Doubly Symmetric Beams

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
+
=
Asymmetric Bending 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

𝑀𝑦 𝑀 𝑧
𝜎 =− +
𝐼 𝐼

Where is the neutral axis?

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Doubly Symmetric Beams (C1) General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

𝑦
• Consider a straight member subjected to equal
𝑀 On the neutral axis, 𝜎 = 0 and opposite eccentric forces.
𝜎 =−
𝑀𝑦 𝑀 𝑧
+ 𝜃
𝐼 𝐼 • The eccentric force is equivalent to the system
𝑧 ⇒− + =0
of a centric force and two couples.
𝑃 = centric force
⇒ = 𝑀 = 𝑃𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑃𝑏
𝑦
N.A. • If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may be
⇒ tan 𝜙 = tan 𝜃 found from
𝜙
𝑀 𝑀 𝑃
𝑧 𝑦− 𝑧=
𝐼 𝐼 𝐴
from Beer and Johnston

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 Bending of Unsymmetrical Beams Bending of Unsymmetrical Beams (C1)
𝑦
Is 𝑧-axis the neutral axis? 𝑦 𝑦 Assume that
If yes, 𝜎 = − Planes remain plane
𝑀0
𝑧 𝑀0
Force equilibrium requires? 𝑧 𝜙
𝑥 𝑀 𝑧
𝐹 = 𝜎 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 0 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼
𝑧-axis passes through the centroid. Neutral surface
𝑀 𝑀
𝑀 = 𝜎 𝑧𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝐴 = − 𝐼 𝜌
𝐼 𝐼
𝜉
𝐼 = 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝐴 : product of inertia w.r.t. the 𝑦- and 𝑧-axes 𝜀 =−
𝜌
𝐼 ≠ 0 in general ⇒ 𝑀 ≠ 0 ⇒ Not in equilibrium! 𝑥
2023/3/27 台大機械系 - 盧中仁 5 2023/3/27 台大機械系 - 盧中仁 6

Bending of Unsymmetrical Beams (C2) Bending of Unsymmetrical Beams (C3)

𝑦 𝑦 𝜉
Neutral 𝑦 Neutral
𝜉 𝜀 =− = −𝜅𝜉, 𝜉 = 𝑦 cos 𝜙 − 𝑧 sin 𝜙
𝜉 axis 𝜌
axis
𝜎 = −𝜅𝐸 𝑦 cos 𝜙 − 𝑧 sin 𝜙
𝑧 𝜙 𝜙 𝜙
𝑥 𝐹 =0⇒ 𝜎 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝑧 𝑧
𝜉
𝜀 =− with 𝜉 = 𝑦 cos 𝜙 − 𝑧 sin 𝜙
𝜌 𝜙 and 𝜌 (𝜅) can be ⇒ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜙 − 𝑧𝑑𝐴 sin 𝜙 = 0
𝜌 determined from
𝜙 and 𝜌 are unknown.
𝐹 = 0, ∑𝐌 = 𝐌 Automatically satisfied if the 𝑦 and z axes
𝜉 They can be determined from
𝜀 =−
𝜌 the __?____ equations. pass through the centroid of the cross−section
𝑥
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 Bending of Unsymmetrical Beams (C4) Bending of Unsymmetrical Beams (C5)
Neutral 𝑦
Neutral 𝑦 𝑀 = 𝜎 𝑧𝑑𝐴 𝜉 Solve for sin 𝜙 and cos 𝜙
𝜉 axis
axis 𝜙 𝑀 𝐼 +𝑀 𝐼 𝑀 𝐼 +𝑀 𝐼
sin 𝜙 = , cos 𝜙 =
= −𝜅𝐸 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜙 − 𝑧 𝑑𝐴 sin 𝜙 𝜅𝐸Δ 𝜅𝐸Δ
𝜙
𝜃
= −𝜅𝐸 𝐼 cos 𝜙 − 𝐼 sin 𝜙 𝑧 −𝑦𝐼 + 𝑧𝐼 −𝑦𝐼 + 𝑧𝐼
𝑧 𝜎 = 𝑀 + 𝑀
Δ Δ
𝑀 =− 𝜎 𝑦𝑑𝐴 𝜎 = −𝜅𝐸 𝑦 cos 𝜙 − 𝑧 sin 𝜙
𝜎 = −𝜅𝐸 𝑦 cos 𝜙 − 𝑧 sin 𝜙 𝑀 𝐼 +𝑀 𝐼 𝐼 tan 𝜃 + 𝐼
𝐼 sin 𝜙 − 𝐼 cos 𝜙 = 𝑀 /𝜅𝐸 tan 𝜙 = =
𝑀 𝐼 +𝑀 𝐼 𝐼 tan 𝜃 + 𝐼
∑𝐌 = 𝐌 = 𝜅𝐸 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜙 − 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝐴 sin 𝜙
−𝐼 sin 𝜙 + 𝐼 cos 𝜙 = 𝑀 /𝜅𝐸
𝜙 ≠ 𝜃 in general
= 𝜅𝐸 𝐼 cos 𝜙 − 𝐼 sin 𝜙 Δ= 𝐼 𝐼 −𝐼

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Bending of Unsymmetrical Beams (C6)

Neutral 𝑦
𝜉 • x-y is a plane of symmetry (or y, z axes are principal
axis
𝜙 axes)
𝐼 =0⇒
𝑧𝐼 −𝑦𝐼 𝑧𝑀 𝑦𝑀
𝑧 𝜃 𝜎 = 𝑀 + 𝑀 = −
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
−𝑦𝐼
+ 𝑧𝐼 tan 𝜙 =
𝐼
tan 𝜃
The End
𝜎 = 𝑀 𝐼
Δ
−𝑦𝐼 + 𝑧𝐼
+ 𝑀 • 𝜃 = 0, 𝐌 = 𝑀 𝐤
Δ
𝐼 tan 𝜃 + 𝐼 −𝑦𝐼 + 𝑧𝐼 𝐼
tan 𝜙 = 𝜎 = 𝑀 , tan 𝜙 =
𝐼 tan 𝜃 + 𝐼 Δ 𝐼

Δ= 𝐼 𝐼 −𝐼
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