
Dipole-dipole
– anything not involving H and NOF bonding
– Permanent dipole: permanent separation of charge within bonds in
polar molecule
– Opposite charges on neighboring molecules attracting each
other

– Generally stronger than dispersion force

–

London dispersion force

– All molecules/atoms
– Due to random movement of e-
– Induced dipole
– In the instantaneous moment of time, the density of the e-
cloud may shift to one region of a molecule/atom
– Causes temporary/instantaneous dipole
– Influence e- distribution of neighbouring atom
– the creation of partial charge = induction
– Weak force of temporary dipole = LDF
– Weakest of IMF
– Factor:
– More e- = more LDF
– Surface area
– The area in which a molecule contact another
 –
– A-level = VDW force (NOT in IB)

* Increase in e- = stronger temporary attraction (greater LDF force) —>

increase in BP