MODULE 7:

OBJECTIVES:
After successful completion of this module, you should be
able to:
✦ Assess and test if the data follows a normal distribution.

✦ Know when to use parametric and nonparametric

statistics.
✦ Formulates the appropriate null and alternative
hypotheses on a population mean.
✦ Draws conclusion about the population mean based on the
p-value.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Testing Normality of the Data
To determine if the data is follows a normality
distribution, we can use the graphical or
numerical method.
Graphical:
Normal Q-Q Plot
Histogram
Numerical:
Shapiro Wilk Test
Kolmogorov Smirnov Test
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
No data will ever be exactly/perfectly normally
distributed in reality. If so, how do we know
whether or not a collected data set is normally
distributed?
We can begin with a visual display of the data in a
histogram to see if the data set is normally
distributed. However, a visual check, alone, may not
be suf

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 Ha : μ > μo

μ0 ed value of the population mean.

fi
 One Sample z - Test
Case 1: Testing means of a normal
population with known σ
If σ is known and n ≥ 30, use the z-test.
Test Statistic:
x̄ − μo
z= σ

n
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 One Sample z - Test
Case 2: Large sample tests for means
with unknown σ
If σ is unknown and n ≥ 30, use the z-test but replace
by s, that is,
Test Statistic:
x̄ − μo
z= s

n
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 One Sample z - Test
Case 3: Small sample tests for means
with known σ
If σ is known and n < 30, use the z-test but replace
by s, that is,
Test Statistic:
x̄ − μo
z= σ

n
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 One Sample t - Test
Case 4: Small sample tests for means
with unknown σ
If σ is unknown and n < 30, use the t-test and
replace σ by s, that is,
Test Statistic: x̄ − μo
t= s

n
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Take Note !
Population Standard
Sample Size Distribution
Deviation
Normal
Case 1: Known n ≥ 30 Distribution
Normal
Case 2: Unknown n ≥ 30 Distribution
Normal
Case 3: Known n < 30 Distribution
t-
Case 4: Unknown n < 30 Distribution

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 Assumptions
1. Your variable should be measured at
the interval or ratio level (i.e., they are
quantitative).
2. There should be no signi cant
outliers.
3. The population from which the data is
sampled is normally distributed.
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
fi
 One Sample Sign Test

It is a nonparametric equivalent of tests

regarding a single population mean. It
makes inferences regarding the median,
rather than the mean.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 Hypotheses
Two-Tailed Left-Tailed Right-Tailed

Ho : η = ηo Ho : η = ηo Ho : η = ηo
Ha : η ≠ ηo Ha : η < ηo Ha : η > ηo

Note: η0 is a speci ed value of the population mean.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
fi
 Assumption
Your variable should be measured
at least ordinal.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Example 1:
Suppose that the teacher of a school claims
that the average weight of student
population greater than from 130 lb. and we
desire to test the truth of this claim. We have
a random sample of 15 students of the school
weights from student population. Use a 0.10
level of signi

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics