University of La Salette, Incorporated

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Dubinan East, Santiago City-3311, Philippines
A.Y 2022-2023

I. Competencies
1. Illustrate different types of fallacies
2. Determine the validity of a syllogism
3. Establish the validity and falsity of real-life arguments using syllogism and fallacies.

II. Instructional Materials and other Resources

Books:
De Guzman, Danilo. General Mathematics: for Senior High School. 1st ed., Mutya, 2016
Dimasuay, Lynie. General Mathematics: for Senior High School. Rev. ed,. C&E, 2021
Online:
https://philonotes.com/2022/05/arguments-and-validity-eight-8-rules-of-syllogism-in-
categorical-logic
https://thedecisionlab.com/reference-guide/philosophy/syllogism

III. Instructional Procedures

Day 1: November 28-29, 2022
Topic: Syllogism
A. INTRODUCTION
1. Eliciting prior knowledge
The teacher will present ask the students about their assignment.
Questions:
What is syllogism?
2. Setting of learning goals and contextualizing learning
Objectives:
a. define the basic terms of syllogism.
b. recall the basic terms in a categorial proposition
c. enumerate the structure of syllogism and composition in terms of terms.
d. construct a conclusion based on the major and minor premise.
e. relate syllogism in real life problem.
Essential Question:
a. Why do we need to learn syllogism?
Transfer of task:
Cite the advantages of learning syllogism.
B. INTERACTION
1. Development of knowledge
The teacher will now explain the basic terms of syllogism.

Syllogism is a logical argument in which one proposition is related with two or more
propositions of a specific form. The content of syllogism is propositions. Syllogism is
valid when the conclusion follows from its premises. It becomes true when it makes
accurate claims, and it is consistent with facts.

Qualifiers used in propositions:

 All
 No
 Some
 Some…not/ Not all
Quality of a proposition.
 Affirmative
  Negative
Quantity of a proposition
 Universal
 Particular
Structure of syllogism.
 Major premise- a premise that is general or universal in nature
 Minor premise- a premise that is particular case
 Conclusion- the inevitable result of accepting major and minor premise.
Composition in terms of terms.
 Major term – predicate of the conclusion
 Minor term- the subject of the conclusion
 Middle term- the word that repeatedly occurs in both premises.
Important notes in syllogism:
 The middle term is near in the qualifiers, then it becomes universal
 If the middle term is far from the subject, then it will always be negative and a
universal.
 If the middle term is far from the subject, it will always be positive and particular.
Process in making a conclusion of a syllogism:
 Identify first the middle term
 Identify the subject and predicate
 Lastly, the conclusion must have the subject and the predicate.
Examples:
#1.
Major premise : All humansare mortal
Minor premise : Socrates isa human
Conclusion:∴ Socratesis mortal
Guide Questions:
1) What is the middle term? Human
2) What is the predicate of the statement? Mortal
3) Who is the subject of the statement? Socrates
#2.
Major premise : All birds can fly
Minor premise : Parrots are birds
Conclusion:∴ Parrots can fly
Guide Questions:
1) What is the middle term? Birds
2) What is the predicate of the statement? fly
3) Who is the subject of the statement? Parrots
#3
Major premise : Somemammals are animals
Minor premise : Elephants are mammals
Guide Questions:
1) What is the middle term? mammals
2) What is the predicate of the statement? animals
3) Who is the subject of the statement? Elephants
4) What will be our conclusion? ∴ Elephants are animals .

2. Apprenticeship
“Activity 1: Syllogism”
Direction: Find the middle term, predicate, subject and create a conclusion.
#1. Allrich individuals are hard−working .
But some fishermen are hard−working .
Ans : Middle term :hardworking , Predicate :rich individuals , subject :fishermen
 ∴ Some fishermen are rich individuals

C. INTEGRATION
1. Assessment
Directions: Construct the conclusion in every proposition given.
#1. Some Greeks are brave
Spartans areGreeks
Ans :∴ Spartans are brave
#2. AllOlympics runers are fast
JesseOwens was an Olympic runners .
Ans :∴ JesseOwens was fast
#3. Tyrannical Rulers deserve no loyalty
King George III is a tyrannical ruler
Ans :∴ King George III deserves noloyalty
2. Valuing/Synthesis of the lesson
Guide questions:
● Why is it important to learn syllogism?
3. Summary and conclusion
Syllogism is a logical argument in which one proposition is related with two or
more propositions of a specific form. Syllogism is valid when the conclusion follows from
its premises.
Qualifiers used in propositions:
 All
 No
 Some
 Some…not/ Not all
Quality of a proposition.
 Affirmative
 Negative
Quantity of a proposition
 Universal
 Particular
Structure of syllogism.
 Major premise- a premise that is general or universal in nature
 Minor premise- a premise that is particular case
 Conclusion- the inevitable result of accepting major and minor premise.
Composition in terms of terms.
 Major term – predicate of the conclusion
 Minor term- the subject of the conclusion
 Middle term- the word that repeatedly occurs in both premises.
Important notes in syllogism:
 The middle term is near in the qualifiers, then it becomes universal
 If the middle term is far from the subject, then it will always be negative and a
universal.
 If the middle term is far from the subject, it will always be positive and particular.
Process in making a conclusion of a syllogism:
 Identify first the middle term
 Identify the subject and predicate
 Lastly, the conclusion must have the subject and the predicate.
4. Meta-cognition
Essential Questions:
● Is it important to learn syllogism?
● How will this topic help you in your daily life?
 5. Assignment
1. What are the rules of syllogism?
2. What are the valid fallacies of syllogism?
Teacher remarks:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Prepared by:
Hannah Lauren S. Juan

Team member:
_______________________________
 Day 2: November 29-31, 2022
Topic: Syllogism
D. INTRODUCTION
1. Eliciting prior knowledge
The teacher will ask the students about their assignment.
Questions:
1) What are the rules of syllogism?
2) What are the valid fallacies of syllogism?
2. Setting of learning goals and contextualizing learning
Objectives:
a. recall the structure of syllogism and the composition in terms of terms
b. enumerate the rules and the valid fallacies of syllogism
c. identify the fallacies of syllogism in each statement
d. manifest in excellence in answering the fallacies of a syllogism in each
statement.
Essential Question:
b. Why do we need to learn valid rules and fallacies in syllogism?
Transfer of task:
Cite the benefits of learning the valid rules and fallacies in syllogism.

E. INTERACTION
3. Development of knowledge
The teacher will now recall the structure and composition in terms of terms of syllogism.

Structure of syllogism.
 Major premise- a premise that is general or universal in nature
 Minor premise- a premise that is particular case
 Conclusion- the inevitable result of accepting major and minor premise.
Composition in terms of terms.
 Major term – predicate of the conclusion
 Minor term- the subject of the conclusion
 Middle term- the word that repeatedly occurs in both premises.

Rules in syllogism Fallacies that are committed in syllogism

1) There must only be three terms in the
syllogism
2) The middle term must be distributed It
must be universal at least once.
3) Any terms distributed in the conclusion
must be distributed in the premises.
4) No syllogism having two negative
premises is valid
5) If either premises is negative, then the
conclusion must be negative
6) If the premises are affirmative, the
conclusion must be affirmative
7) At least one premise must be universal
8) If one premise is particular, then the
conclusion must be particular.
Fallacy of four terms
Fallacy of undistributed middle term
Fallacy of illicit major
Fallacy of illicit minor
Fallacy of exclusive premises
Fallacy of affirming the conclusion
Fallacy of denying the conclusion
Fallacy of particular premises
Existential fallacy
Examples:
#1. All stars are heavenly bodies
Artist is star .
∴ Artist is heavenly bodies
Guide question:
 What is the middle term? Star
 What is the major term? Heavenly bodies
 What is the minor term? Artist
Notes:
The middle term is stars but the meaning of star in the first premise refers to astronomical
bodies while in second premise star refers to celebrities. Thus, it commits the rules #1 the
fallacy of four terms.

#2 Most Filipinos are fiestalovers

Diego is not a Filipino
∴ Diegois not a fiesta lovers
Guide question:
 What is the middle term? Filipinos
 What is the major term? Fiesta lovers
 What is the minor term? Diego
Notes:
The syllogism is valid since rule #5 says that if either premises is negative, then the conclusion
must be negative.

#3. Some lawyers are not professionals

Not all criminals are professionals
∴ No criminals are lawyers
Guide question:
 What is the middle term? Professionals
 What is the major term? Lawyers
 What is the minor term? Criminals
Notes:
Both premises are particular thus, it violates rule #7 the fallacy of particular premises since there
should at least one universal. It also violates the rule #8 the existential fallacy since the
conclusion is particular. Lastly, it violates rule #6 fallacy of denying the conclusion since
premises affirmative thus, the conclusion should be affirmative but the conclusion is universal.

#4. Noidot is rational

Kurt is not an idiot
∴ Kurt is rational
Guide question:
 What is the middle term? Idiot
 What is the major term? Rational
 What is the minor term? Kurt
Notes:
Both premises are negative thus it violates rules #4 fallacy of exclusive premises. Another one,
rule #2 fallacy of undistributed terms since both of premises are universal.
#5. Every philosophers isbrilliant
But terrorist is a philosophers
∴ No terrorist is brilliant
Guide question:
 What is the middle term? Star
 What is the major term? Heavenly bodies
 What is the minor term? Artist
Notes:
The minor term terrorist is universal in the second premise thus, the conclusion is also
universal. It doesn’t violate the minor term. However, the major term brilliant in the conclusion is
universal because the proposition is negative, the predicate should be universal as well, but the
first premise is particular. Thus, it violates the rule #2 the fallacy of illicit major.
4. Apprenticeship
“Activity 1: Fallacy”
a. Direction: Find the fallacies that are committed in each propositions given.
#1. Somelawyers are not studios .
Marco is a lawyer .
∴ Marcois not studios
Ans :( Fallacy of undistributed middleterm)
#2. Some students are lazy .
But some Asiansare students .
∴ Some Asians are not lazy
Ans :(Fallacy of denying the conclusion)
#3. Some students are cheaters .
But some students are not lazy .
∴ Some cheaters are lazy .
Ans :(Fallacy of affirming the conclusion)

F. INTEGRATION
1. Assessment
Direction: Identify the fallacies that are committed in each proposition.
#1. Not all manis a sinner
But Pope John Paul isnot a man.
∴ The parish priest is a sinner .
Ans :fallacy of four terms , Fallacy of exclusive premises ,∧fallacy of
undistributed midlle term
#2. Some insects are not grasshoppers
But , all insects are small
∴ All grasshoppers are small
Ans :fallacy of particular premises
#3. Some insects are not flies
But some insects are not grasshoppers
∴ Some grasshoppers are not flies .
Ans :fallacy of affirming the conclusion
2. Valuing/Synthesis of the lesson
Guide questions:
● Why is it important to know the rules and fallacies of a syllogism?
3. Summary and conclusion
Structure of syllogism.
 Major premise- a premise that is general or universal in nature
  Minor premise- a premise that is particular case
 Conclusion- the inevitable result of accepting major and minor premise.

Composition in terms of terms.

 Major term – predicate of the conclusion
 Minor term- the subject of the conclusion
 Middle term- the word that repeatedly occurs in both premises.

Rules in syllogism Fallacies that are committed in syllogism

1) There must only be three terms in the Fallacy of four terms
syllogism
2) The middle term must be distributed It Fallacy of undistributed middle term
must be universal at least once.
3) Any terms distributed in the conclusion Fallacy of illicit major
must be distributed in the premises. Fallacy of illicit minor
4) No syllogism having two negative Fallacy of exclusive premises
premises is valid
5) If either premises is negative, then the Fallacy of affirming the conclusion
conclusion must be negative
6) If the premises are affirmative, the Fallacy of denying the conclusion
conclusion must be affirmative
7) At least one premise must be universal Fallacy of particular premises
8) If one premise is particular, then the Existential fallacy
conclusion must be particular.
4. Meta-cognition
Essential Questions:
● Is it important to study the rules and fallacies in syllogism?
● How will this lecture help you in your life?
5. Assignment
Review the fallacies of syllogism for your Performance Task.
Teacher remarks:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Prepared by:
Hannah Lauren S. Juan
Team member:
________________________________