1.

Physical Quantities and Measurement

• Uncertainty

x = y±z (1)

∆x = ∆y + ∆z (2)

x = Ay · z (A, a, b are constants) (3)

%x = |a|%y + |b|%z (4)

2. Kinematics:

• Kinematics Equation: (constant acceleration is a straight line)

v−u
a= (5)
t
u+v
s= ·t (6)
2
1
s = ut + at 2
2 
 (7)
1
s = vt − at 2
2
v2 = u2 + 2as (8)

3. Dynamics:

• Newton’s Laws of Motion

Fnet = ma (9)

• Weight & Mass

w = mg (10)

• Momentum

p = mv (11)
∆p
F= (12)
t
• Impulse:

I = Ft = ∆p (13)

• Conservation of momentum

1
 Σpi = Σp f (14)

m1⃗u1 + m2⃗u2 = m1⃗vi + m2⃗v2 (15)

• Elastic Collusion

⃗u1 −⃗u2 =⃗v2 −⃗v1 (16)

4. Forces & Matter

• Moment:

moment = F · d⊥ (17)

• Couple:

τ = F ·d (18)

• Density:
m
ρ= (19)
v
• Pressure:
F
p= (20)
A
• Pressure in liquid

∆p = ρg∆h (21)

• Upthrust

F = ρliquid gVsubmerge (22)

5. Work. Energy & Power:

• Work done:

W = FS (23)

• Work done by gas:

W = P∆V (24)

• Kinetic Energy:
1
Ek = mv2 (25)
2
2
 • Gravitational Potential Energy:

∆E p = ρg∆h (26)

• Power:
w
p= (27)
t
p = FV (28)

• Efficiency:
Useful output
Efficiency = × 100% (29)
Total input
6. Deformation of Solid:

• Hooke’s Law

F = kx (30)

• Elastic Potential Energy

1 1
E p = Fx = kx2 (31)
2 2
• Stress
F
σ= (32)
A
• Strain:
x
ε= (33)
l
• Young Modulus:
σ Fl
E= = (34)
ε xA
7. Waves :

• Frequency & period:

1
f= (35)
T
• Wave equation

v = fλ (36)

• Intensity:

3
 Power P
I= = (37)
Area 4πr2
I ∝ A2 (38)

• Doppler Effect
fs · v
f0 = (39)
v ±Vs
• Phase difference:
phase difference path difference time interval
◦
= = (40)
360 λ T
• Polarisation (Malus’ Law)

I = I0 cos2 θ (41)

• Double slit Interference

ax
λ= (42)
D
• Diffraction grating

d sin θ = nλ (43)

8. Electrical Quantities & Circuits:

• Current & Charge:

Q
I= (44)
t
• Potential Difference & Electromotive force
W
V= (45)
Q
• Resistance
V
R= (46)
I
l
R=ρ (47)
A
• Electrical Energy:

E = V Q = V It (48)

• Electrical Power:

4
 V2
P = V I = I2R = (49)
R
• Series Circuit

RT = R1 + R2 (50)

• Parallel circuit:
1 1 1
= + (51)
RT R1 R2
• Internal Resistance:

E = V + IR (52)

• Potential Divider:
R1 V1
= (53)
R2 V2