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9–10.

Solve Prob. 9–9 using the stress transformation equation A

developed in Sec. 9.2. 80 MPa

30 MPa
30

40 MPa

Solution
Normal And Shear Stress: In accordance with the established sign conventions, B

u = + 120° (Fig. a)  sx = - 80 MPa  sy = 40 MPa  txy = -30 MPa

Stress Transformation Equations:

sx + sy sx - sy
sx′ = + cos 2u + txy sin 2u
2 2
- 80 + 40 - 80 - 40
= + a b cos 240° + ( -30) sin 240°
2 2

= 35.98 MPa = 36.0 MPa Ans.

sx - sy
tx′y′ = - sin 2u + txy cos 2u
2

- 80 - 40
= -a b sin 240° + ( -30) cos 240°
2

= - 36.96 MPa = -37.0 MPa Ans.

The negative sign indicates that tx′y′ acts in the negative y′ direction.

These results are indicated on the sectioned element shown in Fig. b

Ans:
sx′ = 36.0 MPa,
tx′y′ = -37.0 MPa

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9–17.

Determine the equivalent state of stress on an element at 75 MPa

the same point which represents (a) the principal stress, and
(b) the maximum in-plane shear stress and the associated
average normal stress. Also, for each case, determine the
corresponding orientation of the element with respect to 125 MPa
the element shown and sketch the results on the element.

50 MPa

Solution
Normal and Shear Stress:
sx = 125 MPa sy = - 75 MPa txy = -50 MPa

In - Plane Principal Stresses:

sx - sy sx - sy 2
s1,2 = { a b + txy 2
2 B 2
125 + ( -75) 125 - ( - 75) 2
= { a b + ( -50)2
2 B 2
= 25 { 212500
s1 = 137 MPa s2 = - 86.8 MPa Ans.

Orientation of Principal Plane:

txy - 50
tan 2uP = = = -0.5
( sx - sy ) >2 (125-( - 75))>2
up = -13.28° and 76.72°

Substitute u = - 13.28° into

sx + sy sx - sy
sx′ = + cos 2u + txy sin 2u
2 2
125 + ( -75) 125 - ( - 75)
= + cos ( - 26.57°) + ( -50) sin ( -26.57°)
2 2
= 137 MPa = s1
Thus,
( up ) 1 = - 13.3° and ( up ) 2 = 76.7° Ans.

125 - ( - 75)>( -50)

The element that represents the state of principal stress is shown in Fig. a.

Maximum In - Plane Shear Stress:

sx - sy 2 125 - ( -75) 2
t max = C ¢ ≤ + txy 2 = Ca b + 502 = 112 MPa Ans.
in@plane 2 2

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9–17.  Continued

Orientation
Solution of the Plane of Maximum In - Plane Shear Stress:
( sx - sy ) >2 (125 - ( - 75))>2
tan 2us = - = - = 2
txy - 50
us = 31.7° and 122° Ans.

By inspection, t max has to act in the same sense shown in Fig. b to maintain
in@plane
equilibrium.
Average Normal Stress:

sx + sy 125 + ( -75)
savg = = = 25 MPa Ans.
2 2

The element that represents the state of maximum in-plane shear stress is shown in
Fig. c.

Ans:
s1 = 137 MPa, s2 = -86.8 MPa,
up1 = -13.3°, up2 = 76.7°, tmax = 112 MPa,
in@plane
us = 31.7° and 122°, savg = 25 MPa

843
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9–18. 

A point on a thin plate is subjected to the two stress sy

components. Determine the resultant state of stress 85 MPa 60 MPa
txy
represented on the element oriented as shown on the right. 45

 30  sx

85 MPa

Solution
For element a:
sx = sy = 85 MPa  txy = 0  u = - 45°
sx + sy sx - sy
(sx′)a = + cos 2u + txy sin 2u
2 2

85 + 85 85 - 85
= + cos ( - 90°) + 0 = 85 MPa
2 2
sx + sy sx - sy
(sy′)a = + cos 2u - txy sin 2u
2 2

85 + 85 85 - 85
= - cos ( - 90°) - 0 = 85 MPa
2 2
sx - sy
(tx′y′)a = - sin 2u + txy cos 2u
2

85 - 85
= - sin ( - 90°) + 0 = 0
2

For element b:

sx = sy = 0  txy = 60 MPa  u = - 60°

sx + sy sx - sy
(sx′)b = + cos 2u + txy sin 2u
2 2

= 0 + 0 + 60 sin ( - 120°) = - 51.96 MPa

sx + sy sx - sy
(sy′)b = - cos 2u - txy sin 2u
2 2
= 0 - 0 - 60 sin ( - 120°) = 51.96 MPa
sx - sy
(tx′y′)b = - sin 2u - txy cos 2u
2

85 - 85
= - sin ( -120°) + 60 cos ( - 120°) = - 30 MPa
2

sx = (sx′)a + (sx′)b = 85 + ( - 51.96) = 33.0 MPa Ans.

sy = (sy′)a + (sy′)b = 85 + 51.96 = 137 MPa Ans.

txy = (tx′y′)a + (tx′y′)b = 0 + ( - 30) = -30 MPa Ans.

Ans:
sx = 33.0 MPa, sy = 137 MPa, txy = - 30 MPa

844
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*9–24.

The wood beam is subjected to a load of 12 kN. If grains of 12 kN

wood in the beam at point A make an angle of 25° with the 2m 1m 4m
horizontal as shown, determine the normal and shear stress
that act perpendicular to the grains due to the loading. A 300 mm

25
75 mm 200 mm

Solution
1
I = (0.2)(0.3)3 = 0.45 ( 10 - 3 ) m4
12

QA = yA′ = 0.1125(0.2)(0.075) = 1.6875 ( 10 - 3 ) m3

MyA 13.714 ( 103 ) (0.075)

sA = = = 2.2857 MPa (T)
I 0.45 ( 10 - 3 )

VQA 6.875 ( 103 ) (1.6875) ( 10 - 3 )

tA = = = 0.1286 MPa
It 0.45 ( 10 - 3 ) (0.2)
sx = 2.2857 MPa sy = 0 txy = - 0.1286 MPa

sx + sy sx - sy 2
s1, 2 = { a b + txy 2
2 C 2

2.2857 + 0 2.2857 - 0 2
= { a b + ( - 0.1286)2
2 C 2

s1 = 2.29 MPa Ans.

s2 = - 7.20 kPa Ans.

txy - 0.1286
tan 2up = =
(sx - sy)>2 (2.2857 - 0)>2

up = - 3.21° Ans.

Check direction of principal stress:

sx + sy sx - sy
sx′ = + cos 2u + txy sin 2u
2 2

2.2857 + 0 2.2857 - 0
= + cos ( - 6.42°) - 0.1285 sin ( -6.42)
2 2

= 2.29 MPa

Ans:
s1 = 2.29 MPa,
s2 = -7.20 kPa,
up = - 3.21°

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9–59.

 etermine (a) the principal stresses and (b) the maximum

D 200 MPa
in-plane shear stress and average normal stress. Specify the
orientation of the element in each case. 100 MPa

150 MPa

Solution
A( -150, 100) B(200, - 100) C(25, 0)
R = CA = 2(150 + 25)2 + 1002 = 201.556

100
tan 2uP = = 0.5714
150 + 25

uP = -14.9° Ans.

s1 = 25 + 201.556 = 227 MPa Ans.

s2 = 25 - 201.556 = -177 MPa Ans.

t max = R = 202 MPa Ans.

in@plane
savg = 25 MPa Ans.
150 + 25
tan 2us = = 1.75
100

us = 30.1° Ans.

Ans:
uP = - 14.9°,
s1 = 227 MPa,
s2 = -177 MPa,
t max = 202 MPa,
in@plane
savg = 25 MPa,
us = 30.1°

895
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9–61. Draw Mohr’s circle that describes each of the following 5 MPa 20 MPa
states of stress.

5 MPa 20 MPa

(a) (b)

18 MPa
(c)

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*11–4. Determine the minimum width of the beam to P

1
the nearest 4 in. thatofwill
nearest multiples 5 mm safely
thatsupport the support
will safely loadingtheof
P = 8 kip.
loading of PThe
= 40allowable bending bending
kN. The allowable sallowis=s24
stress is stress ksi
= 1.8
6 ftm 1.8 m
6 ft
allow
and MPa
168 the allowable shear stress
and the allowable is tstress
shear allow =is15 ksi. = 100 MPa.
tallow 150 6mm
in. B
B
A
A

1.8 m 1.8 m

Solution 40 kN 80 kN 40 kN

Beam design: Assume moment controls.

V (kN)
Mc [72.0(10 3 )](0.075) 40
sallow = ; 168(106 ) =
I 1 b(0.153 ) 0
x(m)
12 1.8 3.6
b = 0.1143 m = 114.3 mm –40
Ans.
Use b = 115 mm
M (kN · m)
72.0
Check shear:

VQ [40(10 3 )][0.0375(0.115)(0.075)] x(m)

tmax = = 0 1.8 3.6
It  1 (0.115)(0.153 ) (0.115)
 12 
6
= 3.478(10= ) N/m 2 3.48 MPa < 100 MPa OK

Ans:
b = 114.3 mm

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*11–12. Select the lightest-weight steel wide-flange beam 5 kip

25 kN
from Appendix B that will safely support the loading shown.
The allowable bending stress is sallow = 150 MPa and the 18 kN
27 kip ft
m
allowable shear stress is tallow = 84 MPa. B
A

6 ft m
1.8 12
3.6ftm
Solution
72 kip
From the moment diagram, Fig. a, Mmax = 48 # ft.
kN ·m.
Mmax
Sreq¿d =
sallow 25 kN
3
72(10 ) 3 3
= = 0.48(10− ) m
150(106 )
26.18 in3)3 mm3
= 480(10 27 kN · m
1.8 m 3.6 m
The choices are
45 kN 20 kN
W310 × 39 W360 × 39 W410 × 39
The section that has shortest depth is preferable, so V (kN)

C Sxx ==547(10 D
20
W 14 
Select W310 * 22
39 [S 29.0 in3)3,mm
d =3, 13.74 in.mm
d = 310 tw =tw0.230
andand =5.84in.
mm]
x (m)
1.8 5.4
From the shear diagram, Fig. a, V
Vmax
max ==25
5 kN.
kip. Provide the shear stress check for –25
W 310 * 39,
M (kN · m)
Vmax
tmax =
twd 1.8 5.4
x (m)
25(10 3 )
= 13.81(10 6 ) N/m2
–27
=
0.00584(0.3101)
= 1.58 MPa6< ttallow
13.8 ksi 12MPa
allow ==84 ksi‚ (O.K!) –72

Use W310*22
W14 39 Ans.

Ans:
Use W310  39

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11–13. The simply supported beam is made of timber that 5 kip/ft

75 kN/m
has an allowable bending stress of sallow = 6.72 MPa and an
allowable shear stress of tallow = 0.525 MPa. Determine the
dimension b if it is to be rectangular and have a height-to-
A B
width ratio of 1.25.
6 ftm
1.8 6 ft
1.8 m

1.25 b

Solution b
1
I = (b)(1.25b)3 = 0.16276b4
12

I 0.16276b4
Sreq¿d = = = 0.26042b3
c 0.625b

Assume bending moment controls:

Mmax = 81 kip ·# ft
60 kN m

Mmax
sallow =
Sreq¿d

81(10 3 )
6.72(106 ) =
0.26042b3
= =
b 0.35904 m 359.04 mm

Check shear:

1.5V 1.5[67.5(10 3 )]
tmax = = = 0.6283(106 ) N/m 2
A (0.35904)[1.25(0.35904)]
= 0.628 MPa > 0.525 MPa (NO Good!)
Shear controls:

1.5V ; 1.5[67.5(10 3 )]
tallow = 0.525(106 ) =
A b(1.25b)
= =
b 0.3928 m 393 mm Ans.

75 kN/m

1.8 m 1.8 m

67.5 kN
67.5 kN 67.5 kN
V=0

M = 81 kN · m

1.2 m 0.6 m
67.5 kN

V (kN)

67.5 3.6
1.8
x (m)
0
–67.5
M (kN · m) 81

x (m)
0 1.8 3.6

Ans:
b = 393 mm

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11–27. Select the lightest W360 shape section from

50 kN
Appendix B that can safely support the loading acting on
the overhanging beam. The beam is made from steel having 40 kN/m
an allowable normal stress of sallow = 150 MPa and an
allowable shear stress of tallow = 80 MPa.

4m 2m

Solution
Shear and Moment Diagram: As shown in Fig. a.

Bending Stress: Referring to the moment diagram, Fig. a, Mmax = 100 kN # m.

Applying the flexure formula,

Mmax 100(103)
Srequired = =
sallow 150(106)

= 0.6667(10 - 3) m3 = 666.67(103) mm3

Select W360 * 45(Sx = 688(103) mm3, d = 352 mm and t w = 6.86 mm)

Shear Stress: Referring to the shear diagram, Fig. a, Vmax = 105 kN. We have

Vmax 105(103)
tmax = =
tw d 6.86(10 - 3)(0.352)

= 43.48 MPa 6 tallow = 80 MPa (OK)

Hence, use W360 * 45 Ans.

Ans:
Use W360 * 45

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12–6.

Determine the elastic curve for the cantilevered beam, B

which is subjected to the couple moment M0. Also calculate
A M0
the maximum slope and maximum deflection of the beam.
EI is constant. x
L

Solution
Elastic Curve and Slope:

d2 v
EI = M(x)
dx2
d2 v
EI = - M0
dx2
dv
EI = - M0 x + C1 (1)
dx
- M0 x2
EIv = + C 1 x + C 2 (2)
2

Boundary Conditions:
dv
= 0  at  x = 0
dx
From Eq. (1), C1 = 0
v = 0  at  x = 0

From Eq. (2), C2 = 0

dv M0 x
= -
dx EI
dv M0 L
umax = ` = - Ans.
dx x = L EI
The negative sign indicates clockwise rotation.
M0 x2
v = - Ans.
2EI
M0 L2
vmax = v` = - Ans.
x=L 2EI
Negative sign indicates downward displacement.

Ans:
M0 L
umax = - ,
EI
M0 x2
v = - ,
2EI
M0 L2
vmax = -
2EI

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12–21.

Determine the maximum deflection of the solid circular N1

shaft. The shaft is made of steel having E = 200 GPa. It has
N1P N1P
a diameter of 100 mm.
$ & %

x
P P

Solution
Support Reactions and Elastic Curve. As shown in Fig. a.

Moment Function. Referring to the free-body diagram of the beam’s cut segment, Fig. b,

a+ ΣMO = 0; M(x) - 4x - 6 = 0 M(x) = (4x + 6) kN # m

Equations of Slope and Elastic Curve.

d 2v
EI = M(x)
dx2

d 2v
EI = 4x + 6
dx2

dv
EI = 2x2 + 6x + C1 (1)
dx

2 3
EIv = x + 3x2 + C1x + C2 (2)
3
dv
Boundary Conditions. Due to symmetry, = 0 at x = 1.5 m. Then Eq. (1) gives
dx

EI(0) = 2(1.52) + 6(1.5) + C1 C1 = -13.5 kN # m2

Also, at x = 0, v = 0. Then Eq. (2) gives

2 3
EI(0) = (0 ) + 3(02) + C1(0) + C2 C2 = 0
3

Substituting the values of C1 and C2 into Eq. (2),

1 2 3
v = a x + 3x2 - 13.5xb
EI 3

dv
vmax occurs at x = 1.5 m, where = 0. Thus,
dx
1 2
vmax = vƒ x = 1.5 m = c (1.53) + 3(1.52) - 13.5(1.5) d
EI 3

11.25 kN # m3
= -
EI
11.25(103)
= -
p
200(109) c (0.054) d
4

= -0.01146 m = -11.5 mm Ans.

Ans:
vmax = - 11.5 mm

1147