,e;jpa tk;rhtop kf;fis ,yq;ifap rfy mur gjp
jkpoHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;. vdNt ,e;jpaj; jkpoH vd;fpw
TfspYk;> Gs;sptpguj; njhif kjpg;GfspYk; mjpfhu
G+Htkhf ,e;jpaj; jkpoHfs; (Indian Tamils) vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhYk;> ntF[d kl;lj;jp Njhl;lj; jkp
oH> ngUe;Njhl;lj; jkpoH> kiyafj; jkpoH vd;nw
yhk; miof;fg;gLtJz;L. Mq;fpNyaHfs; Muk;gj;
jp $ypfs; vd;Wk;> ,e;jpaf; $ypfs; vd;Wk;> $ypj;
njhopyhsHfs; vd;Wk; gy Mz;Lfshfg; gjpTnra;J
te;jhHfs;. mJNghf ,k;kf;fis ntWg;GzHr;rpkpf;f
ieahz;bAld; fs;sj;Njhzp> tlf;fj;Njahd;> Njhl;lf;
fhl;lhd; vd;nwyhk;$l Vida r%fq;fs; mioj;J
te;jdH.
20-k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jp ,yq;ifap ,e;jpa tk;
rhtop kf;fs; cWjpahfj; jkJ Ntiu ,q;Nf epiyep
Wj;Jk; Ntisfsp ,wq;fpaNghJ Ngupdthjj; jug;gh
dJ mtHfs; jpUk;gpr; nryNtz;ba ‘,e;jpaHfs;’
vd;Nw milahsg;gLj;jpaJ. jiyKiwfshf ,yq;
ifap Nt&d;wptpl;lNghJk;> ,e;jpahTldhd njhlHg
We;Jtpl;lNghJk; $l ‘,e;jpaH’ vd;fpw milahsj;
ijNa ,yq;if muRk;> rpq;fsj; NjrpathjpfSk; je;J
nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. me;j ,e;jpaH vd;fpw milahsk;
mtHfisr; rl;lG+Htkhf ehl;il tpl;Lj; Juj;Jk; tiu
ngupa rpf;fyhf czug;gl;ljpiy. Mdh ,e;jpaH
vd;fpw tiuaiw ,yq;ifg; gpui[ vd;fpw milah
sj;ijg; gwpf;f Kw;gl;ljpypUe;J ‘,e;jpa milahsk;’
jkJ ,Ug;Gf;Nf mr;RWj;jyhFk; xU fhuzpahf khwp
aJ. Njbj; Njb Ntl;ilahbj; Juj;jpg;gpbj;J ehLflj;
jg;gl;l fhyj;jp ,e;jpaH vd;fpw milahsj;ij
kiwf;f glhJghLgl;ldH. gyH jkJ ‘rpfg;Gg; gh];
NghHl;’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,e;jpaf; flTr;rPl;il
kiwj;jdH> Gijj;jdH> mopj;jdH.
,e;jpa milahsj;ijg; NgZtjp ,dp ve;j mHj;j
Kk; fpilahJ. eilKiw ajhHj;jj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L
mijf; iftpLtJ vd;fpw KbTf;F te;jNtis> mtH
fs; mjw;F khw;whf ve;j milahsj;ijj; jkf;Fr; R+l;
bf;nfhs;tJ vd;fpw rpf;fiy vjpHnfhz;ldH. ,yq;if
ap jkpoH vd;fpw milahsj;Jf;F cupatHfshf Vw;
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
nfdNt tlf;F> fpof;fp ngUthupahf thOk; G+HtPfj;
gjj;Jf;F khw;Wg; gjkhf ,yq;ifj; jkpoH vd;fpw
gjj;ijNa Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhH
fs;.
Mdh Gs;sptpguq;fspd;gb kiyafg; gFjpfsp
tho;e;J te;j jkpoHfis ,e;jpaj; jkpoH vd;Nw gjpT
nra;ag;gl;L te;jJ.
1960-fsp kiyafj;jp epkpHe;j ntF[d vOr;rpf;F
,yf;fpak; Kf;fpa fhuzpahf ,Ue;jJ. me;j ,yf;fp
ar; nraw;ghl;Lj; jsk;jhd; ‘kiyafk;’ vd;fpw Gjpa
,d milahsj;ijAk;> murpa fsj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jp
aJ. mjidj; njhlHe;J ,e;jpaj; jkpoH> ,yq;ifj;
jkpoH vd;fpw gjj;Jf;F khw;whf ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH
jk;ik ‘kiyafj; jkpoH’ vd;fpw ngaiu ,d milah
sj;Jf;fhd ngauhf miof;fj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;. fhyg;
Nghf;fp mij Vida murpa rf;jpfSk; cs;thq;
fpf;nfhz;ldH.
mur mq;fPfhuj;Jf;fhf:
,d;W ,yq;ifap RkhH 17 ,yl;rk; rdj;njhifiaf;
nfhz;L> ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH xU jdpahdJk;> ehd;
fhtJkhd Njrpa ,dkhfTk; tsHr;rp ngw;wpUf;fpwhH
fs;. mtHfs; jdpahd nkhop> fiy> fyhrhuj;ijAk;
nfhz;L> ehlshtpauPjpap gue;J tho;e;jhYk; kj;jpa
kiyehl;b nrwpthf tho;e;JtUk; xU jdpahd
Njrpa ,dk; vd;w czHitg; ngw;wpUf;fpwhHfs;. mtH
fs; xU jdpahd Njrpa ,dk; vd;W $wpf;nfhs;s v
yhj; jFjpfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W epr;rakhff; $wKb
Ak;.
2015-k; Mz;lstp Gjpa ‘eyhl;rp’ murhq;fk; mur
mjpfhug; gfpHT thapyhf ,dq;fspd; cupikfSf;F
mq;fPfhuk; mspg;gjhfTk;> Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpidf;fhd
jPHT fhz;gjw;fhfTk; murpa mikg;Gf;F Clhf rPH
jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;nfdg; Gjpa murpayikg;G
xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F Kide;jJ. mjw;fhf murhq;
- 19 -

fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l rfy jug;gpduplkpUe;Jk; vOj;J%y
MNyhridfisf; NfhupapUe;jJ. gNtW mikg;Gf
Sk; fl;rpfSk; jkJ MNyhridfisr; rkHg;gpj;jd.
kiyafj; jug;gpYk; murpa epHthf tplaq;fs;> cup
ikg; gpur;rpidfs;> ftp kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk;> fhzp> tPl;
Lupik Nghd;wd njhlHghf MNyhridfs; Kd;itf;
fg;gl;ld. mg;NghJ kiyaf rpNu~;l rl;lj;juzp
,. jk;igah jiyikapyhd rl;lj;juzpfs; xd;wp
ize;J xU Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itj;jdH.
‘kiyafk; cs;slq;fshf ,yq;ifapd; vg;ghfj;jpYk;
trpf;fpd;w ,e;jpa tk;rhtopj; jkpoHfs; midtUk;
kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fs; vd;w tiutpyf;fzj;Jf;Fs;
nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> mtHfs; xU jdp
ahd Njrpa ,dkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mtH
fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l vyh Mtzq;fspYk; mtHfs; ,e;
jj; jiyg;gpd; fPNoNa (Upcountry Tamil People) Rl;bf;
fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.’ vd;wdH.
mJ kl;Lkd;wp ,jid xU ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lkhf tb
tikj;Jg; ghuhSkd;wp rkHg;gpj;Jr; rl;l mq;fPfhuj;
ijj; juNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; NfhupdH.
‘kiyafj; jkpoH’ vd;fpw milahsk; ,yq;if tho;
,e;jpa tk;rhtopj; jkpoHfis ,izg;gijtpl ‘,e;jp
aj; jkpoHfs;’ vd;fpw gjk; epr;rak; ,izf;fpwJ. ,d;
ndhU tifap nrhyg;Nghdh kiyafj;jtH vd;
fpw gjk; czHT G+Htkhf ,izg;gijtpl ‘,e;jpa
tk;rhtop’ vd;w gjk; mbg;gil tpQ;QhdG+Htkhd
ajhHj;j milahsj;ij czHTG+Htkhff; nfhLf;fp
wJ. Mdh kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap thOk; gyH ‘,e;
jpa tk;rhtop’ vd;fpw gjj;ijf; iftpl;L gy fhykh
fpwJ. mijj; njhlHe;Jk; Rkf;fj; jahUkpiy.
,jw;F khw;W vd;d vd;gNj Nfs;tp.
,yq;if tho; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH midtUf;Fk;
‘kiyaf’ milahsj;ijf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
kiyafj;jp ,Ue;J tUk; FufNsad;wp mjw;F
ntspap ,Ue;J tUk; Kd;nkhopTfs; my. kiyaf
milahsj;ij Kd;nkhopAk; gpuptpdH $l mjidj;
jpzpg;gjhff; $Wfpd;w fhuzq;fs; mgj;jkhdit.
vOj;jhsH rlNfhgd; jdJ fl;Liunahd;wp $Wk;
NghJ,
- 20 -
‘kiyafj; jkpoHfs; Kjyp te;J fhgjpj;j ,lk;
‘fz;br; rPik’ vd;w kiyafk; jhd;. mq;Fjhd; mtH
fs; fle;j 200 tUlq;fshfr; nrwpe;J tho;fpwhHfs;.
kiyafk; vd;gJ ,tHfsJ jhafk;. mjd; gpd;dNu
jj;jkJ Ntiyfspd; epkpj;jk; mtHfs; NtW ,lq;f
Sf;Fr; nrd;whHfs;. vdNt NtW gpuNjrq;fsp tho;g
tHfs; $l jk;ik kiyafj;Jld; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.’
,jid xU jHf;fj;Jf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;lh $l ,e;
jpa tk;rhtopapdH Kjyp te;jJ fz;bf;fy. mtH
fs; nfhOk;Gg; ghij mikg;gjw;fhff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;
lJ ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; Kd;duhFk;.
NkYk; kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap thOk; ,e;jpa tk;rht
opapdH midtUk; Ntiyapd; epkpj;jk; NtW ,lq;f
Sf;Fr; nrd;wtHfs; vd;W $WtJ mLj;j mgj;jk;.
kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap thOk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapd
upd; tUif G+HtPfk; tho;tpa topj;jlk; gw;wpa ntF
[d mwpahikf;F murpa jiyikfs; kl;Lky ,j;
jifa vOj;jhsHfSk; ,yf;fpathjpfSk; $l xU
tifap fhuzk;.
NkYk; rlNfhgd; $WtjhtJ,
‘...,jp Kf;fpakhdJ vd;dntd;wh ,J xU Gtpap
a uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL my. ,J XH murpa uPjp
ahd Nfhl;ghL myJ vz;zf; fUj;jhff; fUjg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. kiyafj;jp thohj tlf;Ff; fpof;F> tT
dpah> kd;dhH> Ke;j> FUzhf> fSj;Jiw> khj;
jiw Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fsp tho;gtHfs;$l kiya
fj;ijj; jkJ NtHg; (Root) gpuNjrkhf mq;fPfupj;J
,jp ,ize;J nfhs;s Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;...’ vd;fpwhH.
rpyNtis kiyafj;jpypUe;J Ntiyepkpj;jk; ,lk;ng
aHe;jtHfSk;> rpyNtis fytuq;fspd; NghJ ,lk;ng
aHe;jtHfSk; $l mtH $Wfpd;w vz;zf;fUTf;Fg;
nghUe;jyhk;. Mdh E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; Kd;dH ,yq;
iff;F Ntiyapd; epkpj;jk; tUk;NghNj ,yq;ifapd;
gNtW gpuNjrq;fsp FbakHe;Jtpl;l kiyafj;Jld;
njhlHgw;w kf;fSf;F ve;jsT nghUe;Jk; vd;gij rpe;
jpf;fj; jahuw;wtHfshf cs;shHfs;.
rlNfhgd; ntWk; cjhuzk;jhd;. ,yq;if - ,e;jpa
tk;rhtopapdupd; gd;Kf topj;Njhd;wiyAk;> gd;Kf
topj;jlj;ijAk;> gd;Kf milahsr; rpf;ffisAk;>
gd;Kfj; NjitfisAk;> gd;Kf mgpyhirfisAk;
fl;Lilj;Jg; ghHf;fj; jtWtjd; tpisTjhd; ,it.
,yq;ifap ngUk;ghd;ikthjj;Jf;F mfg;gl;l eRq;
fpg;Nghd kf;fsp ehKk; Kf;fpa mq;fk; jhd;. mg;gb
,Uf;ifap rpWghd;ikf;Fs;Sk; rpWghd;ikahf Mfp
apUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU gpuptpduplk; ngUk;ghd;ikthjj;
ijg; gpuNahfpg;gJ vd;d jhHkPfk;? mtHfspd; mgpyh
irfis mwpa ,Jtiu ,tHfs; Nkw;nfhz;l mf;
fiw jhd; vd;d? gpuf;iQ jhd; vd;d?.
cynfq;Fk; nfhz;L nryg;gl;l ,e;jpaj; njhopyh
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
sHfs; me;je;j ehLfsp me;je;j ehl;Lg; ngaHfis
milnkhopahff; nfhz;L miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. kNy
rpaj; jkpoH> rpq;fg;G+Hj; jkpoH> nkhuPrpa];j; jkpoH>
myJ kNyrpa ,e;jpaH vd;Nwh> rpq;fg;G+H ,e;jpaH
vd;Nwh> njd;dhgpupf;f ,e;jpaH vd;Nwh ,d;Wk; miof;
fg;gLfpd;wdH vd;gijAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;F ntspap thOk;
,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH:
,yq;iff;F ,e;jpahtp ,Ue;J $ypj;njhopyhsHfs;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lNghJ ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw Muk;gpf;fg;
glhj fhyfl;lk;. Muk;gj;jp te;j ,e;jpa tk;rhtopap
dH kj;jpa kiyehl;Lf;F ntspap gNtW njhopf
Sf;fhf te;jtHfs; jhd;.
Muk;gj;jp ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ngUthupahd jkpoHfs;
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSf;fhff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhHfs;.
Fwpg;ghf ehlshtpa uPjpap fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSf;fhf
mtHfs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhHfs;. ghijfis mikj;
j> ghijfis nrg;gdpLj> kiyfisf; File;J
ghijfisAk;> FiffisAk; mikj;j kl;Lkd;wp
,yq;ifapd; gy gpuNjrq;fsp cs;s murH fhyj;jp
fl;lg;gl;l goik tha;e;j Fsq;fis kPs; fl;Lkhdk;
nra;tjw;Fk; ,tHfs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhHfs;. ,yq;
iff;F ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdupd; Kj tUif ngUe;
Njhl;lj;Jiwf;fhf my. kj;jpa kiyehl;Lf;Fk;
my. 1823-Yk; my. khwhf Kj tUif ghij
nrg;gdpLtjw;fhf 1817- nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhHfs;. mjd;
gpd; Nkw;gbf; fl;Lkhdj; njhopfSf;fhff; nfhz;Lt
ug;gl;lhHfs;. mt;thW nfhz;Ltug;gl;ltHfs; kj;jpa
kiyehl;b jq;f itf;fg;glTk; ,iy. khwhf mtH
fs; gzpGupe;j gpuNjrq;fspNyNa FbapUj;jg;gl;lhHfs;.
gpw;fhyj;jp ,yq;ifap cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; tp];
jupf;fg;gl;l NghJ> efuRj;jpj; njhopYf;fhfj; jkpofj;jp
ypUe;J Vuhskhd mUe;jjpaHfs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L
,yq;ifapd; ehlshtpa uPjpap rfy efuq;fspYk;
Nkhrkhd Nrupf; FbapUg;Gfsp FbapUj;jg;gl;L
Ntiythq;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ,d;Wk; ,yq;ifap rfy ef
uq;fspYk; ,tHfs; E}w;whz;lhf efuRj;jpj; njhopyhsH
FbapUg;Gfsp tho;e;J tUfpwhHfs;.
mJ kl;Lkd;wp nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;ij Mq;fpNyaH
fs; tpupthf;fpa NghJ Mapuf;fzf;fhd jkpoHfSk;>
kiyahspfSk; nfhOk;Gf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhHfs;.
Fwpg;ghff; nfhr;rpf;fil> nfhl;lhQ;Nrid cs;spl;l
nfhOk;G tlf;Fg; gFjpap thOk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopj;
jkpoHfs; ,tHfs;jhd;.
jkpo;f; $ypfs; rpaNd Nfhwisiaj; (Siyane Korale)
jtpu (Fiwe;jstpdNu ,Ue;j gpuNjrk;) ehl;bd; rfy
gpuNjrq;fspYk; ngUfpdhHfs;.
1911- Nk khfhzk;> njd; khfhzk;> tlNk khfh
zk; Mfpatw;wp khj;jpuk; nkhj;jg; ngUe;Njhl;l kf;f
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
sp RkhH 10 tPjj;jpdH ,Ug;gjhf me;j mwpf;if Gs;
sptpguk; ntspapl;bUf;fpwJ. mjhtJ ngUe;Njhl;lj;J
iwiar; rhuhjtHfs; ehL KOtJk; kiyafj;Jf;F
ntspap ,d;ndhU ngUk; vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;b
Ug;ghHfs; vd;gijAk; mwpj Ntz;Lk;.
xg;ghupf; Nfhr;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh mOJ Guz;Nlhba
nrhe;jq;fs; kiyafj;jp ,Ue;J khj;jpuky nfhOk;
gpypUe;Jk;> fSj;JiwapypUe;Jk;> fhypapypUe;Jk;> kl;
lf;fsg;gpypUe;Jk; jhd;.
,uz;lhtJ ngUk;ghd;ik ,dkhfr;
rPdHfs; MfpapUg;ghHfs;:
R+upad; kiwahj rhk;uh[;akhf ,Ue;j gpupj;jhdpaf;
fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; gy ehLfs; ,Ue;jd. rpy ehLf-
sp mtHfs; tUkhdj;Jf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l tptrha
kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSf;fhff; Fiwe;j $ypf;F
Ms; gpbj;jdH. mt;thW rpy ehLfsp Fiwe;j
$ypf;F Ms;gpbf;f KbahjNghJ mtHfs; njupT
nra;j Kf;fpa ,U ehLfs; rPdhTk;> ,e;jpahTk;> ,e;j
,U ehLfsp ,Ue;Jjhd; ngUksT nfhj;jbikfis
Mir thHj;ij fhl;b> Vkhw;wpf; $l;br; nrd;wdH.
fuPgpad; ehLfSf;Fk;> njd;dhg;gpupf;fh> nkhuPrpa];>
gP[pj; jPTfSf;Fk; fUk;Gj; Njhl;lq;fSf;F mioj;Jr;
nryg;gl;ltHfs; ,e;jpaHfs; khj;jpukyH> rPdHfSk;
jhd;. mJNghy ,yq;if> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+H Nghd;w
ehLfspd; Njapiyj; Njhl;lq;fSf;F mioj;Jr; nr
yg;gl;ltHfs; njd;dpe;jpaHfs; kl;Lky> rPdHfSk;
jhd;. kNyrpahtp mq;fpUf;Fk; RNjrpar; rPdHfSf;Fg;
gjpyhf ,e;jpaHfisf; nfhz;L te;jJ Nghy> ,yq;
ifap RNjrpar; rpq;fstHfSf;Fg; gjpyhf njd;dpe;jp
aj; jkpoHfisj; njupT nra;jhHfs;.
mJkl;Lky ,tHfisf; nfhj;jbikfshf epHtfpg;g
njd;wh jkJ nrhe;j kz;zpypUe;J jdpj;Jg; gpLq;fg
l;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gpupl;b\hupd; mZFKiw
ahf ,Ue;jJ. kNyrpahtp rPdHfisj; njupT nra;ah
k ,Ue;jjw;fhd fhuzNk mtHfspd; G+HtPfk; mUfh
ikapNyNa ,Ue;jJ jhd;.
,yq;iff;Fj; njd;dpe;jpahtp myhk rPdhtpypUe;
Jjhd; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;Ff; $ypfis mioj;JtUk;
jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs; Mq;fpNyaHfs;. 1850-
fsp rPdhtpypUe;J xU $ypj; njhopyhsiu thq;f 25
- 21 -

gTz;Lfs; nrytope;j mNjNtis xU ,e;jpaf;
$ypia thq;f 15 gTz;Lfs; NghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jpUf;
fpwJ.
,yq;ifapd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;F <uhz;Lf;F Kd;dHjhd;
1946- Fbrd kjpg;G ntspahdJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfAj;j
neUf;fb fhuzkhf 1941-k; Mz;L vLf;fNtz;ba Fb
rd kjpg;Gj; jhd; ,t;thW Ie;jhz;Lfs; fope;J ntsp
ahdJ. ,e;j mwpf;ifap ,e;jpaj; jkpoHfspd; rdj;
njhif 780>589 vd;W Fwpgplg;gLk; mNjNtis rPdHf
spd; rdj;njhif 497 NgH vd;fpw Fwpg;GfSk; cs;sd.
,tHfs; efuq;fsp rpW filfisAk;> rpw;Wz;br;
rhiyfisAk; elj;jp te;jtHfshfj;jhd; ,Ue;jhHfs;.
fre;j Nfhg;gp nfhj;jbikfs; (Bitter berry Bondage)
E}iy vOjpa nlhNdhtd; nkhl;wpr; (Donovan Mold-
rich) me;j E}yp ,yq;ifap rPdj; njhopyhsHfisf;
nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; Fwpj;Jj;
jdpahd mj;jpahaj;ij vOjpAs;shH. lr;Rf; fhyj;jp
Yk; ,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;l rPdHfisg; gw;wp
Ak; Fwpg;Gfis vOjpAs;s mtH Mq;fpNyaH fhyj;
jp vd;ndd;d gzpfsp mtHfs; mkHj;jgl;bUe;jhH
fs; vd;fpw tpguq;fisAk; jUfpwhH.
19-k; E}w;whz;bd; %Hg; gFjpap fhypf;Nfhl;ilf;F
mUNf rPdHfs; tho;e;j xU rpwpa nfhydp xd;W ,Ue;
jJ vd;Wk; G+e;Njhl;lg; guhkupg;gp tytHfshf
mtHfs; ,Ue;jjh mg;gzpfsp <LgLj;jg;gl;bUe;
jhHfs; vd;Wk; me;E}yp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpa fsj;jp ftHduhf ,Ue;jtH
NrH. nuhgHl; gpuTd;wpf;. (Sir. Robert Brownrigg). Kjyh
tJ ,yq;if nu[pnkd;bd; fg;ldhf ,Ue;j v. b
G~;Nr (Capt. L. De Bussche) ‘fz;b khfhzk; ,e;jr;
nrhHf;fj;jpd; Mrdkhf (‘the scat of paradise’) Mfg;Ngh
tjh mij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fr; rpwe;j njhopyhsHfs;
Njit vd;Wk; mjw;Fj; jpwd;kpf;ftHfshfTk;> mikjp
ahdtHfshfTk; ,Uf;ff;$batHfs; rPdHfNs vd;fpw
fUj;ij Kd; itj;jhH. rPdHfs; rpq;fstHfis tpl
nghUj;jkhdtHfs; vd;Wk; mtH njuptpj;jpUf;fpwhH. Vw;
nfdNt mf; Nfg;ld; [hthtp gzpGupe;j NghJ rPdHf
spd; tpidj;jpwidf; fz;ltH. Mdh MSeH gpuTd;
- 22 -
wpf; mij kWj;Jtpl;lhH. mtUf;Fg; gpd; te;j MSeH
vl;tHl; ghHd;Rk; mf; Nfg;ldpd; Kd;nkhopit Vw;f
tpiy. rPdHfs; rdj;njhifia kl;LNk mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhz;L ,Uf;fg; NghfpwhHfs; vd;gJ mtHfspd; fUj;
jhf ,Ue;jJ.
gpd;dH rPdj; Njapiy ,yq;ifap gapuplj; njhlq;fpa
NghJ Njapiy cw;gj;jpap ifNjHe;j rPdHfis
mjp <LgLj;JtNj rupahdJ vd;fpw fUj;J njhlHr;rp
ahf ciuahlg;gl;lJ. Mdh ,whj;j Njapiy cw;
gj;jp nra;tjw;F 5 gTz;Lfs; tiu nrythfyhk;
vd;W fzpj;jjd; gpd;dH me;j Nahridia nkhup];
NthHk; (Maurice Worms) iftpl;lhH. ,yhgj;ij <l;lf;
fbdk; vd;fpw KbTf;F te;jhHfs;.
nlhupq;ld; (Torrington) MSeuhf te;jNghJ rPdHf
isg; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp tlf;F> tlkj;
jpa> tlNkw;F khfhzq;fsp new;gapHr;nra;ifapYk;
<LgLj;Jtjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis Muhag; gzpj;jhH.
n`hq;fhq;fp ntspAwTj;Jiwr; nrayhsuhf ,Ue;j
N[hd;rd; nlhupq;lDf;F ,J gw;wpa jdJ mgpg;gpuh
aj;ij vOjp mDg;gpapUf;fpwhH. rPdHfisj; njhop
Yf;F mkHj;Jtjp cs;s gpujhdkhd ehd;F fhuzq;
fis mtH mjp Kd;itf;fpwhH.
n ,uz;L %d;W jkpoHfs; (kyghupfs;) cz;Zk;
czit ,uz;Nl ,uz;L rPdHfs; cz;L tpLthH
fs;.
n jkpoHfSf;F mtrpag;glhj Mlk;guj; Njitfs;
rPdHfSf;F ,Uf;fpwJ.
n rPdhtpypUe;J rPdHfis ,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;L
NghFk; nryit murhq;fNkh> Njhl;l cupikahsH
fNsh Vw;f Ntz;btUk;. Mdh njd;dpe;jpaj;
njhopyhsHfs; mtHfspd; nrytpNyNa te;Jtplf;
$batHfs;.
,d;ndhU ehd;fhtJ fhuzj;ijAk; mtH Fwpg;gpLfp
whH. mjhtJ,
n jkJ kidtp Foe;ijfis tpl;Lj; J}uj;Jf;Fr;
nrd;W gzpahw;WtJ rhj;jpakpiy.
rPdHfisf; nfhz;L tuyhkh vd;fpw thjk; njhlHe;Jk;
,Ogwpgl;lJ. mq;fpUe;J Mz;fisf; nfhz;L te;
jh mtHfs; ,yq;ifr; rpq;fsg; ngz;fisj;
jpUkzk; Kbj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,t;thW nra;tjd;
%yk; epue;ju tjptplkhf ,yq;ifia Mf;fpf; nfhs;
thHfs;. rPdHfs; rpq;fstHfis tplTk;> ,e;jpaHfis
tplTk; cl ciog;gp jpwkhdtHfs; vd;Wk; INuhg;
gpaHfis tpl ntg;gj;ijj; jhq;ff;$batHfs; vd;Wk;
upf;]; (C.R. Rigg) gupe;Jiuj;jpUf;fpwhH.
Nfhg;gpg; gapHr;nra;if mNkhfkhf tsuj; njhlq;fpa
NghJ fz;bap ghijfis mikg;gjw;fhfj; ku
Ntiy nra;gtHfs;> nfhj;jdhHfs;> ,Uk;G Ntiy
nra;gtHfs; vd;Nghiur; rPdhtpypUe;J tutiof;fyhk;
vd;W tPjp mikg;gjw;fhd nfhkpl;b (Provincial Road
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
Committee) murhq;fj;jplk; NfhupaJ.
1860- rPdhtpypUe;J fpof;fpe;jpaj; jPTfSf;Fr; rPdH
fis Vw;wpf;nfhz;L KjyhtJ fg;g Gwg;gl;Ltpl;lJ
vd;Wk; Vida ,lq;fSf;Fk; ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsHf
Sf;Fg; gjpyhfr; rPdHfs; mtrpag;gLfpwhHfsh vd;Wk;
The Examiner gj;jpupif Nfs;tp vOg;gpaJ. mg;gj;jpup
iff;F vOjpa Nuht;ld; gtH (Rowdon Power) ‘xU
rPdH jpwikahfTk; tpNtfkhfTk; fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf
,Uf;ff;$batH vd;gjh ,uz;L myJ %d;W
jkpo;j; njhopyhsHfspd; Ntiyia xUtNu nra;af;$b
atH’ vd;whH. China Mail vd;fpw gj;jpupifia Mjhuk;
fhl;b mg;gj;jpupif ntspapl;l XH ml;ltizAk; gpuR
upf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mJtiu rPdhtpypUe;J Vida
Mq;fpNyaf; fhydpj;Jt ehLfSf;Ff; $ypj; njhopyh
sHfshf mDg;gg;gl;ltHfspd; vz;zpf;if mJ.
rPdhtpypUe;J mbikfs;
NghHdpNah 350>000
[hth 125>000
rpq;fg;G+H 50>000
kyhf;fh 30>000
rpahk; 50>000
,e;jpah 5>000
M];jpNuypah 70>000
fypNghHdpah 50>000
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;F ntspap...
md;iwa ,yq;ifap> murhq;fj;Jiwj; njhopyhsHf
Sf;Fg; nghJthfj; jq;Fkplq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
Mdh nfhOk;G kw;Wk; xU rpy ngupa efuq;fisj;
jtpu> njhopyhsHfs; jq;fs; nrhe;jj; jq;Fkplq;fisj;
jhkhfj; Njbf;nfhs;s Neupl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; gpw;fhyj;
jp ,e;j efHg;Gwg; Gyk;ngaHe;j njhopyhsHfSf;F
toq;fg;gl;l Cjpak; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfSf;F toq;
fg;gl;lij tpl mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1900-fspd; Muk;
gj;jp njhopyhsHfs; njhlHghf epYitap ,Ue;j
midj;J xg;ge;jq;fSk; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;ld> NkYk;
1922-k; Mz;bd; ,e;jpaf; FbafTr; rl;lj;jpd; (IEA)
VII gb ,yq;iff;fhd xg;ge;jf; FbNaw;wKiw mq;fP
fhuj;ij ,oe;jJ.
1795-, Mq;fpNyaH tUiff;F Kd;G Kiwahd
muRf; fl;llq;fNsh> Kiwahd rhiyfNsh ,Uf;f
tpiy. nfhOk;G> fhyp> aho;g;ghzk;> khj;jiw> `k;
ghe;Njhl;il kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa ,lq;fsp
,Ue;j fl;llq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; xyhe;jHfsh fl;lg;
gl;l Nfhl;ilfSk; Njthyaq;fSk; jq;Fkplq;fSk;
jhd;. tPjpfs;> Kf;fpa efuq;fSf;F ,ilap kl;LNk
,Ue;jd> mit fhLfs; mfw;wg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l
topfs;. mit twz;l fhyq;fsp fuLKulhd Nghf;F
tuj;jpw;F kl;LNk Vw;wit. Mdh kiof;fhyq;fsp
flf;f Kbahjit. ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ MSeuhd
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
gpnunlupf; NehHj; 1800-k; Mz;L Kf;fpa gFjpfSf;Fr;
Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;jNghJ> mtUld; 160 gyf;F Rkg;
gtHfSk;> 400 njhopyhsHfSk;> ,uz;L ahidfSk;>
MW FjpiufSk;> Ik;gJ fhyhl;gil tPuHfSk; gad;
gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ,j;jidAk; ,d;wp mg;gbg;
gl;l gazk; mtuh rhj;jpag;gltpiy. mjw;F Kd;
dpUe;j NghHj;Jf;Nfa> xyhe;J MSeHfs; $lj;
jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; ,Ue;j fiuNahuj; jsq;fs;
midj;Jf;FNk nrd;W te;jjpiy. mg;gazq;fs;
mt;tsT ,yFthdjhf ,Ue;jjpiy vd;fpw cz;
ikia ek;kh czu KbAk;.
1820-k; Mz;L nyg;bdd;l; n[du N[hd; gpNurH
(Lieut. General John Fraser) jhd; ,e;jg; ghij mikg;
Gg; gzpfisj; njhlq;fpatH. 1841 - 1867-f;Fk; ,ilg;
gl;l fhyj;jp jhd; ,yq;if Kw;wpYk; ,uhZtthj
epHthfj;jpypUe;J tzpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fhydp
ahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dH 1820 Kj 1867 tiu
ahd fhyj;jp RkhH 5000 fp.kP tiuahd rhiyfis
mikj;jjp Nk[H ];fpd;dH ngUk;gq;F tfpj;jpUe;
jhH. ghijfis ,izf;Fk; rpy ghyq;fSk; ,tw;wp
mlq;Fk;.
Kd;Ndhbg;gil:
fhLfisAk; rJg;G epyq;fisAk; fle;J> fbdkhd
kw;Wk; thoKbahj epyg;gug;Gfsp fl;Lkhdj; jpl;lq;
fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F cs;S+Hj; njhopyhsHfs; NghJ
khd msT fpilf;ftpiy. mJ kl;Lkd;wp mtHfs;
Ntiy nra;aTk; tpUk;gtpiy. ,jd; tpisthf> fhy
dpj;Jt murhq;fk; 1821-k; Mz;b ‘Kd;Ndhbj; njhop
yhsH gil’ (Pioneer Labour Force (PLF)) vd;W miof;
fg;gLk; miu ,uhZtkakhf;fg;gl;l xU Jizg;g
ilia cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; ,e;jpahtp ,Ue;J
Gyk;ngaHtij Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd Kd;Kaw;rpfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhf njd;dpe;jp
aj; njhopyhsHfis xg;ge;j mbg;gilap Ml;NrHg;G
nra;tjp gp.v.v/g; <Lgl;lJ. fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp
(EIC) ‘Kd;Ndhbfs;’ (Pioneers) vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
xg;ge;j ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsHfis Ntiyf;F mkHj;jp
aJ. mJtiu ,g;gbahd Jizg;gilahf ‘fh/gpH’fs;
(Kaffir) vd;W miof;fg;gl;l Mg;gpupf;f mbikf
isNa fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdp itj;jpUe;jJ. ‘fh/gpH’fs;
vd;wh ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F flw;fiuap ,Ue;j NghHj;
Jf;Nfa FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l
Mg;gpupf;f mbikfisNa Fwpg;gH. mbik Kiw
xopg;gpd; gpd;dH ‘fh/gpH’fis mbikfshfNt Ngz
Kbahj epiyap ngUksT ,e;jpa $ypj;njhopyh
sHf miu mbikfshf gad;gLj;j tha;j;jhHfs;.
mbikfspd; ,lj;ij ,e;jpaf; nfhj;jbikfisf;
nfhz;L epug;gpdhHfs; vd;W ehk; $w KbAk;.
Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpapd; Muk;g ehl;fsp jpwikahd
njhopyhsHfSf;Fg; ngUk; gw;whf;Fiw ,Ue;jJ.
NkYk; fpilf;ff;$ba njhopyhsHfs; ngUk;ghYk; fb
- 23 -

dkhd khtl;lq;fsp ,j;jifa gzpfspd; f~;lq;
fis mDgtpf;fj; jahuhf ,iy. ,jdhjhd; njd;
dpe;jpahtpypUe;J njhopyhsHfisj; NjHe;njLf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. 1867-k; Mz;b ,e;j ‘Kd;Ndhbg;
gil’ 4000 Ngiuf; nfhz;l tYthd njhopyhsH
Jizg; gilahf ,Ue;jJ. mjd; gpd;dH vz;zpf;if
gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;jJ. 1942- 30>000 fp.kP gpujhd tPjp
fSk;> khl;L tz;bfs; nryf; $ba ghijfSk;>
13>000 fp.kP ePsKs;s ,uap jz;lthsg; ghijfSk;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
etPd ,yq;ifapd; cUthf;fj;jp ,e;jpaj; njhopyh
sHfspd; gq;fhdJ epue;ju tUkhdkPl;Lk; ngUe;Njhl;
lj; Jiwap khj;jpuky> ehlshtpa cl;fl;likg;gpd;
cUthf;fj;jpYk; ngUk;gq;F tfpj;jpUg;gij ehk; cW
jpahf czu Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. MNwO jiyKiwf
shf kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap tho;e;JtUk; ,tHfs;
ekJ Ma;Tf; ftdj;jpw;F vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Mf ,yq;ifap ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH Mq;fpNyaHf
sh Kjd; Kjyp nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ ngUe;Njhl;lj;
Jiwf;Fk; my. kj;jpa kiyehl;Lg; gFjpf;Fk;
my. 1823-Yk; my.
gpw;fhyj;jp Nfhg;gp> nfhf;Nfh> Njapiy> ,wg;gH
Nghd;w gapHr;nra;iff;fhfg; ngUthupj; njhopyhsHfs;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;lNghJ ngUk;ghYk; kj;jpa kiy
ehl;Lg; gFjpap epiynfhs;sr; nra;ag;gl;ljhYk;
mt;tplq;fsp nrwpthf ,Ue;jjhYk; mq;Fjhd; mr;
r%fj;Jf;fhd xd;Wgl;l gz;ghl;ilAk; mgpyhirf
isAk; nfhz;L elj;j Kbe;jJ. njhopw;rq;fq;fspd;
tsHr;rp murpa ,af;fkhf tbntLj;jjpypUe;J rk
ak;> fyhrhuk;> czT> gof;ftof;fk;> nkhopg;
NgZif> mjD}lhf ,e;jpa mbnahw;wpa gz;ghl;
ilg; NgzTk; <w;wp murpa mgpyhirfisAk; cup
ikfisAk; NfhuTk; Kbe;jJ. vdNt mq;Nfjhd; ,e;
jpa tk;rhtopapdUf;fhd jdpj;Jtkhd ,yf;fpak; gpwf;
fTk;> Ngzg;glTk;> nfhz;bOf;fTk; rhjfkhdJ.
Mdh ,e;j kj;jpa kiyehl;Lf;F ntspap tho;e;j
,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdUf;F ,e;j tha;g;G vl;ltpiy.
- 24 -
mtHfs; rpq;fstHfs; nrwpthf tho;e;j gFjpfns
yhk; cjpupfshfg; gue;Jtho Neupl;lJ. Njhl;lg;gFjpf
sp jkJ rkag; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisg; Ngzf;
fpilj;j R+oYk; tha;g;Gk; ,tHfSf;F mNj mstp
,Uf;ftpiy. jkJ njhoprhH cupikfis ntd;nw
Lg;gjw;fhd nghJthd njhopw;rq;fk; ,Uf;ftpiy.
jkJ nghJ murpa mgpyhirfisf; NfhUtjw;fhd
Fiwe;jgl;r murpa jiyik$l ,Uf;ftpiy. gy
,lq;fsp jkJ ftpiaj; njhlHtjw;Fj; jkpo;g; ghl
rhiyfs;$l ,Uf;ftpiy. ,yq;ifapd; njd; khtl;
lq;fspYk; tlNk khfhzj;jpYk;> Nk khfhzj;jp
fSj;Jiw> fk;g`h Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspYk;> Cth>
rg;gpufKth khfhzq;fspd; njd; gFjpfspYk; rpq;fsg;
ghlrhiyap rpq;fs nkhopap ftp fw;Fk; njupTf;
Fj; js;sg;gl;likiar; rhjhuzkhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;s
KbahJ. mg;gpuNjrq;fsp ,d;iwa jiyKiwap
VuhskhNdhH rpq;fstHfis kzKbj;J rpq;fstHfsh
fNt Mfptpl;likf;F ahuplk; Nehf KbAk;. mJ vd;d
mtHfspd; tpUg;gj; njupth? myJ khw;Wj; njuptw;W
epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;l njupth?
mJ kl;Lkd;wp gpu[hTupikr; rl;lq;fSf;Fg; gypahd
tHfs; ,tHfSk;jhd;. kiyehl;Lf;F ntspap tho;e;j
,tHfsp VuhskhdtHfs; NeU - nfhj;jyhty> rpwpkh
- rh];jpup xg;ge;jq;fspd; NghJ ehL flj;jg;gl;lhHfs;.
mr;rl;lq;fs; ehL flj;Jtjw;fhfg; ngaHg; gl;baypl;
Lj; Njbj;Njbj; jpupe;jNghJ gy tUlq;fshf Xb Xb
xspe;J tho;e;jtHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. <w;wp Kbahj
epiyap ruzile;J ,e;jpah jpUk;gpatHfs; ,Uf;fp
whHfs;. 1958> 1977> 1983 Nghd;w fytuq;fsp ,tHf
Sk; jhf;fg;gl;lhHfs;, nfhyg;gl;lhHfs;> nrhj;Jf;
fis ,oe;jhHfs;. jkpo; ehl;Lf;F mfjpfshfj; jpUk;
gpr; nrd;whHfs;.
,e;j vyhr; re;jHg;gq;fspYk; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gFjpf
spd; ,d;dfSf;Ff; fpilj;j ftdaPHg;Gf;$l ,tHf
spd; mtyq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ftpiy. mJNt gpw;fh
yj;jp ,tHfs; gw;wpa gutyhd mwpjYk; ,yq;ifr;
r%fj;jp ,yhJ NghdJ. vg;gb kiyafk; gw;wpa
gpur;rpidfs; Vida ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpdUf;Fg;
Ngha;r; Nrutpiy vd;W fhyhfhykhfg; Gyk;gpte;
NjhNkh> mijtpl Nkhrkhf ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdupd;
,d;ndhU ngUk; gFjpapdH Fwpj;J Vida r%fq;f
Sf;F khj;jpuky kiyehl;Ltho; nrhe;jj; njhg;Gs;
nfhb cwTfs; kj;jpap $lf; ftdaPHg;igg; ngw;w
jpiy vd;fpw frg;ghd cz;ikia Vw;Wnfhs;s vj;
jid NgH ,d;W jahH?
,tHfsp xU gFjpapdH ,yq;ifapNyNa Nkhrkhd
rhjpa mrkj;Jtj;Jf;fhshfpa mUe;jjpaH r%fk;.
kiyafj; Njhl;lq;fsp cs;s yad;fistpl kpfNkhr
khd FbapUg;Gfsp neLq;fhykhf tho;e;J te;jtH
fs;. ,d;Wk;$l mg;gbg; gy ,lq;fs; ehl;b cs;
sd.
ftpawpT> khw;Wj; njhopfs;> r%f ePjp vd;gtw;iw
kpfr; rkPg jrhg;jq;fsp jhd; mtHfsp fzprkhNdhH
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
mDgtpf;fj; njhlq;fpapUf;fpwhHfs;. neLq;fhykhf
murpa jiyikaw;wtHfshf tho;gtHfs;. ,e;jpa
tk;rhtopapdUf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r ve;jr; rYiffSk;
vl;lg;glhjtHfs;. ,yq;iff;fhd ,e;jpaj; J}jufk;
cUthfp ,e;j E}w;whz;Lf; fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; ,e;jpa
tk;rhtopapdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l Mapuf;fzf;fhd Gy
ikg; guprpfsp xd;iwf;$lf; fhzhjtHfs;. ,d;Dk;
nrhyg;Nghdh> ,e;jpaj; J}jufj;jpd; fzf;fp$l
mfg;glhj cjpupfshf tho;e;J te;jtHfs;. rfy ,d;
dfisAk; jhNk Nghuhb vjpHnfhz;L kPz;Lnfhz;b
Ug;gtHfs;.
,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilf;FksTf;F trjpfisNah>
tha;g;GfisNah milahjjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtHfs; r%
fj; jpul;rpahf tho topaw;wtHfshf ,Ue;jik. rpjwp
tho;e;J te;jjh mtHfs; Nguk; NgRk; tYtw;w murp
a mdhijfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. nrwpthd thf;F tq;fp
ahf ,uhjjh gy murpa fl;rpfSk; mtHfisg;
gad;gLj;jptpl;L flg;gtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfNsnahopa>
r%fkhf milahsk; fhztpiy. vdNt murpa
jiyikiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; jpuhzpapyhjtHfshf
tho;e;J te;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
80-fsp ,yq;ifj; njhopyhsH fhq;fpu]; nfhOk;gp
jiyikafk; mikj;J ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdupd; Vf
Nghf mikg;ghf epWt Kaw;rpj;jJ. Mdh kPz;Lk;
Nkkhfhzj; jkpo; thf;Ffs; kiyehl;bypUe;J te;jp
wf;fg;gl;l ,.njh.fh jiytHfSf;Fg; gad;gl;lNjnah
opa Nkkhfhzj;jtHfspd; Neub gpujpepjpfshf mtH
fs; ,Uf;ftpiy. mjd; tpisT ,.njh.fh njhlHe;
Jk; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw kf;fspd; jiyikahf ePbj;
jNj jtpu Nkkhfhz kf;fspd; murpa mgpyhi\
fis milahsk; fz;L jPHf;Fk; mikg;ghf Mf;fpf;
nfhs;stpiy. nryr;rhkp> gp.gp. Njtuh[;> Nahfuh
[d; MfpNahH$l ,k;kf;fspd; Neubg; gpujpepjpfs; m
yH. ,d;Dk; nrhyg;Nghdh nfhOk;G cs;spl;l Nk
khfhzj; jkpo; kf;fspd; Neub gpujpepjpfshfg; ghuh
Skd;wj;Jf;F ,Jtiu tuyhw;wp vtUk; njupT nra;
ag;gl;lJ fpilahJ. kNdh fNzridAk; NrHj;Jj;jhd;
,q;Nf Fwpg;gpLfpNwd;. Mdh mk;kf;fs; jkJ gpujpep
jpfshf mtHfisj; njupT nra;jjd; xNu Nehf;fk; jq;
fspd; murpa jiyikahf ,Ug;ghHfs; vd;fpw ek;
gpf;ifap jhd;.
mtHfs; epr;rak; ,k;kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshf ,Ue;jhH
fs; vd;gjp re;Njfkpiy. Mdh mtHfs; ,k;kf;f
spd; murpa jiyikahfNth> murpa mgpyhi\
fis (rYiffs;> epthuzq;fs;> njhz;L eltbf;if
fs; my) epiwNtw;WgtHfshfNth ,Ue;jhHfsh?
mk;kf;fs; cjpupfshfr; rpjwpapUf;fpw NghJk; jdpj;Jt
khd murpa rf;jpahfTk;> jdpj;Jtkhd murpa mgp
yhi\fisf; nfhz;ltHfshfTk; milahsk; fz;L
mjw;Fupa murpa jpl;lj;Jld; vtUk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhH
fsh. ,iy! khwhf ntWk; thf;F tq;fpahf kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. kNdh fNzrd;
,e;j thf;F tq;fpiaf; ftdkhf milahsk; fz;ltH
fsp xUtH. Muk;gj;jp mtuplk; rpy GupjYk;>
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
Fiwe;jgl;r Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; ,Ue;jij mwpNthk;.
Mdh mtUk; rw;W mfyf;fh itj;J murpa
nra;a Neupl;lJk; ,e;jj; jdpj;Jtkhd gpur;rpidAk;
J}u vwpag;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd;wh mJ kpifahfhJ.
tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh ,yq;ifj; jPT vd;gJ g
NtW milahsq;fisf; nfhz;l> FOkq;fisf;
nfhz;l Njrkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,dj;Jtk;> rhjpj;Jtk;>
kjj;Jtk;> gpuNjrj;Jtk; vd milahsq;fSf;Fs;
milahsq;fshfg; ngUfp> tpupe;JNghapUf;fpd;w Njrk;.
r%f milahsq;fs; vDk;NghJ xd;wp Mjpf;f r%
fk; mjpfhuj;Jtj;Jf;fhfj; jd;id xU Nguilahskhf
Mf;fpf; nfhs;fpwJ. kWGwk; Vida r%fq;fs; Fwpg;
gpl;l milahsj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjhNyNa Mjpf;f
milahsq;fsh mehjuthf Mf;fg;gl;bUf;fpNwhk;
vd;gij czHj;jTk;> <L nra;aTk; jkJ milah
sj;ij mwptpf;f epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,yq;if
ap rpq;fstH> jkpoH> K];ypk;> kiyafk; vd;fpw
ehd;F Njrpa ,dq;fSf;Fs; cs;slq;fhj / cs;slf;
fg;glhj ,d;ndhU ngUthup kf;fs; $l;lnkhd;W Ie;
jhtJ Njrpa ,dk; vd;fpw milahsj;ij epWt epHg;
ge;jpf;fg;gLfpwjh vd;W gfpuq;fkhf ,d;W Nfs;tp
vOg;Gk; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;bUf;fpNwhk;.
,e;jpa tk;rhtop vd;fpw gjj;Jf;F khw;Wg; gjkhf
‘kiyafk;’ vd;fpw gjk; kiyehl;Ltho; ,e;jpa tk;rh
topapdupd; tpUg;ghfTk;> myq;fhukhd gjkhfTk;
,Uf;ff;$Lk;. Mdh mJ xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpa tk;rh
topapdUf;Fk; nghUe;Jfpwjh vd;gNj mbg;gilf;
Nfs;tp. kiyehl;Lf;F ‘kiy’ vd;W nghUe;JfpwJ
vd;W thjj;Jf;F $Wk; NghJ kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap
cs;stHfSf;F ve;j thjj;jh nghUe;JfpwJ?
,jdh ‘kiyafk;’ vd;fpw milahsj;ijNah> gjj;
ijNah kWg;gjhfNth> epuhfupg;gjhfNth vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sj; Njitapiy. 90-fsp kiyaf kf;fs; Kd;
dzp kiyafj; Njrpak;> kiyafj;Jf;fhd Ra epHza
cupik> kiyaf mjpfhu myF vd;nwyhk; Kd;nd
Lj;j Ntis ,e;j milahsk; gw;wpa gpur;rpid vOe;
jJ. ,Wjpap ‘kiyafk;’ vd;fpw milahsj;Jf;Fs;
- 25 -

midj;J ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdiuAk; ,izg;Nghk;
vd;W mtH njuptpj;jhH. mjid eilKiwr; rhj;jpag;
gLj;JtPHfsh? vd;fpw Nfs;tpf;F epr;rakhf Nkw;nfhs;
tjhff; $wpdhH.
md;W njhlf;fk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtop vd;fpw gjj;ijf;
iftpl;Lf; nfhOk;Gtho; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopahd ehDk;
vd;id kiyafj;jtdhfNt milahsg;gLj;jp te;jp
Uf;fpNwd;. Mdh mjp Mdnjhd;Wk; fpilahJ.
vd;id kiyafj;jtdhf vd;idr; rhHe;jtHfs; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhHfNsh vd;dNth> Mdh Fiwe;jgl;rk; kiy
afj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs;$l vd;id kiyafj;jtdhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sTkpiy. NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sTkpiy. ehd;
jhd; mijr; nrhypf;nfhz;L jpupfpNwd; vd;gij
czHe;Jnfhz;Nld;.
mJNghy vOj;Jf;fspYk;$l kiyafk; vd;Nw gad;g
Lj;jp te;jpUf;fpNwd;. kiyafj;Jf;fhd KjyhtJ
,izaj;jsj;ij ‘ekJ kiyafk;’ vd;fpw ngaup
njhlq;fpNdd;. mjd; cs;slf;ff; fdjp fhuzkhfr;
rpwe;j ,izaj;jsj;Jf;fhd [dhjpgjp tpUij 2018-
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jJ ,d;ndhU fij.
kiyaf kf;fs; Kd;dzp Nkw;gb mf;fUj;jhf;fj;ijg;
gyg;gLj;jTk;> gug;gTk; jtwpaJ. ‘kiyafk;’ vd;fpw
milahsj;ij xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdUf;
fhd gjkhf mtHfs; Kd;ndLf;fj; jtwpajd; tpisT
‘kiyafk;’ vd;Wk;> ‘,e;jpa tk;rhtop’ vd;Wk; ,Utpjg;
Nghf;Ffs; njhlHe;Jk; ePbj;jd. kiyafj;Jf;F ntsp
ap thOk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH kiyafj;jpdiu tpl
mjpfkhfj; jk;ik ,yq;ifg; gpui[fs; vd;W gjpT
nra;Jnfhz;lhHfs; vd;W epr;rakhff; $wKbAk;. ,g;
NghJ mtHfisj;jhd; ‘kiyafj;jtH’ vd;W gjpAq;fs;
vd;W $wg;NghfpNwhk;.
,g;NghJ vd;d! 5% tPjj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhf vz;zpf;if
iaf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf ,tHfs; Njitg;gLfpwhHfsh vd;
fpw Nfs;tpia vOg;ghk ,Uf;f Kbatpiy. ,ja
Rj;jpAld; nrhYq;fs;. ,Jtiu kiyaf murpa
epfo;r;rpepuyp NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glhj ,tHfis ,d;W
gpuf;iQahfNt NrHj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhfj;jhd; ,e;j
milahsg; ngaupliy Kd;nkhopfpwPHfsh? ,d;W vz;
zpf;ifia mjpfupj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf milahsg;
ngaH Nfhuf; fps;Sf;fPiuahfg; gad;gLj;jptpl;L mjd;
- 26 -
gpd;dH iftpl vLf;fg;gLk; K];jPgh?
‘,e;jpa tk;rhtop’ vd;fpw gjk; ‘,e;jpa milahsj;
ij’r; Rkf;f itj;Jf;nfhz;bUg;gjh mjid iftpl
yhk; vd;fpw thjj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s gyH jahuhfNt
,Uf;fpwhHfs; vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Vndd;wh mtH
fis ,e;jpaHfshfTk;> ,e;jpa epfo;r;rpepuypd; ‘gpb’ vd;
Wk; rpq;fsg; ngUe;Njrpa rf;jpfs; jkJ murpa tr
jpf;fhfg; gpur;rhuk; nra;J te;jpUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gJ
cz;ikNa. mjw;fhfNt mtHfs; ‘kiyafk;’ vd;fpw
milahsj;ij tpl ‘,yq;ifaH’ vd;fpw milahsg;
gjpitNa njhlug; NghfpwhHfs; vd;gJ vdJ fzpg;G.
kiyafk; myJ ,e;jpa tk;rhtop vd;fpw gjq;fsh
mtHfSf;F Mfg;Nghtnjd;d vd;fpw ajhHj;jf; Nfs;
tpf;F ,jid Kd;ndLg;gtHfs; Nkw;nrhd;d tpguq;f
sp ,Ue;J murpa Gupjiy vl;lNtz;Lk;.
nfhOk;Gtho; ,e;jpa Nkl;Lf;Fbfspd;
Nfhupf;if vd;fpw jpupG:
kiyafj;jp nghJthd xU cstpa Gupj ntF[
dkl;lj;jp fl;likf;fg;gl;L gug;gg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ.
mjhtJ ‘kiyaf kf;fs;’ vd;fpw milahsj;ij
kWj;J ‘,e;jpa’ milahsj;ij typAWj;JgtHfs; ahH
vd;fpw xU GidT fw;gpjkhfg; gug;gg;gl;L ek;gitf;
fg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. nfhOk;gp thOk; ,e;jpaHfs;
vd;NghH:
n caHtHf;f tpahghu tHj;jfHfNs.
n caH rhjp Nkl;Lf;FbapdNu.
n ,e;jpaj; J}jufj;JlDk;> ,e;jpahTlDk; neUf;fkhd
cwitg; Ngzp ,e;jpa eyd;fis mDgtpj;J tUg
tHfNs.
n ,yq;ifap xU fhYk;> ,e;jpahtp xUfhYk;
itj;Jf;nfhz;L ,uz;ilAk; mDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;b
Ug;gtHfNs.
,tHfs; jkJ caHFb eyd;fSf;fhf ‘,e;jpaH’ vd;fpw
milahsj;ij tpl;LnfhLf;fj; jahupiyahk;.
,e;j thjk; xU gj;jhk;grypj;jdkhdJk;> kpFe;j mwp
Tg; gQ;rk; cs;s thjKk; $l. rpyH mwpahikah
,ij Kd;itf;fpwhHfs;. Gj;jp[Ptpfs; vd milahsg;
gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; ,d;Dk; gyNuh mwptjp mf;f
iwNa ,yhk ,jidg; gpur;rhug;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
tUfpd;wdH.
1971 N[.tp.gp fpsHr;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; $l jkJ Ie;J Kf;
fpa tFg;Gfsp xd;whf ,e;jpa tp];jupg;G thjj;jpd;
juFf; $l;lkhf ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdiuf; $wpaJ.
mtHfs; Rl;bf;fhl;baJk; Nkw;gbg; gl;baiyj;jhd;.
me;jg; gl;ba xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdUf;
Fk; vjpuhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mdh N[.tp.gp-apdH
,e;jpa tHj;jf - tpahghur; rf;jpfisj;jhd; Fwpg;gpl;b
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
Ue;jhHfs;. Mdh nfhOk;Gtho; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH
,tHfs; kl;Lk; jhdh? xl;Lnkhj;jf; nfhOk;Gtho; ,e;
jpa tk;rhtopapdup ,tHfspd; tPjk; vd;d?
,d;Wk; nfhOk;Gtho; ciof;Fk; tHf;f ,e;jpa tk;rh
top kf;fis> ,e;jpaj;juF Kjyhspj;Jt Nkl;Lf;Fb
fshf epWt Kw;gLtJk; N[.tp.gp Nghd;w rf;jpfs;
nfhz;bUe;j Kl;lhs;jdkhd mZFKiwNa.
Nkw;gb ‘,e;jpa tk;rhtop’ milahsj;ijg; NgzKid
Ak; rf;jpfs; ,yhkypiy. Mdh mtHfs; vz;
zpf;ifap kpfr; rpWghd;ikapdNu. Mdh kiya
fj;Jf;F ntspap - Fwpg;ghf nfhOk;igr; R+o tho;e;J
tUk; ngUthup ,e;jpa tk;rhtop kf;fs; vd;d gzf;fh
uHfsh? caH rhjpapduh? tpahghu / tHj;jfHfsh? m
yJ ,e;jpaj; njhlHigj;jhd; NgZgtHfsh?
Yk; ve;jj; jkpo;j; jug;Gk; te;J kPl;ljpiy. kpf mup
jhd re;jHg;gq;fis Ntz;Lnkd;wh $wpf;nfhs;s
KbAk;. Mdh xU $l;L murpa gpuf;iQahf mJ
epfo;e;jjpiy. 80-fspd; gpd; ,yq;ifj; njhopyhsH
fhq;fpu]; nfhOk;gp jskikj;Jg; gzpahw;wpaij vt
uhtJ cjhuzj;Jf;Ff; fhl;lf;$Lk;> Mdh mJ $l
xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdiu murpa uPjpap
,izf;fpd;w murpa jpl;lkhf epfotpiy. VNdh
NjHj murpaYf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;w thf;Ftq;fpf;fh
fr; rpy Nritfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gij
cWjpahff; $wKbAk;.
kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap thOk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH
jkf;fhd gz;ghl;ilNah> nkhopiaNah> kuigNah>
mgpyhirfisNah NgZtjw;fhd murpa rf;jpah

epr;rakhf ,iy.

kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap thOk; ,yl;Nrhg ,e;jpa tk;

rhtop kf;fs; rhjhuz ciof;Fk; tHf;fj;jpdH> xLf;
fg;gl;l r%fq;fisr; NrHe;jtHfs;. Fwpg;ghff; nfhOk;
Gtho; kf;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,e;jpaj; njhlHgw;wtH
fs;. ,tHfsp ehlshtpa uPjpap midj;J efuq;fsp
Yk; tho;e;J tUk; mUe;jpaHfSk; mlq;FtH. mij
tpl> nfhOk;G tho; gujtH r%fKk;> kiyahsr; r%f
Kk; $l cs;slq;FtH. ,e;j cz;ikia trjpahf
kiwj;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jHf;fq;fsh kiyafj;Jf;F
vijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f KbAk;?

,e;jpa tk;rhtopapduhf kiyafj;jp ,Ue;j gy mu

rpa gpur;rpidfSk; tho;thjhug; gpur;rpidfSk; ,tH
fSf;Fk; ,Ue;jJ. gpu[hTupikg; gwpg;G> thf;Fupikg;
gwpg;G> ehlw;wtHfshf Mf;fg;gl;lik> ehLflj;Jk; xg;
ge;jq;fspd; %yk; ehL flj;jg;gl;lik> fytuq;fsp
ghjpf;fg;gl;lik> mjd; fhuzkhf mfjpfshdik>
,lk;ngaHT> mfjpfshf ,e;jpah jpUk;gpaik cs;
spl;l gNtW gpur;rpidfis ,tHfSk; mNjastp
vjpHnfhz;ltHfs;.
Nkyjpfkhf> ngUthupr; rpq;fstHfs; tho;e;j gFjpf
sp mq;Nf jkpo;nkhopg; ghlrhiy mw;wepiyAk;>
jkJ rkag; gz;ghl;il tsHj;Jf;nfhs;s topapd;wpAk;
jkf;fhd gz;ghl;ilg; Ngz topapd;wpj; jkJ milah
sj;ij ,oe;J rpq;fstHfshff; fiue;Jtpl;ltHfSk;
fzprkhd vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;.
ngUthup kf;fs; NrupfspYk; KLf;FfspYk; tho;gtH
fs;. Fwpg;ghf murpa uPjpap mehjuthf ePz;lfhyk;
jdpj;J tplg;gl;ltHfs;. NtW topapd;wp rpq;fsg; ngUk;
ghd;ik murpa rf;jpfsp jq;fpapUf;Fk; epiyf;Fj;
js;sg;gl;ltHfs;. kiyaf murpa epfo;r;rpepuyp
,Ue;J neLq;fhykhf mf;fiw fhl;lg;glhjtHfSk;
$l. mjdh Vida r%fq;fSld; fye;Jtpl;ltHfs;.
fzprkhdtHfs; rpq;fstHfshfNt Mfptpl;ltHfs;.
Nkkhfhzj;jp jkpo;g; ghlrhiyfs; %lg;gl;l
NtisapYk;> mjd; trjpfs; Fiwf;fg;gl;l Ntisfsp
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
fNth> r%fj; jpul;rpahfNth ,Uf;fKbahk Nghdjw;
Ff; fhuzq;fs; vd;d? $l;lhfr; r%f rf;jpahfj; jk;
ikj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F murpa jiyikNah>
topelj;Jtjw;F xU murpa jpl;lNkh> epo;r;rpepuNyh
,Ue;jJ fpilahJ vd;gij ‘kiyaf milahsk;’
NfhUk; rf;jpfs; RatpkHrdkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhf Ntz;
Lk;. kiyaf murpayhdJ njhopw;rq;f murpayp
,Ue;J> Njrpa murpaYf;Fg; gupkhw;wk; mile;j fhyj;
jp ,ijr; rupnra;a ,.njh.fh jtwptpl;lJ vd;W jg;gp
tplj;jhd; KbAkh?
rpq;fsj; jug;gpd;
KjyhtJ JNuhfk; njhlq;fpa ,lk;:
xd;iw ,q;F Kf;fpakhf epidtpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
,yq;ifapd; ,dg;gpur;rpid tuyhw;wp KjyhtJ
JNuhfk; vdg; ghHf;fg;gLtJ 1918-k; Mz;L ,yq;if
Njrpa rq;fk; Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ mUzhr;ryj;Jld;
nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jk;. Nkkhfhzj; jkpoHf
Sf;F xU gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijj; jUtjhf xg;Gf;nfhz;L
tpl;L gpd;dH Vkhw;wpa fijiaAk;> mjdh ,yq;
ifj; Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjw; jiytuhd NrH. nghd;.
mUzhr;ryk; mjp ,Ue;J tpyfpa fijiaAk; ehk;
mwpNthk;. me;j Nkkhfhz kf;fs; ahH? ,e;jg; ngU
- 27 -

thup ,e;jpa tk;rhtop kf;fs; md;wp NtW ahH?.
me;jsTf;F E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;dNu ,k;kf;fspd; vjpH
fhyk; gw;wpa rHr;ir murpa fsj;Jf;F te;jpUf;fpwJ.
Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; JNuhfj;NjhL me;j tptfhuKk;
neLq;fhykhf iftplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 2000-k; Mz;Lf
sp ,e;j murpa ,ilntspia epug;gntd te;j
kNdh fNzrdpd; epfo;r;rpepuYk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk;
ntt;NtW murpa epfo;r;rpepuyh kilkhw;wg;gl;ljh
,k;kf;fspd; murpa mg;gbNa ePHj;Jg; NghdJld;
$lNt ,yq;iftho; rfy ,e;jpa tk;rhtop kf;fis
Ak; ,izf;ff; fpilj;j tha;g;Gk; jtwtplg;gl;bUf;fp
wJ.
,d;iwa epiyap Ie;J ,yl;rj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd ,e;
jpa tk;rhtopapdH ,yq;ifaHfshfg; gjpTnra;ag;
gl;L tpl;lhHfs; vd;fpw fUj;ij rkPgj;jp NguhrpupaH
re;jpuNgh]{k; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhH. ,jp ngUthup kf;fs;
epr;rak; kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap tho;gtHfshf
,Uf;f epiwa tha;g;Gz;L. cz;ikjhd; ‘,e;jpa tk;
rhtopapdH’ vd;fpw milahsj;ijr; Rkf;f kiyafj;
Jf;F ntspap thOk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH tpUk;g
tpiy vd;gij vtuplk; ciuahbdhYk; czHe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;. mg;gb mtHfs; js;sg;gl;ljw;F fle;
jfhy ‘ehLflj;j’ gw;wpa mr;rKk; xU fhuzk; vd;
gJ Kf;fpa fhuzk;jhd;. Mdh mNjNtis mtHf
Sf;F ,Ue;j khw;Wj; njupTjhd; vd;d?
‘kiyafj;jtH vd;W mtHfs; Vd; milahsg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;bUf;ff;$lhJ’ vd;W Nfl;Fk; me;j ‘vyhk;
mwpe;j mwpthspfs;’ ahH?
ngUe;Njhl;lj; jkpoHfis kiyafj; jkpoH vd;wh>
kw;wtHfis efuj; jkpoHfs; vd;Wk;> VidNahiuAk;
me;je;jg; gpuNjrj;Jf;Fupa milnkhopAld; miog;
Nghkh vd;W rkPgj;jp xU tiyj;jsj;jp Nfl;fg;gl;b
Ue;j Nfs;tpap cs;s Moj;ijAk; czuNtz;bapUf;
fpwJ.
‘kiyaf kf;fs;’ vd;fpw nrhyhlYf;fhd mHj;jj;ij
kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap thOk; kf;fsplk; tpsf;fp xg;
Gjiyg; ngwl;Lk;. kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap XH Map
uk; Ngupd; xg;Gjiyf;$lg; ngWtJ ,yFty. xU
,d milahsj;ijj; jpzpj;J ntd;wjhf cyfp ve;j
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tuyhWk; ,iy. mg;gb xU Gjpa tuyhw;iw vtuh
Yk; gilj;JtplTk; KbahJ. ntspap Vw;nfdNt jPH
khdpf;fg;gl;l xU milahsj;ij mtHfSf;F R+l;L
tJ mwpTG+Htkhd fhupakh? eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhd
fhupakh? mg;gb nra;tjhf ,Ue;jh$l mjid Vw;
fr; nra;tjw;fhd gbepiy Kaw;rpfs; gytw;iwj;
jhz;l Ntz;Lkyth? ,J vJTkyhk ,d;W Fk;
g ghzpap xU Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
ntF[d xg;Gjyw;w jd;Kidg;gpyhd xU MHtf;Nfh
shW Kaw;rp elf;fpwJ.
njhif kjpg;gpypUe;J ,d milahsk; ePf;fg;glf;$
ba tha;g;G cs;sJ vd;fpw gPjpiaf; fhl;bNa ,e;j
Kaw;rp elf;fpwJ. me;j mr;rk; epahakhdNj. mjw;F
,e;j FWf;Ftop jPHthfptplKbAkh?
‘,e;jpa tk;rhtop’ vd;fpw milahsj;Jf;F xU ‘khw;W’
mtrpak; vd;gJ cz;ikNa. me;j ‘khw;W’ midj;J
kf;fSk; vw;ff;$baJk;> tpQ;QhdG+HtkhdJkhf ,Uj;
j Kd;epge;jid myth?
,yq;ifap ‘jkpoH’ milahsk;> ,e;jpa tk;rhtopj;
jkponud;wh mJ kiyafj;jp cs;stHfs; jhd; vd;
Wk;> ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwf;F te;jtHfs; kl;Lk; jhndd;
Wk; xU fUj;J kpf Mokhfg; gyH kj;jpap Fwpg;ghf
kiyafj; jkpoH kj;jpap gjpa itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
mJ kl;Lkd;wp kiyafj;Jf;F ntspap thOk; ,e;
jpa tk;rhtopapdH vd;NghH tpahghu tHj;jfj;jp <L
gl;LtUk; caH tHf;fj;jpdH vd;Wk;> caHrhjpiar;
NrHe;jtHfs; vd;fpw fUj;Jk; gpur;rhug;gLj;jg; gl;Lte;
jpUf;fpwJ. ,tHfspd; nrhj;Jf;fisg; Ngzpf;nfhz;L
,e;jpahTld; tHj;jf eyd;fis mDgtpj;Jf;nfhz;L
,e;jpahtpdJk;> ,e;jpa caH];jhdpfufj;jpd; rYif-
fis mDgtpg;gjw;fhf mtHfSf;F ,e;jpa milah
sk; Njitg;gLfpwJ vd;fpw fijiaAk; gug;gp tUfp
whHfs;.
,e;jg; GidTfisg; gug;gptUgtHfspd; gj;jhk;grypj;
jdkhd fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,g;NghJ ‘kiyaf milah
s’j; Njl gw;wpa ciuahl jsk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;
Js;sJ.
gpupj;jhdpaf; fhydpj;Jt ehLfSf;F njhopyhsHfshf
mDg;gg;gl;ltHfsp mjpfkhNdhH ,yq;iff;Nf
mDg;gg;gl;lhHfs;.
ehd;F tPjj;Jf;F Fiwe;jjd; fhuzpfs;:
1950-fs; tiu ,uz;lhtJ ngUk;ghd;ik ,dkhf
,Ue;jtHfs; vg;gb ehd;F tPjkhfr; RUq;fp ehd;fhtJ
,lj;Jf;Fj; js;sg;gl;L> XH ,dk; vd;fpw milahsj;
Jf;Fs; mlq;f KbahjtHfshf Mf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;d
zpia ehk; mwpj Ntz;Lk;. mJ jw;nra epfo;
ty.
n gpu[hTupikg; gwpg;NghL thf;FupikAk; gwpNgha;
ehlw;wtHfshfp kPs ehL jpUk;gpatHfs; fzprkh
NdhH.
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
n NeU - nfhj;jyhty> rpwpkh - rh];jpup> rpwpkh - ,e;
jpuh Mfpa xg;ge;jq;fspd; Nguk;NgrfSf;F Clhf
ehL flj;jg;gl;ltHfSk;> ehL jpUk;gpatHfSk;.
n ,df;fytuq;fspd; ghjpg;gh clikfis ,oe;Jk;>
nrhe;jq;fspd; capHfis ,oe;Jk;> ek;gpf;if ,oe;
Jk; jkpo;ehL jpUk;gpatHfs;.
n ,e;j epiyikfspd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpa tk;rhtop
vd;W gjpT nra;ahk ,yq;ifj; jkpoHfshfj; jk;
ikg; gjpT nra;J nfhz;lik.
n ehlshtpa uPjpap Vida r%fq;fNshL fye;J ,e;
jpa tk;rhtop vd;fpw milahsj;ijr; nraw;ifahf
,oe;jik.
n ‘,e;jpa tk;rhtop’ milahsj;ij ePf;fptpl;L ‘,yq;
ifg; gpui[‘ vdg; gjpT nra;Jnfhz;lik.
n Njhl;lg; gFjpfsp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpl;lkpl;l
fUj;jilj; jpl;lq;fsh cUthd nraw;if ,dg;
ngUf;ff; Fiwg;G.
n Fiwe;j tho;thjhu trjpfspd; fhuzkhfTk;>
tWik fhuzkhfTk; jhkhfNt FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL
fisr; nra;J nfhz;L gpwg;G tPjj;ij kl;Lg;gLj;
jpf;nfhz;lik.
fhydpj;Jtf; fhyg;gFjpap ,yq;ifap FbNawpa
kw;Wk; FbNaw;wg;gl;l ,dq;fisAk; NrHj;J Vwj;jhs
Kf;fpakhf ,UgJ ,dq;fs; ,yq;ifap ,d;W
milahsk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. Mdh Fbj;njhiff;
fzf;nfLg;gp XH ,dkhf milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fupa
tiutpyf;fzq;fs; Gjpjhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fp
wJ. ,J njhlHghf mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;Jf;$lhf
(RTI) 27.10.2022 md;W v];. tp[aFkhH NfhupapUe;j
Nfs;tpfSf;F ,yq;ifg; Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;
$lhfj; jpul;b mspf;fg;gl;l gjpfspypUe;J GupjYf;
fhf ,q;Nf tpguq;fisj; juNtz;bapUf;fpwJ.
Gjpa tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; gpufhuk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtop kf;
fs; me;jg; gpujhd gl;bayp ,Ue;J mfw;wg;glf;$
ba Mgj;J ,Ug;gij ,d;W czu KbfpwJ.
1901-k; Mz;L tiu jhk; ve;jj; Njrpa ,dk; (Nation-
ality) vd;gij mwptpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; cupik ,yq;if
kf;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. 1901 Kj 1953 tiuahd fhyg;
gFjpap ‘,dk;’ (Race) vJ vd;gJ gw;wpa tpguq;f
isj; jdpegHfs; mwptpf;f ,aYkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ.
Mdh 1963-ypUe;J ‘,df;FO’ (Ethnic Group) vd;W
milahsg;gLj;Jk; Kiwik mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;
fpwJ.
mNjNtis 1971-Mk; Mz;L Gs;sptpguj; jahupg;gpd;
NghJk; ,dq;fis tifg;gLj;Jk; NghJk; gjpTnra;
Ak; NghJk; mtHfs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w rjtPjq;fisf;
fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ghFgLj;jg;gl;ldH. mJkl;Lkd;wp
me;jj; njhifkjpg;gpd; NghJjhd; Kjw; jlitahf
NtlHfSk;> INuhg;gpaHfSk; ,df;FOf;fs; vd;fpw
milahsj;ij ,oe;jhHfs; vd RTI njuptpf;fpwJ.
jha; tPL • khHr; March 2023
mJkl;Lkd;wp mNj 1971 njhifkjpg;gpd; gpufhuk; Gjp
jhf ,U ,df;FOf;fs; NrHf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ‘guj’
(gujtH)> ‘,yq;ifr; nrl;bfs;’ Mfpa ,U gpuptpdUk;
NrHf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;.
1971- NtlHfSk;> 1963- INuhg;gpaHfSk; ePf;fg;gl;l
jw;F mtHfs; 5% tPj kf;fs; njhifia vl;lhjJjhd;
fhuzk; vd;fpd;wdH. Mdh ,e;j tiuaiwfisr; rH
tNjrf; Fbj;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;Gg; gupe;Jiufspd;
gbAk;> epakq;fspd; gbAk;jhd; Nkw;nfhz;ljhf mtH
fs; njuptpf;fpwhHfs;.
5% tPjj;Jf;Ff; Fiwfpw ,df;FOf;fs; Njrpa ,dk;
vd;fpw milahsj;ij ,oe;J NtW ,dq;fs; (Others)
vd;fpw milahsj;Jf;Fs; js;sg;gl;L tpLfpd;wdH.
,d;iwa ,e;jpa tk;rhtopj; jkpoHfs; vjpHnfhs;Sk;
cldb Mgj;jhd gpur;rpid ,Jjhd;. Gjpa fzf;nf
Lg;Gfspd;NghJ 5% tPjj;Jf;Fk; Fiwthf mtHfs;
fzpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lh mJ mtHfs; jdpnahU ,dkhf
milahsg;gLj;jKbahj epiy Vw;gl;LtpLk;. mJ
mtHfspd; Njrpa milahsj;ijAk; ,yhJ nra;tJ
ld;> mtHfspd; murpa mgpyhirfisAk;> murpa
Nfhupf;iffisAk;> <w;wp murpa ,Ug;igAk; vjpHfh
yj;ijAk; fLikahfg; ghjpf;f tha;g;Gz;L.
murpa uPjpahd fhg;GWjpia ,of;f NeupLk; Mgj;
jpd; tpspk;gp kiyaf kf;fs; ,Ug;gjhjhd; xl;L
nkhj;j ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdiuAk; xNu ,d milah
sj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd Nfhupf;iffs; vOe;
Js;sd.
Mdh mg;gbahd xU Kaw;rp epHg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;g
ilapNyh> cupa kf;fSf;Fj; njupahkNyh> mtHfspd;
fz;fisf; fl;btpl;Nlh Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjp cs;s
Mgj;ij gyUk; czUthH ,iy.
,e;jpa tk;rhtop kf;fspd; milahsg; gpur;rpidf;Fj;
jPHT fhz;gjw;fhd ciuahlfs; mt;tg;NghJ Nkny
OtJk; mg;gbNa mKq;fp tpLtJkhd Nghf;Nf rpy
jrhg;jq;fshfj; njhlHe;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. me;j ciu
ahl gf;fr;rhHghd tpthjq;fSf;Fs;NsNa Rw;wpr;
Rw;wp te;jJ. cWjpahd KbTf;F tUtjhapd; me;j
ciuahl> [dehaf G+HtkhdJk;> xU gd;Kfg;gl;lJ
khd ciuahlyhf tsHj;njLf;fg;gl;L KbTf;F tuh
tpl;lh mJ epr;rak; ntw;wp ngwg;Nghtjpiy vd;
gij cWjpahff; $wp itf;fyhk;. ,J mtutH Ra
,d;gj;ijj; jPHj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ciuahl my.
khwhf rk;ge;jg;gl;l kf;fs; cupa Kiwap ,izj;
Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba ciuahl. tpQ;QhdG+Ht
khfj; jPHf;fNtz;ba gpur;rpid.
sarawanan.n@thaiveedu.com
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