11 - TopXI - Infra - Transport Planning PDF

Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners
ZAMPEN BASULTA Chapter
Components of
Infrastructure, Utilities
and Transportation
Sector
Role of Infrastructure
2
Objectives of Infrastructure Planning

• Primary objective: provide adequate base for social and economic
development
• Eliminate current backlogs in the provision of, and access to, social
services
• Upgrade quality of service and facilities to desired standards
a. Reduce vulnerability of community to environmental risks and
disasters
b. Maintain integrity of environment
• Provide adequate support to attain the projected levels of food
self-sufficiency and production targets
• Support the realization of the chosen spatial strategy
3
Infrastructure components
• Transportation –vital link between people,
products, and services
• Utilities –power, water, solid waste

management, irrigation, flood control and
drainage
• Communications –primary requirement of

settlements and other production areas
4
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING

(TRANSPORTATION)
Vital link to between people, products, and services
• Roads
• Length
• Pavement type and condition
• Width
• Volume and type of vehicles (classified volume count)
• Public transportation modes, routes and schedule
• Bridges
• Accident incidence
5
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT SECTOR
a. POWER
 Useful in assessing the demand and supply of energy for the household,
industrial and commercial activities.
a.1 Power Demand/Supply Standards

User Voltage Average Daily Average Daily Consumption/
Requirement Demand Connection
Residential 230 volts 1.2 kw 8.46 kw

Commercial 230 volts 1.5 kw 18.0 kw
Industrial 230 votls 30+ kw 576+ kw
Institutional 230 volts 2.5 kw 264 kwh for hospital
63 kwh for schools
2kwh for street lights
6
a.2 Planning Indicators
• Percentage of Household with Electricity Connection

households with electricity connection are those with power line for their houses
Formula = No. of HHs with Electricity Connection

% of HHs with X 100
Number of Households
Electricity Connection
Data Requirements: No. Of HHs with Electricity Connection

Data Source: Family Income and Expenditure Survey and the Census of
Population and Housing conducted by PSA
Lowest Level of Disaggregation : Municipal
Frequency : Every 3 Years
7
a.2 Planning Indicators

• Energy Consumption per Capita – energy refers to various forms such as
electricity, gasoline and kerosene expressed in barrels of fuel oil equivalent,
consumed by residential , industrial and other uses
Formula
= Total Energy Consumption
Energy consumption
Total Number of Consumers
per capita
Data Requirements: Total Energy Consumption

total number of Consumers
Data Source: Administrative Data System, Dep’t of Energy (DOE)
Frequency : Annual
b. COMMUNICATION
• Provides the population the easy access to information that would have
promote the integration of the population into the mainstream of social and
political activities in a developing society.
b.1 Planning Standards

Manpower and Physical facilities to Population Ratio
• 1 public calling station: Municipality
• 1 letter carrier: 5000 population
• 1 telephone booth: 1500 employees (Industrial)
• 1 post office: 6000 population
• For municipalities without post office, 1 postal circuit for every
Barangay/ Sitio
• 1 telegraphic transfer service per municipality
b.2 Planning Indicators

1. Post Offices/ Stations to population Ratio – Number of population
served by post offices/postal stations
Formula Population
= ____________________________________
Ratio
Total Number of Post Offices/ Postal Station
Data Requirements: No. of Postal Offices and Postal Stations

Population
Data Source: Philippine Postal Corporation
Frequency: Annual
2. Telephone Density – number of Telephone units for residents and

business establishments divided by the population.
Formula Number of Telephone Units

= ____________________________________
Telephone Density Population
Data Requirements: Number of Telephone Units

Population
Data Source: National Telecommunications Office (NTC)
Lowest Level of Disaggregation : Provincial
Frequency: Annual
c. TRANSPORTATION
• Provides the means for the movement of the people, goods, and services within and
beyond the planning area, as a means of revitalizing the areas economy and socio-
cultural life.
c.1 Planning Standards:
1. Road Requirements in terms of road right-of-way:
a. National Roads: minimum right-of-way is 20 meters
b. Provincial Roads: minimum right-of-way is 15 meters
c. Municipal Roads: shall have the right-of-way of no less than 10m
d. Barangay Roads: minimum right-of-way of 10 meters
Road Density and Distance to Roads
e. Road requirements in terms of length :
2.4 km per 1,000 urban population Density Ave. distance Maximum Distance
(km/sq.km.) to Road (km) to Road (km)
1.5 km per 100 hectare of rural area
1.000 0.25 0.50
f. Road Density and Distance to Roads:
0.500 0.50 1.00
0.200 1.25 2.50
0.100 2.50 5.00
0.050 5.00 10.00
0.025 10.00 20.00
• 2. DPWH Design Standards: Roads
AADT Carriageway Shoulder 2 x (m) Pavement type

Width (m)
<201 6.0 - GR
201-350 6.0 1.0 GR
351-550 6.1 2.0 LA
551-750 6.1 2.0 AC
751-1500 6.7 2.5 AC
1501-7000 7.0 2.5 AC/PCC
>7000 2 x 7.0 2.5 AC/PCC
3. BRIDGES
 Reinforced Concrete Desk Girder (RCDG) – Length per span is 8-21 meters; roadway
with – 7.32 meters; sidewalk width – 0.76 meters; loading capacity – MS 18.
 Pre-Stressed Concrete Girder (PSCR) – Length per span is 15-40 meters; roadway
width – 7.32 meters; sidewalk width - 0.76 meter; loading capacity – MS 18.
 Reinforced Concrete Overflow Bridge - length per span is 10-15 meters; roadway
width - 4.0 meters; curb – 0.20 meter.
4. PORTS
TRAFFIC TYPE REQUIRED BERTHING FACILITIES
General Cargo 150 mt/yr/meter of berthing
Bulk Cargo 225 mt/yr/meter of berthing
Liquid Cargo 450 mt/yr/meter of berthing
Vehicles Cargo 4500 mt/yr/meter of berthing
Passenger 100 passengers = 1 metric ton;

15,000 passengers/yr/meter berth
c.2 Planning Indicators:

1. Length of Local Government Roads by Surface Type - the length of local
government roads (in Kilometers) by surface type such as: earth, gravel, asphalt
and concrete.
Data Requirements: Length of Local Government Roads by Surface Type
Data Source: DPWH
Lowest Level Disaggregation : Municipal
Frequency: Annual
2. Percentage of Paved Roads (National, Local)
Formula Length of Roads N a t i o n a l

= _______________________ X 100
% of Paved Roads Total Length of Roads N a t i o n a l
Data Requirements: Number of national paved roads, number of national roads
Number of local paved roads, number of local roads
Data Source: DPWH
Lowest Level Disaggregation : Municipality
Frequency: Annual
3. Urban Road Requirements

- it is an estimation of required road length for an urban locality
Formula:
Current Urban = Urban X Std. Road - Existing
Road Req’t. Population to Pop. Ratio Rd Length
Data Requirements: Total Urban Population, Existing Urban Road Length

The Standard Urban Road to Population Ratio
Data Source: PSA, LGUs, DPWH
Lowest Level Disaggregation : City
Frequency: Annual
4. Rural Road Requirement
- it is an estimation of required road length for a rural area
Formula:
Current Rural = Arable Land X Std. Road - Existing
Road Req’t. Area Area Ratio Rural Rd Length
Data Requirements: Total Arable/ Rural Land Area, Existing Rural Road Length
Standard Rural Road to Arable/Rural Area
Data Source: LGUs, DPWH 16
Lowest Level Disaggregation : Municipality
Frequency: Annual
d. WATER SUPPLY
LEVEL I Point of Service
17
18
d.1 Planning Standards

1. Water Supply System Coverage:
• Level I – 1 : 250 population or 25 Households
• Level II – 1 faucet : 5 Household
• Level III - 1 system : 3,510 households
2. DPWH design standards : Water Supply

• Level I – point source: well or spring serving 15-50 HHs, generally for rural areas
• Level II – Communal Faucets : consist of Level I and a Limited Piped distribution
network faucets serving 4-5 HHs each averaging a total of 100 HHs per system
coverage
• Level III – Individual Connections , system composed of level I plus piped
distribution network and at least one faucets per HH. For urban areas
3. Water Consumption Standards by type of Consumer
• Residential – 5 to 200 liters per capita per day
• Commercial - 1 to 1.3 cubic meters per day per commercial establishment
• Institutional – 2 to 4.5 cubic meters per day per connection
• Industrial – 1 to 3 liters per second per hectare or 85 to 260 cubic meters per day
per hectare
4. NWRB Standard Criterion or Procedure for Water Rights Grant:
• Domestic - 0.0029 liters per second (Ips) per capita

• Commercial - application will examined and approved by NRWD while WD issues
clearance for processing water permit
• Industrial - application shall be examined by NRWD while DENR issues clearance
for processing water permit
• Irrigation - 1.5 Ibs. Per ha. for paddy field (other crops and plants have different
standard values)
• Livestock - 0.00024 Ibs per head for cattle and Swine, 0.0000146 Ibs per head poultry.
• Recreation - 0.6 Ibs per ha. For the planned golf course area
• Fishery - 3.15 and 6.30 Ibs per ha. For prawns in freshwater and bracfish water
respectively, 0.9259 Ibs per ha.
• Hydropower – application shall be examined and approved by NRWB, while NPC issues
Clearance for processing Water Permit
5. Types of Irrigation Projects
a. New Projects
b. Rehabilitation Projects
20
c. Improvement Projects
d.2 Planning Indicators

1. Number of Connections and Average Water Consumption
by Type of consumers
Data Requirements: Total Number of connections by type of consumer

Average water consumption by type of coverage
Data Source: Local Water Districts
Lowest Level Disaggregation : Barangay
Frequency: Annual
2. Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of Water Supply

No. of HHs with Main Source
Formula
of Water Supply
% of HHs with Main = _______________________ X 100
Source of Water Supply
Data Requirements: Number of HHs with Main source of Water Supply
Number of HHs
Data Source: Census of Population and Housing, PSA
Lowest Level Disaggregation : Barangay
21
Frequency: Every 10 years
d.2 Planning Indicators
2. Percentage of Irrigated Area to Total Potential Irrigable Area
Formula Total Irrigated Area

% of Irrigable Area to total = _______________________ X 100
Potential Irrigable area
Potential Irrigable Area
Data Requirements: Total Irrigated Area

Total Potential Irrigable Area
Data Source: National Irrigation Administration
Lowest Level Disaggregation : Provincial
Frequency: Annual
23
TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
ENGR. RODRIGO S. SICAT, MSc, EnP
24
24
Transportation Sector
• a category of companies that provide services moving people, goods, or
the infrastructure to do so.
• The transportation industry group consists of several industries including

air freight and logistics, airlines, marine, road and rail, and transportation
infrastructure. These industries are further broken down into the sub-
industries air freight and logistics, airlines, marine, railroads, trucking,
airport services, highways and rail tracks, and marine ports and services.
• Transportation facilities may include interstate highways, state trunk

highways, county state-aid highways, municipal state-aid routes, county
roads, municipal roads, township roads, railways, transit ways, airports, and
bike and pedestrian ways. Construction of each type of transportation
system results in varying degrees of use.
25
Mode of Transportation
1. Road transportation
• Road infrastructures are large consumers of
space with the lowest level of physical
constraints among transportation modes.
• average operational flexibility as vehicles
can serve several purposes but are rarely
able to move outside roads.
2. Rail transportation
• composed of a traced path on which
wheeled vehicles are bound. In light of
more recent technological
developments, rail transportation also
include monorails and maglev.
• average level of physical constrains
linked to the types of locomotives and a
low gradient is required, particularly for
26
freight.
3. Maritime transportation
• most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo
over long distances. Main maritime routes are
composed of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and
channels.
• has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures are
among the most expensive to build, maintain and
improve. High inventory costs also characterize maritime
transportation.
4. Air transportation
• Air transport constraints are multidimensional and
include the site (a commercial plane needs about
3,300 meters of runway for landing and take off), the
climate, fog and aerial currents.
• recently, air transportation has been accommodating
growing quantities of high value freight and is playing
a growing role in global logistics. 27
5. Intermodal transportation
• Concerns a variety of modes used in
combination so that the respective advantages
of each mode are better exploited.
• Containerization has been a powerful vector of
intermodal integration, enabling maritime and
land transportation modes to more effectively
interconnect.
6. Telecommunications.
• They provide for the "instantaneous" movement of
information (speed of light). Wave transmissions, because of
their limited coverage, often require substations, such as for
cellular phone networks.
• High network costs and low distribution costs characterize
many telecommunication networks, which are linked to the
tertiary and quaternary sectors (stock markets, business to
business information networks, etc.).
28
History of Transportation Planning

•Rise of automobile in the early 20th century
•Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1916, which allocated funds for
roadbuilding
•Rapkin (1954) developed transport and land use study Chicago
Area Transportation Study (1955) began and the standard for future
urban transportation studies. ‣CATS used a basic six-step procedure
pioneered in Detroit: data collection, forecasts, goal formulation,
preparation of network proposals, testing of proposals, and
evaluation of proposals
•Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 ‣ required transportation projects
in urbanized areas of 50,000 or more in population be based on an
urban transportation planning process ‣ provided construction
standards and maximum sizes and weights of vehicles that could
operate on the system
Transportation Planning
The process of understanding, assessing and designing transport
systems to provide for safe and efficient movement of people,
goods, and services in an environmentally responsible manner
It is a way to guide land use and control of growth patterns
Transportation
Activity Patterns Accessibility
Land Use
Transportation Planning is concerned with

SAFETY: reduction of fatalities, injuries, and property damage
due to accidents
EFFICIENCY: optimal allocation of resources in moving
people and goods
ACCESS: provision of enabling technologies and services
to people that need to reach and use opportunities
COMFORT: travel in environments without causing unnecessary
stress and strain due to noise or other factors
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION REDUCTION: elimination of

contaminants in the air, water or soil that are at higher levels than
naturally found and that cause harm to animals, plants and
humans
Contributors of Transport Planning

PEOPLE CONTRIBUTION
Robert Garin & Robert Garin-Ira Lowry Metropolitan Transport Planning
Model (1964)
Ira Lowry
Homer Hoyt ‣ Mono-Centric Star Model ideal transport plan of a unicentric
city with multiple “rings of mobility”, “land use follows
transport same way as population follows roads”
Peter Calthorpe ‣ Advanced the concept of (TOD) as a model of urban and

suburban growth and as an environmental approach to
community development and urban design and wrote “The
Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the
American Dream” (1993) and co-founder of the Congress for
New Urbanism
Wesley Mitchell Penn-Jersey growth model
Rapkin Transport is a function of land use
Eugene Henard ‣ Gyratory traffic scheme in Paris (1906) should be 8 meters in

diameter and awarded the 1st French gyratory
SIMPLIFIED URBAN TRANSPORTATION

PLANNING PROCESS
Data Collection & Analysis
Forecasting
Goal Formulation Plan Formulation
Plan Testing
Plan Evaluation and Selection
Preparation of Implementation Program

SOURCE: Prof. Primitivo C. Cal, PhD, CE, TE, EnP, Atty. at Law
A. Purposes of Data Collection

Preparation of land use, transport and travel inventories of the study area
Analysis of present land use and travel characteristics
B. Subject matters to be forecast

Factors affecting travel, Transportation model parameters
and Funds available for transportation
C. Formulation of Vision, Goals & Objectives

Formulation criteria:
• Efficiency and economy
• Level of service
• Consumer choice and democracy
• Social equity and justice
• Environmental concerns
• Safety & Security
D. Plan Formulation
Alternative land use and transportation plans are formulated to meet urban
growth & future travel demand consistent with the goals and objectives
E. Plan Testing
The performance of each alternative plan is determined using a
transportation planning model. Its output is used in the plan evaluation stage.
F. Plan Evaluation
• To provide the basis for adjusting a plan or review of goals and
objectives
• To provide the needed information for the selection of preferred
plan
TRANSPORTATION MODEL
LAND USE
TRIP GENERATION
TRANSPORTATION TRIP DISTRIBUTION

NETWORKS
MODAL SPLIT
TRIP ASSIGNMENT
SOURCE: Prof. Primitivo C. Cal, PhD, CE, TE, EnP, Atty. at Law
Trip Generation
•How many person-trips? HOME SHOP
•Trip: one-way movement from a point
of origin to a point of destination
WORK
Trip Distribution
Entry & exit points, existing and planned roads possible
ingress/egress routes to/from major directions
Modal Split
•What mode of transport are

they using?
•Analyzes the mode of

transport being used
Trip Assignment
•The modeling stage that places the O-D flows for each mode on the
specific routes of travel through the respective model networks
•Trip distribution and assignment of site traffic on the transportation system
O-D Matrix
•Nodes representing zonal centroids are being paired by a link to
represent an Origin-Destination (O-D) pair
•Links of varying thickness and colors represent values of person trips
coming from one zone going to another
39
Capacity Analysis
a. Road Hierarchy and Capacity

• Road Hierarchy By Function Arterial, Collector, Distributor and Capillary
• Road Hierarchy by Administrative Category Primary/National Highway,
Secondary Road (Provincial/inter-LGU) and Local (City/Municipal Streets)
ROAD NETWORKS
a. Simple Cross Section of an urban street
b. Typical 2-lane National Highway
41
b. Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA)

• aims to identify the traffic impacts of a particular development project,
assess and analyze these impacts and identify mitigating measures to
address these impacts
TIA is required:
 When proposed development size Development Type Size Threshold Values
has magnitude equal or exceeding Residential 100 dwelling units
threshold value
Educational 2,500 square meters (GFA)
 Traffic generation: new number of
vehicle trips during peak hours > Office Building 1,575 square meters (GFA)
100 Motor Vehicle Department 540 square meters (GFA)
 Significantly-sized projects
Commercial 810 square meters (GFA)
 Modifications to public roadway
 High traffic impact area (high Fast Food 200 square meters (GFA)
congestion, high accident prone) Gasoline Station 100 square meters (GFA)
 Parking deficiency
 Zoning applications invoking Recreational Facilities 2,150 square meters (GFA)
Deviation Clause Industrial 8,600 square meters (GFA)
(Exception/Variance)
Hotel 170 rooms
 Re-classification: when a change in
land use is intended Medical 85 beds
43
c. Passenger Car Units (PCU)

•Traffic volume is usually expressed in PCU
•PCU: vehicle unit for expressing highway
capacity
•High PCU: peak of traffic
Type PCU Value

Car 1.0
Jeepney 1.4 or 1.5
Bus 2.2 or 2.5
Truck 2.2
Tricycle 0.75
motorcycle 0.25
Mitigating Traffic Congestion

•Issues on traffic congestion can be categorized into:
a. Technical and Physical
b. Administrative and Enforcement
c. LGU/Barangay concerns
d. Travel Demand Management (TDM) schemes
e. Land Use Controls Traffic Management Schemes or Transport System
Management (TSM)
Traffic
Management
Application of Four E’s:

TDM: Traffic Constraint Techniques

1. Traffic restriction in residential areas
2. Odd and even numbers
3. Planned congestion
4. Tolls at particular barriers to movement
5. Traffic cell system
6. Auto-restricted CBD
7. Area-licensing
8. Vehicular ownership restraints
9. User taxes
10. Cordon toll gates
TDM: Peak-Period Dispersion Techniques

• Staggered working hours
• Shortened work week
• Flextime working hours
TDM: Ride-Sharing Techniques

• Van Pooling
• Bus Pooling
• Ride-sharing programs
• Car Pooling
TDM: Parking Control Techniques

 On-street parking restriction
 Parking meters management (on-street parking pricing)
 Parking control strategies supporting traffic restrain in CBD
 Residential parking restriction parking program
 Park and ride
 Remote parking
 Differential parking
 Parking taxes
 Control of parking fee for private car park
 Parking restriction through wheel-clamping
TDM: Land Use Controls

 Integration of land use and transportation system
 Preservation of Urban Environment and Historical Facilities
 Promotion of Open
 Land Use Zoning
 New Towns
 Floor Area Ration (FAR) Control
 Establishment of Density Cap
 Relocation of freight terminals
 Removal of intercity bus terminal
 Removal of schools to outside of the city center
Transportation System Management (TSM)

 consist of strategies to improve the efficiency of transportation system
through operational improvements; thus increasing demand that can be
accommodated by the system
 Non-facility, low-capital cost, and short-range improvement strategies
TSM: Public Transport Improvement Techniques

 With-flow bus lanes
 Contra-flow bus lanes
 Bus-only streets
 Bus ways
 Transport-priority at traffic signal
 Exclusive transit management strategies
 Transit fare
 Combination ticket
 Free fare transit.
 Joint dispatch of city bus (Route-sharing)
TSM: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

 known to be more economical and more efficient than Light Rail if highways
are dedicated to it, and if competitor buses do not operate along arterial
roads
Hard Measures: Improvement of Existing Transportation

Infrastructure
 Road Widening
 Road Pavement
 Rehabilitation of Existing Traffic Control System
 Intersection Channelization
 Rehabilitation of Pavement Markings
Hard Measures: New Transportation

Infrastructure
 Construction of a New Road Network
 Installation of a Traffic Signalization System
 Provision of a Shuttle System
 Development of a Bikeway System
 Development of a Mass Transit System
Transport Policy & Initiatives

• HLURB Standards for Transport Infrastructure
• Parking Requirement in National Building Code and other
Guidelines
HLURB Standards for Transport Infrastructure

Laws & Regulations on Parking

ASSESSMENT OF U-TURN SCHEME
PROPER APPLICATION OF U-TURN

Other Forms of Traffic Restraint
Existing Speed Limits

EDUCATION
ENFORCEMENT
60

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Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners

ZAMPEN BASULTA Chapter

Objectives of Infrastructure Planning

• Utilities –power, water, solid waste

• Communications –primary requirement of

DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING

Vital link to between people, products, and services

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT SECTOR

a.1 Power Demand/Supply Standards

Residential 230 volts 1.2 kw 8.46 kw

a.2 Planning Indicators

• Percentage of Household with Electricity Connection

Formula = No. of HHs with Electricity Connection

Data Requirements: No. Of HHs with Electricity Connection

Lowest Level of Disaggregation : Municipal

Frequency : Every 3 Years

a.2 Planning Indicators

Data Requirements: Total Energy Consumption

Data Source: Administrative Data System, Dep’t of Energy (DOE)

Lowest Level of Disaggregation : Municipal

b.1 Planning Standards

b.2 Planning Indicators

Data Requirements: No. of Postal Offices and Postal Stations

2. Telephone Density – number of Telephone units for residents and

Formula Number of Telephone Units

Data Requirements: Number of Telephone Units

• 2. DPWH Design Standards: Roads

AADT Carriageway Shoulder 2 x (m) Pavement type

Bulk Cargo 225 mt/yr/meter of berthing

Liquid Cargo 450 mt/yr/meter of berthing

Vehicles Cargo 4500 mt/yr/meter of berthing

Passenger 100 passengers = 1 metric ton;

c.2 Planning Indicators:

2. Percentage of Paved Roads (National, Local)

Formula Length of Roads N a t i o n a l

3. Urban Road Requirements

Data Requirements: Total Urban Population, Existing Urban Road Length

LEVEL I Point of Service

d.1 Planning Standards

2. DPWH design standards : Water Supply

4. NWRB Standard Criterion or Procedure for Water Rights Grant:

• Domestic - 0.0029 liters per second (Ips) per capita

d.2 Planning Indicators

Data Requirements: Total Number of connections by type of consumer

2. Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of Water Supply

d.2 Planning Indicators

2. Percentage of Irrigated Area to Total Potential Irrigable Area

Formula Total Irrigated Area

Data Requirements: Total Irrigated Area

• The transportation industry group consists of several industries including

• Transportation facilities may include interstate highways, state trunk

History of Transportation Planning

Activity Patterns Accessibility

Transportation Planning is concerned with

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION REDUCTION: elimination of

Contributors of Transport Planning

Peter Calthorpe ‣ Advanced the concept of (TOD) as a model of urban and

Wesley Mitchell Penn-Jersey growth model

Rapkin Transport is a function of land use

Eugene Henard ‣ Gyratory traffic scheme in Paris (1906) should be 8 meters in

SIMPLIFIED URBAN TRANSPORTATION

Goal Formulation Plan Formulation

Plan Evaluation and Selection