Lecture 2 - Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures-1

CE 3104
Structural Theory
Lecture 2:
Analysis of Statically
Determinate Structures
Engr. Abbey Dale Abellanosa, MSc

Department of Civil Engineering
CE 3104 – Structural Theory September 9–16, 2020

Lecture Outline
Analysis of Beams
Internal Forces → Sign Convention → Relations Between Loads, Shear,
and Moment → Shear and Moment Diagrams
Analysis of Frames
Stability and Indeterminacy → External Reactions → Load Transmission
→ Shear and Moment Diagrams
Analysis of Trusses
Internal Stability → Stability and Indeterminacy of Trusses
→ Method of Joints → Method of Sections
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 9–16, 2020 Lecture 2-2
CE 3104 – Structural Theory
Lecture 2.1:
Analysis of Beams
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 9–16, 2020

Analysis of Beams
Beams are usually straight members that is loaded
perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. Beams are primarily
designed to resist bending.
𝐵
Longitudinal 𝐴
Axis 𝛼
Internal Forces
External and Internal Forces in Beams:
𝑤
𝐴 𝐵
𝐵𝑥
𝛼
𝑃
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
𝑤
𝑤
𝑀 𝑀
𝐴 𝐵
𝑄 𝑄 𝐵𝑥
𝛼
𝑉 𝑉
𝐴𝑦 𝑃
𝐵𝑦
Sign Convention
Axial Force: ELONGATE
𝑦
𝑃
𝑥
𝑎 +→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥,𝐿 = 𝑄
𝐴 𝐵 𝑥
𝐴𝑥 𝑎 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥,𝑅 = 𝑄
𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
𝑀
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝐴𝑥 𝑄
𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝑉
(a) Equilibrium to left the (b) Positive axial force (c) Negative axial force
of section a-a
Sign Convention
Shear Force: TENDS TO ROTATE CLOCKWISE
𝑦
𝑃
𝑥
𝑎 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 𝑉
𝐴 𝐵 𝑥
𝐴𝑥 𝑎 +↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝑅 = 𝑉
𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
𝑀
𝐴𝑥 𝑄
𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝑉
(a) Equilibrium to left the (b) Positive shear (c) Negative shear
of section a-a
Sign Convention
Bending Moment: CONCAVE UPWARD (SMILE)
𝑦
𝑃
𝑥
𝑎 +↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐿 = 𝑀
𝐴 𝐵 𝑥
𝐴𝑥 𝑎 +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝑅 = 𝑀
𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
𝑀
𝐴𝑥 𝑄
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝑉
(a) Equilibrium to the left (b) Positive moment (c) Negative moment
of section a-a
Sign Convention
Sign Convention:
+→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥,𝐿 = 𝑄 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥,𝑅 = 𝑄
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 𝑉 +↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝑅 = 𝑉
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐿 = 𝑀 +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝑅 = 𝑀
+𝑀 +𝑀
+𝑄 +𝑄
+𝑉 +𝑉
(a) Equilibrium to the left (b) Equilibrium to the right
of section a-a of section a-a
Relations of Load, Shear and Bending
𝑤(𝑥) 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃
2
𝑑𝑥
𝑀 𝐶 𝑀 + 𝑑𝑀
𝑉 𝑉 + 𝑑𝑉
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑑𝑥
𝑉2 𝑥2
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 -
න 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝑤 𝑑𝑥
𝑉 + 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑉 + 𝑑𝑉 = 0 𝑉1 𝑥1
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = ∆𝑉 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
NEGLECT 𝑀2 𝑥2
෍ 𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑀 = න 𝑉 𝑑𝑥
𝑀 + 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑀 + 𝑑𝑀) = 0 𝑀1 𝑥1
2
𝑑𝑀 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = ∆𝑀 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
Relations of Load, Shear and Bending
𝑤
𝑤(𝑥)
For numerical values:
𝑤 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝑥
∆𝑉 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑥1 𝑥2 ∆𝑀 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑉
For qualitative shape:
𝑉 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎 ∆𝑉 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑) 𝑑𝑉
𝑥 𝑤= = Slope of 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑀
𝑀 𝑉= = Slope of 𝑀𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝑑𝑥
∆𝑀 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟(𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑)
Maximum 𝑀
𝑀 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝑥
Relations among load, shear, and moment diagrams
Shear and Bending Moment
Example 1: Determine the magnitudes and signs of the shear and
bending moment in the beam as shown at a section whose distance
from 𝐴 is: (a) 2 ft, (b) 10 ft, and (c) 15 ft.
10 kips
3 kips/ft 4 kips
4′ 8′ 6′
Solution: 10 kips
3 kips/ft 4 kips
𝑀𝐴
𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
𝐵
4′ 8′ 6′
𝐴𝑦
Solving for the support reactions:
+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑀𝐴 − 3 12 6 − 10 4 − 4 18 = 0 𝐴𝑦 − 3 12 − 10 − 4 = 0
𝑀𝐴 = 328 kip-ft ↺ 𝐴𝑦 = 50 kips ↑
10 kips
3 kips/ft 3 kips/ft 4 kips

𝑀𝐴 = 328 kip-ft 𝑀2 𝑀2
𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
𝐵
2′ 2′ 8′ 6′
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝐴𝑦 = 50 kips
a.) Shear and moment at a distance 2 ft from 𝐴.
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 0 +↺ ෍ 𝑀2,𝐿 = 0
50 − 3 2 − 𝑉2 = 0 𝑀2 + 328 − 50 2 + 3 2 1 = 0
𝑉2 = 44 kips ↓ 𝑀2 = −234 kips-ft
𝑀2 = 234 kips-ft ↻
10 kips
3 kips/ft 3 kips/ft 4 kips

𝑀𝐴 = 328 kip-ft 𝑀10 𝑀10
𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 B'
4′ 6′ 2′ 6′
𝑉10 𝑉10
𝐴𝑦 = 50 kips
b.) Shear and moment at a distance 10 ft from 𝐴.
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 0 +↺ ෍ 𝑀10,𝐿 = 0
50 − 3 10 − 10 − 𝑉10 = 0 𝑀10 + 328 − 50 10 + 10 6 + 3(10)(5) = 0

𝑉2 = −10 kips
V10 𝑀10 = −38 kips-ft
𝑉2 = 10 kips ↑
V10 𝑀10 = 38 kips-ft ↻
10 kips
3 kips/ft 4 kips
𝑀𝐴 = 328 kip-ft 𝑀15 𝑀15
𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
𝐵
4′ 8′ 3′ 3′
𝑉15 𝑉15
𝐴𝑦 = 50 kips
c.) Shear and moment at a distance 15 ft from 𝐴.
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝑅 = 0 +↻ ෍ 𝑀15,𝑅 = 0
𝑉15 − 4 = 0 𝑀15 + 4(3) = 0

𝑉15 = 4 kips ↑ 𝑀15 = −12 kips-ft
𝑀15 = 12 kips-ft ↺
Shear and Bending Moment Equations
Example 2: Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown
below as a function of 𝑥. Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams.
27 kN/m
3m 6m
Shear and Bending Moment Equations
Solution:
27 kN/m
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
𝐵𝑦 = 60.75 kN 𝐶𝑦 = 60.75 kN
3m 6m
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
1 1
𝐵𝑦 6 − 27 9 3 = 0 𝐶𝑦 + 60.75 − 27 9 = 0
2 2
𝐵𝑦 = 60.75 kN ↑ 𝐶𝑦 = 60.75 kN ↑
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
27 kN/m
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
𝐵𝑦 = 60.75 kN
3m 6m
𝑉 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎 47.25
2°
(kN)
𝑥 (m)
2° −13.50
75.49 −60.75
3°
𝑀 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎
(kN-m) 𝑥 (m)
3° −13.50
Example 3: Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the
beam shown in the figure below.
265 kN 30 kN/m
245 kN-m
3m 3m 3m 3m
Solution:
265 kN 30 kN/m
245 kN-m
𝐴 𝐵
𝐸
𝐶 𝐷
3m 3m 3m 3m
𝐴𝑦 𝐷𝑦
+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐷𝑦 9 − 265 3 + 245 − 30 6 6 + 3 = 0 𝐴𝑦 + 241.11 − 265 − 30(6) = 0

𝐷𝑦 = 241.11 kN ↑ 𝐴𝑦 = 203.89 kN ↑
265 kN 0D 30 kN/m
𝑽𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟖𝟗 kN
245 kN-m
𝐴 𝐵
𝐸
𝐴𝑦 = 203.89 kN 𝐶 𝐷 𝐷𝑦 = 241.11 kN
𝑉𝐵,𝑅 = 203.89 − 265
3m 3m 3m 3m 𝑽𝑩,𝑹 = −𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 kN
203.89
𝑉 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎
90.00 𝑽𝑪 = −𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 kN
(kN)
𝑥 (m)
𝑉𝐷,𝐿 = −611.11 − 30(3)

−61.11
1D 𝑽𝑫,𝑳 = −𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 kN
−151.11
𝑉𝐷,𝑅 = −151.11 + 241.11

𝑽𝑫,𝑹 = 𝟗𝟎 kN
𝑉𝐸 = 90 − 30(3)
𝑽𝑬 = 𝟎 kN
265 kN 30 kN/m
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎 kN-m
245 kN-m
𝐴 𝐵
𝐸 𝑀𝐵 = 0 + 203.89 3
𝐴𝑦 = 203.89 kN 𝐶 𝐷 𝐷𝑦 = 241.11 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m 𝑴𝑩 = 𝟔𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 kN-m
203.89
𝑉 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑀𝐶,𝐿 = 611.67 − 61.11 3
(kN) 90.00
𝑥 (m) 𝑴𝑪,𝑳 = 𝟒𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟒 kN−m
−61.11 𝑀𝐶,𝑅 = 428.34 − 245

1D 𝑴𝑪,𝑹 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 kN
611.67 −151.11
428.34 1
𝑀𝐷 = 183.33 − 61.11 + 151.11 3
2
183.33 𝑴𝑫 = −𝟏𝟑𝟓 kN-m
𝑀 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎 2°
(kN-m) 𝑥 (m) 1
𝑀𝐸 = −135 + 90 3
2D 2
−135.00 𝑴𝑬 = 𝟎 kN
Example 4: Obtain the internal force diagrams and the qualitative
deformation of the beam shown below.
20 kN/m 150 kN
4m 2m 2m
Solution: internal
hinge 150 kN
𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
2m 2m
𝑉𝐵 𝐷𝑦

The moment at the internal hinge is
equal to zero, hence
+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝐷𝑦 4 − 150 2 = 0
𝐷𝑦 = 75 kN ↑
Solution: internal
20 kN/m hinge 150 kN
𝑀𝐴
𝐴
𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
4m 2m 2m
𝐴𝑦 𝐷𝑦 = 75 kN
+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑀𝐴 − 20 4 2 − 150 6 + 75 8 = 0 𝐴𝑦 + 75 − 20 4 − 150 = 0
𝐷𝑦 = 460 kN-m ↺
Ma 𝐴𝑦 = 155 kN ↑
𝑀𝐴 = 460 kN-m 20 kN/m 150 kN
𝐴 𝐷
𝐴𝑦 = 155 kN 𝐵 𝐶
𝐷𝑦 = 75 kN
4m 2m 2m
155
𝑉 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎 75
(kN)
𝑥 (m)
−75
𝑀 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎 150
(kN-m) 𝑥 (m)
2°
Elastic −460
curve 𝑥 (m)
𝐴 𝐷
𝐵
Example 5: Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams and the
qualitative deflected shape for the statically indeterminate beam
shown below. The support reactions, determined by using the
procedures for the analysis of statically indeterminate beams in
subsequent lectures.
45 kN/m
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑀𝐴 = 110 kN-m 6m 6m 𝑀𝐶 = 110 kN-m
𝐴𝑦 = 135 kN 𝐶𝑦 = 135 kN
𝐵𝑦 = 270 kN
𝑀𝐴 = 110 kN-m 45 kN/m 𝑀𝐶 = 110 kN-m
𝐴 𝐶
𝐴𝑦 = 135 kN 𝐵 𝐵𝑦 = 270 kN 𝐶𝑦 = 135 kN
6m 6m
135 135
𝑉 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎
(kN) 𝑥 (m)
−135 −135
92.5 92.5
𝑀 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎 2° 2°
(kN-m) 𝑥 (m)
2°
−110 −110 −110

Elastic
curve 𝐵 𝑥 (m)
𝐴 𝐷
Lecture 2.2:
Analysis of Frames

Stability and Indeterminacy of Frames
General Concept for Analysis of Frames
𝐶
𝑃2
𝑃1 𝑃3
𝐴 𝐷
External Loads for the Idealized Frame
𝐶
𝑃2
𝑃1 𝑃3
𝐴
𝐴𝑋 𝐷
𝐷𝑦 𝐷𝑦
𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝑪 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶 𝑃2
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 𝑩 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝑩 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝑪
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝑩
𝑃1 𝑃3
𝑨 𝑫
𝐴𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝑦𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑥 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝑨 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑨𝑿 Member and Joint Internal Loads 𝑫
𝑨𝒚 for the Idealized Frame 𝑫𝒚
𝑚 = number of members 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝑗 = number of joints 𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶
𝑟 = number of external reactions 𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝑩
𝑒𝑐 = number of conditional equations
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵
For each member: 6 unknown forces 𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵
Support reactions: 𝒓 unknown forces 𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝑩
Total unknown forces: 𝟔𝒎 + 𝒓
𝑃1
For each member: 3 equations of equilibrium 𝑨

𝐴𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵
For each joint: 3 equations of equilibrium
Frame joint conditions: 𝒆𝒄 equations of equilibrium
Total available equations: 𝟑𝒎 + 𝟑𝒋 + 𝒆𝒄
𝑚 = number of members Condition for Statically
𝑗 = number of joints
𝑟 = number of external reactions Determinate Frame:
𝑒𝑐 = number of conditional equations 6𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3𝑚 + 3𝑗 + 𝑒𝑐
𝟑𝒎 + 𝒓 = 𝟑𝒋 + 𝒆𝒄
For each member: 6 unknown forces
Support reactions: 𝒓 unknown forces
Degree of Indeterminacy:
Total unknown forces: 𝟔𝒎 + 𝒓
𝒊 = (𝟑𝒎 + 𝒓) − (𝟑𝒋 + 𝒆𝒄 )
For each member: 3 equations of equilibrium
For each joint: 3 equations of equilibrium Redundant Forces:
Frame joint conditions: 𝒆𝒄 equations of equilibrium These are the excess forces
Total available equations: 𝟑𝒎 + 𝟑𝒋 + 𝒆𝒄 that cannot be solved using
the equilibrium equations
alone.
Statically Determinate Frame:
𝟑𝒎 + 𝒓 = 𝟑𝒋 + 𝒆𝒄
Statically Indeterminate Frame:

𝟑𝒎 + 𝒓 > 𝟑𝒋 + 𝒆𝒄
Statically Unstable Frame:

𝟑𝒎 + 𝒓 < 𝟑𝒋 + 𝒆𝒄
𝒊 = (𝟑𝒎 + 𝒓) − (𝟑𝒋 + 𝒆𝒄 )
Frames: Shear and Moment Diagrams
Example 1: Draw the 15 kips
free-body, shear and 3′ 9′
bending moment
diagrams for all 𝐵 𝐶
members and joints of
the rigid frame. 8′
𝐴 16′
1.2 kips/ft
Solution:
15 kips
Check for determinacy and stability:
3′ 9′ 3𝑚 + 𝑟 ⋛ 3𝑗 + 𝑒𝑐
𝐵 𝐶 3 3 +3⋛3 4 +0
𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 Statically determinate!
8′
𝐴
16′
1.2 kips/ft
𝐷
𝐷𝑋
𝑀𝐷
𝐷𝑦
15 kips
3′ 9′ +↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐷 = 0
𝐵 𝐶
𝑀𝐷 + 1.2 8 12 − 15 9 = 0
8′ 𝑀𝐷 = 19.8 kip-ft ↻
𝐴
16′ +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
1.2 kips/ft
𝐷𝑦 − 15 = 0 𝐷𝑥 − 1.2(8) = 0
𝐷𝑦 = 15 kips ↑ 𝐷𝑥 = 9.6 kips ←
𝐷
𝐷𝑋
𝑀𝐷
𝐷𝑦
Consider member 𝐴𝐵:
Solving for the internal forces at joint 𝐵:
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 +↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝐵
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 − 1.2 8 4 = 0
8′ 𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 38.4 kip-ft ↻
𝐴 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
1.2 kips/ft
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 0 𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 − 1.2(8) = 0
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 9.6 kips ←
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶
Consider joint 𝐵:
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 9.6 kips
𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 = 38.4 kip-ft
Consider member 𝐵𝐶: Solving for the internal forces at joint 𝐶:
15 kips
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐶 = 0
3′ 9′
𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 𝐵 𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 − 𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 12 − 15 9 = 0
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 = 173.4 kip-ft ↻
From joint 𝐵:
𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 9.6 kips +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 = 38.4 kip-ft 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 − 15 = 0 𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 15 kips ↑ 𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 9.6 kips ←
𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶
Consider joint 𝐶:
𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 9.6 kips
𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 15 kips
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 = 173.4 kip-ft
Consider member 𝐶𝐷: Solving for the internal forces at joint 𝐷:
𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 From joint 𝐶:
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐷 = 0
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 9.6 kips
𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑪 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 15 kips 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷 − 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 + 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷 16 = 0
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 = 173.4 kip-ft 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷 = 19.8 kip-ft ↻
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
16′ Equilibrium checks
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 0 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 0
at joint 𝐷:
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 15 kips ↑ 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 9.6 kips ←
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 𝐷𝑥 = 9.6 kips (check!)
𝑫
𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝑥
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷 𝑀𝐷
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 𝐷𝑦 = 15 kips (check!)
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝑦 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷 = 𝑀𝐷 = 19.8 kip-ft (check!)
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 15 kips 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 3′ 9′ 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝑩 𝑩 𝑪 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 𝑪 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑩 𝑪
8′
𝑨
16′
1.2 kips/ft
𝑫
𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑫
𝐷𝑥
𝑀𝐷
Frame member FBD: 𝐷𝑦
15 kips
3′ 9′
9.6 kips 9.6 kips
38.4 kip−ft 𝑩 𝑪 173.4 kip−ft
15 kips 15 kips
38.4 kip-ft
9.6 kips 173.4 kip-ft
9.6 kips
−9.6
𝑩 −15 𝑪
8′
𝑨
16′ 9.6
1.2 kips/ft
𝑫
19.8 kip-ft 9.6 kips
15 kips
Member shear diagram (kips):

15 kips
3′ 9′
9.6 kips 9.6 kips
38.4 kip−ft 𝑩 𝑪 173.4 kip−ft
15 kips 15 kips
38.4 kip-ft
9.6 kips 173.4 kip-ft
−38.4 9.6 kips
𝑩 𝑪 173.4
−38.4
8′ 2°
𝑨
16′
1.2 kips/ft −173.4
𝑫 19.8
19.8 kip-ft 9.6 kips
15 kips
Member moment diagram (kip-ft):

15 kips
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴
1.2 kips/ft
Qualitative deflected shape

Example 2: Draw the shear, bending moment, and axial force
diagrams and the qualitative deflected shape for the frame shown.
30 kN/m
80 kN
𝐵 10 m 𝐶
5m
6.5 m
𝐷
Solution:
30 kN/m
Check for determinacy and
80 kN stability:
𝐵 10 m 𝐶
3𝑚 + 𝑟 ⋛ 3𝑗 + 𝑒𝑐
5m 3 3 +3⋛3 4 +0
6.5 m 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 Statically determinate!
𝐴
𝐷𝑦
𝐴𝑋
𝐴𝑦
30 kN/m
+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
80 kN
𝐵 10 m 𝐶 𝐷𝑦 10 − 30 10 5 − 80 6.5 = 0
𝐷𝑦 = 202 kN ↑
5m
6.5 m +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐷 𝐴𝑥 − 80 = 0
𝐴
𝐷𝑦
𝐴𝑥 = 80 kN ←
𝐴𝑋
𝐴𝑦 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 − 30 10 = 0
𝐴𝑦 = 98 kN ↑
Consider joint 𝐴 then Solving for the internal forces at joint 𝐵:
member 𝐴𝐵:
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝑥𝐴𝐵 6.5 = 0
𝑩
6.5 m
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 520 kN-m ↺
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑦𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑨
𝐴𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 0 𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 0
𝐴𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝑨 𝐴𝑥 𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 98 kN ↓ 𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 80 kN ←
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝑦
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 − 80 = 0
Consider joint 𝐵: 80 kN 𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 98 kN
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 = 520 kN−m
Consider member 𝐵𝐶: Solving for the internal forces at joint 𝐶:
30 kN/m
+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 𝐵 10 m 𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 − 𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 10 + 30 10 5 = 0
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 = 0
From joint 𝐵:
𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 98 kN
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 = 520 kN−m 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 − 30(10) = 0 𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 202 kN ↑ 𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶
Consider joint 𝐶:
𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 0
𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 202 kN
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 = 0
Consider member 𝐶𝐷: Solving for the internal forces at joint 𝐷:
𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 From joint 𝐶:
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐷 = 0
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 0
𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑪 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 202 kN 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷 − 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 + 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷 6 = 0
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 = 0 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷 = 0
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
5m Equilibrium checks
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 0 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 0
at joint 𝐷:
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 202 kN ↑ 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 0
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷 = 𝐷𝑥 = 0 (check!)
𝑫
𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝑥
𝑀𝐷 𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 𝐷𝑦 = 202 kN (check!)
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝑦 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷 = 𝑀𝐷 = 0 (check!)
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 30 kN/m 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶
80 kN 𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶
𝑩 𝑩 10 m 𝑪 𝑪 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑩 𝑪
5m
6.5 m
𝑫 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑨 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑦𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝑫
𝐴𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝑨 𝐴𝑥
𝐷𝑦
𝐴𝑦
Frame member FBD:
Example 3: A gable
frame, with joint 𝐶 𝐶
acting as an internal
hinge, is subjected to 1.5 m
a wind loading as
shown. Determine 𝐵 𝐷
the reactions at its
3.75 kN/m
2.40 kN/m
supports due to the 4m
loading.
𝐴 𝐸
2m 2m
Solution:
𝐶
3𝑚 + 𝑟 ⋛ 3𝑗 + 𝑒𝑐
1.5 m 3 4 +4⋛3 5 +1
𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔 Statically determinate!
𝐵 𝐷
3.75 kN/m
2.40 kN/m
4m
𝐴 𝐸
𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
2m 2m
𝐶 +↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐸 = 0
𝐴𝑦 4 + 3.75 + 2.40 4 2
1.5 m
5 3 3 5
3
4 4 + 0.75 2.5 4 + 0.75
𝐵 𝐷 5
4
− 0.75 2.5 2+1
5
3.75 kN/m
2.40 kN/m
4m 3
+ 3.30 2.5 4 + 0.75
5
4
𝐴 𝐸 + 3.30 2.5 1 =0
𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑥 5
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦 𝐴𝑦 = −20.04 kN
2m 2m
𝐴𝑦 = 20.04 kN ↓
𝐶 +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐶,𝐿 = 0
𝐶𝑥
1.5 m 𝐶𝑦 𝐴𝑥 5.5 + 20.04 2

5 3
4 + 0.75 2.5 1.25
𝐵
+ 3.75 4 (1.5 + 2) = 0
3.75 kN/m
4m 𝐴𝑥 = −17.26 kN
𝐴𝑥 = 17.26 kN ⟵
𝐴
𝐴𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = 20.04 kN
2m
𝐶 +→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
1.5 m 𝐸𝑥 − 17.26 + 3.75 + 2.40 4

5 3 3 5
3
4 4 + 0.75 2.5
𝐵 𝐷 5
3
+ 3.30 2.5 =0
3.75 kN/m
2.40 kN/m
5
4m
𝐸𝑥 = −13.42 kN
𝐸𝑥 = 13.42 kN ⟵
𝐴 𝐸
𝐴𝑥 = 17.26 kN 𝐸𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = 20.04 kN 𝐸𝑦
2m 2m
𝐶 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
1.5 m
4
5 3 3 5 𝐸𝑦 − 16.03 − 0.75 2.5
4 4
5
4
𝐵 𝐷 + 3.30 2.5 =0
5
3.75 kN/m
2.40 kN/m
𝐸𝑦 = 14.94 kN ↑
4m
𝐸𝑥 = 13.42 kN 𝐸
𝐴
𝐴𝑥 = 17.26 kN
𝐴𝑦 = 20.04 kN 𝐸𝑦
2m 2m
Equilibrium Checks:
𝐶 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
1.5 m
5 3 3 5 17.26 + 13.42
4 4
− 3.75 + 2.40 (4)
𝐵 𝐷
− 0.75 + 3.30 2.5 0.6 = 0
3.75 kN/m
2.40 kN/m
𝟎 = 𝟎 checks!
4m
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐸𝑥 = 13.42 kN 𝐸
𝐴
𝐴𝑥 = 17.26 kN
−20.04 + 14.94
𝐴𝑦 = 20.04 kN 𝐸𝑦 = 14.94 kN
2m 2m + −0.75 + 3.30 2.5 0.8 = 0
𝟎 = 𝟎 checks!
Equilibrium Checks:
𝐶 +↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐶 = 0
1.5 m
5 3 3 5 + 17.26 + 13.42 5.5
4 4
− 20.04 + 14.94 2
𝐵 𝐷
− 3.75 + 2.40 (4) 3.5
3.75 kN/m
2.40 kN/m
4m
− 0.75 + 3.30 2.5 1.25 = 0
𝟎 = 𝟎 checks!
𝐸𝑥 = 13.42 kN 𝐸
𝐴
𝐴𝑥 = 17.26 kN
𝐴𝑦 = 20.04 kN 𝐸𝑦 = 14.94 kN
2m 2m
Example 4: A gable
frame is subjected to 12 kN/m
a snow loading as
shown. Draw the
shear, bending 𝐶
3m
moment, and axial
force diagrams and 𝐵 𝐷
the qualitative
deflected shape for
5m
the frame.
𝐴 𝐸
4m 4m
Solution:
12 kN/m Check for determinacy and stability:
3𝑚 + 𝑟 ⋛ 3𝑗 + 𝑒𝑐
𝐶 3 4 +4⋛3 5 +1
3m
𝐵 𝐷
5m
𝐴 𝐸
𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
4m 4m
Solution: Solving for the support reactions:
12 kN/m
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐸 = 0
𝐶 𝐴𝑦 8 − 12 8 4 = 0
3m
𝐴𝑦 = 48 kN ↑
𝐵 𝐷
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
5m
𝐸𝑦 + 48 − 12 8 4 = 0
𝐸𝑦 = 48 kN ↑
𝐴 𝐸
𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
4m 4m
Solution: Solving for the support reactions:
12 kN/m
𝐶 +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐶,𝐿 = 0
𝐶𝑥
𝐶𝑦
𝐴𝑥 8 − 48 4 + 12 4 2 = 0
3m
𝐴𝑥 = 12 kN →
𝐵
+→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
5m 𝐶𝑥 + 12 = 0 𝐶𝑦 + 48 − 12(4) = 0
𝐶𝑥 = −12 𝐶𝑦 = 0
𝐴 𝐶𝑥 = 12 kN ←
𝐴𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = 48 kN
4m
By symmetry of the structure:
𝐸𝑥 = 12 kN ← 𝐸𝑌 = 48 kN ↑
Solution:
12 kN/m
9.6 kN
𝐶
12 kN 12 kN
3m 7.2 kN
5 3
12 kN 12 kN 4
𝐵
48 kN 48 kN 38.4 kN 31.2 kN
4m
Member FBD:
𝑪 9.6 kN 9.6 kN 𝑪
7.2 kN 7.2 kN
60 kN-m 60 kN-m
𝑩 𝑫
38.4 kN
38.4 kN 31.2 kN 31.2 kN
𝑥 𝑥
48 kN 48 kN
60 kN-m 60 kN-m
𝑩 𝑫
12 kN 12 kN
𝑨 12 kN 𝑦 𝑬 12 kN
𝑦
48 kN 48 kN
Shear diagram (kN):
𝑪 9.6 kN 9.6 kN 𝑪
7.2 kN 7.2 kN
60 kN-m 7.2 60 kN-m
𝑩 −7.2 𝑫
38.4 kN
38.4 kN 31.2 kN 31.2 kN
31.2
𝑥 𝑥
48 kN −31.2 48 kN
60 kN-m 60 kN-m
𝑩 𝑫
12 kN 12 kN
−12 12
𝑦
48 kN 48 kN
Moment diagram (kN-m):
𝑪 9.6 kN 9.6 kN 𝑪
7.2 kN 7.2 kN
60 kN-m 60 kN-m
𝑩 3.38 3.38 𝑫
38.4 kN
38.4 kN 31.2 kN 31.2 kN
𝑥 𝑥
48 kN −60 −60 48 kN
60 kN-m −60 60 kN-m 60
𝑩 𝑫
12 kN 12 kN
𝑦
48 kN 48 kN
Axial diagram (kN):
𝑪 9.6 kN 9.6 kN 𝑪
7.2 kN 7.2 kN
60 kN-m 60 kN-m
𝑩 −9.6 −9.6 𝑫
38.4 kN
38.4 kN 31.2 kN 31.2 kN
𝑥 𝑥
−38.4 −38.4
48 kN 48 kN
60 kN-m 60 kN-m
𝑩 𝑫
12 kN 12 kN
−48 −48
𝑦
48 kN 48 kN
Qualitative deflected shape of the frame
12 kN/m
𝐵 𝐷
𝐴 𝐸
Lecture 2.3:
Analysis of Trusses

Internal Stability of Trusses
Simple Trusses
𝐶 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
Total number of truss
members:
𝑚 =3+2 𝑗−3
𝑚 = 2𝑗 − 3
𝐴 𝐸
𝐵
Internal Stability of Trusses
Compound Trusses
𝐶 𝐹
𝐴 𝐵 𝐷 𝐸
𝐶(𝐹)
Conditions for stability:
1. At least 3 transmitted forces
2. Non-concurrent forces
3. Non-parallel forces
4. 𝑚 = 2𝑗 − 3
𝐴 𝐵 𝐷 𝐸
Stability and Indeterminacy of Trusses
General Concept for
Analysis of Trusses
𝑃1 𝑃3
𝐷
𝐶 𝑃2
𝐴 𝐵
Idealized Truss Model
𝑃1 𝑃3
𝑪 𝑫
𝑃2
𝑨 𝑩
𝑨𝑿
𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟑
𝑭𝑪𝑫 𝑭𝑪𝑫 𝑪 𝑭𝑪𝑫 𝑭𝑪𝑫
𝑫 𝑫
𝑪 𝑷𝟐
𝑭𝑨𝑪 𝑭𝑩𝑪 𝑭𝑨𝑪
𝑭𝑨𝑪 𝑭𝑩𝑪 𝑭𝑨𝑪
𝑪 𝑪 𝑫
𝑨
Member and Joint Internal 𝑩 𝑩
𝑭𝑨𝑪
Loads for the Idealized Truss 𝑭𝑩𝑪 𝑭𝑩𝑫
𝑭𝑨𝑪 𝑭𝑩𝑪 𝑭𝑩𝑫
𝑨
𝑨𝑿 𝑭𝑨𝑩 𝑭𝑨𝑩 𝑭𝑨𝑩 𝑭𝑨𝑩 𝑩
𝑨 𝑩
𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚
𝑚 = number of members
𝑗 = number of joints 𝑭𝑨𝑪
𝑟 = number of external reactions
𝑪
𝑨
For each member: 1 unknown force
𝑭𝑨𝑪
𝑭𝑨𝑪
Total unknown forces: 𝒎 + 𝒓 𝑨
𝑨𝑿 𝑭𝑨𝑩 𝑭𝑨𝑩 𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝑨 𝑩
𝑨𝒚

Total available equations: 𝟐𝒋
𝑚 = number of members Condition for Statically
𝑗 = number of joints
𝑟 = number of external reactions Determinate Truss:
𝒎 + 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒋
For each member: 1 unknown force

Total unknown forces: 𝒎 + 𝒓 𝒊 = (𝒎 + 𝒓) − (𝟐𝒋)
Redundant Forces:
These are the excess forces
Total available equations: 𝟐𝒋
that cannot be solved using
the equilibrium equations
alone.
Statically Determinate Truss:

𝒎 + 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒋
Statically Indeterminate Truss:

𝒎 + 𝒓 > 𝟐𝒋
Statically Unstable Truss:

𝒎 + 𝒓 < 𝟐𝒋
𝒊 = (𝒎 + 𝒓) − 𝟐𝒋
Method of Joints
Example 1: Determine the force in each member of the Warren
truss shown by the method of joints.
𝐹 𝐺 𝐻
4.5 m
𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
100 kN 125 kN 50 kN
4 at 6 m = 24 m
Method of Joints
Solution:
𝑭 𝑮 𝑯
4.5 m
𝑨 𝑬
𝐴𝑥
𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
100 kN 125 kN 50 kN
4 at 6 m = 24 m

𝑚 + 𝑟 ⋛ 2𝑗
13 + 3 ⋛ 2(8)
Method of Joints
𝑭 𝑮 𝑯
4.5 m
𝑨 𝑬
𝐴𝑥
𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
100 kN 125 kN 50 kN
4 at 6 m = 24 m

+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐸𝑦 24 − 100 6 − 125 12 − 50 18 = 0 𝐴𝑦 + 125 − 100 − 125 − 50 = 0

𝐸𝑦 = 125 kN ↑ 𝐴𝑦 = 150 kN ↑
Method of Joints
Joint Analysis
𝐹𝐴𝐹
𝑨
𝐹𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑦 = 150 kN
From Joint 𝐴:
+↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐹 0.6 − 150 = 0 𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 250 0.8 = 0

𝐹𝐴𝐹 = 250 kN, 𝐶 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 200 kN, 𝑇
Method of Joints
Joint Analysis
𝐹𝐵𝐹
𝑨 +200
𝑩 𝐹𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝑦 = 150 kN
100 kN
From Joint 𝐵:
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐵𝐹 − 100 = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐶 − 200 = 0

𝐹𝐵𝐹 = 100 kN, 𝑇 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 200 kN, 𝑇
Method of Joints
Joint Analysis
𝑭 𝐹𝐹𝐺
𝐹𝐶𝐹
+100
𝑨 +200 +200
𝑩
𝐴𝑦 = 150 kN
100 kN
From Joint 𝐹:
+↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐹 0.6 − 250(0.6) + 100 = 0 𝐹𝐹𝐺 − 250 + 83.33 0.8 = 0

𝐹𝐶𝐹 = 83.33 kN, 𝑇 𝐹𝐹𝐺 = 266.67 kN, 𝐶
Method of Joints
Joint Analysis
𝑭 −266.67 𝑮 −266.67
+100
𝐹𝐶𝐻
𝑨 +200 +200
𝑩 𝑪 𝐹𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝑦 = 150 kN
100 kN 125 kN
From Joint 𝐶:
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐻 0.6 + 83.33 0.6 − 125 = 0 𝐹𝐶𝐷 + 125 − 83.33 0.8 − 200 = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐻 = 125 kN, 𝑇 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 166.67 kN, 𝑇
Method of Joints
Joint Analysis
𝑭 −266.67 𝑮 −266.67 𝑯
𝐹𝐸𝐻
+100
+50
𝑨 +200 +200 +166.67 +166.67
𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 = 150 kN
100 kN 125 kN 50 kN
From Joint 𝐻:
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝐸𝐻 0.6 − 125 0.6 − 50 = 0

𝐹𝐸𝐻 = 208.33 kN, 𝐶
Method of Joints
Joint Analysis
𝑭 −266.67 𝑮 −266.67 𝑯
+100
+50
𝑨 +200 +200 +166.67 +166.67 𝑬
𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 = 150 kN 𝐸𝑦 = 125 kN
100 kN 125 kN 50 kN
From Joint 𝐸 (for checking):
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
125 − 208.33(0.6) = 0 208.33(0.8) − 166.67 = 0

0=0 0=0
Method of Joints
𝑭 −266.67 𝑮 −266.67 𝑯
+100
+50
0 4.5 m
𝑨 +200 +200 +166.67 +166.67 𝑬
𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 = 150 kN 𝐸𝑦 = 125 kN
100 kN 125 kN 50 kN
4 at 6 m = 24 m
Method of Sections
Example 2: Using method of sections, determine the type and
magnitude of stress in members 𝐺𝐻, 𝐶𝐻, and 𝐶𝐷 of the truss shown
below.
𝐻 𝐼
𝐺 𝐽 5 ft
15 ft
𝐴 𝐹
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
18 kips 24 kips
5 at 15 ft = 75 ft
Method of Sections
Solution: 𝑯 𝑰
𝑮 𝑱 5 ft
15 ft
𝑨 𝑭
𝐴𝑥
𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
18 kips 24 kips
5 at 15 ft = 75 ft

𝑚 + 𝑟 ⋛ 2𝑗
17 + 3 ⋛ 2(10)
𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎 Statically determinate!
Method of Sections
𝑯 𝑰
𝑮 𝑱 5 ft
15 ft
𝑨 𝑭
𝐴𝑥
𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
18 kips 24 kips
5 at 15 ft = 75 ft

+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐸𝑦 75 − 18 15 − 24 30 = 0 𝐴𝑦 + 13.2 − 18 − 24 = 0
𝐸𝑦 = 13.2 kips ↑ 𝐴𝑦 = 28.8 kips ↑
Method of Sections
Solving for the member 𝑯 𝑰
𝐹𝐺𝐻
stresses: 𝑮 10 𝑱 5 ft
1
3 𝐹𝐶𝐻
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐻 = 0
15 ft
𝐹𝐶𝐷 20 − 13.2(45) = 0 𝐹𝐶𝐷 𝑭
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 29.7 kips, 𝑇 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬

𝐸𝑦 = 13.2 kips
3 at 15 ft = 45 ft
+← ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
3 +↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝐺𝐻 + 29.7 = 0
10 1
𝐹𝐺𝐻 = −31.31 kips 𝐹𝐶𝐻 + −31.31 − 13.2 = 0
10
𝐹𝐺𝐻 = 31.31 kips, 𝐶 𝐹𝐶𝐻 = 23.10 kips, 𝑇
References
Textbooks:
1. Kassimali, A., 2010, “Structural Analysis”, Fourth Edition,
Cengage Learning, CT, USA
2. Singer, F. and Pytel, A., “Strength of Materials”, Fourth
Edition, Harper & Row, NY, USA

Lecture 2 - Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures-1

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Lecture 2 - Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures-1

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CE 3104

Engr. Abbey Dale Abellanosa, MSc

CE 3104 – Structural Theory September 9–16, 2020

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 9–16, 2020

Solving for the support reactions:

3 kips/ft 3 kips/ft 4 kips

a.) Shear and moment at a distance 2 ft from 𝐴.

3 kips/ft 3 kips/ft 4 kips

b.) Shear and moment at a distance 10 ft from 𝐴.

50 − 3 10 − 10 − 𝑉10 = 0 𝑀10 + 328 − 50 10 + 10 6 + 3(10)(5) = 0

c.) Shear and moment at a distance 15 ft from 𝐴.

𝑉15 − 4 = 0 𝑀15 + 4(3) = 0

Solving for the support reactions:

Solving for the support reactions:

𝐷𝑦 9 − 265 3 + 245 − 30 6 6 + 3 = 0 𝐴𝑦 + 241.11 − 265 − 30(6) = 0

𝑉𝐷,𝐿 = −611.11 − 30(3)

𝑉𝐷,𝑅 = −151.11 + 241.11

−61.11 𝑀𝐶,𝑅 = 428.34 − 245

Solving for the support reactions:

Solving for the support reactions:

−110 −110 −110

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 9–16, 2020

𝑨𝒚 for the Idealized Frame 𝑫𝒚

For each member: 3 equations of equilibrium 𝑨

Statically Indeterminate Frame:

Statically Unstable Frame:

8′ 𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 38.4 kip-ft ↻

𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 = 173.4 kip-ft

𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝑦 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷 = 𝑀𝐷 = 19.8 kip-ft (check!)

Member shear diagram (kips):

Member moment diagram (kip-ft):

Qualitative deflected shape

6.5 m 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 Statically determinate!

𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 = 0

1.5 m 𝐶𝑦 𝐴𝑥 5.5 + 20.04 2

1.5 m 𝐸𝑥 − 17.26 + 3.75 + 2.40 4

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 9–16, 2020

For each joint: 2 equations of equilibrium

For each member: 1 unknown force

Statically Determinate Truss:

Statically Indeterminate Truss:

Statically Unstable Truss:

Check for determinacy and stability:

Solving for the support reactions:

𝐸𝑦 24 − 100 6 − 125 12 − 50 18 = 0 𝐴𝑦 + 125 − 100 − 125 − 50 = 0

𝐹𝐴𝐹 0.6 − 150 = 0 𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 250 0.8 = 0

𝐹𝐵𝐹 − 100 = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐶 − 200 = 0

𝐹𝐶𝐹 0.6 − 250(0.6) + 100 = 0 𝐹𝐹𝐺 − 250 + 83.33 0.8 = 0

𝐹𝐸𝐻 0.6 − 125 0.6 − 50 = 0

From Joint 𝐸 (for checking):

125 − 208.33(0.6) = 0 208.33(0.8) − 166.67 = 0

Check for determinacy and stability:

Solving for the support reactions:

𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 29.7 kips, 𝑇 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬

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