Lecture Notes on Power Systems 315 – PST711S

Text Book – Elements of Power System Analysis, Fourth Edition – William D

Stevension, Jr.

Note: The prescribed text book will be followed until and unless it is stated otherwise. If
certain material needed to be covered outside of the text book then corresponding
reading materials will be provided by the instructor. The following rules will be expected
or followed in order to execute teaching and learning:

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Chapter 5 – Current and Voltage relations on a Transmission Line

Startup Introductory Note

 Refer to figure 5.1 – Understand phase conductors and ground conductors and
there usage.
 Note: We will develop formulas by which we can calculate voltage, current, and
power at any point on a transmission line provided we know these values at one
point, usually at one end of the line.
  We are going to study effects of the parameters of the line on bus voltages and
flow of power.

5.1 Representation of Lines

Note:

 Line parameters are uniformly distributed. But it will be considered as lumped for
short and medium length transmission lines.
 Our studies will be focused only on balanced three phase systems
 Sending and receiving end voltages are represented by respectively
 Sending and receiving end currents are represented by respectively

Get concepts of

 Short lines, medium lines and long lines – their lengths and how they are
represented by lumped parameters or distributed parameters?
 Parameters in the series and shunt arms of the line
 Figure 5.1 and 5.2
 Representation: z – series impedance per unit length per phase, : y – shunt
admittance per unit length per phase to neutral, l – length of the line, Z = zl – total
series impedance per phase, Y = yl – total shunt admittance per phase to neutral

5.2 The Short Transmission Line

Note:

 No load and full load receiving end voltages are represented by

, , respectively. No load means the receiving end is open
circuited.

Get concepts of:

 Figure 5.4
 Relationship between sending and receiving end currents
 Relationship between sending and receiving end voltages
 Definition of voltage regulation and that of percent voltage regulation
 Relationship between sending end voltage and no-load voltage at the receiving
end
 Figure 5.5
 Effect of load power factor on voltage regulation, while power factor may be
lagging, unity or leading.
  Negative voltage regulation

5.3 The Medium Length Line

Note:

 Series impedance and shunt admittance(s).

Get Concepts of:

 Figure 5.6, which is -representation of medium length transmission line

 Express sending end voltage in terms of receiving end voltage and current
 Express sending end current in terms of receiving end voltage and current
 Find expressions for A B C D constants. Understand their relationships and units
if any.
 Using the above expression figure out how to find no-load receiving end voltage
in terms of sending end voltage
 Voltage regulation

Homework Assignment #5-1:

 Derive A B C D constants for T-represented medium length transmission line

 Derive A B C D constants for the 6 different networks as shown under Table A.6
at the end of the book.

5.4 The Long Transmission Line: Solution of the Differential Equations

Note:

 V and I are the voltage and current respectively at any point (at a distance of x)
on the transmission line.
 Line distance x is measured starting from the receiving end and moving towards
the sending end.
 When x = 0, then V = and I =
 At x = l (length of the line), V = and I =

Get Concept of:

 Representation of long transmission line along with various parameters as shown

in Figure 5.7
 Thoroughly understand expressions 5.12 through 5.24, which will give you and
ultimate expression of how to have a generalized expression for V and I at any
point (at a distance of x) on the transmission line. Be sure on how to solve
differential equations 5.18 and 5.19
  Characteristic impedance
 Propagation constant

5.5 The Long Transmission Line: Interpretation of the Equations

Note:

 Characteristic impedance is a complex quantity with unit of ohms.

 Propagation constant is complex quantity without having any unit

Get Concept of:

 Attenuation constant , which is measured in nepers per unit length

 Phase constant , which is measured in radians per unit length
 Incident voltage and Incident current
 Reflected voltage and reflected current
 Flat line or infinite line
 Typical value for characteristic impedance
 Surge impedance
 Characteristic impedance of lossless lines
 Surge impedance loading (SIL)
 Wavelength and velocity of propagation

5.6 The long Transmission Line: Hyperbolic form of Equations

Note:

 Expressions for sinh , using exponential functions and by using Maclaurin’s

series
 Expressions for cosh , using exponential functions and by using Maclaurin’s
series
 cosh(A+B) = coshA cosB + jsinhAsinB
 sinh(A+B) = sinhAcosB + jcoshAsinB

Get Concepts of:

 A B C D constants of a long transmission line in terms of hyperbolic functions

 Express receiving end voltage and receiving end current in terms of hyperbolic
functions

Examples:

 Thoroughly understand example 5.1

 Example 5.2 – how example 5.1 can be solved using per unit quantities
5.7 The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line

Note:

 Remember nominal- and nominal-T representation of medium length

transmission line
 Use A B C D constants of a long transmission line as found in section 5.6

Get Concepts of:

 Derivation of the series and shunt arms of an equivalent- circuit of a long

transmission line.

Example:

 Thoroughly understand example 5.3

5.8 Power Flow through a Transmission Line

Note:

 Expression of complex power flowing through a line

Get Concepts of:

 Deriving expression for receiving end real power

 Deriving expression for receiving end reactive power
 Figure 5.9
 Figure 5.10
 Effect on the line flows due to the influence of the load power factor
 Maximum flow of the real power
 Figure 5.11 – variation of power circles with changes in sending end voltage
while the receiving end voltage is held constant

5.9 Reactive Compensation of Transmission Lines

Note:

 Compensation can be series compensation and/or shunt compensation

Get Concepts of:

 Series compensation
 Shunt compensation
 Compensation factors
Examples:

 Example 5.4
 Example5.5

Homework Assignments 5-2:

 Solve problems 5.1 through 5.4, 5.17 and 5.18.