Tania Leaves as Biodegradable Plates

Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM

Tanay, Rizal
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
TANIA LEAVES (Xanthosoma) AS BIODEGRADABLE PLATE

WITH BIO-COATING USING BEESWAX
A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty
of Laboratory High School
University of Rizal System
Tanay, Rizal
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements
for the subject
Research 2
QUER ALDRENE M. YANGA

CIVANGEL JAMES G. JUMAO – AS
Grade 10 – Neptune
SY 2021-2022
Tanay, Rizal
College of Science and Education

LABORATORY SCHOOLS
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Nowadays, plastic food packaging is considered a source of
environmental problem wastes, because it takes a very long time to decompose.
To address this problem, bio-materials have received much attention due to short
decomposing times and renewable character. From this perspective, cellulosic
fibers are preferred over plastics in food packaging as well as in production of
eating utensils such as plates, spoons, straws, and cups among others.
It cannot be denied that concept “green marketing” is trendy in various
industries in different countries. As cited by Anh (2017), the “green marketing”
concept came from discussions based on basis assumption of perspectives
about “sustainability”.
In the Philippines, as cities and provinces develop, its natural resources
are also compromised. Even more sadly than what was just stated, global
warming has become one of the major problems worldwide since it affects the
whole planet and it slowly engulfs our world every minute. Filipinos are already
feeling this effect.
Improper waste disposal, as one of the top five environmental in the
country, creates a hazardous problem to everyone. It may infect people not only
physically but through the air and water. Garbage thrown in the rivers and canals
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may not only block our waterways but it invites rodents to infect the water and
soon be transferred to humans. Clogged waterways have a tendency to spill
causing flash floods, which is what is happening here in our country. Likewise,
the lack of enough dumpsites and landfills is also a hindrance in helping to solve
our garbage management crisis (environ, 2017).
As the government passed different policies and laws in regulating single-
use plastics, varied government and private agencies had included this advocacy
in their institution’s mission and objectives. And of course, the education sector
like the secondary high schools belong to the prime movers of this undertaking.
That is why that environmental related courses are being integrated in the
curricula and that would encourage students to conduct related researches about
environmental stewardship.
On this note, the researchers would like to take part on this endeavor that
in their small way could contribute, upon the completion of this study, to the body
of knowledge that would help the environment.
The study on how Tania leaves (Xanthosoma) can be a potential
biodegradable disposable plate with bio-coating using beeswax is being
proposed for conduct having the objective of using this neglected indigenous
crop for product development which eventually be considered for utilization and
reference of future similar researches.
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Statement of the Problem
1. What procedure could best produce biodegradable plate made from Tania
leaves?
2. What are the physical properties of Tania leaves as biodegradable plate in
terms of:
a. thickness
b. grammage
c. water absorbency
3. Is there a significant difference on the procedures used in making of Tania
leaves biodegradable plate in terms of the physical properties?
Scope and Delimitation
This study aims to identify the most effective procedure in making
biodegradable plate. Different procedures to consider in making Tania leaves as
biodegradable plate to verify which specific procedures could give the best
results though tryouts or tests. The characteristics of Tania leaves as
biodegradable plate will be determined in terms of thickness, grammage and
water absorbency. Description analysis of the characteristics as is stated will be
done during the observation of the experiment.
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Further the degradable time of Tania leaves biodegradable plate will be
compared with or without beeswax bio – coating. Therefore, the conduct of this
study will only be limited on the abovementioned methods and objectives.
Significance of the Study
Since the researchers found out the Tania is considered as one of the
neglected indigenous or native crops widely found in the locality, this study finds
it significance to look for its potential as biodegradable plate considering on how
the study could help on environmental protection and conservation.
Most importantly, as the new normal becomes the trend of our daily livings
ever since the COVID-19 hit the whole world, it is highly advised by regulating
agencies on tourism and on trade and industries to use disposable eating
utensils which are highly environmental friendly that come in biodegradable
forms for making plates, spoons, straws and cups that are being utilized among
restaurants and food stalls to promote sanitation and minimum health standards,
hence, encouraging environmental awareness, vulnerability and sustainability.
Furthermore, to some extent, what positive effect that the pandemic has
brought to the world now is that people’s specifically the consumer’s, buying
behavior towards functional green using and packaging had undoubtedly
increased as the infinite threats of climate change is being directly felt, pressing
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more collaborative actions to fight the reduction of using care-free disposed
plastics and other non-biodegradable products and materials.
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Chapter 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents literature and studies both foreign and local which
are relevant to the present investigation. It also presents conceptual paradigm,
theoretical framework, hypothesis, assumption, and definition of terms
Review of Related Literature
The lateral tubers, or cornels, of Tannia (Xanthosoma spp.) are consumed
as a starchy food. This species is very widely used in the islands. By the 1970s, it
was more important than Colocasia taro in the dryland areas of New Caledonia
(Doumenge 1982), the second most important crop in Tonga after cassava, and
more important than Colocasia in shifting gardens in the Cook Islands (Thaman
1984). Tannia is considered by some to be inferior to Colocasia taro (Smith
1979). The central or primary tuber is acrid and not used for human consumption.
However, tannia is often grown because of the higher yield per unit labor, larger
tuber size, taste and other factors. As its yields are higher than Colocasia taro, it
is increasingly being adopted by island peoples. Drying of the tubers for the
production of starch powder can be easily done. As with Colocasia taro, tannia
leaves can be used for silage.
In English, Xanthosoma species are known as American taro, cocoyam,
new cocoyam, tania, tannia, and yautia. Unfortunately, there has been much
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confusion over the use of the term cocoyam, which has been applied to two
widely grown taros, Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium.
Large herbs with erect above-ground or tuberous rhizomes. Leaves are
large, approximately 20 cm in length, 15 cm in width, hastate (saggitate-ovate) in
shape, with the anterior lobe twice as large as the posterior lobe, with distinct
marginal vein, basal lobes are rounded. Leaves of X. sagittifolium are dark green
above and paler green beneath. The spathe (a leaf-like part that encloses a
flower cluster) consists of two parts: a longer, usually withered upper spathe (15
cm) and a shorter 7 cm persistent lower spathe. Xanthosoma taro can be easily
distinguished from Colocasia taro by the place where the petiole meets the leaf.
In Xanthosoma, the petiole attachment is at the margin of the leaf while for
Colocasia, the petiole attachment is peltate or more middle-leaf. A simple way to
distinguish Xanthosoma from Alocasia is to compare the angle of the leaf to the
petiole (stem). In Alocasia, the leaf blade and the petiole are in the same plane.
For Xanthosoma, mature leaves are angled about 30 degrees off the petiole.
Furthermore, the leaf surfaces of Alocasia are usually shiny, while those of
Xanthosoma are less so. The stems and leaves are coated with a white powder
(pruinose) at least when young. Leaf color is green and paler green beneath, with
nerves, ribs, and margins purplish to violet. The petioles are purplish. The bract
tube is pale to dark violet while the blade is yellowish-white. X. brasiliense is
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characterized by having very small albeit edible tubers with a yellow flesh. This
tannia is the smallest of the four Xanthosoma spp., reaching a height of 1 m.
The original range is unclear although most authorities suggest that it is
native to the Neotropics, mainly Central America or northern South America. The
West Indies and S. America have also been suggested.
The genus is now distributed worldwide. Climate It prefers humid tropical
rainforest climates and naturalizes well along stream banks and in moist, shady
areas. Soils Tannia is grown in a wide range of soils except hard clays or pure
sands (Kay 1987). It does not tolerate waterlogged soils. It does best on deep,
mulched, and well drained soils. While the species is grown in sandy soils, it
does better when these soils contain a high amount of organic matter as
moisture retention, nutrient supply, and aeration are improved. A soil pH of 5.5–
6.5 is preferred (Kay 1987). FAO (2007) states that the minimum and maximum
pH are 4.5 and 6.5. However, on Fais Island, Yap, Federated States of
Micronesia (FSM), the species is cultivated on sandy soils derived from
limestone (high pH) and low in organic matter and nutrients.
Tannia matures 9–12 months after planting. Yellowing of older leaves
indicates maturity. Corms can be harvested as needed after 5 months of growth.
On Rota Island, mature plants are uprooted, the stem stripped of cornels and
then replanted for another year’s growth. Elsewhere, Kay (1987) notes that
“sometimes the soil is dug away from the plant and the exposed cornels
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separated from the parent plant which is covered up with soil and left to produce
a new crop. In this way the plant may continue to crop for several years and it is
usually at least 6 years before there is a noticeable decline in vigor and quality of
the cornels.” Inflorescences appear after planting in 5–8 months depending on
soil fertility. (Manner, 2020).
The literature cited above presents the salient features and characteristics
of Tania plant, which is the main focus of the study. This reference is deemed
necessary to help the researchers to be more familiar on the specifications of the
said plant subject for study.
According to Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (2020), the plastic
pollution crisis is global in scale. It is estimated that only 9% of the plastics that
have ever been produced is recycled, while 79% simply accumulates in landfills,
or worse, in the natural environment. The continued rise in plastic production,
expected to reach the 25-billion-metric-ton mark by 2050, is unsustainable. For
this reason, the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) — the world’s
highest-level decision-making body on the environment — adopted a resolution
encouraging member states to reduce the discharge of plastic waste into the
environment.
The Philippines plays an important role in the global plastic crisis. Its
markets are awash with consumer products, most of which are packaged in
single use disposable plastics, ranging from sachets to shopping bags. Filipinos
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use nearly 60 billion sachets, 17.5 billion shopping bags, and 16.5 billion labo
bags per year. These plastic residuals — wastes that can neither be composted
nor recycled — accumulate in dumpsites (illegal in the country) or escape into
water bodies, clogging waterways and exacerbating flooding and marine
pollution. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that the country is tagged as one of
the major sources of land-based plastic pollution leaking into the ocean.
It cannot be emphasized enough that the consequences of plastic waste
on the oceans, wildlife, and human health are dire. Managing plastic waste,
however, is an expensive business. The costs eat up a considerable chunk of
public spending, comprising one-fifth of annual municipal budgets — on average
— in low-income countries.
To date, more than 127 countries have passed some form of plastic
regulation. Many of these have focused on outright plastic bags, particularly on
shopping bags. Other regulatory approaches include market-based instruments,
such as user levies on bags, taxes, and financial incentives. Extended producer
responsibility (EPR), which requires companies to assume responsibility for their
products in every stage of their product’s lifecycle, is another policy approach
that is gaining currency.
Although plastic was introduced less than 100 years ago it has quickly
become a staple in people’s everyday lives – from light switches to cars to
computers, plastics are unavoidable. Unfortunately, this explosion in plastic
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products has been devastating to the environment. Synthetic plastics are not
biodegradable, which means that once they’re manufactured they’re going to be
with people in landfills and oceans for hundreds if not thousands of years. There
is also a whole laundry list of toxic chemicals that leak into the air, water, and soil
from the manufacturing and disposal of plastics. Recycling can help alleviate
some of these problems, but the best way to protect the earth from plastics is to
replace them with more eco-friendly materials.
One of the best ways to get rid of plastic in your home or business is to
choose products made from more traditional materials that are cleaner to
manufacture and easier to dispose of. Another thing to keep in mind: when
buying biodegradable products try to make sure they are eco-friendly and come
from sustainably harvested forests or land areas. Compostable, eco-friendly
bagasse, is great for replacing plastic when you need disposable plates, cups, or
take-out boxes. Bagasse – the pulp left over when juice is extracted from
sugarcane or beets – is used for a variety of purposes including as a biofuel. It
can also be pressed into a cardboard-like material used to make waterproof food
containers, which is a great use for manufacturing waste that would otherwise be
thrown away. And because it’s made from plants it will biodegrade easily in a
home or industrial compost pile. Caballero (2018).
Krishnavev (2020) further supported this by stating that cellulose based
nano fibrils, whiskers and etc. are suitable candidate as a reinforcing filler agents
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into the biodegradable polymer matrix & improve the overall properties beside
replacing petroleum derived plastics.
According to Guce (2018), most of the garbage that ends up in landfills and
oceans is made up of plastic food packaging. Using biodegradable products may
reduce the trash that ends up in landfills and the world’s oceans.
Unfortunately, food and plastic packaging manufacturers are finding more and more
reasons for using plastic food packaging. Plastic is widely used because it’s a cheap
and accessible material. Disposable containers are convenient to use but their
negative impact on the environment cannot be ignored. It is also worth noting that
single-use plastic products are not made from sustainable materials. It will also take
a long, long time before plastic materials decompose so using these will only add up
to our growing trash problem.
Biodegradable plates and compostable disposables are just as convenient to
use as single-use plastic products sans the negative impact on the environment.
These products do not deplete the earth’s natural resources. Biodegradable plates
and compostable disposables will not harm the environment because they will break
down completely once discarded.
Plates and cutlery made from biodegradable materials are more
environmentally friendly because these do not leave behind toxic chemicals or
residues. In addition, these products degrade over time, releasing earth-friendly
nutrients back into the soil. Sure, biodegradable plates and wooden cutlery may be
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more expensive than single-use plastic products but the price difference is quite
small.
The above-cited literature is related to the present study because it
focuses on the development of eco-friendly product by using cellulose based
fibrous pulp coming from the leaves of an endemic plant, which is the Tania
leaves, and intends to replace plastic and paper disposable plates, which further
considers to test its biodegradability.
Review of Related Studies
Lewkittayakorn (2020) in his study revealed that a crucial property of
fibrous packaging paper for food is water resistance, while strength properties
are also important. To improve these properties, several bio-coating solutions
were applied as coatings on paper made of pineapple leaf pulp. The effects of
beeswax, chitosan, shellac, alginate/gellan gum and beeswax–chitosan (1%
chitosan+4%glycerol+30%beeswax) solutions on pineapple leaf pulp paper were
assessed in relation to making biodegradable paper plates. The cooking time
(120–180 min) of chemical pulping and the dose of pulp by moist weight (200,
250, and 300 g) to a paper frame (40 × 40 cm 2) were also studied on making the
paper samples. The papers were tested for their physical and mechanical
properties. The optimal cooking time and dose of pulp by moist weight found
were 180 min and 300 g of pulp per frame, respectively. The bio-coatings
increased average grammage and thickness of paper, but gave density reduction
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from that of uncoated paper. Coating paper with beeswax–chitosan solution gave
the longest absorbency time, followed in rank order by alginate/gellan gum,
chitosan, beeswax and shellac. The maximum 5.9 kN/m 2 tensile strength was
found for paper coated with beeswax–chitosan solution before hot pressing. On
comparing papers bio-coated before or after hot pressing, no difference was
found in the degradable time with NaAlg/gellan coating, while such difference
was observed with beeswax-chitosan coating. The results suggest beeswax–
chitosan solution as the best among the alternatives tested, for coating paper to
make biodegradable plates.
This study is related to present research because it also deals with using leaves
as biodegradable plate. Further the researchers adopted parts of its scope, method and
procedures which are reflected in Chapter 3.
A study conducted by Batori (2019) entitled “Fruit wastes to biomaterials:
Development of biofilms and 3D objects in a circular economy system” from the
University of Borås, Sweden, revealed that to address the current plastic
pollution problem, the replacement of conventional plastics with bioplastics can
be considered. Although the land use of crop cultivation for bioplastics is still
negligible, there is an increasing interest in the utilization of lignocellulose waste
products for the production of bioplastics. A latest trend in researching sources
for bioplastic production focuses on the use of fruit and vegetable wastes
because of their versatile polysaccharides. Among different fruit wastes, orange
waste and apple pomace have been evaluated as raw materials in this thesis.
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The development of biofilms and 3D objects from the above-mentioned
raw materials via the solution casting and compression molding methods was
investigated. Biocomposites are generally made from a bioplastic matrix and
reinforcement, or a plastic reinforced with natural fibers. In the present study,
pectin was used as a matrix, and cellulosic fibers were used as reinforcement.
Orange waste films had an opaque appearance with a yellowish color and were
very flexible, while the 3D objects had brown color. The films had mechanical
properties comparable with those of commodity plastics, such as 32 to 36 MPa
tensile strength. The films were biodegradable under anaerobic conditions, and
3D objects showed good biodegradability in soil. Grafting of orange waste with
maleic anhydride was performed in order to improve its properties, e.g. the
hydrophilicity of the polysaccharides-based materials. Grafting reduced the
density by 40 % and increased the hydrophobicity compared with unmodified
orange waste. Further improvements included upgrading the film casting method
and incorporating maleic anhydride in the recipe. The lowest amount of
necessary maleic anhydride was determined (0.4 %), and the resulting films had
a smoother and more uniform surface. The original methods were also applied to
apple pomace in order to produce films and 3D objects. Films from apple
pomace had an elongation of 55 %, a twofold increase compared to that of
orange waste films containing maleic anhydride (28 %). Orange waste and apple
pomace were also mixed for 3D object fabrication, achieving the highest strength
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of 5.8 MPa (ratio of 75 to 25, respectively) a threefold increase compared to that
achieved with only orange waste alone (1.8 MPa). The results are promising‚ but
further improvements, e.g. in respect to hydrophilicity and upscaling‚ are needed
for orange waste and apple pomace to develop into raw materials for next-
generation bioplastics.
The study of Batori is related to the present since it also utilized the
cellulose fiber wastes of fruits and vegetables. It also deals with fabrication or
product development through solution casting, compression molding methods
and biodegradability in soil, which also form part in the study’s conduct of the
experiment.
In the study entitled “Leaves as dining plates, food wraps and food
packing material: Importance of renewable resources in Indian culture”
conducted by Kora (2019), stated that the disposable plates made up of plastics
such as polythene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride,
etc. pose health risks due to the release of toxic chemicals; bisphenol A,
melamine, vinyl chloride, and phthalates. The usage of disposable plasticware
not only depletes fossil fuels but also causes microplastics pollution. Thus, thrust
has been shifted to utilization of disposable plates made from plant leaves, which
are renewable, biodegradable, and enriched with antioxidants and medicinal
values.
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This study further reveals that in India, serving food on leaf dining plates is
a long-standing tradition with its own cultural, religious, medicinal, and
socioeconomic significance. The leaf plate stitching is a livelihood activity for
tribal people in Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, and
Telangana states of India. The leaves and leaf plates are used for offering naive
yam to god during worship and distribution of Prasad am to devotees. They are
extensively used for serving food during marriages, religious festivals, community
feasts, etc. The leaves from a vast variety of plants are used as dining plates,
food wraps during steam cooking, grilling and frying of various dishes, and food
packing material in India.
As conclusion, the biodegradable leaf plates have vast potential in
international market, which should meet in terms of quality and design. To
sustain the practice of using leaf plates and discourage plastic plates; necessary
regulations should be imposed by the government and monitored through local
governing bodies. In addition, school children and college students should be
educated and motivated to realize the importance.
The abovementioned research is connected to the present study since
both are highlighting the environmental importance of using leaf plates in the
daily life activities.
Based on the results of the experiments conducted by Cataquis et al
(2016) in the study “Utilization of Indigenous Plants as an Additive for the
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Manufacture of Biodegradable Plastic,” they concluded that bioplastic can be
produced from cassava, taro, and potato starch. Thus, the objectives set was
met. The following are recommendations based on the preceding results and
discussion of the study: The best-operating conditions in producing bioplastic
from cassava starch, taro starch, and potato starch must be identified to improve
the quality of the product and to get rid of the presence of bubbles and formation
of visible layers in some finished products. There is a need to determine the best
or proper way of molding the product in such a way that it will lessen the time of
curing but giving the best quality of the product and to study the effects of adding
a catalyst to increase the rate of curing/drying and quality of bioplastic from
cassava starch, taro starch, and potato starch. Another is to determine some
other important properties of bioplastics from cassava starch, taro starch, and
potato starch such as brittleness, compressive strength, copper wire test, glass
transitions temperature, and biodegradability, and compare them with the
existing bioplastics in the market or petroleum-based bioplastics. It can also be
recommended to study some other ways or processes in making bioplastics from
cassava starch, taro starch, and potato starch such as polylactic acid
fermentation.
Erstwhile experiment supports the researchers’ study in identifying the
appropriate procedures specifically in molding the finish product and in
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determining important properties such as compressive strength and
biodegradability.
Conceptual Paradigm
Independent Variable Dependent Variables

Physical properties of
Procedures could Tania leaves as
best produce biodegradable plate
biodegradable a. thickness
plate made from b. grammage
Tania leaves
c. water absorbency
Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study
The researchers shall follow the above presented model for which the
physical properties of Tania leaves as biodegradable plate such as thickness,
grammage, and water absorbency will depend of the procedures to be identified
that could best produce disposable biodegradable plate.
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Theoretical Framework
Figure 2. Theory Building in Experimental Design Research
This systematic procedure of theory building and testing (Imre Horvath,
2016) proposes to harmonize with the epistemological and methodological
objectives of experimental research. It consists of an exploratory part, which
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includes knowledge aggregation, assumptions on conducting data generation,
and deriving a specific theory, and a confirmative part, which includes
justification, validation and consolidation of the proposed theory.
Hypothesis
This study will test the null hypothesis that states:
Ho: There is no significant difference on the procedures used in making of
Tania leaves biodegradable plate in terms of the physical properties?
Assumption
This study supports the statement that:
The Tania leaves has the potential to be developed as biodegradable
plate.
Definition of Terms
Beeswax. The wax secreted by bees to make honeycombs and used to
make wood polishes and candles.
Bio-coating. A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an
object for decorative, protection or specific technical purposes. Bio-based paints
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consist of a vegetable fraction and can also be made entirely from bio-based
materials such as vegetable oils and natural pigments.
Grammage. In the metric system, the mass per unit area of all types of
paper and paperboard is expressed in terms of grams per square meter (g/m 2).
This quantity is commonly called grammage in both English and French (ISO
536), though printers in most English-speaking countries still refer to the "weight"
of paper.
Micrometer. Also called micron, metric unit of measure for length equal
to 0.001 mm, or about 0.000039 inch. Its symbol is μm. The micrometer is
commonly employed to measure the thickness or diameter of microscopic
objects, such as microorganisms and colloidal particles.
Micropipette. A small and extremely fine-pointed pipette used in making
microinjections. It is pipette for the measurement of minute volumes.
Sodium Hydroxide Solution. Also known as lye and caustic soda, is
an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic
compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−
Vernier caliper. The Vernier calipers found in the laboratory incorporates
a main scale and a sliding Vernier scale which allows readings to the nearest
0.02 mm. This instrument may be used to measure outer dimensions of objects
(using the main jaws), inside dimensions (using the smaller jaws at the top), and
depths (using the stem).
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Water Absorbency. It is a measure of the amount of water absorbed by
the wetted surface of paper and board materials.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology to be used, methods and
procedures to be followed, data gathering procedures, and statistical treatment
applied for accurate data analysis and interpretation.
Research Design
This study will use the experimental design. It tests a hypothesis to
determine cause and effect relationships.
According to courses.lumenlearning.com (2021), experiments are
conducted in order to determine cause-and-effect relationships between defined
variables. In ideal experimental design, the only difference between the
experimental and control groups is whether participants are exposed to the
experimental manipulation. Each group goes through all phases of the
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experiment, but each group will experience a different level of the independent
variable: the experimental group is exposed to the experimental manipulation,
and the control group is not exposed to the experimental manipulation. The
researcher then measures the changes that are produced in the dependent
variable in each group. Once data is collected from both groups, it is analyzed
statistically to determine if there are meaningful differences between the groups.
Tanner (2018) further determined that conducting experimental
research to test theories or construct theoretical explanations requires careful
attention to all details from setting up the lab to developing procedures to
implementing the experiment.
Research Procedures
A. Conduct of the Study
This study was conceptualized through brainstorming and searching
online. The researchers considered environmental issues and concerns in
choosing their title proposals. When the proposed research title was approved
by the panels during the defense, they closely looked for other sources of
information that are related to their approved research title and even consulted
some individuals they believed could help them improve their work, and
eventually would able them to make this research proposal possible for
completion and submission.
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B. Conduct of the Experiment
B.1 Materials and Equipment Used
• Tania leaves found in vacant lots in the researchers’ residence
• pots for boiling
• mesh frame of 20 × 20 cm size to make a paper
• timer and stopwatch
• beeswax
• sodium hydroxide solution (chemical/soda pulping)
• starch solution
• kitchen thermometer
• round shape sizzling plate (alternative hot presser)
• Vernier caliper for thickness measurement
• Weighing scale for grammage
• Micropipette
• Used brown paper bag
B.2 Methods
B.2.1 Procedures No. 1
Raw Material Preparation
1. Tania leaves were cleaned with water to remove dirt and soil particles
before drying at room temperature.
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2. The leaves were cut into small about 5 cm long pieces.
3. These chopped Tania leaves were subjected to chemical pulping (soda
pulping) at 1 to 4 a ratio of Tania leaves (kg wet weight) to 10% sodium
hydroxide solution (L).
4. The Tania leaves were boiled for 120 min to determine the optimum time
for decomposing the leaves to pulp.
5. After that, the pulp was thoroughly washed under running water to remove
the residual chemicals. Then the pulp was squeezed to remove water and
weighted to 250g for paper making.
Making Paper from the Fibrous Pulp
1. The pulp was mixed with a 50 g/L starch solution using a high speed
blender.
2. The blended ingredients were placed on the mesh frame of 20 × 20 cm
size to make a paper sheet.
3. The paper sheet was then sundried for 6 hrs.
4. The paper sheet was cut to 20 × 20 cm to test packaging forming using
sizzling plates as alternative hot pressing machine with high temperature
and pressure at 10 kg for 10 min; this step is later referred to as “hot
pressing”.
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1. Cut out 20cm diameter from the used paper bag as same size with fresh
Tania leaves.
2. Using sizzling plates as alternative hot pressing machine, pre-heat with
high temperature and pressure at 10 kg for 10 seconds.
Raw Material Preparation
1. Steps 1 to 5 were followed as listed in Procedures No 1.
2. Cut out 20cm diameter from the used paper bag as same size with fresh
Tania leaves.
Making Paper from the Fibrous Pulp
1. Each pulp was mixed with a 100 g/L starch solution using a high speed
blender.
2. The blended ingredients were placed on the mesh frame of 20 × 20 cm
size to make a paper sheet.
3. The paper sheet was then sundried for 4 hrs.
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4. The used brown paper was placed first before the sundried paper sheet
mixture and then place on top the fresh Tania leaves - all were cut to
20 × 20 cm to test packaging forming using sizzling plates as alternative
hot pressing machine with high temperature and pressure at 10 kg for
10 min; this step is later referred to as “hot pressing”.
B.3. Preparation of Bio-Coating and Paper Surface Coating
1. Two paper samples out of 4, one for Procedures No. 2 and No. 3 were
coated with beeswax at constant forward speed to ensure wet film
thickness of 250 µm (micrometer).
2. The samples were then air dried for 30 mins.
There were six (6) test pieces of Tania leaves biodegradable plates
produced in the study, two (2) sample plates each from Procedures Nos. 1, 2 and
3, respectively. Two (2) test pieces from Procedures 2 and 3 were applied with
beeswax for comparison.
B.4 Physical Property Testing
1)Thickness and Grammage
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The thickness of the paper was determined using a Vernier caliper. Eight
locations on each sample were measured, and the mean thickness was
determined with an accuracy of ± 0.001 mm.
The grammage of paper was determined according to ISO 536. Whenever
possible, each test piece shall have an area of not less than 500 cm 2 and not
more than 1000 cm2.
Six (6) test pieces were weighted on a balance and masses were
recorded to three significant figures. The grammage in grams per square meter
was calculated as follows:
(1)g=mA×10000
where m is the mass of the test piece (g) and A is the area of the test
piece (cm2).
2) Water Absorbency
The absorbency was measured by placing a paper sample on top of a
cavity. 0.01 cm3 (10 μL) of water was dropped on top of the paper using a
micropipette.
A stopwatch was immediately started when the preset volume of water
was dropped on the paper, and it was stopped when the water droplet was
completely imbibed into the paper.
This test was repeated on each type of sample - with and without beeswax
bio-coating.
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C. Data Gathering Procedures
This experimental study covered actual implementation of the above-cited
design and procedures by strictly following the indicated steps starting to the
preparation of the materials, actual conduct of the experiments, careful
observation and recording of all needed data. After which, findings of the study
were identified by answering the statement of the problem, hypothesis and
assumption. Based on these findings, conclusions were drawn and appropriate
recommendations were identified.
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the data gathered, the results of the analysis and
interpretation of findings. These are presented in tables and figures following the
sequence of the specific research problem regarding the development of Tania
Leaves (Xanthosoma) as Biodegradable Plate with Bio-Coating using Beeswax.
Problem No. 1. What procedure could best produce biodegradable plate
made from Tania leaves?
The figures below show the actual output of the implemented procedures
in each sample experiment.
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Figure 1. Procedures No. 1
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It can be observed in Figure 1 that discoloration happened after sun-
drying and the brittleness of the sample is evident. Procedures No 2, as seen in
Figure 2, best produced the biodegradable plate that requires quick time to
prepare with better appearance and texture. While Procedures No. 3 showed
improvement as illustrated in Figure 2 where the adjustment of the binder
solution from 50g to 100 helped in making the plate more solid. Furthermore,
applying the fresh Tania leaves on top of the sample before it underwent the hot
pressing helped improved its appearance. However, these procedures required
more time in the preparation and produced thicker and heavier plates.
This implies that temperature and adding solutions in Tania leaves should
be carefully studied because this will greatly affect the expected output.
Furthermore, procedures must be sensibly design considering that the bioplastic
components of Tania leaves should be maintained during the process.
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The results of the above-findings supported the experiments conducted by
Cataquis et al (2016) that is to determine some other important properties of
plants in making bio-products such as brittleness and compressive strength.
Problem No. 2. What are the physical properties of Tania leaves as
biodegradable plate in terms of: a) thickness, b) grammage and c) water
absorbency?
Table 1 presents the physical properties of Tania leaves Biodegradable
Plate on each used procedures.
Table 1
Physical Properties of Tania leaves Biodegradable Plate
Procedures Plate Thickness Grammag Water Absorbency

(mm) e 0.01 cm3 (10 μL)
(g)
Absorbency not
1 0.2 95 tested due to failure
to form as plate
No. 1
Absorbency not
2 0.2 95 tested due to failure
to form as plate
No. 2 1 0.1 1 Did Not Absorbed
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with Beeswax
Coating
Did Not Absorbed
2 0.1 1 without Beeswax
Coating
Did Not Absorbed
1 0.4 100 with Beeswax
Coating
No. 3
Did Not Absorbed
2 0.4 100 without Beeswax
Coating
It can be gleaned from the table that Procedures No. 2 produced the
thinnest biodegradable plates with 0.1 mm and has the lightest grammage of only
1g with and without beeswax coating. Both samples in Procedures No. 2 have
stronghold for water absorbency. Procedures No.1 after exposing to the sun for
6 hours produced much thicker plates with 0.2 mm and weighed 95g in both
samples and absorbed the water with or without beeswax coating. The samples
using Procedures No 3. reveal that it formed the thickest plates with 0.4mm and
the heaviest grammage of 100g and absorbed the water with or without beeswax
coating.
The results of the observation and data recording imply that Tania leaves
when subjected to boiling and sun drying, although has combined with a binder
solution, cannot withstand to produce desirable results considering the properties
of brittleness, texture, color or appearance and usability. Further, the bioplastic
component of the Tania leaves really help in the water absorbency of the plates
when not destroyed or over burnt.
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The results supported the conclusion of Lewkittayakorn (2020) in his study,
which revealed that a crucial property of fibrous packaging paper for food is water
resistance, while strength properties are also important.
Problem No. 3. Is there a significant difference on the procedures used in
making of Tania leaves biodegradable plate in terms of the physical
properties?
Based on the presented evidences of the study, it revealed that there is
significant difference on the outputs produced by the three (3) identified
procedures in making of Tania leaves as biodegradable plate in terms of
thickness, grammage and water absorbency.
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary and conclusions derived in the
conduct of the study which is to develop Tania Leaves (Xanthosoma) as
Biodegradable Plate with Bio-Coating Using Beeswax. It also provides
recommendations that can be pursued by researchers who shall conduct related
studies.
The study was conducted in the residence of Quer Aldrene Yanga at Lot 1
Balikatan Village, Barangay Sampaloc, Tanay, Rizal. Experimental research
method was utilized in the study. Pertinent data were obtained through tryout
and re-tryout of identified procedures.
Summary of Findings
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1. What procedure could best produce biodegradable plate made from
Tania leaves?
Discoloration happened after sun-drying and the brittleness of the samples
are evident. Procedures No. 3 showed improvement where the adjustment of the
binder solution from 50g to 100 that helped in making the plate more solid.
Applying the fresh Tania leaves on top of the sample before it underwent the hot
pressing helped improved its appearance. However, these procedures required
more time in the preparation and produced thicker and heavier plates.
Therefore, Procedures No. 2 best produced the biodegradable plate that requires
quick time to prepare with better appearance and texture.
2. What are the physical properties of Tania leaves as biodegradable plate
in terms of: a) thickness, b) grammage and c) water absorbency?
Procedures No. 2 produced the thinnest biodegradable plates with 0.1 mm
and has the lightest grammage of only 1g with and without beeswax coating.
Both samples in Procedures No. 2 have stronghold for water absorbency.
Procedures No.1 after exposing to the sun for 6 hours produced much thicker
plates with 0.2 mm and weighed 95g in both samples and absorbed the water
with or without beeswax coating. The samples using Procedures No 3. reveal
that it formed the thickest plates with 0.4mm and the heaviest grammage of 100g
and absorbed the water with or without beeswax coating.
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Based on the presented evidences of the study, it revealed that there is
significant difference on the outputs produced by the three (3) identified
procedures in making of Tania leaves as biodegradable plate in terms of
thickness, grammage and water absorbency. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected.
Conclusions
Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Among the three (3) identified methods, Procedures No. 3 is the best
method to use in making Tania leaves as biodegradable plate.
2. The findings revealed that water absorbency in Tania leaves
biodegradable plate do not differ with or without beeswax coating as long
as the bioplastic component of the Tania leaves is not destroyed or
burned during the hot pressing process.
3. The results had presented that the thickness and grammage of the Tania
leaves biodegradable plate vary on the method used.
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Recommendations
This study revealed the potential of the Tania leaves (Xanthosoma) as
Biodegradable Plate with Bio-Coating Using Beeswax. Thus, the following
recommendations are hereby presented:
1. Since the potential of Tania leaves as biodegradable plate is proven,
this can be considered by manufacturers in producing eco-friendly
merchandises.
2. Similar study can be done to further improve the procedures and
considered the biodegradability (decomposing time). Hence, to
develop a more durable Tania leaves biodegradable plates.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anh, Nguyen Hoai. (2017). Consumer Buying Behavior Towards Green

Packaging in Finland. Vaasan Ammattkorkeakoulu University of Applied
Science, International Business. Retrieved from:
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161417294.pdf
Bátori, Veronika. (2019). Fruit wastes to biomaterials: Development of biofilms

and 3D objects in a circular economy system. University of Borås,
Sweden. Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery. Retrieved from:
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1270941/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Cataquis, Dale P, et al (2016). Utilization of Indigenous Plants as an Additive for

the Manufacture of Biodegradable Plastic. National University,
Philippines. Retrieved from:
https://www.national-u.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/4-JSTAR3-
Cataquis-et.-al.pdf
courses.lumen.com (updated 2021). Introduction to psychology. Retrieved from:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/outcome-
approaches-to-research/
environ (2017). Retrieved from https://emptechstema2.wixsite.com/environ-

ph/single-post/2017/03/07/top-5-environmental-problems-in-the-
philippines-via-psstph
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LABORATORY SCHOOLS
Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives(GAIA). (2020). Plastic Solutions

Fund. . Retrieved from:
https://www.no-burn.org/wp-content/uploads/Philippine-Policy-Brief-on-
SUPs-Ban-1.pdf
google.com
Guce, Melisa. (2018). Benefits of Using Biodegradable Disposables. Retrieved

from: https://ecogardener.com/blogs/news/benefits-of-using-
biodegradable-disposables
Horvath, Imre. (2016). Theory Building in Experimental Design Research.
Experimental Design Research. Retrieved from:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-33781-4_12
https://simple.wikipedia.org
Krishnadev, Paladugu. (2020). Re: What are the alternatives of plastics?

Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_alternatives_of_plastics/
5e5cb91f4921ee2e155a787d/citation/download.
Lewkittayakorn J, et al. (2020). Biodegradable plates made of pineapple leaf

pulp with biocoatings to improve water resistance. Journal of Materials
Research and Technology, Vol. 9, Issue 3, May-June 2020, pages 5036-
5066. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785419322471
Manner, Harley I. (2011). Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile
for Tannia (Xantosoma spp.).
Santos-Caballero, Adriana. (2018). Re: What are the alternatives of plastics?

Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_alternatives_of_plastics/
5a6b4eed217e201dbd5a049b/citation/download.
Tanner, Kerry. (2018). Experimental Research. Research Methods, Second

Edition. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-
sciences/experimental-research
www.britanicca.com
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Appendix
Pictorials of the Conduct of Study
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Raw Materials Preparation
Grammage, Boiling, Pulping, Blending and Sun Drying
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Hot Pressing
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Sample Outputs
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Physical Properties Testing
CURRCULUM VITAE
QUER ALDRENE MARFIL-YANGA

Lot 1 Balikatan Village
Brgy Sampaloc, Tanay, Rizal
Mobile Number: 09675309857

Email Address : queraldreneyanga@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : August 19, 2006

Age : 15
Place of Birth : Cardona, Rizal
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Christian
Name of Father : Arlen A Yanga
Name of Mother : Lanie M Yanga
Name of Siblings : Mariane Einallen M Yanga
Marielle Elene M Yanga
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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Kindergarten : University of Rizal System

2012-2013
Elementary : University of Rizal System

2013-2018
High School : University of Rizal System

2019-2022
CURRCULUM VITAE
CIVANGEL JAMES GARINTO JUMAO-AS

JP Rizal Ave. Lico Bridge Sampaloc Tanay Rizal
Mobile Number: 09958108982

Email Address: civangeljames@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : October 8, 2005

Age : 16
Place of Birth : Tanay Rizal
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Catholic
Name of Father : Victory Phil A. Jumao-as
Name of Mother : Joann G. Jumao-as
Name of Siblings : Viann G. Jumao-as
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
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Pre School : Greenfield Montessori School

2012-2013
Kindergarten : Greenfield Montessori School

2012-2013
Elementary : Greenfield Montessori School

2013-2018
High School : University of Rizal System

2019-2022
48

Tania Leaves as Biodegradable Plates

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Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM

LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL

TANIA LEAVES (Xanthosoma) AS BIODEGRADABLE PLATE

Presented to the Faculty

of Laboratory High School

University of Rizal System

for the subject

QUER ALDRENE M. YANGA

College of Science and Education

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Nowadays, plastic food packaging is considered a source of

environmental problem wastes, because it takes a very long time to decompose.

decomposing times and renewable character. From this perspective, cellulosic

fibers are preferred over plastics in food packaging as well as in production of

It cannot be denied that concept “green marketing” is trendy in various

industries in different countries. As cited by Anh (2017), the “green marketing”

concept came from discussions based on basis assumption of perspectives

In the Philippines, as cities and provinces develop, its natural resources

feeling this effect.

Improper waste disposal, as one of the top five environmental in the

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soon be transferred to humans. Clogged waterways have a tendency to spill

our garbage management crisis (environ, 2017).

As the government passed different policies and laws in regulating single-

of knowledge that would help the environment.

The study on how Tania leaves (Xanthosoma) can be a potential

biodegradable disposable plate with bio-coating using beeswax is being

reference of future similar researches.

College of Science and Education

Statement of the Problem

2. What are the physical properties of Tania leaves as biodegradable plate in

3. Is there a significant difference on the procedures used in making of Tania

leaves biodegradable plate in terms of the physical properties?

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to identify the most effective procedure in making

biodegradable plate. Different procedures to consider in making Tania leaves as

results though tryouts or tests. The characteristics of Tania leaves as

biodegradable plate will be determined in terms of thickness, grammage and

water absorbency. Description analysis of the characteristics as is stated will be

done during the observation of the experiment.

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Further the degradable time of Tania leaves biodegradable plate will be

study will only be limited on the abovementioned methods and objectives.

Significance of the Study

it significance to look for its potential as biodegradable plate considering on how

the study could help on environmental protection and conservation.

agencies on tourism and on trade and industries to use disposable eating

utensils which are highly environmental friendly that come in biodegradable

hence, encouraging environmental awareness, vulnerability and sustainability.

behavior towards functional green using and packaging had undoubtedly

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more collaborative actions to fight the reduction of using care-free disposed

plastics and other non-biodegradable products and materials.

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are relevant to the present investigation. It also presents conceptual paradigm,

theoretical framework, hypothesis, assumption, and definition of terms

Review of Related Literature

The lateral tubers, or cornels, of Tannia (Xanthosoma spp.) are consumed

1984). Tannia is considered by some to be inferior to Colocasia taro (Smith

leaves can be used for silage.

In English, Xanthosoma species are known as American taro, cocoyam,

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chitosan, beeswax and shellac. The maximum 5.9 kN/m 2 tensile strength was