CHP 4 - 4.3 Determinate Structural Analysis

CHAPTER 4
STRUCTURAL
MECHANICS
4.3 Determinate Structural Analysis
This copy is given to the following student as part of School of PE course. Not allowed to distribute to others.
Hazarathaiah Murarisetty (mhazarath@gmail.com)
1
4.3 DETERMINATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Learning Learner will be able to:

• Define a determinate structure
Objectives •
•
Determine structural support reactions
Do free body diagram: Loads and Reactions
• Plot shear diagrams
• Plot moment diagrams
• Do three-dimensional analysis for a plate
2
• A determinate structural analysis implies that there are enough

equations of equilibrium to determine the support reactions
(boundary conditions) for a given beam, truss or frame structure.
• In two-dimensional analysis, the degree of indeterminacy is calculated
from total number of unknown reactions minus three that represent the
number of equilibrium equations (for 2-D structure).
3
4.3.1 Boundary Conditions for Two-Dimensional Beams and Trusses
• There are 3 boundary conditions for a two- Figure 4.5 Boundary Conditions for
dimensional analysis as shown in Figure 4.5.
Two-Dimensional Analysis
• At the support, displacement or deflection is
ZERO.
a) Roller: Provides one reaction normal to
supporting surface.
• Vertical displacement, v = 0
b) Pin or Hinge: Provides two reactions.
• Horizontal displacement, u = 0
c) Fixed: Provides two reactions and a
moment.
• Horizontal displacement, u = 0
• Rotation, q = 0
4
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q1
• The number of zero displacement(s) at a hinge support is:

A. 3
B. 1
C. 0
D. 2
5
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q1 Answer
• Since a hinge support has vertical and horizontal reactions, the horizontal and
vertical displacements (u and v, respectively) will be zero.
D. 2
6
4.3.2 Resultant Forces
• The transverse loading of a beam may consist of:

a) Concentrated or point loads
b) Uniformly distributed loading
c) Triangular loading
d) Trapezoidal loading
7
• To find the resultant or point load of a uniformly distributed

loading w kips/ft (constant intensity), multiply the uniform load
times the loading distance L.
The resultant force, F (kips) = w (kips/ft) x L (ft) and acts at the
center of the loading distance.
8
• To find the resultant or point load of a triangular loading, with maximum load
intensity w kips/ft, multiply half of the maximum intensity times the triangle base
distance L.
The resultant force, F (kips) = w/2 (kips/ft) x L (ft)
The resultant location acts at two-thirds of the triangle base distance from the zero-
intensity end or one third of the triangle base distance from the maximum-intensity
end.
Centroid of triangle is given on pg. 24

of NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook
9
• To find the resultant or point load of a trapezoidal loading, with w1 kips/ft load
intensity at one end of trapezoidal loading and w2 kips/ft load intensity at opposite
end of trapezoidal loading, multiply the average of the end intensities times the
trapezoidal distance L.
The resultant force, F (kips) = (w1 + w2) /2 (kips/ft) x L (ft)
The resultant force acts at centroid of the trapezoid, however it is easier to decompose
the trapezoidal loading into equivalent rectangular and triangular loadings. This will
result in two forces acting at different locations.
Centroid of trapezoid is given on pg. 24

of NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook
10
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q2
• The resultant force of a triangular loading is applied at:
A. midpoint of triangle base distance

B. one-thirds of the triangle base distance from the zero-intensity end
C. two-thirds of the triangle base distance from the zero-intensity end
D. two-thirds of the triangle base distance from the maximum-intensity end
11
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q2 Answer
• The resultant force of a triangular loading is applied at two-thirds of the

triangle base distance from the zero-intensity end.
C. two-thirds of the triangle base distance from the zero-intensity end
12
• See Example
• Example 4.1: Resultant Forces (pg. 114 of the PE-CERG-BR)
13

The slope of the triangular loading is shown as –1.2 kips/ft2. Where does the
resultant force act from the right-hand side?
A. 7 ft B. 20 ft C. 5 ft D. 12 ft
14
Example 4.2 Solution:
The answer is “A” This copy is given to the following student as part of School of PE course. Not allowed to distribute to others.
15
4.3.3 Equations of Equilibrium for Two-Dimensional Beams and Trusses
When a beam or truss is in equilibrium, the three Equilibrium

Equations (NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook, Section 1.5.5, pg. 19)
shown below can be used to obtain the support reactions:
• Ʃ Fv = 0 (Summation of forces in Vertical direction = 0)
• Ʃ Fh = 0 (Summation of forces in Horizontal direction = 0)
• Ʃ MPoint = 0 (Summation of moments about an arbitrary point = 0)
In the third equation, the moment can be taken about any arbitrary
point along the length of a beam or truss structure.
16
• Example
Find the reactions of the simple beam shown below.
Ʃ MB = Summation of Moments about support ‘B’

= Ra,v (20 ft.) – 50 kips x 10 ft. = 0
Solving for Ra,v :

Ra,v = 25 kips as assumed
Ʃ Fv = Ra,v + Rb,v – P = 0
Substituting in the Ʃ Fv equation: 25 kips + Rb,v – 50 kips = 0

Rb,v = 25 kips as assumed
17
• Example Notes
1. Ʃ M could be taken about point ‘A’, solving for Rb,v, and then use Ʃ Fv to solve for Ra,v.
2. In this example, there are no horizontal loads, therefore, there are no horizontal
reactions.
3. In this example, based on geometry and loading symmetry, it can be inferred that these
reactions must be equal, thus each one is half the point load, ‘P’.
4. As shown in this example, the left support “A” is a pin, which means it has the capability
of providing both horizontal and vertical reactions. However, if there is no External
Horizontal force on the member (beam, truss, frame, etc.), then there is no Horizontal
Reaction. If there is no Action, then there is NO Reaction.
Ʃ Fh = 0 = Ra,h  Ra,h = 0
18
• Example Notes
5. The moment caused by a load about a point can be calculated as the load times the
distance between the load and that point. The distance must be perpendicular to the
load.
6. As shown below, the moment at the fixed end of a cantilever beam due to a load applied
at its free end is:
M = Load x Distance = P L
NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook, Section 1.5.4 (Moments or Couples), pg. 19
19
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q3
• If a concentrated load of 50 kips is applied at end “A” of simply supported

beam A-B, the support reaction at beam end “B” is:
A. 50 kips
B. 25 kips
C. 0 kips
D. None of the above
20
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q3 Answer
• If the 50-kip concentrated load is applied at end “A” of simply supported

beam A-B, the support reaction at beam end “A” will be 50 kips and the
support reaction at beam end “B” will be zero.
C. 0 kips
21
• See Example
• Example 4.3: Finding Reactions (pg. 116 of the PE-CERG-BR)
22
• Free-Body Diagrams
A “cut” at point “c” creates 2 free-body Diagrams:
• Equilibrium must occur for entire beam, as well as for each free-body diagram.
• How is equilibrium maintained in a free-body diagram?

Internal forces balance external
This copy is given forces
to the following student as part of School of PE course. Not allowed to distribute to others.
23
4.3.4 Shear and Moment Diagrams
NCEES PE/Civil Handbook, Section 1.6.7.1, pg. 31

- Apply Equations of Equilibrium to obtain reactions;
- Apply Free-Body Diagrams to obtain shear (or moment) equations
between supports and loads, and between loads;
- Obtain shear (or moment) values at beginning and end of each interval;
- Draw shear (or moment) diagram based on type of equation:
constant, linear, quadratic…
24
Example:
Plot the shear and moment diagrams for the simple beam
shown below.
Between support ‘A’ and point load ‘P’:
Left of “P” or Point “C”
Ʃ Fv = Ra,v - V = 0
Thus V = 25 Kips
Between point load ‘P’ and support ‘B’:
Right of “P” or Point “C”
Ʃ Fv = Ra,v – P - V = 0
25 K – 50 K – V = 0
Thus, V = - 25 Kips
Note: Similar calculations using Ʃ M can be used to obtain equations for

moments and the moment diagram. Ʃ Mc = 0 Ra,v (10’) = 25k (10’) = Mc
Mc = 250k-ft.
Same as Case 7 on pg. 238 of NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook
25
Sign Convention for Shear and Moment

NCEES PE/Civil Handbook, Section 1.6.7.1, pg. 31
Sign convention for constructing shear diagrams:
Sign convention for constructing moment diagrams:
Clockwise concentrated moments about the point are positive.

Counterclockwise concentrated moments about
Hazarathaiah the (mhazarath@gmail.com)
Murarisetty point are negative.
26
Rules for Shear and Moment Diagram Creation

See TABLE 4.2 on pg. 118 in the PE-CERG-BR and NCEES PE/Civil Handbook, Section 1.6.7.1, pg. 31
Shear Diagrams:
𝑥
1. The shear diagram changes by the magnitude of the load. 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = ‫ 𝑥׬‬2 [−𝑤 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
1
2. Shear is constant along unloaded portions of a beam.
3. For a point load, the shear function is constant. For a uniform load, the shear function is linear.
𝑑𝑉(𝑥)
4. The slope of a shear diagram at a point = magnitude of load at that point. 𝑤(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥
Moment Diagrams:
1. For constant shear, the moment function is linear.
2. For linear shear, the moment is a second-degree curve.
𝑥
3. The change in moment = area under the shear diagram. 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = ‫ 𝑥׬‬2 𝑉 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
4. Maximum (or minimum) moment occurs at points of zero shear. Identify those locations in a member length to
select the worst (largest) moment.
5. An applied moment at a given location, does not affect the shear diagram, only the moment diagram.
𝑑𝑀(𝑥)
6. The slope of a moment diagram at a point = magnitude of shear at that point. 𝑉 =
𝑑𝑥
27
Guidelines for constructing shear and moment diagrams are summarized and
illustrated in diagram below:
28
Examples of Relationship between, Loads, Shear Diagram and Moment Diagram:
29
Case 7 on pg. 238 of NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook Case 1 on pg. 236 of NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q4
• For a simply supported beam with trapezoidal loading, the moment function is:
A. Linear
B. Constant
C. Second-degree curve
D. Third-degree curve
30
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q4 Answer
• For a simply supported beam with trapezoidal loading, the loading is linear, the
shear will be 2nd degree curve and the moment will 3rd degree curve.
D. Third-degree curve
31
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q5
• For a cantilever beam subject to a uniform load, the shear function will be:
A. Linear with zero shear at the free end

B. Constant
C. Linear with zero shear at the fixed end
D. 2nd-degree concave downward
32
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q5 Answer
• For a cantilever beam subject to a uniform load, the shear function will be
linear with zero shear at the free end as shown below.
A. Linear with zero shear at the free end
=wL
= w L2/2
33
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q6
• For a cantilever beam subject to a uniform load, the moment function will be:
A. Linear with zero moment at free end

B. Linear with maximum moment at fixed end
C. 2nd-degree concave upward
34
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q6 Answer
• For a cantilever beam subject to a uniform load, the moment function will be
2nd-degree concave downward as shown below.
Slope is decreasing
35
4.3 DETERMINATE STRUCTUAL ANALYSIS
TIP
Table from NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook on

pages 236-254
• Includes determinate and indeterminate beams with
typical cases of loadings, giving formulas for
reactions, shears, moments and deflections.
• Become familiar with the use of the different cases
given in the table.
• Morning questions about shear and moment
diagrams mainly relate to concepts (no calculations)
or to problems for which this table can be used.
www.schoolofpe.com | 3636
TIP
CE-CERG-BR, APPENDIX A.4 includes

determinate beams with typical cases of loadings,
giving formulas for reactions, shears, moments and
deflections. Similar data can be found in other
literature (textbooks, codes).
CE-CERG-BR, APPENDIX A.5 provides fixed-end
moments for indeterminate beams with typical
cases of loadings and boundary conditions. Similar
data can be found in other literature (textbooks,
codes).
TIP
CE-CERG-BR, APPENDIX A.6 includes indeterminate

beams with typical cases of loadings, giving formulas
for reactions, shears, moments and deflections. Similar
data can be found in other literature (textbooks,
codes).
Shear Diagram Example:

• What is the maximum shear in this beam?
Draw the Shear Diagram.
A) 17.45 kips
B) 30,500 lbs
C) 48 kips
D) 17,450 lbs
39
Example Solution:
′
48𝑘 (14 )
Ra,v = = 30.55k
22′
′
48𝑘 (8 )
Rb,v = = 17.45k
22′
Maximum shear = 30.55k

Answer: B
Or
Ʃ MB = 0
Ra,v (22’) – 48k (14’) = 0
′ _
48𝑘 (14 ) 672𝑘 ′
Ra,v = = = 30.55k
22′ 22′
Ʃ Fv = 0
Ra,v – P + Rb,v = 0  Rb,v = P - Ra,v = 0
Rb,v = 48k – 30.55k = 17.45k
Or
Ʃ MA = 0
-Rb,v (22’) + 48k (8’) = 0
′ _
48𝑘 (8 ) 384𝑘 ′ This kcopy is given to the following student as part of School of PE course. Not allowed to distribute to others.
Rb,v = = = 17.45
22′ 22′ Hazarathaiah Murarisetty (mhazarath@gmail.com)
Case 8 on pg. 239 of NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook 40
Moment Diagram Example:

• What is the maximum moment in this beam?
Draw the Moment Diagram.
A) 205 kip-ft.
B) 160 kip-ft.
C) 117 kip-ft.
D) 72.3 kip-ft.
41
Example Solution:
𝑤 𝐿2 (1.5 𝑘/𝑓𝑡)(25′ )2
Mmax = = = 117.1785 kip-ft.
8 8
Mmax  117 kip-ft.
Answer: C
Case 1 on pg. 236 of NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook
42
Shear Diagram Example:

Which one is the correct shear diagram for the given loading?
43
Example Solution:
44
Moment Diagram Example:

Which one is the correct moment diagram for the given loading?
45
Example Solution:
46
Figure 4.7 Shape of Shear and Moment

Diagrams for Various Loading Types.
47
Example:
Determine the support reactions and draw shear and moment diagrams for
the beam shown below.
48
Example Solution:
First draw a free body diagram of the beam with the supports replaced with appropriate unknown
reactions. Replace the distributed load with an equivalent concentrated load.
Since there is no horizontal loading, the horizontal reaction at A is 0. The vertical reaction at B is
determined by summing moments about A:
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 45(7) + 35.7(10.5) + 12(21) − 𝑅𝐵𝑉 (18) = 0
45(7) + 35.7(10.5) + 12(21)

∴ 𝑅𝐵𝑉 = = 52.33 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
18
49
The vertical reaction at A is determined by summing vertical forces:
෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 𝑅𝐴𝑉 − 45 − 35.7 + 52.33 − 12 = 0
∴ 𝑅𝐴𝑉 = 45 + 35.7 + 12 − 52.3 = 40.37 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

The distributed loading causes the shear diagram to change in magnitude by 1.7 kips/foot
(decreasing from left to right). The shear diagram is easily drawn considering the loads and
reactions.
1.7𝑘
𝑉𝐶 = 40.37𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 7𝑓𝑡 = 28.47 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑡
The moment diagram is drawn by determining the change in moment between points from the shear
diagram.
(40.37 + 28.47)𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Δ𝑀𝐴−𝐶 = (7𝑓𝑡) = 240.9 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
2
The moment at C is then:

𝑀𝐶 = 0𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 + 240.9𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 = 240.9 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
50
MC is a local maximum since the shear diagram goes through zero.
−16.53 − 35.23 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Δ𝑀𝐶−𝐵 = 11𝑓𝑡
2
= −284.7 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
The moment at point B is:

MB = 240.9 k-ft – 284.7 k-ft = -43.65 k-ft.
17.1 + 12.0 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Δ𝑀𝐵−𝐷 = 3𝑓𝑡
2
= 43.65 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
Note: Moment diagram closes at zero.

51
4.3.5 Influence Lines for Continuous Beams
• This subject is for structural depth exam
52
4.3.6 Three-Dimensional Analysis
• The 3-D analysis does not conform to the traditional 2-D setting. For the plate
of Example 4.8, the 3-D analysis follows to do 2-D analysis in each direction
independently.
53
4.3.6 Three-Dimensional Analysis
• Example 4.8: Analysis of a plate (pg. 126 of the PE CE-BR)

What is the reaction R3? Each side of the plate is 42 ft.
Solution
Assume the D2 direction first:
6 𝑓𝑡
𝐿𝑅 = 40 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 5.71 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
42 𝑓𝑡
Same as Case 8 on pg. 239 of NCEES PE/Civil Ref.
Handbook
Assume the D1 direction next:

12 𝑓𝑡
𝑅3 = 5.71 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 1.63 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
42 𝑓𝑡
Same as Case 8 on pg. 239 of NCEES PE/Civil Ref.
Handbook
54
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q7
• True or false: In Example 4.8, the value of R3 will be the same if direction D1
was done first and then direction D2.
A. True
B. False
55
POP UP QUESTIONS
Q7 Answer
• Yes, the value of R3 will be the same if direction D1 was done first and then
direction D2.
A. True
56
Recap •
•
Determinate structure
Determine structural support reactions using equilibrium equations
• Do free body diagram: Loads and Reactions
• Plot shear diagrams
• Plot moment diagrams
• Do three-dimensional analysis for a plate
57

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CHAPTER 4

Learning Learner will be able to:

• A determinate structural analysis implies that there are enough

• The number of zero displacement(s) at a hinge support is:

• The transverse loading of a beam may consist of:

• To find the resultant or point load of a uniformly distributed

Centroid of triangle is given on pg. 24

Centroid of trapezoid is given on pg. 24

• The resultant force of a triangular loading is applied at:

A. midpoint of triangle base distance

• The resultant force of a triangular loading is applied at two-thirds of the

• Example 4.2: Resultant Forces (pg. 115 of the PE-CERG-BR)

Example 4.2 Solution:

When a beam or truss is in equilibrium, the three Equilibrium

Ʃ MB = Summation of Moments about support ‘B’

Solving for Ra,v :

Substituting in the Ʃ Fv equation: 25 kips + Rb,v – 50 kips = 0

• If a concentrated load of 50 kips is applied at end “A” of simply supported

• If the 50-kip concentrated load is applied at end “A” of simply supported

A “cut” at point “c” creates 2 free-body Diagrams:

• How is equilibrium maintained in a free-body diagram?

NCEES PE/Civil Handbook, Section 1.6.7.1, pg. 31

Note: Similar calculations using Ʃ M can be used to obtain equations for

Sign Convention for Shear and Moment

Sign convention for constructing moment diagrams:

Clockwise concentrated moments about the point are positive.

Rules for Shear and Moment Diagram Creation

A. Linear with zero shear at the free end

A. Linear with zero moment at free end

Table from NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook on

CE-CERG-BR, APPENDIX A.4 includes

CE-CERG-BR, APPENDIX A.6 includes indeterminate

Shear Diagram Example:

Maximum shear = 30.55k

Moment Diagram Example:

Mmax  117 kip-ft.

Case 1 on pg. 236 of NCEES PE/Civil Ref. Handbook

Shear Diagram Example:

Moment Diagram Example:

Figure 4.7 Shape of Shear and Moment

෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 45(7) + 35.7(10.5) + 12(21) − 𝑅𝐵𝑉 (18) = 0

45(7) + 35.7(10.5) + 12(21)

The vertical reaction at A is determined by summing vertical forces:

෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 𝑅𝐴𝑉 − 45 − 35.7 + 52.33 − 12 = 0

∴ 𝑅𝐴𝑉 = 45 + 35.7 + 12 − 52.3 = 40.37 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

The moment at C is then:

−16.53 − 35.23 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

The moment at point B is:

Note: Moment diagram closes at zero.

• This subject is for structural depth exam

• Example 4.8: Analysis of a plate (pg. 126 of the PE CE-BR)

Assume the D1 direction next:

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