Repulsive and Attractive Forces

for like
charges : for opposite charges :

-
the product 9192 is positive .
the product 9192 is negative
f is positive f is
- .
negative
-
The
charges repel each other .
The
charges attract each other

worked example

distance ,
r= 2.00mm = 2.0×10-3 m

9C
'

elementary charge
-

,
e = I. 6 ✗ to

-
the elementary charge e is the charge of a

proton
-
an alpha particle has 2 protons
80 91=2 ( I. 6×10 9) 3.2
' 9
C
_
'
10
-

× = ✗

-
a gold nucleus ☒as 79 protons
% 79 (1.6 10-19) '
7C
92
-

◦ = × × = 1.264 ✗ 10

↳ f- = K 91 (8.99×109) ( 3.2 ✗ to
- '
9) (1.264 × 10-17)
92 = ×
2
r2 (2.0 × 10-3)

f- = 9. I ✗ 10
- 21
N

5.2 Heating Effect of Electric Currents

Circuits
Circuit Diagrams
Circuit Symbols : Functions of Most common
components :

.
switch it turns the circuit -

on

(closed) ,
or off (open)

.
fixed resistor it limits : the flow
of current

-
as electrons flow through
a resistor , they transform
electrical potential energy
.
Variable resistor : a resistor with a

slider that can be used to change

its resistance .

resistance of the
variable
-
as the

increases resistor ,
the
current in the circuit decreases

and vice versa .

•
thermistor a resistor whose :

resistance depends its

temperature
on

-
as temperature increases ,
the

decreases
resistance of a thermistor
and vice versa .

.
light dependent resistor ( LDR) a :

depends
resistor whose resistance

light intensity on the

-
as eight intensity increases ,

decreases
the resistance of a LDR

and vice versa .