jha;tPL • Xf];l; August 2013 - 66 -

jkpo;j;J}J

fk;gd; xU ngUq;fly;
- jkpo;g;NguwpQH jdpehaf mbfs; -
,t;thz;L cyfk; vy;yhk; gutpapUf;Fk; jkpo; MHtyHfs; jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; E}w;whz;L tpohitf; nfhz;lhb mtiu
epidT $Hfpd;wdu;.
fpwp];Jtg; gzpf;F jd;id xg;Gf;nfhLj;J> gpd; jkpioj; JiwNghff; fw;W> jkpo;nkhopapd; njhd;ikiaAk; nrOikiaAk;
cyfwpar;nra;J> jkpo; Kdptuhf kyHe;jtH jdpehafk; mbfshu;. gl;lq;fs; gyngw;W> gy nkhopfswpe;J> cyfj;jkpo;
Muha;r;rp epWtdj;ij epWtp mHj;jKs;s khehLfis elj;jpj; jkpo; nrOikAwj; Jiz epd;wtu;. Ambassador for Tamil vd
,e;jpag; gj;jphpiffshy; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wtH. ,tH vOjpa Mf;fq;fs;> Ma;Tf;fl;Liufis ,d;iwa jkpo; thrfHfs; vy;NyhUk;
thrpj;Njhu; vd;wpy;iy. fk;gdpd; ngUk; jkpo;g; Gyikf;fhfTk; jkpopd; ,dpikf;fhfTk; jd;idg; gwpnfhLj;jtu; mbfshu;.

jha; tPL thrfHfSf;fhfg; gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd; mtH> fk;gdpd; ftpeak; gw;wp vOjpa fl;Liunahd;iw kPs;gpuRuk; nra;fpd;Nwhk;.

ek; jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;fisg; ngUq;
fly;fshff; $WtJ kughFk;. njhy;fhg;-
gpag; ngUq;fly;Nghy; fk;gehldpd; njhlH
epiyr; nra;ASk; xU ngUq;flyhFk;.
Mz;by; tsu tsu ek; ,yf;fpar; nry;tq;
fisg; gbf;fg;gbf;fj; jkpohpd; gz;ghl;Lr;
rpd;dq;fisr; nry;Yk; ehLfs; NjhWq;
fhzf; fhzj; jkpo; kfd; vj;Jizg;
ngUQ; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F chpikahsdhfg;
gpwf;fpd;whd; vd;gJ tu tu ,d;De; njsp
thfpf; nfhz;L tUfpdw ; J. epidf;Fq;fhy;
jkpio ek; jha;nkhopahfj; je;j ,iwt
Df;F ehk; vj;Jiz ed;wp nrYj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ehk; rPduhfg; gpwe;jpUj;jy; $Lk;:
mnkhpf;fuhfg; gpwe;jpUj;jy; $Lk;. INuhg;
gpauhfg; gpwe;jpUj;jy; $Lk;. ,t;thwp-
Uf;f ,j;jkpo; jpUehl;by; gpwtp ngw;Wj;
jkpo; nkhopapd; jpj;jpf;Fk; ,d;dpiria
ek; ehtpd; euk;Gfshy; kPl;b ,d;Gw;WtUk;
ngUk; Ngw;wpidg; ngw;Ws;NshNk. ,JNt
Njhd;whj;Jiz ekf;F mUspa NguUk;
NgwhFk;.
jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;
cs;s jdpg;ngUQ; rpwg;Gf;fspy; gy;NtW
rka ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fj; jkpo; jha;nkhop
ahf ,Uj;jy; cyfpy; Ntnwe;j nkhopf;Fk;
,y;yhj jdpr;rpwg;G. rk];fpUj nkhop
fPoj
; j
; pir rkaq;fSf;Fg; nghJ nkhopahf
xU fhyk; tpsq;fpw;W. mt;thNw ,yj;jPd;
nkhop Nkw;wpir kiwfSf;F xU fhyk;
nghJ nkhopahf mike;Js;sJ. Mdhy;
,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; ,e;J rkak;> Gj;j
rkak; Nghd;w rkaq;fisg; gw;wpa ,yf;
fpa E}y;fs; ,y;iy. rk];fpUjj;jpy;
fpwp];Jtpd; jpUkiw gw;wpa ,yf;fpa
E}y;fs; mhpJ. jkpopNyh fj;Njhypf;fUk;
GNuhl];lhz;lUk;> Gj;jUk;> rkzUk;>
irtUk;> itztUk;> kfkjpaUk; ,yf;fpa
chpik ghuhl;Lk; ghd;ikfz;L fspg;Gwhj
jkpoDk; cz;Nlh! Kj;jkpo; Koq;Fk;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijAk;> Gj;jk; Nghw;Wk; kzp
NkfiyiaAk;> rkzj;ijr; rhw;Wk; rPtf
rpe;jhkzpiaAk;> rptdbahH rpe;jpf;Fk;
nghpa Guhzj;ijAk;> itztH tzq;-
Fk; fk;gH ,uhkhazj;ijAk;> kfkjpaH
kjpf;Fk; rPwhg;Guhzj;ijAk; fj;Njhypf;fH
fw;Fk; Njk;ghtzpiaAk; GNuhl;];lhz;lH
ghuhl;Lk; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphPfj;ijAk;
jkpo; kf;fs; midtUk; jk; nghJr; nry;t
khfTk; fUJfpd;wdud;Nwh! ,g;gue;j
tphpej
; kdg;ghd;ik jkpo; ehl;by; ve;ehSk;
epiyahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ek; fhg;gpaq;fs;
rkar; rhHGiladthAk;. jkpoH ,tw;iw
,yf;fpaf; fz;zhy; Nehf;fpg; gbj;J>
,d;Gw;Wg; ngUk;tho;T ngWjy; mtH
flikahFk;.
njhlu;jy; 67k; gf;fk;
- 67 -
,yf;fpak; jdpg;gl;l fiyad;W> ,yf;fpak;
Vida ftpd; fiyfSld;> gz;ghl;bd;
JiwfSld; neUq;fpa njhlHGs;sJ.
vdNt ,yf;fpaj;jpy; <LgLq;fhy; Vida
jkpo;f; fiyfspYk; <LgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
fk;ghpd; ftprR
; itapy; <LgLk; ehk;> Xtpaf;
fiyapYk;> fl;blf;fiyapYk;> rpw;gf;
fiyapYk;> ehl;baf; fiyapYk; <LgL
Nthkhapd; ek; ehl;bd; gz;ghL tsUk;
vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
nrd;w E}w;whz;by; tho;e;J te;j jkpo;
kf;fs; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bd; ngUikia
Kw;wpYk; czHe;jpyH. mf;fhyj;jpy; ek;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpg;gpf;fg;ngwtpy;iy,
ek; fhg;gpaq;fspd; mr;Rg;gbfs; mUfpNa
,Ue;jd, jkpo;f; fy;tpAk; ,e;j E}w;whz;
by; gutpaJNghy; gutpapUf;ftpy;iy.
,e;E}w;whz;by; vjpHghuhj ,lq;fspy; jkpo;
kf;fspd; gz;ilf;fhyg; ngUikf;Fr;
rhd;Wfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,k;;kWkyHr;rp
apd; E}w;whz;by; vq;Fk; jkpo; Kof;fk;
gpwf;Fq;fhy; ek;Kila flikfs; ahit?
Goethe vd;ghH nrg;gpdhH. “What thou has
received from thy fathers, acquire it a new if
thou wouldst possess it” (Ek;Kd;NdhH
Ekf;fspj;j nry;tj;ij> ePtpH eOttplhJ
fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lkhapd; mjid kPzL ; k;
ngWtjw;Fg; GJg;gpf;f Kay;tPuhf.)
jkpo;r; nry;tq;fs; midj;ijAk; ehk;
kPz;Lk; ngWtjw;F Kay Ntz;Lk;. ek;
gpjpHr; nrhj;Jf;fs; ahitnad;W czHjy;
ek; flik. gy;Nfhb nry;tKs;s kf;fs;
rpyH jk; nry;tk; vq;nfq;nfy;yhk; cs;sJ
vd;W mwpahJ tho;fpd;wdH. mtHfSila
nrayhsNu mjidf; fhg;ghw;wp tUfpd;
wdH. ehk; mt;thW gpwHf;F Nky; mf;
flikiar; Rkg;gJ nghUe;jkd;W. ehNk
mr;nry;tq;fisAk;> mr;nry;tq;fs; cs;s
,lq;fisAk; mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ehk; ,tw;iw mwptJld; ,tw;iwg; GJg;
gpj;Jk; ngUf;fpAk; cyfpw;Fk; ek; gpd;
tUNthHf;Fk; <jy; gpwpnjhU flikahFk;.
1954-Mk; Mz;L ehd; INuhg;ghtpw;Fr;
nrd;wpUe;jf;fhy;> mq;Fs;s E}y; epiy-
aq;fspy; me;Jg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;ngw;w
Vl;Lg;gpujpfs; rpytw;iwAk; mr;Rg;gpujpfs;
rpytw;iwAk; fz;Ls;Nsd;. ijyhz;Lf;F
(Thailand) ehd;F jpq;fSf;F Kd; nrd;wp
Ue;j nghOJ. NguhrpupaH kPdhl;rp Re;ju
dhH me;ehl;by; jpUntk;ghitj; jpUehisf;
nfhz;lhLfpd;wdH vdf; $wf; Nfl;bUe;-
Njdhjyhy; mjidg; gw;wp Muha;e;J
te;Njd;. mwpQH xUthpd; cjtpiaf;
NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W mtHfs; ‘jha;’ kd;-
nfhz;L mq;Fs;s gpuhkzH topgLk;
dhpd; gl;lr; rlq;fpYk; jpUntk;ghitj;
jpUehspy; ghLk; jkpo;r; nra;Al;fisg;
ghLkhW Nfl;Nld;. mg;nghOJ jkpio
mwpahjpUe;Jk; kunghd;iwf; fhg;gjw;fhfj;
jhk; mwpe;j vOj;J tbtj;jpy; tiue;j
VLfspypUe;J vd; nka;rpypHf;fg; gpuhkzj;
jiytH gbj;jhH.
‘MjpAk; me;jKk; ,y;yh mUk; ngUQ;
khNj tsUjpNah? td; nrtpNah epd; nrtpjhd;’
Nrhjpia ahk;ghlf; Nfl;NlAk;> thl;lq;fz;
‘Vfk; ,lk; <Njh> tpz;NzhHfs; vj;Jjw;Ff;
Rf kyHg;ghjj; je;jUs te;jUSe;
Njrd;> rptNyhfd;> jpy;iyr;rpw; wk;gyj;Js;
<rdhu;f; fz;ghu;ahk; Mu;> vy; Xu; vk;ghtha;’
,t;tpU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshy; jkpoj
; ; njhz;
lhw;Wtjw;F vj;Jizg; gue;j cyfk;
cz;L vd;gJk; ,g;gue;j cyif Muha;td
rpwe;j njhz;lhFk; vd;gJk; mwpQHf;F
ed;F GydhFk;. xt;nthU jkpo; kfDk;
jd;dhy; ,ad;w kl;Lk; jhd;ngw;w nry;tk;
,t;itafk; ngWf vDk; Fwpf;NfhNshL
njhz;lhw;WtNj rpwg;G.
‘nrd;wpLtPH vl;Lj;jpf;Fk; - fiyr;
nry;tq;fs; ahTk; nfhzHe;jpq;F NrHg;gPH’
‘nrd;wpLtPH vl;Lj;jpf;Fk; fiyr; nry;tq;
vd;whH ghujpahH. gz;ilf;fhyj; jkpo; kfd;
fs; ahitAk; mq;F NrHj;jpLtPH’ vDk;
kdg;ghd;ikAld; jpiu flNyhbj; jkpo;g;
gz;ghl;il epiyehl;bdhd;. mtd; nrd;w
ehLfspy; ey;fpa nry;tq;fisAk; ehk;
vl;Lj; jpf;FfspypUe;Jk; ,q;F nfhzHe;J
kPz;Lk; NrHf;Fk; fhyk; te;Js;sJ.
jkpo;ehL ngw;w ,j;jifa nry;tq;f-
nry;tk;. Mq;fpy mwpQH Carlyle vd;ghH
Ss; fk;gHjUk; ,uhkhazk; nry;tj;Jl;
Shakespeare gw;wp vOJq;fhy; Mq;fpyk;
Mq;fpy murd;wp Shakespeare murNdnad;W
NgRk; kf;fis ,izf;Fk; xU Fil>
Dk; Shakespeare kd;dd; jd; Ml;rpia
$wpAs;shH. Mq;fpy muR kiwe;j gpd;
Mq;fpy ehL njhlq;fp New Zealand kl;Lk;
epfo;j;Jthnudg; ngUikAld; Carlyle
Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
Shakespearef;F ,g;gl;lj;ijr; #l;bAk;
$l. mtiu King Shakespeare Emperor
Shakespeare vd;W ehk; milnfhLj;Jg;
NgRtjpy;iy. Mdhy; ‘ftpr; rf;futHj;jp
fk;gd;’ vd;W gy E}w;whz;Lfshfj; jkpo;
kf;fs; toq;fp tUfpd;wdH. fk;gd; jd;
“
ftpj;jpwe;jhy; nghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J
ftHe;J nfhz;l gl;lNk ,J. jkpo;
kf;fs; fk;gidr; Ritf;Fk; ghd;ikf;F
,g;gl;lNk rhYk; rhd;whFk;.
fk;gdpd; NguuR jkpo; capNuhbUf;F
kl;Lk; epiyf;Fk; vd;gjw;F Iakpy;iy.
mg;NguuR vq;qdk; gutpaJ vq;qdk;
fk;gDila muR
jkpod; nrd;w
ehLfspnyy;yhk;
epiyehl;lg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
fk;gNd mwpahj
ehLfspYk; mtd;
muR gutpAs;sJ.
epiyngw;wJ vd;W Muha;tjw;F ‘fk;gd;
jUk; ,uhkhazKk; jkpo;ehLk;’ vd;w
ngupaNjhu; Muhl;rp Ntz;bajha; ,Uf;-
fpd;wJ. ,j;njhlHepiyr; nra;Aspd; ftpj;
jpwNk ,jw;F ,luhapw;W. ,f;ftpiar;
Ritj;j khe;jH ,jid nel;LUr; nra;jdH.
VLfs; gytw;wpYk; vOjpdH. ehlfkhf
ebj;jdH. nrhw;nghopTfshff; fijiag;
ngUf;fpdH, epidT NrhHTw;wnghOJ jk;
NrHj;jdH. ‘kd;dd; capHj;Nj kyHjiy-
nrhe;j mbfisAk; tpUj;jg;ghf;fisAk;
Ayfk;’ vd;wthW fk;gd; jkpo; ehl;bd;
capuhjyhy; jd; capiu xUthW ,oe;
jhd;. nrUFftpfs; ghlNgjq;fs;. Vl;Lg;
gpujpfs; ky;fpf;fplg;gjw;F jkpo; kf;fs;
fk;gidr; rf;futHj;jpahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;
lNj fhuzkhFk;.
fk;gDila muR jkpod; nrd;w ehLfsp
nyy;yhk; epiyehl;lg; ngw;Ws;sJ. fk;gNd
mwpahj ehLfspYk; mtd; muR gutp-
As;sJ.
gy glyq;fspy; thy;kPfp thduHisg;
gphpj;Jr; rPijiaj; NjLk;gb mDg;Gk;
nra;jpia njd;jpirnahopa Vida jpir
fisg;gw;wp> fk;gd; xU ghl;by; RUf;fkh
fTk; tpiuthfTk;> $Wfpwhd;.
‘Fljpirf;fz;> RNlzd;, FNgud; tho;
tljpirf;fz;> rjtyp, thrtd;
kply;jpirf;fz;> tpdjd;, tpwy; jU
gilnahL cw;Wg; glHf’ vdg; gd;dpdhd;.’
vd;W $wtJ vspjd;W, fk;gdpd; ,yq;-
thy;kf
P papd; ,yq;if ehkwpe;j ,yq;if
ifNah> <oj;jpUehl;by;jhd; ,Ug;gjhff;
fUjpdH GytH vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs; cz;L.
vdNt mq;F mDkhd; nry;y Ntz;ba
topia moFW nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fshf
jha;tPL
fis ‘tlNtq;flk; njd;Fkhp’ vd;W Nfl;l
tiufpd;whd; fk;gd;. jkpo;ehl;bd; vy;iy
ehk; ,r;nra;AisAk; Nfl;L kfpohjpUg;gJ
vq;qdk;?
‘tlnrhw;Fk; njd;nrhw;Fk; tuk;gpw;wha;
ehd;kiwAk; kw;iw E}Yk;
,ilnrhw;w nghUl;nfy;yhk; vy;iyajha;
ey;ywj;Jf; fPwha; NtW
GilRw;We; Jizapd;wpg; Gfo; nghjpe;j
ngha;Na Nghw; g+j;J epd;w
milRw;Wk; jz;rhu Nyhq;fpaNtq;
flj;jpw;nrd; wiljpu; khNjh.’
njd;dhl;il tphpthf tpsk;gpa fk;gd;>
thy;kfP p $Wk; Vida ,lq;fisg; nga-
Nghd;w ,lq;fisAk; NrHj;Js;shH. ‘Yava-
hpl;byd;. thy;kPfp $Wk; ehLfspy; rhtfk;
dirpam Saptarajyo posobhytam, Swarnarupa
Yakam’ thy;kf
P p ngahpl;Lk; fk;gd; ngahp
lhj ehLfspw;$l fk;gdpd; fhg;gpaNk
xU fhyk; nghpJk; Nghw;wg;gl;L te;jJ.
fpof;F ehLfspYk; njd;fpof;F ehLf-
spYk; jkpo; kf;fs; epfo;jj
; pa tuyhw;iw
,JfhWk; xUtNuDk; Muha;e;J mwpe;j
jpy;iy. NguhrphpaH ePyfz;l rh];jphpahH
,j;Jiwapy; Nky;ehl;lwpQH ,aw;wpa gy
”
E}y;fisf; nfhz;L njd;dpe;jpag; gz;ghL
gHkh> ijyhz;L> fk;Nghjpah> kyhah>
,e;NjhdPrpah> NghHdpNah Mfpa ehLfspy;
gutpajw;Ff; fpilj;j rhd;Wfisj; jpwk;
glj; njhFj;Js;shH. MapDk; ,j;Jiwapy;
,d;Dk; gyH Muha;r;rp epfo;j;Jtjw;Fg;
gue;j ,lKz;L> Rkj;jpuhtpy; Nru Nrho
ghz;baH vdg;gLk; tFg;gpdH tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdH. rhtfj;jpYk; ghypapYk; eil
ngWk; ehl;baKk; ehlfKk; jkpo;ehl;bd;
ehl;ba ehlff; fiyAld; neUq;fpa
njhlHGs;sd. me;ehLfspYs;s rpw;gq;f
Sk;> ,d;Wk; eilngWk; ehlfq;fSk;
fk;gdpd; ,uhkhazj;ijj; jOTtd.
mq;NfhH thl;L> mq;NfhH njhk;kpYk;>
nghNuhGJ}hpYk; fhzg;gLk; ,uhkhazf;
fijapd; rpw;gq;fs; thy;kPfpiaj; jOthjJ
gw;wp mwpQH cld;gLfpd;wdH. fk;gid
,r;rpw;gq;fs; jOtf;$Lk; vdf; fUJfpd;
wdH mwpQH, MapDk; ,tw;iw Nehpw;
ghHj;J ,j;Jiwia Muha;e;j jkpo; mwpQH
xUtUk; ,yH.
fk;gdpd; muR vjpHghuhj ,lq;fspy;
gutpAs;sJ. ijyhz;L ehl;Lf;F ehd;
‘jpUntk;ghit’j; jpUehisAk; nra;A
nrd;wf;fhy; mq;F jkpo; gutpajw;Fj;
isAk; xopa> ,d;Dk; rhd;Wfs; gytw;iw
‘jq;fk;’ vd;w nrhy; jkpo; tof;fpy; te;-
mwpate;Njd;. ijyhz;Lj; njhlHghy;
Js;sJ. rPdj;jpYk; ‘ij’apYk; ‘jq;fk;’
vd;Nw nghd;idf; Fwpff ; pdw
; dH. ijnkhop
apy; kuf;fyj;ijf; ‘fg;gnyd;Wk;’ Fjpiuia
‘kh’ ntd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdH. mtu;fs; nrhw;
fs; ngUk;ghYk; jkpioj; jOtp ‘I’ ‘mk;’
cUGfis Vw;W tpFjpfisf; nfhz;lit.
‘khiy’ia tlnkhop Nghy; ‘kyh’ vd;W
$whJ ‘kyha;’ vd;Nw $wp tUfpd;wdu;.
ijyhz;by; mwpQH xUtUld; ij
(Thailand) ,uhkhazj;ijg;gw;wp tpdtp-
• Xf];l; August 2013
jkpo;j;J}J
Ndd;. mtH ngaH ‘mDkhd;’ (,g;ngaH
tlnkhopr; nrhy; ‘mDkhdj;jpd;’ jphpGntd
gpd;dH mwpate;Njd;) ‘ij ,uhkhazk;
50 tpOf;fhL jkpo; ,uhkhazj;ijj;
ghj;jpuq;fspy; ngaUk; (‘FNgud;’> ‘Rkd;jd;’>
jOtpaNj’ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhH. ghl;Lilag;
‘khad;’> ‘Njtd;’> ‘rPtd;’ vd;Nw xypf;fpd;
wd) ij ,uhkhazj;jpy; mDkhDf;F
Ie;J kidtpaH cz;L. xU kidtp
,uhtzdpd; kfshfpa kPd; nja;tk;.
ek; jkpo; ehl;bYs;s ,sk; mwpQH xUt
NuDk; ij nkhopiaf; fw;Wj; jkpo; kf;fs;
mf;fhyj;jpy; jhk; njhlHG nfhz;l kf;f
Sf;Fg; gz;igAk; fiyiaAk; fhtpaj;
ijAk; ey;fpd KiwfisAk; JiwfisAk;
Muha;jy; vj;Jizr; rpwe;j Muha;rr ; pah
Fk;. ek; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; fPo;j;jpir
ehLfSf;F mwpQH rpyiu mDg;gp> xUtH
rPdj;ijAk;> NtnwUtH kNyiaAk;> ,d;
ndhUtH ,e;NjhNdrpa nkhopiaAk;
fw;W Muha;r;rpapy; <Lglr; nra;tjhy;
jhd; jkpo; ehl;bw;Fk; jkpo; kf;fSf;Fk;
Gj;JzHr;rpia mspf;f$Lk;. ,d;W jho;e;
jpUf;Fk; jkpod; jd; gz;ilg; ngUikia
mwpe;NjDk; GJtho;tpy; <Lgl ,j;jifa
fy;tp cWJizahFk;. rq;ffhy ,yf;-
fpaq;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Jg; gug;gpajhy; Njhd;
wpa ,yf;fpa kWkyHr;rp Nghy; ek;tuyhw;W
Muha;rr; pAk;> fiy Muha;rr ; pAk; Vida
JiwfspYk; kyHr;rpia cz;lhf;fpd
vd;gij typAWj;jTk; Ntz;LNkh...!
fk;gDila fhyj;ij tiuaWj;Jr;
nrhy;tjw;F fk;guhkhazj;jpy; mfr;rhd;W
Gwr;rhd;WfisAk; ehk; ,JfhWk; ed;whf
Muhatpy;iy. fk;gdpd; nra;Al;fis
MuhAk; nghOJ rpyNtisapy; Njhd;Wk;
nrhw;fSk; nrhw;nwhlHfSk; mtH fhyj;
jpd; milahsq;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. rpq;fk;
jhq;Fk; J}z;fisAk;> mfop #o;e;j
ntspefH ,ilefH cs;efHfisAk;
fk;gd; ghLk;nghOJ mtH gy;ytH rpw;g
Kiwfspy; <Lgl;ltHfs; vd;gJk; Gydh
ff;$Lk;. NkYk; ntspehLfspy; fk;guh-
khazk; gutpa fhyKk;> me;ehLfspy;
fk;ghukhaz epfo;r;rpfs; nrJf;fg;ngw;w
fhyKk; fk;gdpd; fhyj;ij xUthW Rl;lj;-
jf;fd vd;gJ xUjiy. ijyhz;by;
fpof;F ehLfspy; toq;Fk; Kling vDk;
jq;fpafhiy jkpoDf;F Vida njd;
nrhy;iyNa toq;Ffpd;wdH. Mdhy; ‘jkpo;’
idj; ‘jkpd;’ vd;W xypf;fpd;wdH. ‘jkpd;’
vd;w nrhy;Yk; ij nkhopapYz;L> mj-
tpdhy; mq;Fs;s ghku kf;fSk; ‘nfhba
vd;w nrhy;ypw;Fg; nghUs; ahnjd;W tpd
td;’> ‘nfh^ukhdtd;’ vd;W nghUs; $WtH.
gy;fiyf;fofg; NguhrphpaH ‘jkpd;’ vd;w
nrhy;ypw;F ‘a relentless man’ vd;W nghUs;
$wpdhH. ,d;DnkhUtH ‘barbarous man’
yhsd; $wpdhd; By ‘jkpd;’ ‘I understand
vd;whH. NtnwhU Mq;fpyk; mwpe;j njhop
a Indian who is cruel and hard’ ekf;F ,dpik
iaAk;> rPiuAk; rpwg;igAk; Fwpf;Fk;
,r;nrhy; ijyhz;by; ,j;jifa nghU
isr; NrhoH fhyj;jpy; ngw;wjhfj; njhpa
tUfpwJ. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bYk; mjd;
gpd;Dk; NrhoH ,yq;if kPJ gilna
Lj;j fhyj;jpy;> mq;Fs;s Gj;j FUf;fs;
ijyhz;bw;Fr; nrd;W Nrhohpd; gilfs;
,g;nghUis ‘jkpd;’ vd;w nrhy;ypw;Fj;
epfo;j;jpa nfhLQ; nray;fisf; $wp
ijyhe;jH mspf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jdH.
ijyhz;by; gutpa jkpo;g; gz;ghL gj;jhk;
E}w;whz;bw;F Kd;dNk gutpapUj;jy;
Ntz;Lnkd;W JzptJ nghUj;jKila
njd;gjw;F ,d;Dk; NtW rhd;Wfshy;
typAWj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
fk;gdpd; fhyk; gf;jpapd; fhynkd;gjw;Nfh
Iakpy;iy. ,uhkhpd; tuyhW GwehD}W>
mfehD}W> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Mfpa ,yf;fp
aq;fspy; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;ngw;W ,Ug;gp
Dk; gf;jp nts;sk; jkpo;ehl;by; ngUf;
nfLj;j fhyj;jpNy mt;tuyhWk; gf;jpf;Fj;
jpj;jpf;Fk; nghUshapw;W. gy E}w;whz;L
fshf kf;fspd; cs;sq;fspy; FbapUe;j
,uhkiu. fk;gd; thy;kPfp mwpahj czHr;
rpfSld; ghbdhd;. ,uhkd; kf;fSf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FtJld;> kf;fis
njhlu;jy; 70k; gf;fk;
jha;tPL • Xf];l; August 2013
dpehaf mbfs; ,yf;fpa Ma;tpy;
j <LgLk; NghJ nghJthf xg;gpyf;fpa
mbg;gilapy; Nehf;FtJ mtuJ
Ma;T KiwahFk;. mjw;F mtuJ gd;
nkhopg;GyikAk; fhuzkhapw;W. mt;t-
ifapy; rq;f ,yf;fpag; nghUs;kuG> ghly;
mikg;G> GytuJ MSikfs; vd;gd
gw;wpa Ma;tpy; fpNuf;fk; - ,yj;jPd; nkhopg;
Gytu;fSld; xg;gpl;L Nehf;Ftij mt
jhdpf;fyhk;. rq;ffhyg; Gytu;fs; gw;wp
MuhAk; mbfshu; mtu;fisf; fy;tpr;
rhd;Nwhu;fshfNt fUJfpd;whu;. rhd;whf>
ghz;bad; Mupag;gil fle;j neLQ;-
nropad;
cw;Wop AjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;
gpw;iw epiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw
(Gwk;.183:1-2)
vdj; jhd; ghba ghlypNy fy;tpfF; Kjd;ik
mspg;gij Nehf;fyhk;. Gytu;fs;; r%fr;
rpw;gpfshf> r%fj;jpw;F ey;y mwT+l;Lgtu;
fshf ,Ug;gijf; Fwpgg; plL
; > mtu;fs; fy;tp
apw; rpwe;Njhuhff; fhzg;gl;ldu; vd;fpwhu;.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; fy;tpAk; ftpijAk; ,sk;
khzhf;fUf;Fg; Gfl;lg;gl;ld. Gytu; rpyu;
Ngu;ngw;w Mrpupau;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdu;.
Gytu;fs; fy;tp> Nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;
fpajhy; jq;fs; rkfhyj;jtuhYk; ghul;
lg;gl;Ls;sdu;. cjhuzkhf fgpyu; vd;w
Gytiug; nghUe;jpypsq;fPudhu; tUkhW
ghuhl;Lfpwhu;:
nrWj;j nra;As; nra;nre; ehtpd;
ntWj;j Nfs;tp tpsq;FGfo;f; fgpyd;..
(Gwk; -53:11-12)
‘gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa
nra;As;fis ,aw;Wk; nrt;tpa ehtpid
Ak;> kpf;f Nfs;tpQhdj;ijAk;> tpsq;fpa
GfioAKila fgpyd;’ vdg; ghuhl;lg;g
Ljy; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
rq;fg;Gytu;fs; Mz;ghw; Gytu;fshfTk;>
ngz;ghw; Gytu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; gpwe;j ,lq;fs; fpuhkq;fshf>
efuq;fshf> gl;bnjhl;bfshf> gyNtWgl;l
Cu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. mtu;fs;
nra;j njhopy;fs; NtWgl;ldthf cs;sd.
Gytu;fs; mur Fyj;jpypUe;Jk;> cotu;
FbapypUe;Jk;> tzpftFg;gpypUe;Jk;> kw;
Wk; gy;NtW njhopy;fs; Gupgtu;fshfTk;
fhzg;gl;ldu;. GwehD}W ghba Gytu;fspd;
jdpehaf mbfspd; Ma;T
Nehf;fpy; rq;f fhyg; Gytu;fs;
vz;zpf;if kl;Lk; 147 Mf cs;sJ.
,tu;fspy; 15 ngz;ghw;Gytu;fs; cs;sdu;.
11 muru;fs; Gytu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpdw ;
du;. NkYk; kUj;Jtu;> kuNtiy nra;
Nthu;> ,Uk;GNtiy nra;Nthu;;> kl;ghz;lj;
njhspyhsu; ,g;gb gy;tifj; njhopy;fs;
GupNthu; ftpij ,aw;Wk; Mw;wy; ngw;wp
Ue;jdu; vd;gJ mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpiaAk;
ftpij ,aw;wpNahupd; MSikfisAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;;wd.
rq;fg;Gytu;fisr; rhd;Nwhu;fs; vd toq;
FtJ kughFk;. mtu;fsJ rhd;whz;ikf;
Fk;> cyf Nehf;fpw;Fk; fhuzkhf mike;
jit> mtu;fs; ngw;wpUe;j ,yf;fpaf;
fy;tpAk; r%f xg;Guthz;ikAk; MFk;.
rq;fg; Gytu;; kd;du;fisAk; ts;sy;f
isAk; rhu;e;J mtu;fs; toq;fpa gupRg;
nghUl;fs;> rd;khdk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;g
ilapy; mtu;fs; tho;e;J te;jdu;.
MapDk; mtu;fs; muru;fshYk; ngupNahu;
fshYk; cau; ,lj;jpy; itj;J kjpf;fg;
gl;ldu;. muru;fSf;fpilNa Nghu; - gif
Vw;gl;bUe;j Nghnjy;yhk; mtu;fisr;
rkd;nra;J> rPu;J}f;fpr; rkhjhdg;gLj;;Jk;
gzpapy; Gytu;fs; ngupJk; <Lgl;L te;Js;s
du;. ,g;Gytu;fs; cyfNehf;fpy; fUj;Njhl;
lKs;s rpe;jidfis Kd;itg;gtu;fsh
fTk; nraw;gl;ldu; vdj; jdpehaf mbfs;
fUj;Jiug;gu;.
ghzd; vd;w nrhy; ,ir> eldk;> ehlfk;
vd;w nghUs;fisf; Fwpff ; pdw
; Ntu;rn
ypUe;J gpwe;jjhFk;. ghzu; fhyj;jpNy
; rhy;yp
fiyfSk;> tPu xOf;ftpaYk;> ,irtsu;r;
rpAk;> ed;ndwpr;nry;tKk;> mwptpy; epiwTk;
Ngzg;gl;L te;jd. tPAfu xOf;ff;Nfhl;
ghl;bypUe;J gbg;gbahf cau;ej ; cyfr;
rpe;jidfs; tsu;e;jpUe;jd. ghzu;fs;
vg;NghJk; jk; FLk;gj;JlDk; jd; FOTl
Dk;;> fiyg;gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
ghzu; jk; FOTld; mitNahiu kfpoT ; +l;
Ltu;> ebg;gu;> ghLtu;> eldk;Guptu;> ,irf;
fUtpfSld; vg;NghJk; nry;tu;. ghzu;>
r%fj;jpd; Fuyhfj;njhdpg;gu;. ghzu;; kf;f
Sf;F kfpo;r;rp Cl;LtijNa Fwpf;Nfhsh
ff;nfhz;baq;fpdu;. ghzh; vg;NghJk; kd;
du;> ts;sy;> tPuu; MfpNahiug; Gfo;e;J
ghLtJk;> tPu mwpTiufSld; $ba tPu
czu;r;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; ,irg;ghly;fis
,irg;gJk; tof;fk;. ghzu; gil tPuu;fSf;F
Cf;fj;ij Cl;lg;Nghu;f;fsj;jpYk;; fhzg;
gLtu;.
Gyth; vd;w nrhy;> nghJmwpT> gFj;jwpT>
fy;tp Nghd;w nghUl;fisj; jUfpd;w Ntu;r;
nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jjhFk;. Gytu;fs;>
ghzu;; Nghyd;wpj; jdpj;Nj jk; gzpia
Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ghzu; ghl;birj;J mit
Nahiu kfpo;tpf;fg; GytNuh mjpfhuk;
ngw;wtu; Nghd;W jk; nra;As;fshy; kf;
fSf;F mwpTiu Gfl;Ltu;. Gytu;;fs;
fy;tpapYk; mwptpYk; rpwe;;J fhzg;gl;l
du;. rpwe;j nra;As;fs; GidAk; jpwd; ngw;W
tpsq;fpdu;. Gytu;fs;; jk;ngaiu Kd;dpWj;jp
jk; nrhe;j mDgtq;fisAk; r%fj;jpy;
jhk; fz;lwpej; tplaq;fisAk; mtjhdpjJ ; >
kf;fSf;F ey;ydtw;iwg; Nghjpf;Fk;
tifapy; nra;As;fis ,aw;wp> kf;fs; kj;
jpapy; mtw;iwg;gug;gpdu;. nrhe;jg; ngaup
NyNa ghf;fis ,aw;wpdu;. ,tu;fs; nghJ
thf muz;kidfspNyNa fhzg;gLtu;.
rpy rkaq;fspy; jk;Kila rf Gytu;fSl
Dk; mwpQu;fSlDk; fhzg;gLtu;. Gytu;fs;
muru;fisg; Gfo;e;J ghbaNghjpYk;> kdpj
xOf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhu;e;jijAk;> mwnewpf;F
cfe;jijANk ghbdu;. Gytu;fSf;Fg;
Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; ,lkpy;iy. Mdhy; rpy
Ntisfspy;> mikjpapd; J}Jtu;fshf>
murdpd; ez;guhf> murDf;Fj;jk; tpRthrj;
ijf; fhl;Lk; KiwapYk; Nghu;ff ; sj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;ldu;.
rq;fg;Gytu; tho;ej
; fhyk; jkpog
; g
; z;ghLk;>
fy;tpAk; tsu;e;jpUe;j fhykhfNt mike;
jpUe;jJ vd;gijr; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpYs;s
vl;Lj;njhif %yk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;. Gytu;fs;
vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
Kjy; ,U rq;fq;fspy; 4140 Gytu;fs;
tho;e;jdu; vd ,iwadhu; fstpy; Fwpg;gpL
fpwJ. Nf.vd;. rptuhrgps;is xU jiy
Kiwf;F 40 Gytu; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
459 Gytu;fs; filr;rq;ffhyj;jpy; tho;e;j
jhff; fzpj;Jj;jk; E}ypy;; tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
jdpehafmbfs; Gytu;fspd; vz;zpfi ; f gw;
wpf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ> muz;kidfspy; $ba
Gytu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;> mf;fhyj;
jpy; fy;tp fw;Fk;Kiw ftpijf; fiyahf
,Ue;jijAk; Nehf;Fk;NghJ> xU jiy
Kiwf;F 40 Gytu;fs; vd;w vz;zpf;if
kpff; FiwthFk; vd;Wk;> rq;f fhyj;Jg;
Gytu;fspd; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gFjpfs; gy
mope;jijAk; kdjpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;gu;. vdNt> rq;f fhyj;jpy; 500 f;Fk;
Nkw; gl;l Gytu; tho;e; jpUf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;gNj mbfshupd; fUj;jhFk;. mz;ik
apy; K. mg;gh];ke;jpup (2006) vd;w ,yf;fpa
Ma;thsu;> 552 rq;fg;Gytu;fspd; ngau;-
fis ntspapl;Ls;sik mbfshupd;
fUj;ij NkYk; typAWj;JtjhFk;.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; Gytu;;fSf;Fupa gzpfSk;
r%fj;jpy; kpFjpahfNt fhzg;gl;ld.
Gytu;fs; jk; fhyj;jpy; r%jhaj;jpwF
; Mw;
- 68 -
jkpo;j;J}J
wpa kuGrhu; fy;tpAk;> kuGrhu;gw;w fy;tp
fy;tp (Informal Education) mwnewp top
Ak; Vuhsk;. mtu;fSila kuG rhu;gw;w
fhl;bahfTk;> rKjhaj;jpd; rl;lj;ij toq;
FtjhfTk;> rKjhaj;jpd; MNyhrfuhfTk;
mike;jd. ‘jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpy; jkpo;g;Gy
tu;fs; ngw;wpUe;j rpwg;G ,lq;fisr; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; ehk; mwpayhk;. muz;
kidfspYk; tpUe;JfspYk; mtu;fis
tuNtw;W nfsutpjj ; hu;fs;. murpay; tptfh
uq;fspy; mbf;fb jiyapl;lhu;fs;. vjpupf
spd; giltypik fz;Lk;> Nghuhy; tpisAk;
jPikfz;Lk; Nghiuj; jLf;Fk;gb muru;f
Sf;F mwpTiu toq;fpdhu;fs;. jkpo; muru;
xw;Wikf;fhfg; ngupJk; cioj;jhu;fs;.
muru;fSf;fpilNa xw;Wikia tsu;j;jhu;
fs;’ vdTk; mbfs; tpsf;Ftu;. muru;fs;
jtwpioj;jNghJ mjidr; Rl;bf;fhl;b
jPu;T fz;lhu;fs;. Nrhod; FsKw;wj;Jj;
JQ;rpa fps;sptstd; cotu;fSf;F vjpuhf
gSthd tupia tpjpj;jpUe;jhd;. me;j
tupr;Rikiaf; fz;bj;J> nts;isf;Fb
ehfdhu; vd;w Gytu; tupiaf;Fiwf;Fk;gb
murid Ntz;Ltij> ‘ehLnfO nry;tj;
Jg; gPLnfO Nte;Nj... (Gwk;:35) vd;w ghly;
tpsf;FfpwJ. NkYk; muru;fSf;Fk; Gytu;
fSf;Fk; kpf neUq;fpa el;Gk; cwTk;
Ngzg;gl;ld vd;gjw;Ff; Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod;
tlf;fpUe;J cz;zhNehd;gpUe;J khz;lhd;
vd;w nra;jpiaf; Nfs;tpg;gl;lJk;> me;j
murdJ cw;w ez;guhd gprpuhe;ijahu;
vd;w GytUk; tlf;fpUe;J mtu; nghUl;L
capu;ePj;j nra;jpAk; neQ;irj;njhLfpd;wJ.
(Gwk;: 214 -253).
rq;ffhyj;jpy; Itif epy mbg;gilapy;
KUfd;> jpUkhy;> ,e;jpud;> tUzd;> nfhw;
wit Mfpa nja;tq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpf
Sk;> KOKjw; flTshfr; rptDk; Fwpg;
gplg;gLfpdw; du;. ,aw;ifia ek;gp ,aw;if
NahL tho;ej ; kf;fSf;F rka newpfisg;
Nghjpff; Ntz;ba Njit mf;fhyg;GytUf;F
,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjdhNyNa rq;fg;Gytu;fs;
kjk; rhu;e;j ghlYf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
- ,. ghyRe;juk; -
nfhLf;ftpy;iy. ,NjNghd;w epiyg;ghL
jhd; fpNuf;fehl;by; tho;e;j Gytu;fSf;Fk;
,Ue;jJ vd;gijj; jdpehaf mbfs; Rl;
bf;fhl;Lth;. fpwp];Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
,U ehLfspYk; Gytu;fNs kf;fSf;F
ed;ndwpiag; Gfl;bdh; vd;gij mbfshu;
mOj;jkhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mt;tifapy;
mwk; rhu;e;j fUj;Jf;fis rq;fg;Gytu;fs;
kf;fSf;F kpf vspjpy; tpsq;fj;jf;ftif
apy; mwpTiufshf> gy;NtW nra;As;fspy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik Nehf;fj;jf;fJ: c-k;:
“,k;ikr; nra;jJ kWikf;fhk; vDk;..”
(Gwk; 134:1)
“kd;dh Tyfj;J kd;Djy; Fwpj;Njhu;
jk;Gfo; epwP,j; jhk; kha;e;jdNu...”
(Gwk; 165:1-2)
“cz;lh yk;k,t; Tyfk;...”
(Gwk;: 182)
rq;ffhyg; Gytu;fs; vt;thW mwj;ij
kf;fSf;Fg; Nghjpj;jdu; vd;gjw;Fg; Gw
ehD}w;wpd; rpy ghly;tupfs; NkNy jug;
gl;Ls;sd. gy;ytu; fhyj;Jg; gf;jpg; ghly;
fspy; flTspd; jpUTUtk; kw;Wk; mtuJ
mUl;nray;fs; vd;gd ghlg;gl;lik Nghd;W
rq;fg;Gytu; ghltpy;iy. jpUf;Fws; ehyb
ahu; Nghd;W mwf; fUj;Jf;fisr; rq;fr;
rhd;Nwhu; kf;fSf;Fj; jpzpf;fTk; ,y;iy.
mt;tg;NghJ tho;tpay; gw;wpg; ghLk;NghJ
kl;LNk mwepiy tho;fi ; f gw;wpf; Fwpgg
; pLk;
njhlu;jy; 70k; gf;fk;
- 69 -
d; cyfpd; gy;NtW ehLf
“eh Sf;Fr; nrd;wjd; gadhfTk;
gpw nkhopfisAk; mtw;wpd;
,yf;fpaq;fisAk; xUthW
fw;wwpe;jjd; gadhfTk; jkpopyf;fpak;>
jkpo;g;gz;G> jkpo;f;fiy> jkpo;tuyhW
Kjypatw;iw cyfpy; vt;tstpw;Fg; gug;g
Ntz;Lnkd;W xU rpwpJ czu;e;Js;Nsd;.”
,J jdJ gazq;fspd; gad; Fwpj;J
jdpehafk; mbfs; $wpa $w;whFk;.
jkpopd; rpwg;Gf;fis cyfpy; gug;gNtz;ba
jkpo;j;J}jpd; mtrpaj;ij mtUf;F czu;j;
jpaJ mtu; Nkw;nfhz;l cyfg;gazq;fNs.
jkpo;j;J}J vd;gJ jkpo;nkhopapdJk; jkpo;
kf;fspdJk; fyhrhuk;> ehfupfk;> fiy
kw;Wk; ,yf;fpak; Kjyhd gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;
fis cyfpd; gyehLfspYk; ntspehl;
ltupilNa gug;Gjy; vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
mNjNtis gpwehLfspd; fiy ,yf;fpa
ehfupf kw;Wk; nkhopf;$Wfis jkpo;kf;
fSf;F mwpKfk; nra;tijAk; ,J cs;s
lf;Fk;.
jdpehafk; mbfs; jkpopd; jdpr;rpwg;Gf;fis
cynfq;Fk; gug;gpatu;. jd; ntspehl;Lg;
gazq;fis jkpopd; rpwg;Gf;fisg; gug;Gt
jw;fhd gazq;fshf mtu; jpl;lkpl;Lg;
gzpGupe;jhu;. nrd;w ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk;
jkpo;nkhopapdJk; jkpouJ fiy fyhrhu
r%fg; ghuk;gupaq;fspdJk; Ntu;fSk;> fpis
fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;W Njlyhdhu;.
me;j ehLfspd; fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fSf;Fk;
nkhopg; gad;ghl;bw;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; cs;s
njhlu;Gfis xg;gpl;L Muha;e;jhu;. ,e;j
mauhj NjlYk;> Muha;r;rpfSk;> xg;gpl;L
Nehf;Fk; jpwDk; jkpo; nkhopfF
; k; jkpoUf;
Fk; ngUik Nru;gg ; dthf mike;jJld;
Ntw;Wnkhop mwpQu;fs; jkpon; khoprr
; pwg;ig
,dq;fhzTk; mit gw;wpa Muha;r;rpapy;
J}z;lg;ngwTk; fhuzkhapd.
,jdhy;jhd; jkpo;j;J}J vd mtu; rpwg;Gg;
ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; ngUikf;F cupa-
tuhdhu;.
gazq;fs; vg;NghJNk mtuJ tpUg;Gf;Fup
adthf ,Ue;jikia ‘GJ ,lq;fSf;Fr;
nry;tjpYk;> GJ kf;fisf; fhz;gjpYk;
gioa gz;ghLfspd; epiyf;fsd;fisg;
jdpehafk; mbfshupd; jkpo;j;J}Jg;gzpfs;
ghu;itapLtjpYk; mstw;w ,d;gj;ijg;
ngw;WtUfpd;Nwd;’ vdTk;> ‘gpuahzg; gof;
fk; mwpit tsu;j;J tpuptilar; nra;Ak;.
Mjyhy; mjid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;’
vd;w $w;wpypUe;J czu KbfpwJ.
21 tajpy; 1934y; cNuhk; efiu Nehf;fpa
gazk; mtuJ tho;tpy; gy Vw;wq;fisAk;
khw;wq;fisAk; juf; fhuzkha; mike;jJ.
jkpo;j;J}J jdpehafkhf mtu; cUthtjw;
fhd mbj;jskhf ,g;gazk; mike;jJ.
jpy; (1934 – 1939) mq;F mg;NghJ gapd;W
FUj;Jtg; gbg;gpwf ; hf> cNuhkpy; fw;wfhyj;
nfhz;bUe;j(vl;Lj;) jkpou;fSld; Nru;e;J
‘tPukh Kdptu; fofk;’ Muk;gpj;J elj;jpdhu;.
mt;Ntis tj;jpf;fhd; thndhyp epiyaj;
jpypUe;J jkpopy; xyp gug;Gk; tha;g;gpidg;
gyKiw mtu; ngw;whu;.
,j;jhyp> kNyah> [g;ghd;> If;fpamnkupff ; h>
njd;mnkupf;fhtpYs;s gdhkh> <f;tNlhu;>
ngU> rpyp> Mu;[d;Bdh> cUFNt> gpNurpy>;
nkf;rpf;Nfh> Nkw;fpe;jpa jPTfshd l;updp
lhl;> [Nka;f;fh> khu;j;jPdpf; kw;Wk; tl
Mgpupff
; h> eLMgpupf;fh> gy];jd P >; vfpg;J
vdg; gy ehLfSf;F mtu; nrd;Ws;shu;.
jhd; nrd;w ehLfspy; jkpopd; ngUikiag;
giw rhw;Wtjpy; mtu; gpd;dpd;wjpy;iy.
mj;Jld; jkpo; njhlu;ghd Mtzq;fisj;
NjLtjpYk; mauhJ cioj;jhu;.
tj;jpf;fhd; E}y; epiyaj;jpy; gioa ,e;jpa
gpbf;fg;gl;lNj Flos Sanctorum Gsre;Njhu;
E}y;fis Muha;e;jNghJ mtuhy; fz;L
vdg;gLk; ‘fj;Njhypf;f jpUj;njhz;lu; tu
yhW’ E}yhFk;. 16k; E}w;whz;by; Gd;idf;
fhaypy; mr;rplg;gl;l ,e;E}y;> ];ghdpa Kd;
DiuAld; 660 gf;fq;fisAilajhf ,Ue;
jikia mtu; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j
E}iyf; fz;Lgpbj;jikiaapl;L mtu;
jdJ kfpo;r;rpia gpd;tUkhW ntspg;gLj;jp
dhu;:
“ehd; INuhg;ghtpw;Fg; gd;Kiw nrd;wjhy;
Vw;gl;l nghUl;nrytpwF; k; vLj;jKaw;rpfF
; k;
,e;E}nyhd;iwf; fz;Lnfhz;lNj Nghjpa
ifk;khwhFk; vd;W fUJfpd;Nwd;’
jtpuTk; ,Nj E}yfj;jpy; 17k; E}w;whz;by;
mk;gyf;fhl;by; mr;rplg;ngw;w Nghu;j;Jf;fPR
jkpo; - jkpo;Nghu;j;Jf;fPr mfuhjpapd; mr;Rg;
(Antam De Proenca 1625 – 1666) vd;Dk;
gpujpiaf;fz;lhu;. me;jhk; b g;Nunad;rh
NaR rigj;Jwtp ,aw;wpa ,t;tfuhjp gw;wp
,jw;F Kd;du; vtUk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;ftpy;iy
vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,Nj mfuhjpapd;
ifnaOj;Jg;gpujpia ghuprpYs;s Njrpa
E}yfj;jpy; fz;l mbfshu; ,jd; Kf;fp
aj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;gp kNyrp
ahtpy; 1966y; eilngw;w KjyhtJ jkp
ohuha;rr; p khehl;by; ,t;tfuhjpapid xspg;
glg;gjpg;G Kiwapy; ntspapl;lhu;.
jkpopd; gy mr;R E}y;fis cyfpw;F
ntspg;gLj;jpatu; mbfNs. jkpo;j;J}jpid
Kd;dpWj;jpa mtuJ ntspehl;Lg;gazq;
fNs mjidr;rhj;jpakhf;fpaJ. ,tw;Ws;
fhu;j;jpyh (Cartilha)> jk;gpuhd;tzf;fk;>
fpwp];jpahdptzf;fk;; Mfpa %d;W E}y;
fs; Kf;fpakhdit.
fhu;j;jpyh vd;Dk; E}y;> jkpo; vOj;Jf;f
isf;nfhz;L mr;rplg;glhky; jkpor ; n
; rhw;fs;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa vOj;Jf;fspy; xyp ngau;j;J
vOjg;gl;ljhfTk; nrhy;Yf;Fr;nrhy; Nghu;j;
Jf;Nfa nkhopngau;g;Gld; mike;jjhfTk;
tpsq;FtJ. 1554y; mr;rplg;gl;l ,e;E}iy
1954y;; Nghu;jJ
; f;fy; ehl;bd; yp]g
; d; efupy;
mbfs; fz;lwpe;J ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
Doctrina Christam vd;w jiyg;gpy; (fpwp];J
tg;gbg;gpid) khu;f;Nfh]; N[hu;[; mbfs;
jha;tPL
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; vOjpa E}iy
n`d;wpf; n`d;wpf;f]; mbfSk; gPw;wu;
kDNty; mbfSk; ,ize;J nkhopngau;j;
jdu;. jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk; vd nkhopngau;g;
ghsu;fshy; ,J Fwpgg ; plg;gl;Ls;sJ. 16 gf;
fq;fisAila ,e;E}y; Nfusj;jpYs;s
nfhy;yk; vd;Dk; Cupy; 1578y; mr;rplg;gl;lJ.
,jd; xNunahU gpujpahf mg;NghJ `thu;l;
gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;
bUe;j gpujpapd; xspg;glg;gpujpia jdpeh
afk; mbfs; ngw;W mJ gw;wp fl;Liu vO
jpaNghJjhd; jkpofk; ,e;E}iyg; gw;wp
mwpe;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; mr;NrwpaKjy; jkpo;
E}yhff; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s ,e;E}iy
ntspf;nfhzu;e;j ngUik mbfisNa
rhUk;.
fpwp];jpahdp tzf;fk; vd;Dk; E}y;> 1579y;
nfhr;rpapy; n`d;wpf;n`d;wpf;f]; mbfshy;
jkpopy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;L mr;rplg;gl;lJ.
,JTk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopapNyNa vOjg;
gl;lJ. fpwp];jtj;jpd; mbg;gil cz;ik
fis tpdh tpil tbtpy; ,J $Wfpd;wJ.
122 gf;fq;fisf;nfhz;l ,e;E}ypd; gpujp
gpuhd;rpYs;s nrhu;Nghd; gy;fiyf;fof
E}yfj;jpypUe;J njhiye;jjhfTk; Vw;
fdNt vLf;fg;gl;l xspg;glg;gpujpapid
J}j;Jf;Fb Mau; Nuhr; Mz;lifaplkpUe;J
ngw;W vLf;fg;gl;l gpujpapid `thu;l;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F mbfNs nfhLj;J
gpujpfs; vLf;fr; nra;jhu; vdTk; mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
vdNt jkpopd; xyptbt Kjy; mr;RE}iyAk;
(fhj;jpyh)> jkpo;nkhopapd; Kjy; (tuptb
tk;) mr;RE}iyAk; (jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk;)
mwpQUyfj;jpwF ; njupag;g; Lj;jpatu; mbfNs.
[g;ghDf;F mtu; Nkw;nfhz;l gazk;> gy;
NtW tiffspy; jkpo;j;J}jpid tYTs;s
jhf;fpaJ.
[g;ghdpankhop jkpiog;Nghy xl;Lepiy
nkhop vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jp ,J gw;wpa
Ma;tpw;Fj; J}z;bdhu;.
`tha;j; jPtpw;fhd gazk; jkpo;jJ
; }jpd;
• Xf];l; August 2013
jkpo;j;J}J
,d;DnkhU iky; fy;yhFk;. rq;ffhyg;
gof;f tof;fq;fSf;F epfuhd tof;fq;fs;
mq;F ,lk;ngWtjid xg;gpl;Lf; $wpdhu;.
jkpo;j;J}Jg; gazq;fspd; kw;WnkhU
tpisNt mtuhy; 1964y; epWtg;gl;l cyfj;
jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdkhFk;. fPioj;Njr
ehLfspd; kfhehL by;ypapy; $banghOJ
jkpOf;nfd cyF jOtpa tifapy; Ma;
tpw;fhd epWtdk; xd;wpd; Njitia mtu;
czu;e;jhu;. jd;dk;gpf;ifAlDk; tplh
Kaw;rpAlDk; mjidr;rhj;jpakhf;f cyF
jOtpa Nehf;Nf fhuzkha; mike;jJ.
nghJr; nrayhsuhftpUe;J ,jd; %yk;
,tu; elhj;jpa midj;Jyf jkpo; Muha;r;rp
kfhehLfs; mLj;Jr; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpdw
; d.
KjyhtJ kfhehL mbfspd; jiyikapy;
1966y; kNyahtpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. 21 ehLfsp
ypUe;J mwpQu;fs; ,k;kfhehl;by; fye;J
nfhz;ldu;.
njhlu;e;J 1968y; nrd;idapy; ,uz;lhtJ
kfhehLk;> 1970y; ghuprpy; %d;whtJ kfheh
Lk;> 1974y; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ehd;fhtJ
kfhehLk;> 1981y; kJiuapy; Ie;jhtJ
kfhehLk; elj;jg;ngw;wd. mbfs; Kjy;
ehd;F kfhehLfspYk; mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
gq;Fnfhz;lhu;.
jkpo;,yf;fpak;> jkpo;nkhop vd;gd gw;wp
MuhAk; cupik jkpou;fF ; kl;LNk cupaJ
vd;gij jfu;jn ; jwpe;J jkpouy;yhNjhUk;;
jkpo;nkhop Muha;r;rpg; gzpfspy; <Lgl
fsk; mikj;Jf;nfhLj;jik> jkpo; ,yf;fp
aj;ijAk; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijAk; gw;wpa
jhfNt jkpohuha;r;rp fUjg;gl;L te;j epiy
ikia khw;wp jkpo;kf;fspd; tuyhW>
gz;ghL> rkak;> jj;Jtk;> njhy;nghUsp
ay;> gpwehl;ltu; njhlu;G> nkhopapay;
Kjyhd gy JiwfspYk; jkpohuha;r;rp
tpupe;J nry;y top tFj;jik> ,e;jpahtpd;
mbg;gilg; gz;ghl;ilAk; caupa fiyf
isAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s jkpo;nkhopiaf;
-W}gp tyd;uPdh gpuhd;rp];-
fw;f Ntz;ba ,d;wpaikahikia czur;
nra;jik> ahUk; nra;jpuhj ngupastpy;
INuhg;gh> mnkupf;fh> Mrpah Mfpa fz;lq;
fspYs;s jkpo;nkhop mwpQu;fis xd;W
$l;b cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lik
Mfpad ,e;j Muha;r;rp kfhehLfshy;
tpise;Js;s gad;fshFk;.
Mf jkpo;ehl;bw;Fk; ,e;jpa vy;iyfSf;Fk;
mg;ghy; jkpopd; rpwg;ig nfhz;L nrd;wjd;
%yk;jhd; ,it ele;Njwpd. ,jw;F mtuJ
J}Jiug;gzp kfj;jhd gq;fspg;ig ey;fpap
Ue;jJ.
mnkupf;fhtpy; tpupTiufs; %ykhfTk;>
thndhyp %ykhfTk;> nra;jpj;jhs; %ykh
fTk; jkpopd; rpwg;Gf;fisg; gug;gpdhu;.
If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; Xuhz;by; jkpiog;
gw;wp ,UE}W tpupTiufis mtu; epfo;j;jp
ajhf mtNu Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
jha;yhe;jpw;Fr; nrd;wpUe;jnghOJ Nfhap-
nyhd;wpy; mtu;fSila kd;dupd; Kb
#l;L tpohtpy; ghLk; jkpo;gg ; hf;fs; gw;wp
tpdtpanghOJ fpue;jj;jpYk; jha; (Tai)
nkhopapYk; vOjg;gl;bUe;j rpy VLfis
mtu; gbj;Jf;fhl;bajhfTk; mit khzpff ;
thrfupd; ‘MjpAk; me;jKk; ,y;yh mUk;
ngUk; Nrhjpia’ vdj;njhlq;Fk; jpUntk;
ghitapd; KjypU nra;As;fSkhFk; vdj;
jhk; mwpe;J nfhz;ljhfTk; mbfs; Fwpg;
gpl;Ls;shu;.
jha;yhe;J. fk;Nghbah Nghd;w fpof;fhrpa
ehLfSf;Fk; jkpofj;jpw;FKs;s fyhrhu>
njhlu;jy; 70k; gf;fk;
jha;tPL • Xf];l; August 2013
fk;gd; xU ngUq;fly;...
67k; gf;fj; njhlHr;rp...
kPl;f te;j jpUkhYkhfpd;whH. jkf;nfd
thohg; gpwHFhpahsd; vDk; jkpo;g; gz;-
ghl;bd; caHe;j rpwg;ig ,uhkH jk; tho;f;
ifapYk; nkhopfspYk; fhl;Lfpd;whH.
‘MTf;fhapD ke;jzHf; fhapDk;
ahtHf;fhapD nkspatHf; fhapDk;
NjtHf; Fe;njhOe; NjtHfshFthH.’
rhtg;ngw;wtNu jif thDiu
‘jtnkyhq; nfhs;f’ vDk; jpahfKk;
kdg;ghd;ikAk; vj;Jizr; rpwg;ghfg;
Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwtzf;fKk;
,iwtopghLk; ,iwad;GNk jkpo; kf;f
Sila kpfTk; caHe;j nry;tq;fs;.
,tw;iw cUthf;fpf; fhl;Lk; fhg;gpaNk
,uhkhazk;. ehj;jpfk; ek; kf;fspd; ,ay;
gpw;F mg;ghy; eldk; GhpAk; xU nfhs;if.
,f;fhuzk; gw;wpNa ,iwtd; khl;rp Fd;
wf;$Wk; Gj;jKk; rkzKk; jkpo;ehl;by;
epiyngw;wpy.
ahd; ,isQdhff; fy;tp fw;w nghOJ
fw;Nwd;, Mq;fpyk; gbj;jf;fhy; VNjh
xU rpwpJ N`hkiuAk; ntH[piyAk;
kpy;lidAk; shakespeare IAk; fw;Nwd;,
jdpehaf mbfspd; Ma;T...
68k; gf;fj; njhlHr;rp...
Gyikj;jpwNd fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rq;ffhyg; Gytu;fSs;Ns xsitahu;
rpwe;jtu;;. muz;kidfspy; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wtu;;. muru;fSlDk; FWepy kd;du;f
SlDk; el;GwT nfhz;lhbatu;. mtu;
jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; Mw;wy; kpf;f fy;tpahs
uhfTk; jpfo;e;jhu;;. Mz;ghw; Gytu;fsJk;
ngz;ghw; Gytu;fsJk; ngau;fSk; njhopy;
fSk;> jkpo;ehl;by; fy;tpAk; ftpijAk;
xU jdp tFg;gpdUf;Nfh> Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;
nra;fpd;wtu;fSf;Nfh kl;Lk; nrhe;jky;y
vd;gij ep&gpf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; vy;NyhUk;
jq;fs; mwpitAk; rpej ; idiaAk; czu;T
fisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w> Vw;Wf;nfhs;
sg;gl;l tbtkhfr; nra;Aisf;ifahz;ldu;
vd mbfshu; $Wtu;. Gytu;>; ghzu;> muru;>
FWepy kd;du; MfpNahu;; mbf;fb re;jpj;J>
jkpo; ehl;by; gz;ghL> nkhop> ,yf;fpa
xUikg;ghL vd;gtw;iw epiyf;fg;gz;zp
du;. muru;> FWepy kd;du;; MfpNahupilNa
xw;WikAk; GupeJ ; zu;Tk; epiyahd muRk;
epyTtjw;Fg; Gytu; ngupJk; ghLgl;ldu;
vd;w fUj;ijAk; mbfs; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
rq;fg;Gytu;fs; ghbg; guprpy; ngWk; tho;f;
ifia Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhYk; rKjhaj;jpy;
nfsutkhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. muru;
fs;> ts;sy;fs; vd;Nghu; Gytu;fSf;Fupa
kjpg;igAk; gupRfisAk; cupaNtisf
spy; nfhLf;fhJtpl;lhy;> Gytu;fs; mtu;f
isf;fbe;J nfhs;Sk; msTf;Fg; GyikAk;;
r%f mq;fPfhuKk; ngw;wpUe;jdu; vd;gjw;Fg;
GwehD}W 162k; ghly; rhd;whFk;:
jdpehafk; mbfshupd; jkpo;...
69k; gf;fj; njhlHr;rp...
nkhopj;njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wp vLj;Jiuj;J
Ma;Tf;Fj; J}z;bdhu;.
,Jkl;Lkpd;wp jkpoupd; fiyfs; njhlu;ghd
tplaq;fisAk; jk; gazq;fspy; mtu;
typAWj;jj; jtwtpy;iy. fl;blf;fiy>
Xtpaf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> ,irf;fiy>
ehl;baf;fiy Kjyhdtw;wpd; rpwg;Gf;fis
Ak; ntspehl;Lg;gazq;fspy; gug;gp te;jhu;.
jkpo;j;J}jpw;nfd;W Ntw;W ehL nry;Nthu;
,aw;ifahd mwpTk;> fz;lhu; tpUk;Gk;
Njhw;wg;nghypTk;> gyNuhLk; gyfhYk;
Muhag;gl;l njspe;j fy;tpAk; vd %d;
,j;jhypa ehl;by; FUklf; fy;tpapy;
jr;NrhitAk; fw;Nwd;, gpuQ;R nkhopAld;
<Lgl;lnghOJ xUrpwpJ jhe;NjiaAk;
njhlHGitj;jf;fhy; Chamon de Roland
Ig; Gul;bg; ghHj;Njd;, NghHj;Jf;fPrpa
nkhopiar; rpwpJ fw;W Camoes cila Os
Husiades vDk; fhg;gpaj;ijg; gbj;Jg; ghHj;
Njd; vdpDk;.
‘ahkwpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg;Nghy;
ts;stHNghy; ,sq;Nfhitg;Nghy;
cz;ik, ntWk; Gfo;r;rp apy;iy’
g+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy
fk;guhkhazKk; fPo;ehl;lhUk; Nky;ehl;
lhUk; tFj;j ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ,yf;f
jz;bapd; ,yf;fzKk; Aristootle ,d;
zq;fis ed;whfg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
fhz;fpd;wd. gz;ilf; fhyj;J Beowulf,
,yf;fzKk; ek; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,yf;fpak;
Chamson de Roland, thy;kPfpahH tiue;j
(heroic epic) tPufhg;gpag; gz;G fk;guhkha
Kiwapy; fhl;LtNj tPufhg;gpak;, jd;
zj;jpYz;L: tPuj;ijAk; tPuidAk; tPu
epfhpy;yhj jiytid kf;fSf;F vLj;
(Authentic epic) my;yJ ,aw;iff; fhg;gpak;
Jf; fhl;lhff; fhl;LtJ tPu fhg;gpak;.
,sntspkhd; vd;Dk; murdplk; ghbg;guprpy;
ngwr;nry;fpwhu; ngUQ;rpj;jdhu; vd;w Gytu;.
murNdh> Gytiu cupathW kjpj;Jg; gup
rpy; toq;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; rPw;wk; nfhz;l
Gytu; ,d;ndhU murid ehbdhu;. mk;
kd;dd; ngUk; nghUl;fSld; ahidia
Ak; guprpyhf toq;fpdhd;. mtw;iw mg;
gbNa nfhz;Lte;;J> jd;id mtkjpj;j
,sntspkhdpd; fhty; kuj;jbapy;; itj;J
tpl;L ahidiaAk; fhty; kuj;jpy; fl;b
tpl;Lr;nrd;whu; mg;Gytu;. ,J murid
mtkjpf;Fk; nrayhFk;. ,JNghd;Nw
xsitahUf;Fk; xU re;ju;g;gk; Neupl;lJ.
xsitahu; xUehs; mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;
rpaplk; guprpy; ngwr;nrd;whu;. xsitahu;
kPJs;s kjpgG ; k;> md;Gk; fhuzkhf kd;dd;
mtiuj;j ; d; khspifapy; rpy ehl;fs; jq;f
itf;f epidj;J guprpy; toq;ff; fhyk;
jho;j;jpdhd;. Mdhy; jd;id clNd
murd; nfsutpf;fhjgbahy; Mj;jpuq;nfh
z;l xsitahu;> mur thapw;fhg;Nghid
tpspj;Jg;ghba ghlypd; rpy tupfis
Nehf;fyhk;:
‘thap NyhNa thap NyhNa...
fLkhd; Njhd;wy; neLkhdQ;rp
jd;dwp ayd;nfhy; vd;dwp ayd; nfhy;...’
(Gwk;: 206)
,t;thwhfr; rq;ffhyg; Gytu;fs; jk;
fy;tpj; jpwj;jhYk; Gyik MSikahYk;
murUf;Fk; mlq;fhj ty;yikAld; tho;e;
jdu; vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; rq;fg;
Gytu;fsJ tha;r; nrhy; ed;ikAk;
jPikAk; tpistpg;gjhfTk; mike;jpUe;j
ikia mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ: Gyt
uhy; Gfo;e;J ghlg;gLNthu; tpz;Zyf
wpYk; rpwe;jtu;fshf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w
ts;Stupd; fUj;jpid typAWj;Jk; mbfs;
,tw;Wld; jhk; nry;Yk; mt;Ntw;W ehLfspy;
mt;Ntw;Wnkhopia ed;whfg;Ngrj; njupe;j
tuhfTk; Nkilf;fiy ty;YeuhfTk; ,Uj;
jy; Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
Nkw;$wpa gz;Gfis mbfs; ngw;wpUe;jik
jkpo;j;J}Jg;gzpf;F mtUf;Fg; NgUjtpahf
,Ue;jd. ,g;gz;Gfs; mtuJ MSikia
tpUj;jp nra;J gue;j Nehf;Fld; nraw;g
lTk; cyf muq;fpd; gy;NtW nkhop
NgRk; Njrq;fSf;F jkpopd; ngUikiag;
gug;gTk; mtUf;Ff; if nfhLj;jd.
“may;ehl;Lj; njhlu;ghYk; may;nkhopg;
vd;gJ kf;fs; jiyKiw jiyKiwah
fg; ghbte;j nghUisAk; nrhy;iyAq;
Uila ,ypgLk; odynesy ck; fpNuf;f
nfhz;L ,aw;wg;ngw;w fhg;gpak;. N`hk-
kf;fs; ghbte;j nghUs; gw;wp vOe;j
fhg;gpaq;fs;. GytH jk; jpwikahy; ehl;
Lg; ghly;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nrhw;nwhlH-
fisAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;shH. ,aw;iff;
fhg;gpak; kf;fshy; Vl;by; gbj;jjd;W.
fhjhy; Nfl;bd;Gwj; jf;fJ. fk;gUk; jk;
fhg;gpaj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; ,uhk rhpj;jpuj;
ijg;ghLk; gy nra;Al;fisr; NrHj;jpUf;f
jf;fJ, nrtpahy; Efuj;jf;fJ. Literay
Ntz;Lk;. mtH fhg;gpak; ghbf;Nfl;fj;
epic vDk; ,yf;fpaf; fhg;gpak;. jpUj;jkhfg;
jf;fJ. Vergil, Milton Nghd;wtUila
Gytuhy; gbj;Jr; rpe;jpj;J mDgtpf;fj;
fhg;gpak; ,yf;fpaf;fhg;gpak;: fk;gd; fhg;gp
aKk; jpUj;jkhf mikf;fg;ngw;w fhg;gpak;
jhd;. Vida cyff; fhg;gpa MrpupaUld;
fk;gid xg;GNehf;fpg; gbg;gjhy; fk;gD
ila ngUikAk; VidNahUila ngU
ikAe; Njhd;Wk;. NkYk; fk;gd; jkpo;
,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhw;iwg; gphpf;Fk; xU
ngUq;fly;> fk;gdpd; fhg;gpaj;jpy;> mtH
Kd;NdhH nkhopiaAk; nghUisAk;
nghd;Nd Nghy; Nghw;wpAs;shH. mtH
ey;tho;T ngWtu; vd;w nra;jpAk; (Gwk;.
27) Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW rq;fg; Gytu;
fspd; Mw;wy;fis ed;F czu;eJ ; nfhz;l
jdpehaf mbfs;> rq;fg;Gytu;fis vgpNua
ehl;Lg;Gytu;fSld; xg;gpLfpwhu;. “vgpNua
,iwthf;fpdu;fs; xOf;fj;ijAk; r%f
ePjpiaAk;> cz;ikiaAk; epiyehl;lg;
ngupJk; ghLgl;lhu;fs;. jkpo; ehl;Lg;Gytu;f
Sk; ,j;jifa gzpfisNa nra;Jte;
jhu;fs;. rq;fg; Gytu;fshd ,iw thf;fp
du;fspd; gzpfis vgpNua ehl;by;> njhlf;f
fhyj;J Mw;wy; kpf;f FUf;fspd; gzp
tsu;r;rp mile;jjw;F xg;gplyhk;. Mw;wy;
kpf;f FUf;fspd; gzp jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpy;
Gytu;fspd; gzpahf tsu;r;rp mile;jJ”
vd mbfs; xg;gplL; f;$WtJ Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
FLk;g tho;f;ifNa xU r%fj;ij epiy
ngwr;nra;tjhFk; vd;gij midj;Jg; gz;
ghLfspYk; Gytu;fs; vLj;Jiuj;J te;Js;
shu;fs;. ,jidNa jpUts;StUk;>
‘ngWktw;Ws; ahkwptJ ,y;iy mwptwpe;j
kf;fl;NgW my;y gpw.’
(Fws;-61)
vd;w Fwspy;> kdpju; ngwNtz;ba ew;NgW
fspy; ed;kf;fl;NgW gw;wpfF
; wpgg; pll
; hu;. rq;fg;
Gytu;fSk; ,t;tifapy; ngw;Nwhupak;
Gfl;Lk; Mrpupau;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;;.
ghz;bad; mwpTilek;gp ,Jnjhlu;ghf
kf;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jk; ‘gilg;Gg; gygilj;
Jg; gyNuhLz;Zk; cilg;ngUQ; nry;tu;
MapDk;...’ vdtUk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;
(188) vy;NyhuhYk; gbf;fj;jf;fjhFk;:
kdpj tho;f;ifapy; gps;isr; nry;tj;jpd;
gapw;rpahYk; ek; ehl;L nkhopg;gw;W edp
rpwe;J tsu;fpd;wJ. gpwnkhopfSld; jkp
ior; rPu; J}f;fpg; ghu;f;Fk; Ngw;wpidAk;
milfpd;Nwhk;.” vd mtu; $WtJ Fwpg;
gplj;jf;fJ.
“,d;W ,J mtrpakhdJ. jkpOf;F ,d;W
Vw;gl;Ls;s ,d;dy;fs;> gifik ,tw;iwg;
Gwq;fhZk; fUtp jkpo;j;J}J Kurpd; xyp
xd;Nw vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.” vd jkpo;j;
J}jpd; mtrpak; gw;wp mbfshu; Fwpg;gpL
fpd;whu;. ,jd; %yk; ,g;gzp njhlug;gl
Ntz;baJ vd;gij mtu; typAWj;jpAs;shu;.
‘cyfk; ngUtho;T milAkhW ehkidt
Uk; xUq;F Nru;e;J ciog;gNj ,t;tofpa
- 70 -
jkpo;j;J}J
gpd;te;j ,yf;fpa MrphpaUf;F mtNu
ntH[piyf; fz;lJk; ‘The Seimaestri’ ePtpH
ngUq;fsQ;rpaKk; MrhDkhdhH. jhe;Nj
vd; Mrhndd;Wk; miof;fpd;whH. fk;gd;
jkpo;ehl;bd; Mrhd;> fk;gDk; ts;StDk;>
fk;gDk; ,sq;NfhTk;> fk;gDk; Nrf;fpohUk;>
fk;gDk; ehy;tUk; ,d;ndud;d nghUs;
gw;wp Muha;tJ jkpo; Muha;rr ; papy; Gjpa
xUjiy C.M. Bowra vd;ghH vOjpa ‘From
KiwfisAk; topfisAk; fhl;Lk; vd;gJ
Virgil to Milton’ vDk; E}iyg;Nghy; ek;
fhg;gpaq;fisg; gw;wpa E}y;fs; ekf;F
Ntz;Lk;.
florence khefhpy; xU NfhapYz;L. mq;-
vd; epidtpw;F tUfpd;wJ. Florence efH
Fs;s jhe;Njiag; gw;wpa xtpankhd;W
,Us; #o;e;J fplf;Fk; Ntisapy; jhe;Nj
jk; E}iy tphpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whH. mt;
Ntisapy; me;E}ypypUe;J nry;Yk; xsp
ahy; efH Gj;JapH ngWfpd;wJ. fk;gH jUk;
,uhkhazk; mj;jifa XH xspg;gpok;G.
mjdhy; jkpo;ehL Gj;JapH ngWjy; Ntz;
Lk;. mg;Gj;JapH ngWtjw;F ek; mwpQH
tpsf;fj;jpw;Fg; GJtpsf;fk; mspj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
ed;wp: fk;gkyu;
mUikiaAk;> NjitiaAk; ,r;nra;As;
typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. rq;fg;Gytu; nghd;nkhop
fshfg; gy tupfisj; jk; nra;As;fspy;
je;Js;sdu;. mtw;wl; rpytw;iwf; ,q;F
Nehf;fyhk;:
‘,k;ikr;nra;jJ kWikf;fhk;..’
(Gwk; : 134)
‘vt;top ey;yth; Mltu; mt;top ey;iy
thopa epyNd’
(Gwk; : 187)
‘Gfnodpd; capUq; nfhLf;Ftu; gop nadpd;
cyFld; ngwpDk; nfhs;syu;...’
(Gwk; : 182)
‘ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu;
jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwu; juthuh...’
(Gwk; : 192)
vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
,t;thwhfj; jdpehaf mbfshu; rq;f
fhyj;Jg;Gytu;fspd; r%f Nehf;Fk;> mtu;
fs; vt;thW kf;fSf;Fk; kd;dUf;Fk;
gad;gLk; tifapy; jk; nra;As; jpwd;f
isg; gad;gLj;jp cs;sdh; vd;gJk; <z;L
Muhag;gl;ld. cyfNehf;Fk; kdpjNea-
Kq;nfhz;L rq;fg;Gytu;fs; nra;As; ,aw;
wpaNjhL> mit fhyq;fle;Jk; epiyngw;
Ws;sikAk; gbj;J ,d;Gwj;jf;fjhFk;.
crhj;Jiz:
• lhf;lu; Nt.M.eljdp[hd; mofurd;>
• S. Thaninayagam, Landscape and Poetry- A Study
jdpehaf mbfs; tho;Tk; gzpAk;
of Nature in Classical Tamil Poetry.
balasundaram@thaiveedu.com
nkhopia ekf;Fj; jha;nkhopahfj; je;j
,iwtDf;F ehk; fhl;Lk; ed;wpj; njhz;
lhFk;.’ vd;w mtuJ nghd; nkhop cyf
Nehf;FilaJ.
cynfq;Fk; cs;s jkpo; mwpQu;fisAk;
jkpo;nkhop Muha;r;rpahsu;fisAk; xd;W
jpul;b cyfj;jkpuha;rr
; p kfhehLfis elj;
jpa jdpehafk; mbfSf;F ,d;W cy
nfq;fpYk; gue;J thOk; jkpo; mwpQu;f
shYk; jkpo;; Muhar;;rpahsu;fshYk;
E}w;whz;L epidT nfhz;lhlg;gLfpdw ; ik
mtuJ gzpf;Ff;
fpilj;j gadhFk;.
ruby.francis@thaiveedu.com
- 66 - jha;tPL • nrg;nuk;gu; September 2013

jkpo;j;J}J

jkpoH gz;ghLk; mjd; rpwg;gpay;GfSk;

- jkpo;g;NguwpQH jdpehaf mbfs; -
,t;thz;L cyfk; vy;yhk; gutpapUf;Fk; jkpo; MHtyHfs; jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; E}w;whz;L tpohitf;
nfhz;lhb mtiu epidT $Hfpd;wdu;.
fpwp];Jtg; gzpf;F jd;id xg;Gf;nfhLj;J> gpd; jkpioj; JiwNghff; fw;W> jkpo;nkhopapd; njhd;ikiaAk;
nrOikiaAk; cyfwpar;nra;J> jkpo; Kdptuhf kyHe;jtH jdpehafk; mbfshu;. gl;lq;fs; gyngw;W> gy
nkhopfswpe;J> cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdj;ij epWtp mHj;jKs;s khehLfis elj;jpj; jkpo; nrOikAwj;
Jiz epd;wtu;. Ambassador for Tamil vd ,e;jpag; gj;jphpiffshy; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wtH. ,tH vOjpa Mf;fq;fs;>
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufis ,d;iwa jkpo; thrfHfs; vy;NyhUk; thrpj;Njhu; vd;wpy;iy.

jha; tPL thrfHfSf;fhf NguwpQH jdpehaf mbfspd; Mf;fq;fisAk; mtu; gw;wpa Mf;fq;fisAk;
njhlu;e;J ntspapl vz;zpAs;Nshk;.

,t;thz;bd; %jwpQH v];.N[.tp. nry;t-
ehafk; mtHfspd; epidTr; nrhw;nghopT
fis vd;id epfo;j;JkhW mioj;jikf;
Fr; nry;tehafk; epidTf; FOtpdHf;F
gw;wpa ,U nrhw;nghopTfis epfo;j;j
vz;zpAs;Nsd;. md;dhH njhlf;fpitj;j
,af;fk; ,d;Dk; tYg;ngw;W ,e;ehl;by;
ehk; KO chpikfSld; tho toptFf;f
elj;JgtH mtH. mtH jiyikapy; ek;
kpaf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; ntw;wpngwy; Ntz;
Lnkd;Wk; tho;j;Jfpd;Nwd;.
ikAk; xspAk; vd;Wk;> rpej
; idapd; njhopy;
vd;Wk;> mofpYk; kdpj czHr;rpapYk;
<LghL vd;Wk; $wpAs;shH. ek;kpyf;fpaj;jpy;
gz;ghL vd;Dk; nrhy; ,e;E}w;whz;by;jhd;

kf;fspay; ty;YeH (Anthropologists) gz;

vd; ed;wpiaj; njhptpf;fpd;Nwd;. mbNad;
Xa;Tngw;wpUg;gjhYk;> vd; fz;ghHit Fd;
wpapUg;gjhYk;> E}w;$lk; vd;dplk; ,g;ngh
OJ rpwpjhapUg;gjhYk;> Muha;r;rp tpupTiu
fs; epfo;j;j tha;g;Gfs; Fiwe;jpUg;gjhYk;>
,g;ngUe;jifapd; epidtpw;F mbNaDk;
Ntz;Lnkd;W ,iwtd; jpUtUis
,iwQ;rp epw;fpd;Nwd;.
,d;iwa $l;lj;jpw;F vd; ez;gH Jiz
Nte;jH tpj;jpahde;jd; jiyikjhq;FtJ
gw;wpAk; kfpo;rr; p nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. mtHfs;
gz;ghL vd;gJ ahJ?
ghL vDk; nrhy;iyf; ifahSk; nghUs;
fisg; gw;wp ehk; Fwpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
mtHfspd; fUj;jpd;gb gioa kf;fspd;
tho;fi; fia tpsf;Fk; vy;yhj; JiwfSk;
Mq;fpykwpe;j jkpowpQuhy; cz;lhf;fg;
gl;L toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,d;W ehk;
gz;ghL vDk; nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLk; Jiw
fis ek; Kd;NdhH gz;G> gz;Gilik>
rhy;G> rhd;whz;ik Kjypa nrhw;fshy;
Fwpj;Js;sdH. ,r;nrhw;fs; ntt;NtW ,lq;

E}w;whz;by; kj;jpA MHzy;l; (Mathew

mQ;ryp nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gpdhy; ,e;ehl;by; jkpoH gz;ghl;bd; rpy Jiwfs; gz;ghL vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; mlq;Fk;. nrd;w fspy; NtW rpy gz;ghl;Lld; njhlHGs;s

wpAs;shH. NkYk; mtupaw;wpa ‘jkpoH Arnold) vDk; E}yhrphpaH jhk; vOjpa xU

,r;nrhw;nghopTfis epfo;jj ; cld;gl;Nld;. tsHr;rpngw Ntz;Lnkd mUk;gzpahw; nghUs;fisf; Fwpj;jhYk; gy ,lq;fspy;

rhy;G’ vDk; E}y; jkpou; gz;ghl;Lj; Jiw ‘gz;ngdg;gLtJ ghlwpe;J xOFtJ’

gz;ghl;ilNa fUJfpwJ. fypj;njhifapy;

vd;Wk;> ts;Stj;jpy; ‘gz;GilahH gl;-

Kg;gJ Mz;Lfshfj; jkpopdj;jpd; <Nlw; E}ypy; ,f;fhyj;jpw;F Vw;wthW gz;ghl;Lj;

b.v];.vypal; (T.S.Eliot) vDk; Mq;fpyg; Gy Lz;L cyfk;’ vd;Wk; tUtijf; fhz;f.

wj;Jf;fhf XH ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fp mt; apy; vOjg;ngw;w rpwe;j Kjy; E}y;fspy; Jiwia tpsf;fpdhH. ,e;j E}w;whz;by;

tH ‘gz;ghl;bd; tiuaiw gw;wpa Fwpg;G

tpaf;fj;jpd; gadhf ,e;ehl;bYs;s jkpohpd; xd;W. ,d;Dk; ,t;tpupTiuapd; ,Wjpapy;

fs;’ vDk; E}ypy; gz;ghl;il ,d;Dk;

nkhop> gz;ghL> murpay; chpikfs; fhg; jkpo;j; jiytH caH jpUthsu; mkpu;j- gz;ghL cilatiur; rhd;Nwhnud;Wk;>
ghw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd cioj;j ngU ypqf; k; ed;wpAiu toq;fg;Nghtjhf mwpfpd; xOf;fKilNahnud;Wk;> xspNahnud;Wk;>
kfdhhpd; epidthfj; jkpo;jJ ; iwfisg; Nwd;. %jwpQhpd; ,af;fj;ijj; njhlHe;J tphpthf tpsf;fpdhH. gz;ghL vd;gJ ,dp
njhlu;jy; 67k; gf;fk;
jha;tPL • nrg;nuk;gu; September
Mq;fpyj;jpy; Culture vdg;gLk; nrhy;ypw;
khrw;w fhl;rpAilNahnud;Wk; mioj;jdH.
Fj; jkpopy; gz;ghL vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;
nrhy;yhfpa Cultura Agri epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;
Nwhk;. Mq;fpyr; nrhy; vt;thW ,yj;jd P ;
JtjpypUe;J gpwe;jNjh mJNghy jkpo;r;
nrhy;yhfpa gz;Gk; epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jt
jpypUe;J Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. coTj;
njhopy; vt;thW epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;J
fpwNjh mt;thNw kdj;ijAk;> kf;fisAk;
gz;gLj;JtJ gz;G. ,r;nrhy;iyj;jhd;
gz;ghL vd;Dk; nghUspy; gz;ilj;jkpo;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; E}yhrphpaH gad;gLj;jp-
As;sdH.
gz;ghL vd;why; XH ,dj;jhhpd; nfhs;if
fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;> ,yl;rpaq;
fs;> tho;fi; f Kiwfs;> fsnthOf;fk;>
fw;nghOf;fk;> mfj;jpiz Gwj;jpiz ku
Gfs;> ,yf;fpa kuGfs;> murpayikg;Gfs;>
Mil mzpfyd;fs;> jpUtpohf;fs;> czT>
nghOJNghf;F tpisahl;Lfs; ,tw;iw
nay;yhk; Fwpf;Fk;. XH ,dj;jhhpd; gz;
ghl;il ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F caHe;j
,yf;fpak; gad;gLtJNghy> ehNlhb ,yf;
fpaKk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. mjid ehl;Lg;
ghly;fspYk;> ehNlhb ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;>
gonkhopfs; KJnkhopfspYk;> ,irapYk;>
ehlfj;jpYk;> ehl;baj;jpYk;> nre;jkpo;
nfhLe;jkpo; mikg;gpYk;> tsHr;rpapYk;
fhzyhk;. NkYk; Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> fl;blf;
fiy Kjypa fiyfspYk; Xhpdj;jhhpd;
gz;ghL Njhd;Wk;.
jkpoH gz;ghl;il <uhapuj;jp Ie;E}W Mz;
Lfshfj; jkpo; kf;fs; tsHj;Jte;j ,yf;
fpaq;fSk; ftpdf ; iyfSk; vLj;Jf; fhl;L
fpd;wd. MapDk; xU rpy E}y;fis kl;
Lk; jkpoH gz;ghl;bd; fsQ;rpaq;fshff;
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lkhapd; Ie;J E}y;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLNtd;. mit njhy;fhg;gpag; nghU
sjpfhuk;> FWe;njhif> GwehD}W> jpUf;
Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;gd. jkpoH gz;
ghL fhy miltpy; rpwpJ khwp te;Js;sJ.
Mdhy; mjDila mbg;gilf; nfhs;if
fs; ,j;Jiz E}w;whz;Lfshf khw;wq;fs;
milatpy;iy. MhpaH jkpo; ehl;bw;F
rka – r%ff; nfhs;iffs; jkpo;ehl;bYk;
te;j fhyj;jpy;> rpwg;ghf mtHfSila
gutpd. rkzH> Gj;jH> INuhg;gpaH jkpo;
ehl;Lld; nfhz;l njhlHghYk; xU rpy
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. MapDk; gpwehl;Lr;
rkaq;fSk; kf;fSk; jkpo;ehl;by; GFe;j
fhyj;jpy; jkpo; kuigf; fhj;Jtug; gapd;
wdH. jkpo;f; fhg;gpakhfpa rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij
,aw;wpa ,sq;Nfh mbfs; rkzH. jkpnoh-
Of;fj;jpd; fsQ;rpakhfpa ts;Stj;ij
,aw;wpatH rkzH vd;W rpyH $Wfpdw ; dH.
njhy;fhg;gpaUk; rkznud;gJ NguhrphpaH
itahGhpg;gps;isapd; fUj;J. Mdhy; mf;
fUj;Jf;F mtH Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; ju
tpy;iy. ,e;E}yhrphpaUk; tPukhKdptH
Nghd;w Nkdhl;lhUk; jkpo; kuigNa
jOtp thoTk; ghlTk; Kad;wdH.
ek; gz;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
vf;fhyj;jpYk; GytHfs; ghbapUf;fpd;wdH.
gj;njhd;gjhk;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; jkp
opd; kWkyHr;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;j vOj;
jhsH gyH Mq;fpyj;ij ed;F mwpe;jpUe;
jhYk;> Nky;ehl;L ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;>
tuyhw;iwAk; ed;F gapd;wpUe;jhYk; mtH
fs; jkpo;g;gz;ghl;il ,of;ftpy;iy khw;w
tpy;iy. kapyhLJiw Ntjehafk;gps;is>
Re;juk;gps;is> tp.[p.#hpaehuhaz rh];-
jphp vd;Dk; ghpjpkhy; fiyQd;> Nguhrphp
aH itahGhpgg ; psi
; s> jpU.tp.fy;ahzRe;ju
KjypahH> NguhrphpaH uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is>
NguhrphpaH K.tujuhrd; Nghd;wtHfs; jk;
Mq;fpyg;gapw;rpahy; jkpoH gz;ghl;il
tpsf;fpdhnuhopa mjid khw;wtpy;iy.
ehfhpfk; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk; gz;ghL vDk;
nghUspy; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ifahsg;gl;L tU
fpd;wJ. jpUf;FwspYk;> ew;wpizapYk;
Kjy; Kjy; Njhd;Wkprn ; rhy; efutho;fi
; f
Mq;fpyj;jpy; Civilization vd;W $wg;gLk;
apd; mikg;igAk; gaidAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
Coty, Citizen, Civilization vd;w nrhw;fs;
nghUisj;jhd; ehfhpfKk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,yj;jPd; nkhopapd; Civitas, Civis, Civilis
atio vDk; nrhw;fspypUe;J Njhd;wpait.
mNjNghy ,e;j ,yj;jPd; nrhw;fs; vf;fhyj;
jpy; Njhd;wpdNth mf;fhyj;jpNyNa efH>
efuek;gpahH> ehfhpfk; vd;w nrhw;fSk;
2013
Njhd;wpd. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; efH> efiuf;
Fwpgg
; Jld; xU ngUk; ,y;yj;ijAk; Fwpf;
Fk;. efhpy; rPuile;j kf;fis efuek;gp
aH Fwpf;Fk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk;> kzpNkf-
iyapYk; efuek;gpaH tUtijf; fhz;f.
efH vd;w nrhy; jpuhtplr; nrhy;jhd; tl
nkhopr;nrhy; md;W. MhpaH tl ,e;jpah
itf; ifg;gw;wpa fhyj;jpy; jpuhtpl kf;fs;
ngUk; efHfspy; tho;tijf; fz;L tpag;G
mile;jdH. jpuhtpl kf;fsplkpUe;Nj efH
fis mikf;fTk; MhpaH fw;Wf;nfhz;ldH.
,e;E}w;whz;by; ehfhpfk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy
Ak; gz;ghL vd;w nghUspy; ifahStJ
kughapwW ; . Mdhy; ehfhpfk; efutho;itAk;>
efu tho;f;ifahy; ngwg;gLk; eyd;fis
Ak; Fwpg;gJld; mwptpay; Jiwahy;> nghU
spay; Jiwahy; kf;fs; mile;J tUk;
khw;wq;fisAk;> Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk;
Fwpf;fj;jhd; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
rpy Ntisfspy; gz;ghL vJ> ehfhpfk;
NuzH (Turner) vd;gtH The Great Cultu
vJ vd;W gphpj;Jf; $WtJ vspjhf ,uhJ.
re Traditions vd;w E}ypy; cyfpd; nghpa
“
As;shH. MHzy;l; nuhapd;gp (Arnold Toy
ehfhpfq;fisAk;> gz;ghLfisAk; tpsf;fp
nbee) vd;gtH The Great Civilizations vDk;
E}ypy; gz;ghl;ilAk; ehfhpfj;ijAk; NrHj;J
tpsf;fpAs;shH. ,t;thW jkpoH gz;ghLk;
ehfhpfKk; vd;W $WtJk; ,ay;ghapw;W.
jkpopYs;s gf;jp
,yf;fpaq;fisg; Nghy
mofpYk;> Moj;jpYk;>
gug;gpYk; ,j;Jiz
,yf;fpak; Ntnwe;j
nkhopapYk; ,Ug;gjhf
ehd; mwpNad;.
ehfhpfk; (Hindu Civilization), fpwp];Jt
gy;fiyf;fofg; ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; ,e;J
ehfhpfk; vd;W $Wk;nghOJ ngUk;ghYk;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; rpytw;wpy; Culture
gz;ghl;ilNa fUJfpd;wdH. Mjyhy;jhd;
and Civilization vd;W ,izj;Jg; ghlj;jpl;
lj;jpd; jiyg;ig ntspapLfpdw; dH. Mdhy;
,ad;wkl;Lk; ,t;tpUJiwfisAk; gphpj;J
Nehf;FtJ gz;ghl;bid Mo;e;J Muha;
tjw;F top tFf;Fk;.
jkpoH gz;ghl;bd;
Nfhl;ghLfs; rpy:
jkpoH gz;ghl;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; rpytw;
iwr; RUf;fkhff; $w tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.
mtw;iw ek;kpyf;fpaq;fs; gytw;wpy;
njspthff; fhzyhk;. gue;j cyf kdg;
ehD}w;wpy; ‘ahJk; CNu ahtUk; NfspH’
ghd;ik xU nfhs;if. Mjyhy;jhd; Gw
vd;Wk;> ts;Stj;jpy; ‘ahjhDk; ehlh
khy; Cuhkhy;’ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.
tpUe;Njhk;gy; xU rpwe;j nfhs;if. gpw
ud;G> <if> jkf;nfd thohg; gpwHf;Fhpah
sH vDk; Nfhl;ghL> vd; fld; gzpnra;J
fplg;gNj> mfj;jpiz Gwj;jpiz kuG>
khdnkd;why; capiuAk; nfhLj;Jf; fhg;
ghw;Wk; Ntl;if> kdj;J}a;ik> tplhJ
Kayy; vDk; nfhs;if> ahd;ngw;w ,d;gk;
ngWf ,t;itafk; vd;w epfuw;w kdepiy>
cs;Stnjy;yhk; caHTs;sy; vd;Dk;
caHe;j ,yl;rpak; vd;gd jkpoH gz;ghl;
bd; mhpa rpy Nfhl;ghLfnsd;Nw $wyhk;.
,t;tpyl;rpaq;fisj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
gd;Kiw Njw;wk; nfhLj;J tw;GWj;Jtijf;
wpy; tUk; ‘cz;lhyk;k ,t;Tyfk;’ vd;w
fhz;fpNwhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfg; GwehD}w;
nra;ASk;> ‘,k;ikf;fhtJ kWikf;fhnkd’
vd;w nra;ASk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
ek;kpyf;fpaq;fis ed;F Muha;ej ; hy; mit
gz;ghl;Lj;Jiwfis ed;F gad;gLj;Jt
ijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. njhy;fhg;gpaH fUg;
nghUspy; gz;ghl;Lj; Jiwfs; rpytw;
iwf; $Wfpdw ; hH. mtw;Ws; topghLk;> ,ir
Ak;> ,irf; fUtpfSk; rpy. mfj;jpiz
apaypy; 20k; #j;jpuj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW $wg;
gl;Ls;sJ:
‘nja;tk; czhNt khkuk; Gl;giw
nra;jp ahopd; gFjpnahL njhif>
mt;tif gpwTk; fUntd nkhopt’
,t;thNw gz;ghl;bd; nfhs;iffSk;> ,yl;
rpaq;fSk; vy;yhf; fhyj;J ,yf;fpaq;f
spYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpoH gz;ghL fhy miltpy; khw;wq;fs;
mile;Js;sjh vDk; tpdhtpw;F khw;wk;
mj;Jiz mile;jjpyi ; y Mdhy; tsHr;rp
mile;Js;sJ vd;Nw $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tlMhpaH jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;j fhyj;jpYk;>
rkzH> INuhg;gpaH Mrpa gpwehl;lhH nry;
thf;file;j fhyj;jpYk; jkpoH gz;ghL
mbg;gilf;nfhs;iffspy; mt;tsT khw;wk;
milatpy;iy. gpw rkaq;fisg; Nghjpj;j
ghHg;gdUk;> rkzUk;> Gj;jUk;> INuhg;gpaf;
fpwp];jtUk;> kfkjpaUk; jkpoH gz;ghl;
”
ilj; jOt Kad;wdH. ,e;J rkaj;jpd;
topghl;L KiwAk;> ,yf;fpaq;fSk; njd;
dhl;Lj; jj;Jtq;fshy; tsk;ngw;wd.
tlnkhopapYs;s rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy
rq;fuH> ,uhkhD[H> khjtH Nghd;w njd;
dhl;lthpd; %ykhfj; njd;dhl;Lj; jj;J
tq;fs; tlnkhopapy; ,lk;ngw;wd. RePjp-
FkhH rl;lH[p ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; vOgj;
ije;J tpOf;fhL jpuhtplg; gz;ghL vd;W
Fwpgg; plL
; s;shH. rkzhpaw;wpa rpyg;gjpfhuj;
ijAk; Gj;jhpapw;wpa kzpNkfiyiaAk;>
tPukhKdpthpaw;wpa Njk;ghtzpiaAk;>
ckWg; GytH ,aw;wpa rPwhg;Guhzj;ijAk;
MuhAq;fhiy ,tHfs; jk; rkaq;fspd;
Nfhl;ghLfisf; $wpdhYk; jkpoH gz;
ghl;il vq;qdk; tpsf;fpAshnud;gJk; Gy
dhfpd;wJ.
,it epwf; > jkpoH gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;G ,ay;
Gfs; rpytw;iw xU rpwpJ Muha;Nthk;.
cyf kdg;ghd;ik:
gz;ilf;fhyk; njhlq;fp jkpo; kf;fs; Nkw;
wpir ehLfNshLk;> fPoj ; j
; pir ehLfNsh
Lk; ,e;jpahtpd; tlghfj;NjhLk; tzpfj;
njhlHG nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. mf;fhyj;jpy;
jkpo;ehl;bd; gl;ilAk;> kpsifAk;> Kj;ij
Ak; ,d;Dk; gy nghUs;fisAk; cyfk;
tpUk;gpAs;sJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; Gtpapay;
mikg;G> mjid gz;lkhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;w
,lkhf mikj;Js;sJ. fPo;j;jpir ehL
fl;Fr; nry;yNtz;ba Nkw;wpirg; gz;lk;>
jkpo;ehl;by; ,wf;fg;ngw;W NtW kuf;fyq;
fspy; fPo;j;jpir ehLfl;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ.
,t;thNw fPo;j;jpirg; gz;lKk; jkpo;
ehl;by; itj;J kuf;fyq;fspy; nkw;wpir
ehLfl;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. Nkw;wpir E}y;
fNs rq;f ,yf;fpaj;ijg; Nghy; ,t;tzp
fj;Jf;Fr; rhd;W jUfpd;wd. vdNt ,j;jh
- 67 -
jkpo;j;J}J
(Stoic) cNuhkg; NguuR fhyj;jpy; vt;thW
ypa ehl;by; tho;e;j ];nlhapf;thjpfs;
XH cyfkdg;ghd;ikia tsHj;jhHfNsh
mt;thNw rq;ffhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;
by; gutpAs;sJ. ‘ahJk; CNu ahtUk;
njhlq;fp XH cyf kdg;ghd;ik jkpo;ehl;
NfspH’ vd;Wk;> ‘ahjhDk; ehlhkhy; Cuh
khy;’ vd;Wk; $Wtjw;F ,k;kdg;ghd;ik
Cf;fkspj;jJ.
NkYk; rkzk;> Gj;jk; Nghd;w rkaq;fSk;
jkpo;ehl;by; tuNtw;fg;gl;ljhy; ,k;kdg;
ghd;ik tphpthfpaJ. ghHg;gdH> nkhopng
aHNjaj;jhH> atdH> Gyk;ngaH kf;fs;
jkpo; kf;fNshL ,dpjhf tho;e;J te;jhH
fs;. ,k;kdg;ghd;ik xU rpy fhyq;fspy;
rkaf;fho;g;ghy; khR mile;jjhapDk;>
mJ vf;fhyj;jpYk; jkpo; kf;fsplk; tsHe;Nj
te;Js;sJ. gpw kf;fspd; eyj;ijf; fU
Jk; gz;G> jkf;nfd thohg; gpwHf;Fhp
ahsd; vd;Dk; jd;ik ,r;rpwg;ig NkYk;
tsHj;jJ. ,k;kdg;ghd;ik tlMhpaH> fpNuf;
fH Nghd;NwhUila gz;ilf; nfhs;if
fSld; Kuz;gl;NlapUe;jJ. gpNsl;Nlh>
mhp];lhl;by; Nghd;NwhH fpNuf;fH kl;LNk
caHe;jtHfs; vd;Wk;> gpw kf;fis ehfhp
fk; mw;wtHfs; vd;Wk; $wpte;jdH. tl
MhpaH ,kakiyf;Fk; tpe;jpakiyf;Fk;
,ilNaAs;s epyk;jhd; Gz;zpaG+kp vd;W
fUjpdH.
fz;Nzhl;lk;:
cyf kdg;ghd;ikapy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpa
(Toleronce, Ecumenism) miof;fyhk;.
NtnwhU ,ay;gpid fz;Nzhl;lnkd;W
jkpo;ehl;bw;F mg;ghypUe;J te;j rkaq;
fnsy;yhk;> jj;Jtq;fnsy;yhk; jkpo;ehl;
by; jilapd;wpg; Nghjpf;fg;gl;ld. ngUk;
tpohf;fspy; jj;Jtthjpfs;> rkathjpfs;
jj;jk; nfhbfisg; gwf;ftpl;Lj; jk; fUj;
Jfisg;gw;wp ciu epfo;j;jpdH. jpUts;
StH jk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gy %y E}y;
fspypUe;J vLj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rq;f
E}y;fs; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fSila Gy
tHfspd; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfisf; nfhz;
Ls;sd. rkzuhfpa ,sq;Nfh mbfs;
jkpoH jOtpa gy gof;ftof;fq;fisAk;>
topghl;L KiwfisAk; tphpj;Jf; $wpAs;
shH.
rkzUk;> Gj;jUk; ,irf;fiy> eldf;fiy
Nghd;w fiyfis ntWj;jhuhapDk;
,sq;Nfh mbfs;> jpUj;jf;fNjtH Nghd;
NwhH jkpo;f;fiyfis ed;F tphpj;Jf;
$wpapUf;fpd;wdH. jpUts;StH rkzuhf
,Ue;jpUg;ghH vd;w $w;Wf;F mtUila
fhkj;Jg;ghYk;> ,y;ywj;ijg; Nghw;Wk;
KiwAk; Kuz;ghlhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. er;rp
dhHf;fpdpaH rPtfrpe;jhkzpf;F ciuna
OjpaJ Nghy rkzH vdf; fUjg;gLk;
,sk;G+uzH> mfj;jpizapaYf;F ciu-
naOjpAs;shH.
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; itztH> irtH Mfpa
ghHg;gd ciuahrphpaH rkzE}y;fis
vj;Jiz MHtj;Jld; mit ,yf;fpa
E}y;fnsdf; fUjp> mtw;wpd; %yq;fl;F
El;gkhd ciufis vOjpapUf;fpd;wdH.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; rkarkurf; fPHj;jidfs;
vd;Wk;> rkurf; nfhs;iffs; vd;Wk; vq;F
cz;ikAk; moFk; cs;sNjh mq;fpUe;J
fUj;Jf;fis E}yhrphpaH vLj;Jj; je;jp
Uf;fpd;wdH. NguhrphpaH NrJg;gps;is
jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfj;ijg; gw;wpAk;>
Njk;ghtzpiag; gw;wpAk;> rPwhg;Guhzj;ijg;
gw;wpAk;> je;j fUj;Jf;fisg; Nghy NtW
vtUk; vOjpajhf ehd; mwpNad;. jpU. tp.
fy;ahzRe;ju KjypahH> fpwp]J ; tpd; mUs;
Ntl;ly;> Gj;jhpd; mUs;Ntl;ly; Nghd;w
,yf;fpaq;fisg; ghb ,d;Gw;W tho;e;jhH.
ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is ,NaR-
itg;gw;wp> Gj;jiug; gw;wpg; ghbAs;shH.
gpw ehLfspypUe;J te;j rkaf; FutH jkp
oH gz;ghl;ilf; filg;gpbj;J> ,f;fz;
Nzhl;lj;Jld; jkpoH kugpd;gbNa ,yf;
fpaq;fisAk; ,yf;fzq;fisAk; ahj;
jhHfs;. tPukhKdptH> fhy;Lnty;IaH>
Nghg;igaH Nghd;wtHfs; ,k;kdepiyiaf;
filgpbj;J tho;e;jtHfs;.
njhlu;jy; 68k; gf;fk;
- 68 -
gf;jp:
jkpo; gf;jpapd; nkhop vd;W ehd; mbf;fb
$wptUfpdN ; wd;. Vnddpy; jkpopYs;s gf;jp
,yf;fpaq;fisg; Nghy mofpYk;> Moj;
jpYk;> gug;gpYk; ,j;Jiz ,yf;fpak;
Ntnwe;j nkhopapYk; ,Ug;gjhf ehd;
mwpNad;. ghpghly; Kjyhf> ,uhkypq;f
RthkpfSk; tpGyhde;j mbfSk; <whf>
gf;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghba GytHfs; vz;
zpwe;jtHfs;. ghpghlypd;>
ahkpug;git nghUSk; nghd;Dk; NghfK
ky;y> epd;ghy; md;Gk; mUSk; mwDk;
%d;Wk;.
tpGyhde;jUila...>
nts;is epw ky;ypifNah Ntnwe;j kh
kyNuh ts;sybapizf;F tha;j;j kynu-
JNth nts;isepwg; G+Tky;y Ntnwe;j
kyU ky;y cs;sf; fkykb cj;jkdhH
Ntz;LtJ.
mg;gH Rthkpfspd;...>
khrpy; tPizAk; vDk; ghf;fisg; ghb
,d;Gwhj jkpo; kf;fs; ,y;iy.
,e;jg; gf;jp ,yf;fpak; cz;lhFtjw;F
ek; mfj;jpiz ,yf;fpak; xUthW Jiz
ahf ,Ue;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W jkpo;
nkhopia MuhAk;nghOJ gf;jpia czHj;
Jk; nrhw;fs; gy miktijf; fhz;fpd;
Nwhk;. Mjyhy; rkag; nghUsw;w gpw
E}y;fspYk; ,e;j nkhop xypf;fpwJ. vLj;
Jf;fhl;lhfg; ghhujpjhrd; ghba jkpo;
nkhop gw;wpa ghly;fs; gf;jpr; nrhw;fis
kpFjpahff; nfhz;lit. ehad;khH> Mo;
thH> Nrf;fpohH> fk;gH Nghd;wtHfS
ila gf;jpg;gz;G cyfpNyNa epfuw;wJ.
,g;gf;jpg; gz;gpid Vida jkpo;f; fiy
fspYk; fhzyhk;. jQ;rhT+Hg;nghpaNfhtpy>;
fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;> ,irf;fiy>
gujehl;bak; Nghd;wit gf;jpahy; ,aw;
wg;ngw;wit my;yJ gf;jpahy; tsHr;rp
Aw;wit. ,g;gf;jp gpwehLfl;Fk; gutpaJ.
,e;NjhdPrpahtpypUf;Fk; gpwk; ghzhd;gh-
dhj;juhd; Nfhapy;fs;> fk;Gr;rpahtpypUf;
Fk; rpy muz;kidfs;> rpw;gq;fs;> jha;-
yhe;jpy; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; jpUntk;ghitj;
jpUehs; ,j;jkpo;g; gf;jpapd; gandd;Nw
$wNtz;Lk;. cyfk; Nghw;Wk; Mlty;yhhpd;
tbtk; ,g;gf;jpapd; gandd;gij ahH kWg;
ghH? jkpoH gz;ghL gpwehLfl;Fg; guT-
tjw;Fg; gy;yt NrhoH giltPuk; kl;L
ky;y ,g;gf;jpAk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
xOf;fk;:
jkpoH gz;ghl;by; gf;jp vq;qdk; rpwe;J
tpsq;fpAs;sJ. ghujpahhpd; ‘ts;Std;
tpsq;fpaNjh ePjpAk; mt;thW rpwe;J
jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo;
nfhz;l jkpo;ehL’ vd;Dk; $w;iwr;
rpe;jpf;Fk; nghOnjy;yhk; mjd; cz;
ikia czu Kbfpd;wJ. cyfePjp ,yf;
fpaq;fisr; rpwg;ghf Muha;e;J mUk;ngUk;
E}y;fis ,aw;wpa my;Ngl; Ritl;rH vd;
nghOJ ‘jpUf;Fwisg;Nghy; caHe;j Nfhl;
Dk; kfhj;kh> jpUf;Fwisg; gw;wp vOJk;
ghLfisf; nfhz;l xU E}iy ,t;Ty
fpy; fhz;gJ mhpJ’ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
jpUf;Fwis mtH n[Hkd; nkhopngaHg;gpy;
gbj;jhH. jkpo; nkhopapy; mjidg; gbj;jpUe;
jhy; ,d;Dk; gd;klq;F mjpfkhf mjd;
ngUikia czHe;jpUg;ghH. jpUf;FwSf;
Fg;gpd; Njhd;wpa Vida E}y;fisg;gw;wp
ehd; Fwpgg; plNtz;bajpyi ; y. jkpio Kjw;
fw;w Nkdhl;lhH midtUk; ek; ePjp E}y;
fisNa Kjypy; nkhopngaHj;Jf; jkpo;
kf;fSila tho;fi ; f Qhdj;ijg; Nghw;
wpdhHfs;. xOf;fnkd;gJ jkpoH gz;ghl;
bd; XH mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifahf mike;J>
,d;Wk; jkpoH tho;fi ; ff;Fg; ngUk; mo
ifAk; kdepiwitAk; ey;Ffpd;wJ.
jkpo; kf;fs; ,j;Jiz E}w;whz;Lfshfj;
jdpehLfspy; tho;eJ ; nropj;Njhq;Ftjw;
Fk;> murpay; tho;f;iff;Fk; ,t;nthOf;
fNk Jizahf mike;jJ. vdNtjhd;
Nghg;igaH ,j;Jiz ePjpE}y;fis ,aw;
wpa kf;fSf;Ff; flTspd; rpwg;ghd mUs;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
kf;fs; eyf; nfhs;if:
,k;kf;fs; eyf; nfhs;ifia Mq;fpyj;jpy;
Humanism vd;W miog;gH. nuwd;]; (Ter-
ence) vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; GytH> ‘ehd; kdp
jd;. kdpjDf;F ,ay;ghd vjidAk; ehd;
ntWg;gjpy;iy’> vdf;$wpa $w;iw Nky;
ehl;lhH ,k;kf;fs; eyg;gz;gpd; Fwpf;
Nfhshfg; Nghw;WtH. ,g;gz;G ek; gz;ghl;
by; XH mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifahf mike;
Js;sJ. kdpjid vd;Wk; NgzNtz;L
nkd;Wk;> xU nrayhy; tUk; gpw eyd;
fisf; fUjhky; ed;ikia> ed;ikf;
fhfNt nra;aNtz;Lnkd;Wk; czHe;j
jkpo;g; GytHfs; gyH.
‘,k;ikr; nra;jJ kWikf; fhnkDk;
mwtpiy tzpfdhay;yd;’ (Gwk;. 134)
vd;Wk;>
‘NkYyfk; ,d;nwdpDk; <jNy ed;W’
“
vd;Wk; tw;GWj;jpAs;sdH ek; GytH.
gz;ilf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,t;Tyf
tho;f;ifAk;> kf;fNshL ,d;Gw;W xOF
tJk;> ,y;ywj;jpd; ,dpa eyd;fisf;
fhz;gJk;> tho;f;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fshff;
fUjg;gl;ld. GwehD}w;wpy;
cz;lhyk;k ,t;Tyfk; ,e;jpuu;
mkpo;jk; ,iatjhapDk; ,dpnjdj;
jkpaUk; cz;lYkpyNu Kdptpyu;
JQ;rYkpyu; gpwu; mQ;RtJ mQ;rpg;
Gfnodpd; capUq; nfாLf;Ftu; gopnadpd;
cyFld; ngwpDq; nfாs;syu; mau;tpyu;
md;d khl;rp midauhfpj;
jkf;nfd Kayh Neாd;whl;
gpwu;f;nfd KaYe Uz;ikahNd
(Gwk;. 182)
vd;w nra;Aspy; jkpoH gz;ghl;bd; mbg;
gilf; nfhs;iffisf; fhzyhk;. rq;f
,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk;> tlnkhopapy; ,aw;wg;
ngw;w gioa ,yf;fpaq;fl;Fk; cs;s ngUk;
Ntw;Wik ,k; kdpj eyf; nfhs;ifNa.
,yf;fpaj;jpd; ‘Life Affirmation’ tho;f;if
Mjyhy;jhd; Nky;ehl;L mwpQH jkpo;
typAWj;jy; vDk; gz;igg; Nghw;Wfpd;w
dH.
kf;fs; eyg; gz;gpy; rphpg;ngd;gJ kf;fspd;
rpwe;j XH ,ay;G. Mjyhy;jhd; GytHfs;
el;igg; gw;wpAk;> rphpg;igg; gw;wpAk; vg;
nghOJk; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;Js;sdH. ,e;E}w;
whz;bd; Mq;fyg; GytH xUtH ghLfpdw
‘From quiet homes and first beginning
Out to the undiscovered ends
There’s nothing worth the wear of winning
But laughter and the love of friends’
jpUts;StH rphpg;igg; gw;wpf;$Wk; ,lq;
fs; ekf;F tpag;igj; jUfpd;wd.
‘efy;ty;yhH my;yhHf;F khapU Qhyk;
gfYk;ghw; gl;ld;W ,Us;.’
<uhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F Kd; ve;ehl;Lg; Gy
tUk; ,t;thW $wpapUg;gNuh vd;gJ Iak;
jhd;.
jha;tPL
gpwH md;G:
kdpjeyg; gz;gpypUe;J gpwf;Fk; XH ,ay;G
gpwud;G. jkf;nfd thohg; gpwHf;FhpahsH
vd;Dk; ,yl;rpak; vf;fhyj;jpYk; typA
Wj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,JNt rhd;NwhUila
ngUk; ,ay;G. vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;
gNj vdg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;Tyfk; cWjpahf epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F
,j;jifa nfhs;ifAila rhd;NwhH ,Ug;
gNj fhuzk;. ,e;E}w;whz;by; rhjp Ntw;
Wikfis xopf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> kf;f
spdj;jpd; xw;Wikia epiyepWj;j Ntz;L
nkd;Wk; tpsf;Fk; ,af;fq;fs; ,f;nfhs;
ifapypUe;Nj Njhd;wpd. gpwUf;Fg; gzp
nra;Ak; kdepiy ,g;gz;gpd; gaNd.
,aw;if:
jkpo; kf;fSf;F ,aw;ifapypUe;j <Lgh
Lk;> ,aw;ifia nra;ASf;Fg; gpd;dzp
ahf mikf;Fk; KiwAk;> ekf;Fg; ngUk;
tpag;igj; jUfpd;wJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;ij
Ak;> ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; gapy;fpd;
wtHfs; jkpohpd; ,aw;if <Lghl;il Mo
kf;fs; eyg; gz;gpy;
”
rphpg;ngd;gJ kf;fspd;
rpwe;j XH ,ay;G.
Mjyhy;jhd; GytHfs;
el;igg; gw;wpAk;>
rphpg;igg; gw;wpAk;
vg;nghOJk; Nghw;wpg;
Gfo;e;Js;sdH.
khf czHthHfs;. njhy;fhg;gpag; nghU
sjpfhuk; ,j;Jiz EZf;fkhf ,aw;
ifiag; Gyndwp tof;fpw;F mikj;jJ
Nghy Ntnwe;j ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; mike;j
jhfj; njhpatpy;iy. Ie;jpizf;Fg; gz;
ilj; jkpoH nfhLj;j ngaHfs; mtHfs;
vj;Jiz mstpw;F ,aw;ifNahL tho;e;
jhHfs; vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
kiyiaAk; kiyrhHe;j ,lj;ijAk;
FwpQ;rp vd;W miog;gjw;F vj;Jiz
fhyk; nrd;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gd;dpuz;L
Mz;Lfl;F xUKiw kiyr;rhuypy; G+f;Fk;
,r;nrbia kiyg;gFjpfl;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
xU ngauhff; fUjpdhHfs;. ,t;thNw
gpw epyq;fl;Fk; ngahpl;ldH. kyHfisAk;>
khiyfisAk; mtHfs; gad;gLj;jpa
Kiw mtHfSila moF <Lghl;ilg;
Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. md;gpw;Fk; kyHfisf;
ifAiwahff; nfhLj;jdH. Nghhpd; ntt;
NtW gphpTfl;Fk; ntt;NtW milahsg;
G+f;fisf; ifahz;ldH. ek; gioa ,yf;
fpaq;fspy; Ky;iyiag; gw;wpAk;> fhe;j
spH gw;wpAk;> nfhd;iwiag; gw;wpAk; GfOk;
nra;Al;fs; ngUkpdg ; k; jUfpdw
; d. Ky;iy
rhHe;j fw;gpds; vd;Wk;> Ky;iy ehWk;
fw;gpds; vd;Wk; tUkbfspy; Ky;iy
kyH vt;thW fw;gpw;F milahs kyuhf
; hH.
mike;jJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpdw ; J. Ky;iy
kyiu mzpnra;ag;gyKiwfisf; if
ahz;ldH. GwehD}w;wpy; tUkpej ; r; nra;As;
ek; epidtpy; vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;fj; jFjp
tha;e;jJ.
,isNahH #lhH> tisNahH nfha;ahH
ey;aho; kUg;gpd; nky;y thq;fpg;
ghzd; #lhd;> ghbdp mzpahs;
Mz;ik Njhd;w MltHf;fle;j
ty;Ntw; rhj;jd; kha;e;j gpd;iw
Ky;iyAk; G+j;jpNah xy;iyA+H ehl;Nl
(jpU.999)
(Gwk;.242)
jkpopd; kWkyHr;rpf;fhyj;jpYk; ,t;tpaw;if
<LghL Fiwatpy;iy. ghujpahH> ghujp-
jhrd;> Njrpf tpdhafk;gps;is Nghd;
• nrg;nuk;gu; September 2013
jkpo;j;J}J
NwhUila ,aw;if <LghL mtHfs;
ghly;fspy; njspthfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
Ntjehafk;gps;is kpf mofhf ,aw;if
iaAk; ,iwtidAk; ,izj;Jg; ghbAs;
shH.
fjputd; fpuzf; ifahw;
flTisj; njhOthd; Gl;fs;
RjpNahLk; Mbg; ghbj;
JjpnrAk; jUf;fs; vy;yhk;
nghjpmyH J}tpg; Nghw;Wk;
G+jk; jk;njhopy; nra;Njj;Jk;
mjpHfly; xypahy; tho;j;Jk;
mfNkeP tho;j;jh njd;Nd.
ek; kf;fs; ek; gz;ghl;bYk; ,aw;if
<Lghl;bid ,oe;JtpLjyhfhJ. kyHf
isAk; khiyfisAk; ,iw topghl;bw;
Fk;> tho;f;ifapd; gy epfo;r;rpfl;Fk;
njhlHe;J gad;gLj;jp tuNtz;Lk;. ek;kpy;-
yq;fspy; ky;ypif> Ky;iy kyHr;nrbfis
tsHj;Jg; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ehl;Lg;gw;Wk; nkhopg;gw;Wk;:
jkpo; ehl;bYk; <oj;jpYk; ,Ue;j muRfs;
ntt;NtW muRfshf ,aq;fpj; jkf;Fs;
rpy Ntisfspy; Nghhpy; <Lgl;bUe;j
NghjpYk;> jhk; midtUk; Xhpdj;ijr;
rhHe;jtnud;Wk;> jkpo; ,izg;gjhfTk;
fUjpte;jdH. ngUepy kd;dUk; FWepy
kd;dUk; jk; vy;iyfl;Fs; muR nrYj;jp
te;jhYk; jk;kidthpd; ehl;ilAk; jkp
ofnkd;Wk;> nghJik Rl;ba %tUyf
nkd;Wk; mioj;jdH. jkpo;nkhopNa md;
dhUila xw;Wikf;Fk;> xUikg;ghl;bw;
fg;ghy; ,Ue;j ehLfis ‘nkhopg;ngaH
Fk; toptFj;jJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; vy;iyf;
Njak;’ vd;W mioj;jdH. GwehD}Wk;
rpyg;gjpfhuKk; ,t;thw;wiyg; Gyg;gLj;
Jk; ,lq;fs; gy. fdf tp[aH jkpoH
tPuj;ij Vsdk; nra;jfhiy>
‘njd;jkpohw;wy; mwpe;jjpyuhq;F’
vd;W $wpr; NruH tlehl;bd;kPJ gil
naLj;jdH. jkpo; kf;fSf;Fj; jk; nrhe;j
murpd; gw;NwhL> jkpo;ehl;Lg; gw;W vd;
Dk; vy;yhj; jkpo; muRfisAk; mlf;fpa
gw;W ,ay;ghf mike;jpUe;jJ. jkpo;g;
ghzUk;> GytUk; FWepy kd;dhplKk;
ngUepy kd;dhplKk; nrd;W md;dhiu
tho;jj; pg; ghprpy; ngw;wdH. ,sq;Nfh mbfs;
%Nte;jhpd; xt;nthU ehl;bd; rpwg;igAk;
ghbAs;shH. ehad;khH> Mo;thH tlnkhop
,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J> rkaf;nfhs;iffs;
rpytw;iwg; gapd;whYk; jkpo;ehl;Lg; gw;
iwAk; mtHfs; njspthfj; jk; ghly;f
spy; fhl;bAs;sdH. ,t;tpUtifg; gw;W
ekf;Fk; xU ghlkhf mikfpd;wJ. <o
ehl;by; tlgFjpAk;> fpof;Fg;gFjpAk;> kiy
ehl;Lg;gFjpAk; jk; jdpj;jdp ,ay;Gfisg;
ghuhl;b te;jhYk;> jkpo; kf;fs; vd;w Kiw
apy; gz;ilf;fhy xw;Wik Kiwia ehk;
jOt Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; kf;fs; ,j;Jiz
E}w;whz;Lfshfj; jOtpa rkaq;fs; gy.
MapDk; vr;rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jhYk; jhk;
jkpo; kf;fs; vd;W jkpoH gz;ghl;ilAk;
nfhs;iffisAk; mtHfs; filg;gpbj;Nj
te;jdH. ,d;Wk; filg;gpbj;Nj tUfpdw ; dH.
ek;kpyf;fpaj;jpYk; fiyfspYk; Njhd;Wk;
jha;nkhopg; gw;wpidg; gw;wp ehd; tphpthff;
$wNtz;bajpy;iy. Nrf;fpohUila nghpa
Guhzj;ij ehd; gbf;Fk;nghOnjy;yhk;
mtUila cUf;fk; epiwe;j jkpo;gg ; w;W
vd;Ds;sj;ijf; ftHfpd;wJ. jkpo; vd;w
nrhy; tUkplq;fspnyy;yhk; moFk; md;Gk;
epiwe;j milnkhopfis mikj;Nj $W
thH.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fpa
kWkyHr;rp> ,k;nkhopg;gw;iw ,d;Dk;
tpsf;fkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sJ. Ntjeh-
afk;gps;is> ghpjpkhy;fiyQd;> Re;juk;-
gps;is> kiwkiyabfs; Nghd;wtHfs;
,g;gw;wpidj; jk; E}y;fspy; njspthff;
fhl;Lfpd;wdH. NguhrphpaH NrJg;gps;isapd;
E}y;fspy; jkpopd; ,dpik gf;fe;NjhWk;
,dpf;fpd;wJ. MapDk; ,k;nkhopg;gw;wpid
ghujpahUk; ghujpjhrDk; vd;Wk; kwf;f
Kbahj nra;Al;fspy; ghbapUf;fpd;wdH.
njhlu;jy; 69k; gf;fk;
jha;tPL • nrg;nuk;gu; September
ghujpahhpd; ‘nre;jkpo; ehnld;Dk;’ nra;
nra;As;. mtUila ‘ahkwpe;j nkhopf-
As; tuyhw;W cz;ik epiwe;j mhpa
spNy’ vd;Dk; nra;As; jkpoHfl;F vOr;rp
jUk; nra;As;. ,t;tpU nra;Al;fisAk;
ek; rpWtUila ghlE}y;fspNy vJfhuzk;
gw;wpr; NrHf;fhkypUf;fpwhHfNsh ehdwpNad;.
ek;nkhopgg ; w;iwAk;> ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk; Fiwg;
gjw;fhfNt ,t;tpUl;lbg;G xU #o;r;rp vd;W
fUJfpd;Nwd;.
murpayhl;rp:
jkpo;ehLk; jkpo; muRfSk; ,j;Jiz
E}w;whz;Lfshf cyf tuyhw;wpy; rpwe;J
ohpd; ePjp jOTk; Ml;rpKiwNa. ‘ney;Yk;
tpsq;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ jkp
kyHjiy cyfk;’ – vd;w Fwpf;NfhSk;>
capud;W> ePUk; capud;W> kd;dd; capHj;Nj
‘khjtH Nehd;Gk;> klthH fw;Gk;> fhtyd;
fhty; ,d;nwdpd; ,d;whk;’ – vd;w nfhs;
ifAk; Ml;rpf;F mbg;gilahf ,Ue;j
nfhs;iffs;. jkpouhl;rp Kiwfisf; $W
tnjd;why; ,r;nrhw;nghopT ePSk;. MapDk;
Ml;rpaikg;Gk; gz;ghl;bd; xU gFjpah
jyhy; mijf; Fwpg;gpl tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.
khHf;NfhNghNyh vd;w ,j;jhypaH jkpo;
ehl;bw;F te;j fhyj;jpy; NrhoUila
Ak; fz;L “NrhoehL ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;
Ml;rpiaAk;> jkpo;ehl;L tzpf tsj;ij
ngUik tha;e;j cd;dj muR” vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
ftpd;fiyfs;:
ftpd;fiyfs; gz;ghl;by; rpwe;j ,lk;
ngWfpd;wd. jkpo; kf;fs; vOg;gpa Nfhapy;
fs;> mikj;j NfhGuq;fs;> nrJf;fpa rpiy
fs;> tsHj;j ,irAk; ehl;baKk; mtHf
rhd;Wfshf kpspHfpd;wd. nuhlhd; (Rodin)
Sila moFf;fiyapd; <Lghl;Lf;Fr;
vd;Dk; gpuhd;rpa ehl;Lr; rpw;gp Mlty;yh
hpd; rpiyia tpae;J Nghw;wpAs;shH. ,t;
thW ek;nky;yhf; fiyfSk; cyfpd;
kjpg;igg; ngw;Ws;sd. ek;kf;fspd; fiy
aPLghL Fiwe;J tUtjw;F ehk; xU
NghJk; ,lkspj;jy; MfhJ. <o ehl;by;
vj;jidNah fl;llr; nry;tq;fis
me;epauhl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ehk; ,oe;Js;
Nshk;. kPzL; k; moFr; rpd;dq;fis epW
TtJ xU ngUk; njhz;lhFk;. mj;jifa
xU rpd;dj;ijj; je;ij nry;thtpd; epid
Tf;F ek; jiyefhpy; epWtpaJ Nghw;wj;
jf;fJ.
2013
rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfk;:
jkpoH ehfhpfj;ijAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; rpe;J
ntsp ehfhpfj;Jld; xg;gplL; g; ghHf;Fk;NghJ
jhd; ,e;jpa tuyhW njspthd tpsf;fj;ij
milfpd;wJ. xU fhyj;jpy; rpe;Jntsp
ehfhpfk; vd;Wk; ehk; miof;Fk; ehfhpfk;
,e;jpah vq;Fk;> ,yq;if vq;Fk; gutpap
Ue;jJ vd;gij Muha;rr ; p NkYk; NkYk;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. jkpoHrkak;> jkpoHfiyfs;>
gpw;fhyj;jpy; fhl;Lk; ,ay;Gfs;> nkhfQ;-
rjhNuh> `hug;gh efHfspd; fiyfS
ld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ njspthfpd;
wd. nrd;w rpy Mz;Lfshf ,e;jpag; gz;
ghLk; ehfhpfKk; ngUk;ghYk; jpuhtpl
kf;fSila gz;ghl;ilAk; ehfhpfj;ijAk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit vd;w fUj;J
,d;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. RePjp-
FkhH rl;lH[p jk;kpWjp ehl;fspy; ,e;jp
ahtpd; gz;ghL vOgj;ije;J tpOf;fhL
jpuhtplg; gz;ghL vd;W $wpAs;shH.
mt;thNw gpuhd;]; ehl;L mwpQH Nguhrp
hpaH [hz; gPypNghrh ,e;jpahtpw;Fj;
jpuhtpl kf;fshy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ed;ik
fs; ,d;Dk; Kw;whf Muhag;gltpy;iy
vd;W vOjpAs;shH.
jkpoUila gz;ghl;ilf; fpNuf;fH> cNuhkH
Nghd;NwhUila gz;ghLfSld; xg;gpl;Lg;
ghHf;f ek; kf;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. ek; gz;
ghl;bidg; gpwUila gz;ghl;Lld; xg;gpl;
Lg; ghHg;gJ mj;Jiz vspjd;W. ek;kpyf;
fpaq;fs; gytw;iwAk;> tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dq;
fs; gytw;iwAk; ehk; ,oe;Jtpl;Nlhk;.
jkpoH gz;ghl;bd; Muha;r;rpapy; <LgLt
jw;F ,d;Dk; vt;tsNth ,lKz;L ehf
hpfq;fis xg;gpLtJ vspJ. gz;ghl;il
xg;gpLtJ mj;Jiz vspjd;W. fpNuf;fH
,aw;wpa ehlfq;fisg; Nghy; ekf;F
ehlfq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mtH rpy
fhyj;jpy; epWtpa Fbahl;rpiag; Nghy;
ek; jkpo;ehl;by; ehk; epWtpajhfj; njhp
atpy;iy. mtHfSila rpe;jidahsH
gpNsl;Nlh> mhp]N
; lhl;by; vOjpa ciueil
E}y;fisg; Nghy; ekf;F E}y;fs; fpilf;
ftpy;iy. cNuhkH rl;lj;ij tsHj;jtH
fs;. khngUk; Nguuir epWtpatHfs;.
MapDk; ehKk; Nrhouhl;rpiaAk;> jpUts;
StH> ,uhkD[H Nghd;w jj;JtQhdpf
isAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; fhl;lyhk;.
gz;ghL fhyf;fpilapy; khw;wk; miltjh
vd;Wk; gyH tpdtf;$Lk;. gz;ghl;ilg;
NgzptuhjpUe;jhy; mJ khw;wk; miljy;
$Lk;. jkpo; kf;fNshL mf;fhyj;jpy; njhlHG
nfhz;L tzpfk; nra;j vj;jidNah kf;
fspd; gz;ghLk; ehfhpfKk; mope;Jgl;ld.
vfpg;jpaH> ghgpNyhdpaH> mrphpaH Nghd;
NwhUila gz;ghL vq;Nf? ehfhpfk;
vq;Nf? fPoj ; j
; pir ehLfspy; rhk;gH vd;w
,dj;jtH khngUk; khspiffisAk; muz;
kidfisAk; jkpoH kugpidj; jOtp
epWtpdH. Mdhy; fk;Gr;rpah ,d;W ,e;epiy
apy; cs;sJ. jkpoNuh <uhapuj;J Ie;E}W
Mz;Lfshfj; jk; gz;ghl;ilf; fhg;ghw;wp
te;Js;sdH. mtHfSila ehfhpfk; Nky;
ehl;Lr; nry;thf;fhy; khw;wkile;jpUe;
jhYk; gz;ghL rpwpa mstpy;jhd; khw;w
kile;Js;sJ.
ek; tUq;fhyg; gzp:
nfhOk;G efukz;lgj;jpy; ‘jkpoH gz;ghLk;
,Ugj;ije;J Mz;Lfl;FKd;> 1956k; Mz;L
Ak; - tUq;fhy epiyAk;’ vd;w nghUs; gw;wp
mjd; nrd;wfhy epiyAk; - ,f;fhy epiy
tphpTiunahd;W epfo;jj ; pNdd;. me;ehl;f
spy; jkpo; nkhopia xJf;fp> jdpr;rpq;fsNk
murpay; nkhopahfTk;> Ml;rpnkhopahfTk;
epWtg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;w ,af;fk; gutp
te;jfhyk;. ehl;bd; xw;Wikia tpUk;gpj;
jkpOf;Fk; rkchpik mspff ; Ntz;Lnkd;W
jkpo; kf;fsidtUk; xNu FunyOg;gpdH.
,d;W ,Ugj;ije;J Mz;Lfl;Fg;gpd; ehk;
vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;Nshk;.
fpd;Nwhk;. je;ij nry;th> <oj;jdpehl;il –
ek; chpikfs; midj;ijAk; ,oe;J tho;
jkpo; <oj;ij – mf;fhyj;jpy; Nfl;ftpyi
; y.
Mdhy; ekf;F ,j;Jiz Mz;Lfshf
,ioj;J te;j jPikfshy; jdpehL Nfl;
fj; J}z;lg;gl;Ls;Nshk;.
ek;kpyf;fpak;> ek; fiyfs;> ek; tho;f;if
tho Ntz;Lkhapd; - tsuNtz;Lkhapd;>
gz;ghl;bw;F Vw;w mikjpahd #o;epiy
Ntz;Lk;. ek; md;whl tho;f;iff;Fk; chp
ikfl;Fk; ,ilawhJ Nghuhbf; nfhz;b
Uf;Fk; Ntisapy; ek; gz;ghl;ilg; Ngz
chpa tha;g;Gfs; fpilah.
fiyfs; tsHtjw;F murpd; MjuTk;
Njit. jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; kf;fs; vt;t
sT cioj;jhYk; ,j;jifa MjuT
,y;yhtpby; kf;fs; jsHr;rp nfhs;thHfs;.
ek; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdH vj;jidKiw
muR fhl;Lk; ghFghl;ilg; gw;wp Kiwapl;
bUf;fpd;wdH. jkpo; khtl;lq;fspy; Gij
- 69 -
jkpo;j;J}J
nghUshuha;rr ; p gw;wp muR tpUk;Gtjpyi
; y.
ek; fy;tpf; fofq;fspy; jkpoH tuyhW
gw;wpg; ghlE}y;fs; $Wtjpy;iy. vj;j
idNah Kiwfspy; ek; gz;ghl;ilf;
iftpl kiwthf Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. ek; kf;fs; tpopg;ghapUe;J ek;
rpWtHfSf;Fk;> ,isQHfSf;Fk; jkpopyf;
fpaj;jpd; rpwg;igAk;> fiyfspd; rpwg;ig
Ak; czHj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. jkpoUila
tuyhw;iwf; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ek; gz;
ghl;bd; gof;ftof;fq;fisf; FLk;gq;fspy;
iftplhJ tsHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jkpo; kf;fs; <otsehl;by; tp[ad; tU
Kd;dNu tho;eJ ; te;jdH. tp[ad; te;j
nghONj ngUk; ehfhpfkile;j kf;fs;
<oehl;by; thoe;jhHfs; vd;gjw;F kfhtk;r
E}Ny rhd;W. jkpoH gz;ghL ,e;j ehl;by;
Vwf;Fiwa 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l
fhyk; njhlq;fpj; jdpgg; z;ghlhf tsHe;Js;
sJ. jkpo; kf;fs; ,e;ehl;by; jdp ,dnkd;
Wk;> ,U ,dq;fs;> ,U nkhopfs; nfhz;l
ehL ,Jntd;Wk; $Wtjw;F 1956k; Mz;L
mbNad; vOjpa fl;Liufs; ‘Language
gy tha;g;Gfs; fpilj;jd. mt;thz;by;
and Liberty in Ceylon’ vd;Dk; rpW E}ypy;
,f;fUj;J tw;GWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jdpr;rpq;
fsk; rl;lkhf ,Uf;Fkl;Lk; ,t;tpU ,dq;
fspd; xw;Wik tho;f;if if$lhJ. jkpo;
nkhop ,e;ehl;by; Ml;rp nkhopahfTk; ,Ue;
jhy;jhd; jkpo; kf;fs; xUthW MWjy-
iltH.
tuyhW tho;f;ifapd; Mrphpad;. [hp\;
kf;fs; ehD}W Mz;Lfshfj; jk;gz;ghl;
ilf; fhg;ghw;wg; Nghuhb ,Wjpapy; ntw;wp
ngw;wdH. nty;\; kf;fs; ehD}W Mz;L
fshfj; jk;nkhopf;fhfTk;> gz;ghl;bw;fh
fTk; ,af;fq;fis tsHj;J ,d;W xU
thW rpy Jiwfspy; tpLjiyia mile;
Js;sdH. ,t;thNw ngy;rpaj;jpy; gpnskp];
kf;fSk;> gpd;yhe;jpy; gpdp]; kf;fSk;>
];ngapdpy; gh];f; kf;fSk; ,d;Dk; gy
,dj;jhUk; gz;ghl;L chpikf;fhf tpuf;jp
kdg;ghd;ikapd;wp chpik ,af;fq;fis
epWtpr; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wdH. ek; je;ij
nry;th fhl;ba mfpki; r topapy; ehk; nraw;
gl;lhy; ntw;wp fhz;Nghnkd;gJ jpz;zk;.
- 70 -
jQ;rhT+u;j; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; KjyhtJ JizNte;juhfg;
gzpGupe;j t. ma;. Rg;gpukzpak; jdpehafk; mbfisg; gw;wp vOjpa
epidTf; Fwpg;Gf;fNs ,e;jf; fl;Liu.
t. ma;. Rg;gpukzpak; (1926-2009)> jkpo; nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> nkhopapay;
Mfpa %d;W JiwfspYk; Nguhrpupauhf tpsq;fpatu;. jpUtde;j-
Guj;jpy; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Ma;T epWtdj;ij epWtpatu;. mtUf;F
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf; fofKk; jQ;rhT+u;j; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofKk;
kjpg;ghu;e;j Kidtu; gl;lk; toq;fpg; ngUik ngw;wd.
jdpehafk; mbfshy; Rg;G vd md;NghL miof;fg;gl;ltu;.
k; Mz;L> Nfhilfhy tpLK-
1944 iwapd; gpd;du; mz;zhkiyg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tFg;Gfs;
Jtq;fpd. ehd;fhk; jkpo;r;
rpwg;G tFg;gpy; ghjpup cilazpe;J kpLf;
fhd eilAila Vwj;jho Kg;gJ tajpdu;
xUtu; vd; mUNf mku;ej ; hu;> tFg;G Jtq;
fpaJ> Nfs;tpAk; tpilAk; njhlu;e;jd.
jpU.G+tuhfk; gps;is jkf;Nf cupa eifr;
gpd; ,Wjpapy;> ‘jhk; jdpehafk;’ vd;Wk;
RitAld; jkJ tFg;ig elj;jpdhu;. tFg;
jkpo; gbf;f te;jpUg;gjhfTk; $wpdhu;.
cldpUe;j khztu;fspw; gyu; vJTk;
mtuplk; Ngrtpy;iy. rpyu; tzf;fk; $wp
mfd;wdu;. ehd; mUfpypUe;jjhy; mLj;j
tFg;G Muk;gkhtJ tiu mtUld; vd;
Ngr;R njhlu;e;jJ.
ed;F gbj;jwpa Ntz;Lk;’ vd;whu;. ‘,q;
‘,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis ,dpNky;jhd;
fpNwhk;’ vd;Nwd;. ‘cq;fs; Nfs;tpfs;
Fs;s gyUk; me;j epiyapy;jhd; ,Uf;
mjidg; ngha;ahf;Ffpd;wd’ vd;whu;. mt;
thW Muk;gkhd el;GwT vq;fs; tho;ehs;
KOtJk; njhlu;e;jJ.
rdp> QhapWfspy; ehd; E}y; epiyak;
nrd;W gbg;gJ tof;fk;. mjidf; ftdpj;j
mbfs; GJr; nra;jpfspUg;gpd; mtw;iwj;
jd;Dld; tpthjpf;f miog;ghu;. mg;NghJ
gy;fiyf;fof tpUe;jpdu; tpLjpapy; mtu;
jq;fpapUe;jhu;. xU rpw;whs; mtUf;F cj
tpahf vLgpbNtiy nra;jhd;. mtd;jhd;
vd; miwf;F te;J VNjDk; mtu; Fwpj;J
mDg;Gk; nra;jpfis vd;dplk; nfhLj;J
jdpehaf mbfs;
tpl;Lr; nry;thd;. xUehs; kjpa cz
tpw;F mioj;jpUe;jhu;. ehd; miwapw;
nrd;wJk;> ‘Rg;G vd;W cq;fis miof;f
yhkh!’ vd;whu;. ‘jhuhskhf’ vd;Nwd;. md;W
upf;Ntjj;jpd; Mq;fpy nkhop ngau;g;ig
mtu; gbj;J Kbj;jpUe;j rkak;.
‘jukhd ghf;fs; upf; Ntjj;jpy; Fiwthff;
,yf;fpag; ghf;fs; vt;tsNth Nky;’ vd;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw Nehf;f rq;f
whu;. mtw;wpd; cz;ikia ehd; mg;NghJ
njupe;jpltpy;iy. gpd;du; jhd; upf;> a[{u;>
rhkk;> mju;tzk; Mfpa ehd;F Ntjq;f
isAk; jkpo; Mq;fpy nkhopngau;g;G
top gbj;jwpe;J nfhz;Nld;. Mdhy; vd;
Nfs;tpaidj;Jk; ‘fpwpj;Jtg;ghjpupahd
mtu;> ,e;J Ntjq;fisg; gbf;f mDk
jpff
; g;gLfpwhNu’ vd;gJ gw;wpjj
; hd; ,Ue;jd.
‘vy;yh kjq;fspd; mbg;gil E}y;fisAk;
- t. ma;. Rg;gpukzpak; -
ehq;fs; gbj;Jj; njspNthk;. mJ kl;Lkd;W
gpuk;krupak; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ehq;fs; kdp
jf; fhjy;epiy gw;wpa gy E}y;fisAk;
gbf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; cz;L. gy
Jiwfisj; njupe;j gpd; JwT G+z;gJ>
njupahky; JwT G+z;gJ vd;w ,uz;by;>
Kjy; Kiwia ehq;fs; filg;gpbg;Nghk;.
Njthuk;> jpUthrfk; Kjypa E}y;fs; kdij
cUf;Ftdthf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,iwtid
topgLk; ve;j kjKk; me;j E}y;fisg;
ghuhl;lhky; ,Uf;f KbahJ’ vd;whu;. jdp-
ehaf mbfspd; gue;j gbg;Gk; gpw kjq;f
isg; Gwf;fzpf;fhj epiyAk; vd;idf;
ftu;e;jd. fpwpj;Jt kjj;jpy; Mokhd
gw;W cilatuhapDk; jkpo; nkhop kPJk;
jkpo;f;fyhr;rhuj;jpd; kPJk; mstw;w kjpg;
Gilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; Ngr;rpYk; jkpo;
vOj;jpYk; ,yq;if tof;Fg; gspr;rpLk;.
Mq;fpy vOj;J vLg;ghd eilapy; ,Uf;
Fk;. mtUila gpd;dzpf;Fk; vd; gbg;gpw;
Fk; vt;tsT NtWghL!
tFg;giwfspy; ghlk; ele;j gpd;dUk;
cld; czT cz;Zk; NtisfspYk;
mbfspd; Ngr;nry;yhk; jkpopd; ,yf;fpa
tsj;ij cyfwpar; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;
Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; rKjhaj;jpy;
gpwUld; xd;whky; jdpjJ
; epwg; J ed;wd;W.
vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;.
jkpoha;tpd; juk; cauNtz;Lk;. gy ehLf
Sf;Fj; jkpo; Ma;thsu;fs; nrd;W jkpo;
,yf;fpar; nry;tq;fis cyfwpar; nra;
jpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gd gw;wpj;jhk; ,Ue;jd.
me;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; ,yq;ifapyp
Ue;J ntspahd irkd; fhrp nrl;b Mq;fp
yj;jpy; vOjpa jkpo; GSl;lhu;f; vd;w E}iy
(jkpo;g; Gytu;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis
mftupirg;gb Mq;fpyj;jpy; njhFj;Jj;
jUtJ) Nguhrpupau; nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;-
judhiuf; nfhz;L $Ljy; nra;jpfisr;
Nru;j;Jg; gpio fise;J ntspapl Vw;ghL
nra;jhu;. mjw;F fzprkhd njhifnahd;
iwAk; nj.ngh.kPf;Fg; ngw;W mspj;jJ
epidtpUf;fpwJ.
mbfs; mz;zhkiyf;F tUtjw;F Kd;du;
Nuhkpy; cs;s tj;jpf;fhdpy; FUkhu;fSf;
Fupa tFg;Gfspy; ehd;F Mz;LfSf;F
Nky; gapd;W nja;t jj;Jtj;jpy; Kidtu;
gl;lk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;. mtuJ Ma;twpf;if
fpwpj;Jtj; njhz;lu; gyiug; gw;wpaJ. gpd;
du; ntspehl;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mjd;
gbnahd;iwAk; gy Mz;Lfs; fopj;J jkJ
ifnaOj;jpl;L vdf;Fj; je;jhu;. ];ghdpa
nkhop> Nuhknkhop> Nghu;jJ
; f;fr
P pak;> gpnuQ;R
Kjypa nkhopfspy; ruskhf ciuahl
Tk; nrhw;nghopthw;wTk; ty;ytu;. cau;
kl;l kf;fsplk; vspjpy; gofp mtu;fS
ila ed;kjpg;igg; ngw;W jkpopw; fhZk;
mwf;fUj;Jf;fspd; cyfshtpa jd;ik
iaAk; mjd; rq;f ,yf;fpar; nry;tj;
ijAk; mtu;fspilNa tpsf;fpj; jkpo;gg ; z;
ghl;by; gw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW nra;tjw;F
mtuhy; Kbe;jJ.
jha;tPL
1944 - 46 Mfpa ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; mb
fSld; gofpa ehl;fspy; vd;Ds; gy khw;
wq;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;F kpfTk; Jiz nra;
jd. vd; ghu;it mfd;wJ. kiwe;J fple;j
vd; ,yl;rpaKk; ngUk; rf;jpf;fdyhf
khwpaJ.
mtu; fpwpj;Jtg; ghjpupahapDk; vd;dplk;
fpwpj;Jt kjj;jpd; ngUikiaAk; ,e;J
kjj;jpd; ngUikiaAk; ,e;J kjj;jpd;
FiwghLfisAk; vd;Wk; $wpajpy;iy.
mjw;F Neu;khwhfj; Njthu jpUthrfj;jpd;
ngUikiaf; $wpg; ghuhl;baJ ,d;Wk;
epidtpUf;fpwJ. mbfs; jd; nrhe;j tho;f;
ifiag; gw;wpf; $wpa nra;jpfs; kpff;
FiwT.
fpwpj;Jtf; FUkhu;fSf;F ,U epiyf
Sz;L. xd;W kjj; jsk;. kw;nwhd;W kjr;
rhu;gw;w jsk;. ,uz;lhtJ gpupitr;Nru;ej
;
tu;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;ghL kpff; FiwT. gpw
epiyaq;fspy; gzp nra;J me;j tUth
apd; xU gFjpiaj; jd; nryTf;Fk; kPjj;
ijf; fpwpj;Jt rigf;Fk; nfhLj;JtpLtu;.
thuk; xUehs; fpuhkq;fspy; kjg; gpur;rhuj;
jpw;Fr; nry;tu;. gbg;gpw;fhf <oj;jpypUe;J
kNy ehl;bw;Nfh ,e;jpahtpw;Nfh nry;Yk;
NghJ gazr; nryT> jq;fy; nryT Kj
ypatw;iwj; jpUr;rig Vw;Fk;. vdNt mbfs;
Rje;jpu tho;f;ifia tpUk;gp ,uz;lhtJ
gpupit Vw;W cioj;jhu; vd;W gpwu; $wf;
Nfl;bUf;fpNwd;.
mbfs; mz;zhkiyapy; Nru;tjw;F
Kd;du; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s
tlf;fd;Fsk; fpwpjJ
; tg;gs;spapy; ehyhz;L
Mrpupauhfg; gzp nra;jhu;. mg;NghJ jkpopy;
Nghjpa mbg;gil mwpT ngWk; tha;gG ; f;
fpilj;jjhff; $wpdhu;.
xUKiw ,uh[h Kj;ijahr; nrl;bahu;
mtu;fs; nfhOk;G nrd;wpUe;jNghJ mtiu
mZfpj; jhd; jkpo; gbf;f mz;zhkiy
nry;y tpUk;GtjhfTk; mjw;Fj; Jiz
epw;fNtz;Lnkd;Wk; Ntz;bf;nfhz;lNghJ
tpjptpyf;fhf> %d;whk; Mz;L rpwg;G tFg;
gpy; Nru mDkjpAk;> me;j Mz;L elf;
Fk; Mq;fpyj; Nju;it mbfs; vOjNtz;
lhnkd;Wk;> tpUe;jpdu; tpLjpapy; jq;fpg;g
bj;jpl mDkjpAk; mbfSf;F toq;fg;gl;
ld vd;W $wpaJ epidtpUf;fpwJ. mg;NghJ
JizNte;juhf ,Ue;j ,uj;jpdrhkp Nuhkd;
fj;Njhypff; u;. mtu; FLk;gj;jpdu; midtUk;
flTs; gf;jp kpf;ftu;fs;. vdNt mbfs;
me;jf;FLk;gj;jpy; neUq;fpg; goFk; tha;gG
; jpU.kfhuh[d;> b.Nf.rpia kpfTk; kjpg;gtu;.
kpFj;J ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; JizNte;jU
ld; jhk; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;ig msT
kPwpg; gad;gLj;jpajpy;iy. mfyhJ mZ
fhJ mjpfhupfSld; ele;Jnfhz;lhu;.
mtu; fhyj;jpy; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpy; xd;wpuz;L ghjpupkhu;fSk; fd;
dpah];jpupfSk; gbj;J te;jdu;. fpwpj;J
tf; Nfhapypy; Qhapw;Wf;fpoikfspy; $L
• nrg;nuk;gu; September 2013
jkpo;j;J}J
thu;fs;. mjd; gpd;du; mtu;fs; xd;W
Nru;eJ
; goFtij ehd; fz;ljpyi ; y. vdNt
mbfshupd; kjr;rhu;G kpff; Fiwthf ,Ue;
jjhy; ,e;J kjj;jpy; gw;Ws;s vd;Nghd;-
Nwhu; mbfshUld; neUq;fpg; gofj; jil
NaJk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
1948k; Mz;L Kjy; jpUney;Ntyp k.jp.
jh. ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy; jkpo; tpupTiuah
suhf ehd; gzpahw;wpaNghJ J}j;Jf;F
bf;F tuNtz;Lnkd;W mbfs; je;jp xd;W
mDg;gpapUe;jhu;. xU Qhapwd;W mq;F nrd;
Nwd;. tprhykhd xU gq;fshtpy; jkpo;
Ma;Tf; fofk; xd;iw cUthf;fpg; gy
E}y;fis mr;rpl;L ntspapLk; gzpapy;
Kide;J epd;whu;. ntspehL nrd;W>
FUkhu; xt;nthUtUk;> jkJ mwg;gzpf;
Fg; nghUs; jpul;lyhk; vd;Wk;> mjd;
gbj; jpul;ba nghUshy; me;jg; ngUk;
tPl;ilr; nrhe;jkhf thq;fp> gy ntspaP
Lfisf; nfhz;L tUk; jkJ jpl;lj;ij
tpupthff; $wpdhu;. mg;NghJ ghisaq;
Nfhl;ilapy; jkpohrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wp
Xa;T ngw;w jpU. khrpyhkzp mtUf;Fj;
Jizahf E}y;fisr; nrg;gdpl;L te;jhu;.
fofk; xd;W nrd;idapy; epWtpj; ‘jkpo;g;
1961k; Mz;L thf;fpy; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;Lf;
ghz;ghL’ vd;w miuahz;L ,jio ntsp
apl Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. ,e;jpad; Xtu;rP];
tq;fpapd; nghJ Nkyhsuhfg; gjtp tfpj;J
Xa;T ngw;w m. Rg;igah me;j mfhjkp
epWTtjw;Fk; Mq;fpy miuahz;L ,jo;
xd;iw ntspaplTk; kpfTk; Jiz epd;
whu;. mjd; gjpg;ghrpupau; FOtpy; ehDk;
cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;Nld;. vdJ fl;
Liufs; rpy mjpy; ntspaplTk; tha;g;G
Vw;gl;lJ. fy;ntl;L gw;wpf; fl;Liunahd;iw
mbfs; vOJkhW $wp> mjd; efiy mb
fNs nrk;ik nra;J vd; ngaupy; kl;Lk;
ntspapl;lJk; kwf;f ,ayhj epfo;r;rp.
me;jr; rQ;rpif ntspahdJk; Mq;fpyk;
mwpej ; jkpou;fspilNa ngUk; tuNtw;igg;
ngw;wJ.
rpyKiw vd;idr; re;jpf;fj; jpUney;Ntyp
,e;Jf; fy;Y}upf;F tUthu;. RUf;fkhfj;
jdJ fUj;ijf; $wp tpilngw;Wr; nrd;W
tpLthu;. vq;fspUtu; el;GwTk; ek;gpf;if
Ak; NkYk; tYg;ngw;wd.
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uhf epakpf;fg;gl;ljhy; ehd; mq;F Ma;T
khztdhfr; Nru;eN ; jd;. mg;NghJ jpUt-
de;jGuj;jpy; thOk; mwpQu;fs; rpyuplkpUe;J
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mit jkpo;f; fy;r;rupy; clNd mbfs;
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Gupg; gps;isiaf; fhz te;jpUe;jhu;.
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ngUq;$l;lk; $bapUe;jJ. gythz;L
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ehaf mbfis vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhff;
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Kbahj ngUkfpo;r;rp. gioa el;GwT
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2013
Kd;du; nrd;idapy; Njhw;Wtpj;j jkpo;g;
gz;ghl;Lf; fofKk; mjd; ntspaPlhd
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te;jd.
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Fupa $l;lk; xd;iwf; $l;b xU epW
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(gpupl;ld;) Kjypa may;ehl;L Ma;th
su;fs; gyUk; nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;>
K. tujuhrd;> nkh.m. Jiu muq;frhkp
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- 71 -
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• nrg;nuk;gu; September 2013
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gd;dhl;Lj; jkpoha;Tf; FOTld; ehd;
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gpd; me;jj; njhlu;G mwNt Fiwe;J
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jpypUe;Jk; tpyfpf;nfhz;Nld;. mjd; gpd;
du; lhf;lu; K.tujuhrdhu; <LgLj;jg;gl;
lhu;. jdpehaf mbfSk; njhl;Lj; njhlhk
Yk; mjpy; njhlu;e;jhu;.
ghuPrpy; ele;j cyff; fPo;j;jpir khehl;by;
mbfisr; re;jpj;j NghJ kpfTk; jd;
dk;gpf;if ,d;wpf; fhzg;gl;lhu;. jkpoha;T
epWtdk; NtnwhU topapy; ,aq;FtJ
gw;wpAk; Fwpf;Nfhs; midj;Jk; epiy-
Fiye;J NghtijAk; $wpdhu;. mg;NghJ
jhd; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tho;tjhfTk; ePup
opT Neha; ,Ug;gjhfTk; gy FUf;fs;
khu; KJikapy; rpj;j gpuikahy; mtjpg;
gLtJ Nghd;W jhKk; mtjpg;glhky;
ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjhfTk; $wpdhu;. Nfl;g
jw;F tUj;jkhf ,Ue;jJ. mtu; nra;j
ngUe;njhz;bidf;$wp mtiuj;Njw;wpNdd;.
1971k; Mz;by; jpuhtpl nkhopapay; fofk;
cUthdJ. vjpu;ghuhj ,lq;fspypUe;J
MjuT mjw;Ff; fpilj;jJ. mJ tYTw;
wNghJ ,yq;ifapypUe;j mbfs; vO
jpa vOj;Jf;fs; kpfTk; Cf;fk; je;jd.
shjJ Vd;?’ vd;W Nfl;bUe;jhu;. ‘nkhop
xU fbjj;jpy;> ‘jd;idr; Nru;jJ ; f; nfhs;
apay; Ma;tpy; kl;Lk; xJq;fp epw;Fk; me;j
epWtdj;jpy; mbfisr; Nru;g;gJ nghUe;
spy; vy;yhk; mbfs; my;yth ,Uf;fpwhu;’
jhJ. mJkl;Lkd;W> ehdpUf;Fk; ,lq;f
vd;W Njw;wpNdd;. mbfs; taJ Kjpu;
tpy; vOjpa ifnaOj;Jf; fbjq;fs;>
njspthf eLf;fk; vJTkpd;wp ,Ue;jd.
mtUila md;G xU JspasT$l Fiwe;
jpltpy;iy. mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; ,UtUk;
re;jpg;gJ kpff; FiwthfNt eilngw;wJ.
jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; thOk; khu; fpupNfhupa];
jpUNkdpiar; rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
2013
re;jpj;jNghJ jdpehaf mbfs; jpUtde;
jGuk; ilNahrp]py; Nru;ej ; tu; vd;W $wp
mjw;Fupa gpd;dzpia tpsf;fpdhu;.
,yq;if gp\g; ,j;jhypapy; nrd;W jdp-
ehafk; gbf;f mDkjpf;fhjjhy; jpUtde;
jGuk; kyq;fiu ru;r;rpd; ilNahrp]py;
cWg;gpduhf;fp> mjd; gpd;du; NuhKf;Ff;
fy;tp gapy mDg;gg;gl;lhu; vd;whu;. gpd;
du; kyq;fiu ru;r;rpypUe;J gpupe;J J}j;
Jf;Fb gp\g; Nuhr;R mtu;fs; Mjutpy;
J}j;Jf;Fb ilNahrp]py; jdpehaf mb
fs; Nru;e;J gzp nra;jhu; vd;W ez;
gu;fs; $wpdu;. gp\g; Nuhr;Rjhd; mbfSf;F
MrpupauhfTk; Ma;Tg; gzpapYk; fye;J
nfhs;Sk; KO cupikia mspj;jtu;
vd;Wk; mtu;fs; njuptpj;jdu;.
aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F ehd; 1983y; nrd;w NghJ
mq;Fs;s murg; gpujpepjpapd; je;ij
jpU. Neirah> mbfisg; gw;wpAk; gy
EZf;fr; nra;jpfisj; njuptpj;jhu;. rpq;
fstupd; Mjpf;fk; NkNyhq;fpaJk; jkpou;
fspd; ,d;dy;fisg; nghWf;fhj jdpeh-
af mbfs; muRf;F vjpuhfj; jkJ fUj;
ijj; njuptpj;jhu; vd;Wk;> fhty; fz;fh
zpg;G kpfNt gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jhd;
jq;fpapUe;j miwiag; G+l;b jpU.Neirah
ifapy; rhtpiaf; nfhLj;J E}y;fis
Ak; Vida cilikfisAk; jdJ tPl;
by; vLj;Jr; nrd;W fhf;FkhW $wp
tpl;Lj; jkpofj;jpw;Fj; jdpehaf mbfs;
te;J jq;fpa nra;jpiaj; njuptpj;jhu;.
mbfs; jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ijg; Nghw;
wpatu;. gpwu; Rje;jpuj;ijj; jil nra;Ak;
ve;j Kaw;rpiaAk; vjpu;j;jtu;. mjw;fhf
mtu; Nkw;nfhz;l ,d;dy;fs; rpwpjy;y
vd;W gpwu; $wf;Nfl;Nld;. Mdhy; ,yq;if
epfo;r;rp gw;wp vd;dplk; vJTk; nrhd;d
jpy;iy.
1981k; Mz;L [dtup khjk; kJiuapy;
eilngwtpUe;j cyfj; jkpo; khehl;bw;F
upa mikg;Gf; FOtpy; vd;idAk; Xu;
cWg;gpduhfj; jkpof muR epakpj;jpUe;
jJ. mq;Fk; Ma;tpw;Fk;> nghJkf;fs;
gq;nfLg;gjw;Fk; ,U$whf khehL elj;j
KbntLj;jpUe;jdu;. Ma;T khehL kJiug;
gy;fiyf;fof tshfj;jpYk; nghJkf;fs;
gq;nfLf;Fk; gpur;rhu khehL jKf;fk;
ikjhdj;jpYk; elj;j Vw;ghlhfpapUe;jJ.
1980k; Mz;L Mf];l; khjj;jpy; ele;j
Ma;T khehl;L mikg;Gf; FOf; $l;lj;
jpw;Fj; jpU. Mu;.vk;. tPug;gd; jiyik
jhq;fpdhu;. nrd;id ,e;jpuh efUf;F
mUfhikapYs;s ntq;fluj;jpd efupYs;s
Xu; ,y;yj;jpy; mjd; mYtyfk; ,aq;
fpaJ. ehd; gazk; nra;j tpkhdk; fhye;
jho;j;jpr; nrd;id nrd;W Nru;e;jjhy;
rw;W Neuk; fopj;Jj; jhd; $l;lj;jpy; gq;
Nfw;f Kbe;jJ. vd;idf; fz;l t.Rg.
khzpf;fdhu;> ‘jdpehaf mbfs; fhykh
fptpl;ljhf New;W xU je;jp te;jpUe;jJ.
,g;NghNj $WfpNwd;’ vd;whu;. xU fzk;
ePqf; s; njupe;jpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mjid
me;jr; nra;jpiaf; Nfl;L epiyapoe;J
tpl;Nld;. ehtwz;lJ. ‘vd;dtpl vd;
Tk; tUj;jkilthu;’ vd;Nwd;. vdpDk;
mUfpypUe;j m. Rg;igah mtu;fs; kpf
$l;lk; ele;J Kbe;jJ. ehd;F cyf
khehLfSf;F mbNfhyp> topfhl;bahf
tpsq;fpa mbfs; ,y;yhky; kJiu
khehL nghyptpoe;Jtplg; NghfpwNj vd;w
tUj;jk; vd;id thl;baJ. vdpDk; khehL
Njhw;Wtplf; $lhNj vd;w vz;zj;jhy;
md;iwa $l;lj;jpYk; mjd; gpd;du; ele;j
$l;lj;jpYk; gq;Nfw;Nwd;. mjd;gpd; ele;j
kJiu khehl;by;> %d;W ehs; fye;J
tpl;L Cu; jpUk;gpNdd;.
jdpehaf mbfspd; cUtr; rpiyiaf;
fy;tpaikr;ru; nr.muq;fehafk; khehl;
bd; Kjy; ehs; jpwg;gjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;
lJ. me;j epfo;r;rpapy; fye;Jnfhs;tJ
vd; flikahff; fUjp me;jf; $l;lj;
jpw;Fr; nrd;wpUe;Njd;. <oj;J ez;gu;fs;
gyu; te;jpUe;jdu;. ez;gu; kJiu neL-
khwd; mq;fpUe;jhu;. vd;idg; NgRkhW
mtu; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;s> fy;tpaikr;ru; mioj;
jhu;. vjpu;ghuhj miog;G mJ. ‘cy-
Nfhu; gyu; jkpo; nkhopiag; Nghw;WkhW
nra;j ngUk; njhz;il Nkw;nfhz;ltu;
mbfs;. gpwiuj; jd; tag;gLj;Jk; nra;t
rf;jpiaf; nfhz;ltu;. jkpOf;F Vw;wk;>
tho;tpd; ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;ltu;’ vd;W
jkpOf;F ey;tho;T Mfpatw;iwj; jkJ
$wpaJ epidtpUf;fpwJ. mjd; gpd;du;
jhd; kJiug; gy;fiyf;fof Ma;T kh-
ehl;by; fye;Jnfhs;sr; nrd;Nwd;. me;j
khehL elg;gjw;Fg; ngUk; nghUs; nry-
thapDk; Ma;tpy; ngUk; Kd;Ndw;wk;
Vw;gl;Ls;sjhf Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; njsp
thf;ftpy;iy. me;j khehl;by; jhd;
jkpOf;F vd xU jdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
mikf;Fk; Kbit Kjyikr;ru; vk;.[p.
- 73 -
,uhkr;re;jpudhu; ,Wjp ehs; Kbg;Gr;
nrhw;nghoptpy; njuptpj;jhu; vd;W nra;
jpj;jhs;fs; njuptpj;jd. me;jg; gy;f
iyf;fofk; Jtq;fpaNghJ Kjd;ikr;
nrayhsu; f. jputpak;> Jiz Nte;juh
fg; nghWg;G Vw;f ,irT juNtz;L
nkd;W njhiyNgrpapy; vd;id mioj;
Jj; njuptpj;jhu;> vjpu;ghuhj mikg;G.
mjd; gpd;du; Kjyikr;ru; vk;.[p.,uh-
kr;re;jpudhu; 1981k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 15k;
ehs; jQ;irapy; elf;Fk; gy;fiyf;
fofj; Jtf;f tpohtpy; fye;jpl Ntz;L
nkd;W mioj;jhu;. vy;yhk; tpiuthf
vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf ele;jd. XupU Mz;
Lf;Fs; gl;lkspg;G tpoh elj;j Vw;ghlhfp
,Ue;jJ. me;jg; gy;fiyf;foff; FOf;
fs; nra;Ak; gupe;Jiug;gb elf;Fk; ehd;>
md;W tpjptpyf;fhf mbfSf;Fr; rpwg;G
Kidtu; gl;lk; mspf;Fk; jPu;khdj;ijf;
$wNt MSeu; FOTk; xU kdjhf
xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ. mbfspd; kUkfd; kNy
rpahtpypUe;J te;J me;jg; gl;lj;ij>
Nkd;ik jq;fpa MSeu; Fuhdhtplkp
Ue;J ngw;whu;. jkpo;nkhop goikahdJ.
mjd; rq;f ,yf;fpak; Vw;wKilaJ.
mjd; gf;jp ,yf;fpak; kdij cUf;Fk;
,ay;GilaJ. rpyg;gjpfhufhtpak; cyf
,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpwg;gplk; ngwj;jf;fJ
vd;W gpwehl;lhu; mwpe;jplr; nra;jtu;
mbfshthu;. cyf khehL kNyrpahtpy;
elj;jpaJk;> mjd;gpd;du; nrd;id>ghuP]>;
aho;gg; hzk; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; elj;Jt
jw;F topfhl;bahfepd;wtUk; mbfshthu;.
mjd;gpd;du;jhd; rk];fpUjk;> njYq;F>
fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> ,e;jp Kjypa
nkhopfs; cyf khehLfis elj;j
Kad;wd. mtw;wpw;nfy;yhk; Kd;Ndhb
mbfshthu;. jkpofk; mtu; nra;j ngUe;
njhz;il KOikahf czu;e;jpltpy;iy.
mtuhy; cyf muq;fpy; jkpOf;F Vw;
gl;l rpwg;ig> ,Jtiu tpiy kjpj;jpl
tpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;by; ey;y njhz;Lf
isr; rPuJ; }f;fpg; ghuhl;lg; gythz;Lfsh
Fk;. tsuhj kdepiy cilatu;fs;
gyuhifahy; me;j kdepiy khwg; gy
thz;L ePbj;jpLk;. Mdhy; tpiutpy;
me;j epiy khwhky; ,Uf;fhJ. md;W
jdpehaf mbfisr; rpuNkw;nfhz;L jkpou;
Nghw;Wtu;.
- 66 - jha;tPL • xf;Nuhgu; October 2013

jkpo;j;J}J

ts;StUk; Gj;jupd; xOf;f ,ay;Gk;

- jkpo;g;NguwpQH jdpehaf mbfs; -
,t;thz;L cyfk; vy;yhk; gutpapUf;Fk; jkpo; MHtyHfs; jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; E}w;whz;L tpohitf;
nfhz;lhb mtiu epidT $Hfpd;wdu;.
fpwp];Jtg; gzpf;F jd;id xg;Gf;nfhLj;J> gpd; jkpioj; JiwNghff; fw;W> jkpo;nkhopapd; njhd;ikiaAk;
nrOikiaAk; cyfwpar;nra;J> jkpo; Kdptuhf kyHe;jtH jdpehafk; mbfshu;. gl;lq;fs; gyngw;W> gy
nkhopfswpe;J> cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdj;ij epWtp mHj;jKs;s khehLfis elj;jpj; jkpo; nrOikAwj;
Jiz epd;wtu;. Ambassador for Tamil vd ,e;jpag; gj;jphpiffshy; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wtH. ,tH vOjpa Mf;fq;fs;>
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufis ,d;iwa jkpo; thrfHfs; vy;NyhUk; thrpj;Njhu; vd;wpy;iy.

jha; tPL thrfHfSf;fhf NguwpQH jdpehaf mbfspd; Mf;fq;fisAk; mtu; gw;wpa Mf;fq;fisAk;
njhlu;e;J ntspapl vz;zpAs;Nshk;.

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vt;top ey;yt uhltH
mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd
(Gwk; - 187)
187tJ Gwg;ghl;L> Rj;j epghlj;jpy; cs;s
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njhlu;jy; 67k; gf;fk;
jha;tPL • xf;Nuhgu; October
xOf;f ,aYf;Fk; xw;Wikf; fUj;Jf;f
Sk; gy csNtw;Wikf; fUj;Jf;fSk;
gy cs.
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gilahtd. mtw;Ws; rpwg;ghfr; Rj;jepgh
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Ls;sJ ,e;E}y; #j;jpugplfj;jpy; cs;sJ.
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xOf;f ,aYk; ngUk;ghYk; cyfpy; tho;
gtHf;F Vw;w xOf;f ,ayhf mike;jd.
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vd;W tw;GWj;jpg; gpw ehLfSf;Fk; jk;
rka NghjfHfis mDg;gpdH. jhk; cy
fpw;F xspiaf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;
kf;fSf;Fg; gpwg;gWf;Fk; Mw;wiy mspf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; Nghjpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhH.
“JwtpfNs nry;Yq;fs;> Muk;gj;jpYk;
eLtpYk; ,WjpapYk; J}a;ikahd ,f;
nfhs;iffisg; gug;Gq;fs;” vd;W $wpa-
jpd; gadhfTk; mNrhfhpd; ngUk; Kaw;
rpapdhYk; fpwp];Jtpw;F Kw;gl;l E}w;whz;
LfspNyNa ,e;jpahtpYk; ,e;jpahitr;
#o;e;j Vida ehLfspYk; Gj;j jUkk;
gutpaJ. ,yq;ifapy; Gj;j nfhs;if
Nt&d;wpr; nropg;Gw;W Xq;fpa ghd;ik tu
yhw;wpNyNa tpag;GWk; nra;jpahf tpsq;
Ffpd;wJ.
3 $wpdhH...
Gj;jk; ‘Gz;zpa g+kpapd;’ epyg;gug;ig tphp
thf;fpaNjhL r%f rhjp NtWghLfisAk;
2013
xopf;f xUthW Kad;wJ. Gj;jUila
fhyj;jpy; r%fr; rPHjpUj;jj;jpw;Fg; gad;gl;l
ngUq;fUj;J vd;dntdpy; rhjp Ntw;Wik-
ia xopf;Fk; fUj;Njahk;. gpuhkzhpd;
jpl;lq;fisAk; Gj;jH kWj;jNjhL gpuhk
zH jdp tFg;igr; rhHe;jtH vd;Wk; kw;
nwy;yh tFg;gpdUf;Fk; caHe;jtnud;Wk;
gpuhkzH $Wtijf; fz;bj;jijAk; Gj;j
E}y;fspw; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. me;E}y;fspw;
fhzg;ngWk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; $w;Wf;fis
Ak; gbf;Fk; nghOJ ,e;j E}w;whz;by;
jkpo;ehl;by; Njhd;wpa fofq;fs; gpuhk
zuy;yhjhhpd; chpikfis epiyehl;L
tjw;Ff; $wpa Nkil ciufs; Nghy;
xypf;fpd;wd. “ML> khLfis ehk; mtw;
wpd; epwj;jhy; Nghw;Wfpd;wdk; my;Nyhk;.
mit ed;whf XLfpd;wdth my;yJ ed;
whfr; Rikfisr; Rkf;fpd;wdth vd;W
fUjpNa Nghw;Wfpd;wdk;. vdNt jk;K
ila epwj;jpd; fhuzkhf caHe;Njhuhff;
“
fUjg;ngWjy; vj;Jizj; jtW” vd;w ghzp
apy; mk;gj;jh Rj;jh> Nrhzhle;j; Rj;jh
Kjypa mwpTiufs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
,e;E}y;fisg; gbf;Fk; nghOJ gpuhkzH
Gj;j Jwtpfisj; jho;e;j Fyj;ijr; rhHe;
jtuhff; fUjpdH vd;gJk;> md;dhH ngUk;
Jtwtwj;ij ts;StH
,izaw;w tho;f;if
epiyahff; $wpdhuhapDk;
,y;ywj;ijNa ed;whf
tpsf;fp ,y;ywNk JwTf;Fk;
cWJizahf epw;gJ
vd;gij epiyehl;Lfpd;whH.
ghYk; mf;fhyg; gpuhkziug; Nghy; Njhy;
epwKilatHfs; my;yH vd;gJk; njsp
thfpd;wd.
4 apd;wp XjpAk; Nts;tpfisr; nra;Jk; te;
jho;e;j Fyj;jtiuAk; Gj;jH klq;fs;
Jwtpfshf Vw;Wf; nfhz;ld gpuhkzH>
gpuhkzH my;yhjhiu tpyf;fp itj;j
fhyj;jpy; Gj;j jUkk; tphpthd kdg;ghd;
ikia cz;lhf;fpaJ vd;gjw;F ,J
xU rhd;whFk;. Njhpfhj;jh> Njuhfhj;jh
vDk; njhif E}y;fspy; cs;s nra;Al;
fis ahj;jtHfs; gy;NtW tFg;Gfisr;
rhHe;jtHfshtH. Njhpfhj;jhtpy; cs;s
,UE}w;iwk;gj; njhd;gJ GytHfSs;
R\pj;jphpaH mWgjpd;kUk;> NtshsH vO
tUk;> itrpaH Ik;gj;J %tUk;> giw
aH> njhopyhsH> kPd;gpbg;NghH gjpd;kUk;>
ebfH xUtUk; cs;sdH. Njuhfhj;jh
vDk; njhif E}ypy; cs;s nra;Al;fis
ahj;jtHfSs; mur Fyj;ijr; rhHe;jtH
,Ugj;J %tUk; tzpfHFyj;ijr; rhHe;
jtH gjpd;%tUk;> tpiykhjH ehy;tUk;>
,ju tFg;Gfisr; rhHe;jtH ehy;tUk; cs;
sdH. ‘Mhpa xOf;fk;’> ‘Mhpa top’> ‘Mhpa
cz;ik’ vd;W Gj;jH $Wq;fhy; ‘Mhpa’
vd;Dk; nganur;rj;jpw;F ‘caHe;j’ ‘xOf;
fj;jpy; rpwe;j’ vd;w nghUisg; Gj;j
ngUkhd; nfhz;lhud;wp xU rhjpiaNah>
xU tFg;igNah mtH Fwpgg ; pll
; hH my;yH.
ngUk; MWfs; te;J flYld; fyf;Fq;
fhy; MWfs; jk; ngaiu ,oe;J ngUq;
fly; vDk; ngaiug; ngWtJ Nghy; vd;
idg; gpd;gw;WNthUk; ve;nje;j tFg;igr;
rhHe;jtuhapDk; jk; ,y;yj;ijAk; nga
iuAk; guk;giuiaAk; ,oe;J rhf;fpa
Kdpapd; Jwtpfs; vDk; ngaiuNa ngWfpd;
wdH vd;w nghUs;glg; Gj;jH me;E}ypy;
5
Gj;j E}y;fs; $Wk; ,yl;rpa GU\d; Kdp
my;yJ gz;bjd; mtd; md;dj;ijg;
NghyTk; kapiyg; NghyTk; r%fj;jpd;
tho;fi
; fiaj; Jwe;J fhLfspYk; tdq;
fspYk; jdp tho;f;ifapy; <Lgl;L tUg
td;.
fUj;JilatHfs; ,iltplhj Kaw;rpA
ilatHfs;. mtHfs; xNuaplj;jpy; Xa;e;J
fplg;gjpy;iy. ePH epiyia tpl;Lg; gwe;J
nry;Yk; md;dq;fisg; Nghy;> mtHfs;
,y;tho;it tpl;Lg; Nghfpd;wdH.
ts;Sthpd; ,yl;rpag; GU\Ndh cy
fpy; tho;e;J ,y;ywj;jpy; jd; kidtp
kf;fSld; mwtho;fi ; fapYk;> md;gpYk;
fy;tpapYk;> murpaypYk; <Lgl;L tUg
td;. Mjyhy; JwtpfSf;nfd;Nw vOjg;
ngw;w jk;kgjk; Nghd;w E}y;fSld;
jpUf;Fwis xg;gpLtJ xUthW nghUe;
JkhapDk;> jpUf;Fws; jdp E}yhfg; gy;
yhw;whYk; tpsq;Ftijf; fhz;f.
mwd;vdg; gl;lNj ,y;tho;f;if m/Jk;
gpwd;gopg;g jpy;yhapd; ed;W
(49)
,y;ywj;jpYk; Jwtwj;jpYk; filg;gpbf;f
”
Ntz;ba caHe;j Mw;wiy ts;StKk;
Gj;j E}y;fSk; $Wfpd;wd. gpuhkzhpd;
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> jhk; Mfkq;fisg; gpio
jhy;jhk; me;jzH vd;W fUjg;gLtH vd;W
epide;jdH. ts;StH $WtJ.
kopj;jYk; ePl;lYk; Ntz;lh cyfk;
gopj;j njhopj;J tpbd;
(280)
jUkgjNkh nfhy;yhikNa rpwe;j newp
nad;Wk; cz;ikahd Nfs;tp cs;sj;jpd;
,r;irfis Nts;tp nra;tNj vd;Wk;>
ngha; $whik fs;Sz;zhik ,tw;iw
nahopg;gJ rpwe;j mwnkd;Wk; tw;GWj;J
fpd;wJ. ts;StUk; Nkw;Fwpj;j mwnewp
fisNa mwpTWj;jpAs;shH.
xd;whf ey;yJ nfhy;yhik kw;wjd;
gpd;rhug; ngha;ahik ed;W
(323)
mtpnrhhpe; jhapuk; Ntl;lyp ndhd;w
DapHnrFj; Jz;zhia ed;w
(259)
jk;ikNa gd;Kiw fOtpf;nfhz;lhy;
my;yJ Kbia ePj;jhy; mjdhy; J}a;
ikia miltjhf vz;zpdH itjpf
Ntjj;jhH. mfj;J}a;ikNa rpwe;j J}a;ik
vd;W ts;StUk; jUkgjj;jpd; MrphpaUk;
tw;GWj;Jfpd;wdH.
Gwj;J}a;ik ePuh dikA kfe;J}a;ik
tha;ikahw; fhzg; gLk;
(298)
cz;ikahd me;jzH ahnudpy; nfhy;yh
ikiaf; filg;gpbg;gtH jk; ,r;irfis
mtpg;gtH mfj;J}a;ikiaf; fhg;ghw;Wg
tH.
- 67 -
jkpo;j;J}J
me;jz nud;Ngh uwNthHkw; nwt;TapHf; FQ;
nre;jz;ik g+z;nlhOf yhd;
(30)
J}ca;ik nad;g jthtpd;ik kw;wJ
thma;ik Ntz;l tUk;
(364)
Gwe;J}a;ik ePuh dikA kfe;J}a;ik
tha;ikahw; fhzg; gLk;
(298)
xOf;fj;jhy; rpwe;jtNd me;jzd; vd;W
gd;Kiw ts;StH $Wtijf; fhz;fpd;
Nwhk;.
kwg;gpDk; xj;Jf; nfhsyhFk; ghHg;ghd;
gpwg;nghOf;fq; Fd;wf; nfLk;
(134)
6
jpUf;Fwis ahj;j MrphpaH Gj;j jU
kj;ijj; jOtpatH my;yH vd;gjw;Fg;
Gyhy; cz;zhikiag; gw;wpg; Gj;j rk
aj;jpy; filg;gpbj;j nfhs;ifNa rhd;wh
Fk;. jhk; nfhiy nra;ahJ gpwH nfhiy
nra;j tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs; Kjypatw;
wpd; Gyhiy cz;Zjy; $Lk; vd;W gz;L
njhl;L tUk; Gj;j nfhs;ifia ts;S
tH kWf;fpd;whH.
mUsy;y jpahnjdpw; nfhy;yhik Nfhwy;
nghUsy;y jt;t+d; wpdy;
(254)
nfhy;yhd; Gyhiy kWj;jhidf; if$g;gp
nay;yh TapUe; njhOk;
(260)
7
Gj;j JwtpfSk; cyf Nehd;gpfSk; filg;
gpbf;f Ntz;ba jUkj;ijg; gQ;rrPyk;>
m\;lrPyk;> jrrPyk; vd;Dk; fl;lisfspy;
fhZjy; $Lk; gQ;rrPykhtJ:
gpioapy;yhkYk; jPq;F nra;ahkYk; ,Uj;
jNyhL capHfs; khl;L md;G g+z;L xO
Fjy;.
gpwH nghUis ,r;rpf;fhkYk;> fsT nra;
ahkYk; ,Uj;jy;.
ngha;$whik.
fs;Sz;zhik.
fw;G newpapy; ,y;yw ,d;gj;ijj; Ja;j;
jy; m/jhtJ Kiw jtwpa rpw;wpd;gj;ij
ePf;Fjy; Mfpaitahk;.
Nkw;$wpa fl;lisfs; Ie;Jk; Gj;j jU
kj;ijj; jOTk; midtUk; filg;gpbf;f
Ntz;ba xOf;fk;. ,f;fl;lisfs; ts;
StUila mjpfhuq;fSld; xg;Gik
nfhz;bUj;jiyf; fhz;f. ,g;gQ;rrPyf;
fl;lisfSf;F ,d;Dk; %d;W fl;lis-
fisr; NrHj;jhy; m\;lrPyf; fl;lisf-
shfpd;wd. Kd; $wpa Ie;J fl;lisf
Sk; jtwhJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba fl;l
isfs;. gpd;tUk; %d;W fl;lisfSk;
mj;Jizf; fz;bg;G cilad my;y.
mit>
,utpy; J}a;ikahd czit msNthL
cz;Zjy;.
G+> re;jdk;> khiyfs; Kjypatw;iw mzp
ahkYk; eWkzq;fis EfuhkYk; ,Uj;
jy;.
jiuapy; ghapd; Nky; gLj;J cwq;Fjy;
Mfpaitahk;.
,d;Dk; ,uz;L fl;lisfs; JwtpfSf;
nfd;W tFf;fg;ngw;w rpwg;ghd fl;lis
fs;. mit>
,irg;ghl;L> $j;J> ehlfk; Kjypa fhl;
rpfisf; Nfl;fhkYk;> fhzhkYk; ,Uj;
jy;.
nghd;> nts;sp Kjypatw;iwj; njhlh
njhlu;jy; 68k; gf;fk;
- 68 -
jpUj;jy; Mfpaitahk;. ,g;gj;Jf; fl;l
isj; njhifAk; jrrPyk; vdg;gLk;.
,f;fl;lisfis Nehf;Fq;fhy; Gj;j
jUkk; cyf tho;f;ifia Neha; vd;
Wk; ,e;Neha;f;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ
,r;ir my;yJ Mir vd;Wk; $wp te;
jJ. ,e;j ,r;iria mWg;gNj tho;f;
ifapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. kzpNkfiyj;
njhlHepiyr; nra;Aspd; gy ,lq;fspy;
,j;jifa jj;Jtk; tpsf;fg;ngw;wpUf;fpd;
wJ. ‘Jd;gk; Njhw;wk;> gw;Nw fhuzk;. ,d;
gk; tPNl> gw;wpyp fhuzk;’. kzpNkfiy 30.
xUthW Gj;j xOf;f ,ay; ‘pessimism’
vDk; ,aw;gz;gpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ. ‘JwtpfNs midj;Jk; vhpfpd;
wJ’ vd;W $wp cyfidj;Jk; gw;Wld;
tho;tjhy; fhkj;jP gw;wpf; fhl;rpaspg;gjh
epy;yh ahf;ifAk; epy;yh’…… …. ts;S
ff; fz;lhH Gj;jngUkhd;. ‘,sikAk;
tUila xOf;f ,aNyh ‘optimism’
vd;Dk; ,d;g ,aw;gz;gpid mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;lJ. cyfk; ftHr;rpAilj;J.
gz;GilahHg; gl;Lz; Lyf kJtpd;Nwd;
kz;Gf;F kha;tJ kd;
(996)
tho;f;if ,d;gk; gag;gJ>
jhk;tPO;thH nkd;Nwhl; Lapyp dpdpJnfh
whkiuf; fz;zh Dyf
(1103)
,y;ywk; Nkd;ikAilaJ>
mwnddg; gl;lNj apy;tho;f;if a/Jk;
gpwd;gopg;g jpy;yhap dd;W
(49)
8 vd;Dk; khepyg; gzpahsiu ,j;njhz;
Gj;jngUkhDk; mtUila JwtpfSk;
cyfpy; Ntz;ba md;igAk;> el;igAk;
ts;StH Nghw;Wk; mstpw;Fg; Nghw;w
tpy;iy. Gj;j jUkk; Kw;wpYk; cyf
Nehd;gpfshy; filg;gpbf;ff; $ba jU
kk; md;W. cyf Nehd;gpfs; jkf;Fhpa
fl;lisfisf; iff;nfhz;L tho;jNyhL
JwtpfSf;Fj; jUkk; nra;Jk;> jk; ngw;
Nwhiu tzq;fpAk;> ey;y njhopnyhd;
iwr; nra;Jk; xOFjy; Ntz;Lk;. rpfh-
Nyhthj Rj;j vDk; mwTiuapy; cyf
Nehd;gpfs; jk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk;> MrphpaHf;
Fk;> JwtpfSf;Fk;> kidtp kf;fSf;
Fk;> ez;gHf;Fk;> VtyhsHf;Fk;> el;ig
Ak; tzf;fj;ijAk;> md;igAk; fhl;l
Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;Jfpd;wdH. kfh
kq;fs Rj;j vDk; fPjj;jpy; rhd;Nwhiuj;
jOTjy;> jUkNghjfj;ij chpa ehl;f
spy; Nfl;ly;> JwtpfSld; ciuahly;
Mfpaitnay;yhk; xOf;f ,aypy; Kd;
NdWk; topfs; vd;W $wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
Gj;j Jwtpfisg; Nghy; ,wg;G> Jd;g ePf;
fj;jpw;F topnad;W ts;StH fUjpdh
Uky;yH mjid mQ;rp xOfpdhUky;yH.
,wg;Gk; epiyahikAk; tho;f;ifapy;
,ay;Gfshjyhy; mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfis
czHe;J tho;ehs; ,Uf;Fk;NghNj md;
gpYk; mwj;jpYk;> ,d;gj;jpYk; <LgLjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpTWj;jpAs;shH.
Gj;jhpd; fw;gidapd;gb vy;yh capHfs;
ghYk; rpei
; jahYk; nrayhYk; md;G G+z;L
xOFjy; ,d;wpaikahjJ. jha;> jd;
Nria capHnfhLj;Jk; fhg;ghw;Wjy;Nghy
xt;nthUtUk; vy;yh capHfs; ghYk;
msT fle;j md;igg; G+z;L xOFjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Rj;j epghjj;jpy; Gj;jng
Ukhd; $Wfpd;whH. ,t; md;ig tw;GWj;J
tNjhL cyfk; Jf;fKk;> Jd;gKk; epiwe;
jJ vd;Wk; typAWj;Jfpd;whH. ts;StH
rhd;Nwhidg;gw;wpj; jPlb ; a Fwl;ghf;fspy;
mtDf;F md;G ,d;wpaikahjnjd;Wk;>
mtd; vy;yh capHfisAk; Nghw;WtJ
ld; ez;giug; NgzpAk; vy;NyhUlDk;
rphpj;J kfpo;e;Jk; tho;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;
$Wfpd;whH.
flndd;g ey;yit nay;yhq; fldwpe;J
rhd;whz;ik Nkw;nfhs; gtHf;F
(981)
efy;ty;y uy;yhHf;F khapU Qhyk;
gfY}k;ghw; gl;ld; wpUs;
(999)
,Lf;fz; tUq;fhy; eFf mjid
mLj;J}Ht j/njhg;g jpy;
(621)
Gj;jUkj;jpy; epiyahikAk;> capH ePjj
; vdNt khe;jH ,jidf; Nfl;f Kd;NdWt
Yk;> gy ,lq;fspy; $wg;ngw;W> tho;f;
ifapy; <LglhJ md;dk; Nghy; gphpe;J
gwg;gjw;F ,r;rpe;jidfs; Jizahfpd;
wd. ts;StNuh rhtpidg;gw;wp mj;Jiz
fUjpatuhfj; njhpatpy;iy gpwg;gpid
mWf;Fk; topfisf; $wpte;jhuhapDk;
,g;gpwg;Ngh Jd;gj;ijAilaJ vd;W mtH
typAWj;jtpy;iy.
jha;tPL
9
Gj;j jUkk; gy tFg;gpdiuj; Jwtpfshf
klq;fspy; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljd;wpr; rhjp
Ntw;Wikfisg; nghJkf;fsplk; ePf;Ft
jw;F ts;Stiug; Nghy; jpl;lkhff; $w
tpy;iy. NkYk; Gj;j ngUkhd; ngz;fs;
JwtpfshtJgw;wp Kjypy; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
Mde;jnuDk; jk;Kila ez;gH ngz;f
Sf;Fk; MltHNghy; jk; rkaj;jpy; chp
ikfs; mspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W Nfl;lngh
OJ> Mde;jNu “ngz;bH ntFspAila
tH> nghwhikAilatH> mwpahikAil
atH” vd;W nkhope;jhH. MapDk; gpw;fh
yj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Fk; cahpa xU Jw
tpid Vw;ghL nra;jhH. Mdhy; ngz;
Jwtpfs; vg;NghJk; Mz; JwtpfSf;Ff;
fPog
; be;Jk;> mtHfsplkpUe;J rka ciu
fisf; fw;Wk; tuNtz;Lk; vd;W tpjpj;
jhH Mdhy; ts;StNuh ngz;fSf;Fr;
rkepiy mspj;J fhjypYk; md;gpYk;
Gj;j jUkj;jpy; ,y;yhj caHe;j epiyia
tFf;fpd;whH.
10
Gj;jUila xOf;f ,aiyAk; nghJ
thf fp.K.%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; Vida
rkaq;fSk; jHkkhfg; Nghw;wp te;j nfhs;
iffisAk; gy ehLfSf;Fg; gug;g Kad;
wtH NguurH mNrhfH. ,e;jpahtpy; epiy
ehl;ba gy J}z;fspYk;> ghiwf; fy;ntl;
Lf;fspYk; kf;fs; jUkj;ijNa filg;
gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W xOf;f ,aypy;
Kd;NdWtjw;Fhpa gy topfisAk; fhl;
bAs;shH. xOf;f ,aiyg; gug;g Kad;w
murHfSs; mNrhfNu tuyhw;wpy; jiy
rpwe;jtH. nghJkf;fSk; fy;tp mw;wtUk;
xOf;f ,aypy; <LgLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;
Wk; jk;Kila xOf;f ,aiyg; nghJkf;
fSf;F tpsf;Ftjw;nfd;W kfh khj;jpuH
bw;nfdr; rpwg;ghf mikj;jhH.
‘jHkj;ij ehd; gug;Gjy; Ntz;Lk; jHkj;ijg;
gw;wp kf;fSf;F mwTiufs; ehd; $w Ntz;Lk;.
Jld; jUkj;jpy; tsHr;rpAWthH’.
nfhy;yhikia ahz;Lk; rpy ehl;fsp-
NyDk; midtUk; filg;gpbj;jy; Ntz;
Lk; vd;W $WtJld; ngw;NwhH> cwtp
dH> Rw;wj;jhH Kjypa midtUk; xU
tUf;nfhUtH xOf;f tho;f;ifapy; <L
gLkhW J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; gd;
Kiw fy;ntl;Lf;fs; topahfr; rhw;wpdhH.
• xf;Nuhgu; October 2013
jkpo;j;J}J
‘jHkj;ijg; Nghd;w ed;nfhil cyfpNyNa
,y;iy. je;ij> kfd;> cld; gpwe;jhd;> ez;gd;>
Rw;wj;jhd; MfpNahiug; Nghd;W ,J ed;ik
gaf;Fk;. ‘,jid eP nra;thahf’ vd;w Kiwapy;
xOf;fj;jpy; NkNywj; J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.’
KbTiu:
,Wjpahf ts;Sthpd; xOf;f ,aiyg;
gpwehl;L mwpQhpd; xOf;f ,aYld; xg;
gpl;Lg; ghHf;Fk; tha;g;ig mspj;j nrhH
zk;khs; mwf;fl;lis ,af;ff; FOtp
dHf;Fk; ek; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpw;Fk; vd; ed;wpiaj; njhptpf;fpd;
Nwd;.
ts;Sthpd; xOf;f ,aiy Muha Ntz;
Lnkd;W GFe;jJk; ehd; Kd; vjpHghuhj
Kiwapy; ,t;nthg;Gik vd; rpe;jid
apy; tsHtijf; fz;Nld;. ,d;Dk; Neu
Kk;> Ntz;ba E}y;fSk; ,yq;ifapy;
cs;ehl;L mikjpAk; fpilj;jpUe;jhy;
,d;Dk; tphpthf ,t;Tiufis ehd; ahj;
jpUj;jy; $Lk;. ,t;TiufSf;F Ntz;
ba Kjy; E}y;fis ek; ehl;bd; ngUk;
E}y; epiyaq;fspy; $lf; fhz;gJ mupJ.
tUq;fhyj;jpy; ts;Sthpd; xOf;f ,aiy
vgpNuaUila xOf;f ,aYlDk;> ,];
yhkpa xOf;f ,aYlDk;> jHkrh];jpuq;
fspd; xOf;f ,aYlDk;> rPd xOf;f
,aYlDk; xg;gpl;Lg; gapy vz;zp cs;
Nsd;. fd;G+\pa]; tFf;Fk; Mrhuf;
Nfhitapy; kfd;> je;ijf;Fk;> Kd;NdhHf;
Fk; Mw;w Ntz;ba flikia tw;GWj;
(Chun Tsu) vd;gtd; gz;ilf;fhyr; rPdr;
Jfpd;whH. jkpo; rhd;Nwhidg; Nghy; Rd;#
rhd;Nwhdhtd;? tptpypa ,yf;fpaq;fSl
Dk; nfkhuh> kpjpuh\;> nrs`hH Nghd;w
vgpNuaUila ciufSlDk; ts;StH
$Wk; cz;ikfis xg;gpl;Lf; $Wjy;
$Lk;. NkYk; ts;StH murpaiyg; gw;
wpAk;> nghUspaiyg; gw;wpAk;> cyf ,a
iyg; gw;wpAk; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fis tUq;
fhyj;jpy; xg;gPl;L Kiwapy; ehk; Muha;
jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa Muha;r;rpf;F
ek; gy;fiyf; fofk; vd;Wk; eLtplkhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W gd;Kiw tho;j;
Jfpd;Nwd;.
jha;tPL • etk;gu; November 2013 - 66 -

jkpo;j;J}J

nkhopAupik
- jkpo;g;NguwpQH jdpehaf mbfs; -
,t;thz;L cyfk; vy;yhk; gutpapUf;Fk; jkpo; MHtyHfs; jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; E}w;whz;L tpohitf;
nfhz;lhb mtiu epidT $Hfpd;wdu;.
fpwp];Jtg; gzpf;F jd;id xg;Gf;nfhLj;J> gpd; jkpioj; JiwNghff; fw;W> jkpo;nkhopapd; njhd;ikiaAk;
nrOikiaAk; cyfwpar;nra;J> jkpo; Kdptuhf kyHe;jtH jdpehafk; mbfshu;. gl;lq;fs; gyngw;W> gy
nkhopfswpe;J> cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdj;ij epWtp mHj;jKs;s khehLfis elj;jpj; jkpo; nrOikAwj;
Jiz epd;wtu;. Ambassador for Tamil vd ,e;jpag; gj;jphpiffshy; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wtH. ,tH vOjpa Mf;fq;fs;>
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufis ,d;iwa jkpo; thrfHfs; vy;NyhUk; thrpj;Njhu; vd;wpy;iy.

jha; tPL thrfHfSf;fhf NguwpQH jdpehaf mbfspd; Mf;fq;fisAk; mtu; gw;wpa Mf;fq;fisAk;
njhlu;e;J ntspapl vz;zpAs;Nshk;.

1960k; Mz;by; nkhopAupik
gw;wp Mw;wpa ciu:
1956k; Mz;L jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lk; gpujp
epjpfs; kd;wj;jpy; epiwNtwpa nghOJk;
jkpo; kf;fs; jk; chpikapid vjpu;fhyj;
jpw; ngwf;$Lnkd;W xUthW vjpu;ghu;j;
jhu;fs;. nrd;w ehd;F Mz;Lfshf jkp
ohpd; nkhop chpik epiy ,d;Dk; typ
ikapoe;J nfhz;Nl te;Js;sJ. ,d;W
mKyhFk; jkpo; toq;Fk; rl;lq;fs; ek;
kf;fspd; chpikfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ
jk; ehl;bNyNa fPo;epiyf; Fbfshfj;
jkpo; kf;fis Mf;fptpl;lJ.
,t;thz;by; jkpo; kf;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J
xw;Wikapd; typikahy; jk;Khpikfis
epiyehl;lhtpbd; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mtw;iwg;
ngwg;Nghtjpy;iy. vdNt ,t;Thpikfis
kPz;Lk; ngWtjw;F ehk; Mf;fNtz;ba
gzpfs; rpyTs.
jkpo; nkhop chpikfisg; ngw KaYk;
,af;fk; ,JfhWk; ntw;wp ngwhjjw;Ff;
fhuzk;> jkpo; kf;fspd; czu;rr ; papd;ik
vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;. jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs;
midtUk; jk;nkhop chpikfisg;gw;wpf;
fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf ,Uf;fpd;wdu; vd;W
murpayhu; ,d;W mwpthnudpy; ,d;Nw
ntw;wp fhz;Nghk;. ek; ,af;fj;jpwF; j; jil
fs; gy cs. mtw;Ws; rpy gpd;tUkhW:-
(m). jkpou; rpyu; murpayhupd; xw;wuhf
ciof;fpd;whu;fs;. ek; ,af;fq;fspy; typ
ikapy;iy. xw;Wikapy;iynad;W ,tu;
fs; murpayhUf;Ff; $wpf;nfhz;Nl tU
fpd;wdu;. vdNt> murpayhUk; ,j;jifa
ngha;Aiuiaf; Nfl;fNt tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.
(M). njd; ,yq;ifapYs;s rpyu; mik
jpahfg; nghUs; <l;Ltjw;Fj; jkpo; ,af;
fq;fs; jilahf ,Uf;fpd;wdntd;W jkpo;
,af;fq;fspy; <LgLNthiuj; jk; vjphpf
nsd;W fUJfpd;wdu;. ‘,e;j njhy;iyNa
Ntz;lhk; rpq;fsj;ijg; gapd;W ,d;Dk;
gzk; <l;LNthk;’ vd;gNj mtu;fspd;
Nehf;fk;.
njhlu;jy; 67k; gf;fk;
- 67 -
(,). rpyu; fl;rpfspd; Kaw;rpiag; nghUl;
gLj;Jtjpy;iy. jkpo; kf;fs; chpik
ngWtJ mtu;fspd; Nehf;fk; md;W gpw
fl;rpfspd; topahfj; jkpo; kf;fs; ahnjhU
ntw;wpAk; ngWjy; MfhJ vd;gNj mtu;
fspd; rpwe;j Nehf;fk;. jkpo; NgRk; ,dj;
jpd; chpikg; gw;wpYk; fl;rpg;gw;Nw ,tu;
fSf;Fg; nghpJ.
xt;nthU jdp kdpjDf;Fk; jdp Mw;wy;
cz;L. cdf;F jkpo; czu;rr ; p ,y;iy-
nadpy; eP ,t;tpaf;fq;fspw;F ,ilA+whf
,Uf;fpd;wha;. ,d;Nw xUthW cd; chp
ikfisg; gw;wp czu;e;J cd;dhy;
,ad;wtiu xj;Jio. xt;nthU fhiy
Ak; ,d;W jkpo; chpik ntw;wpf;F vd;d
nra;ag;NghfpdN
; wd; vd;Wk; xt;nthU khiy
Ak; ,d;W jkpo; chpik ntw;wpf;F vd;d
nra;Njd; vd;Wk; cd; neQ;rpidf;Nfs;.
nghUl;nry;tk;:
jkpo; kf;fsplk; nry;tkpy;yhjjhy; ,t;
tpaf;fq;fs; typik ngwh vd;W fUJthu;
csu;. mt;thW ehd; fUJtjpy;iy jkpo;
gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;nfd gj;J ,yl;rk;
epjpnahd;iw jpul;Lfpd;Nwhk;. jkpo;gN
; gRk;
kfd; xt;nthUtUk; xU &gha; je;J
cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,e;epjpapd;
Nehf;fk;. ,t;thW epjp jpul;bdhy; vj;J
izj; Jiwfspy; ehk; Kd;NdWjy; $Lk;!
tl fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; nghUl;Liw
tsu;r;rpf;Fk; &gha; epjpnahd;iw Mz;
bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ehk; elj;j Ntz;Lk;.
ehk; cWjp nfhz;lhy; ahnjhd;Wk; ek;
tsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy.
jkpo; gy;fiyf;fof ,af;fk; jkpiof;
fhg;ghw;Wk; ,af;fk;. mf;fiyf; Nfhapiy
vOg;GkhW jkpou; midtUk; jpuz;L
Nru;f.
rpq;fsj;ijg; gapy;tjhy; jhk; vjpu;
ghu;f;Fk; gyd;fisj; jkpo;NgRk; kf;fs;
ngwg;Nghtjpy;iy. ek; nkhop chpikfis
epiyehl;Ltjhy; jhd; me;eyd;fisg;
ngWjy; $Lk;.
ehd; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; murpaw;Wiw
apy; ,wq;fp nkhop chpikfSf;fhfg;
NghuhLtjw;F vdf;F tha;g;Gfs; ,y;iy.
Mdhy; nkhopg; gpur;rid murpaw; gpur;rid
kl;Lkd;W> mJ fy;tpg; gpur;rid> rkag;
gpur;rid> r%fg; gpur;rid. vdNt vj;J
iwapy; jkpou; <Lgl;L te;jhYk; mj;J
iwf;F Vw;wthW jkpo; nkhop chpikfis
kPz;Lk; ngWtjw;F Kd; tUjy; Ntz;
Lk;. ,J fhWk; ed;whf nkhop chpikf
isg; gw;wp ciuahbAs;Nshk;. ,dpNky;
mt;Thpikfisg; gw;wpr; nray; Mw;WtJ
ek; flik.
nkhopAhpikfspd; tpsf;fk;:
<oj; jpUehl;by; epfo;tJ tUk; nkhop
cupikfs; tpthjj;ijg; gw;wpAk; jkpo;
nkhopapd; chpikfs; gw;wpAk; jkpo; kf;
fs; Kw;Wk; mwpe;J jk; chpikfisf;
fhg;ghw;Wk; ,af;fq;fs; midj;jpYk; gq;F
ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,iwQ;Rfpd;Nwd;.
,t;tpaf;fq;fs; ntw;wp ngWkhW xj;J
ioj;jYk; nghUSjtp nra;jYk; Ntz;
Lk;. rpq;fs kf;fspd; “jdpr; rpq;fsk;”
vd;Dk; ,af;fj;ij> jk; md;ghYk; mwj;
jhYk; cz;ikahYk; cWjpahYk; jkpo;
kf;fs; nty;yf;$Lk;.
ehd; murpaypYk; fy;tpj; JiwfspYk;
,U nkhopfs; gd; nkhopfs; ,aq;Fe;
jd;ikia xUthW fw;wtd;. ,U nkhop
ehLfs; gd; nkhop ehLfSf;F Nehpy;
nrd;W ,Unkhop murpay;. gd;nkhop mu
rpay; vt;thW njhopw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
vd;gij ed;F Nehpy; fz;lwpe;jtd;. ,U
gjhk; E}w;whz;by; nkhopAhpikfs; gz;
Gila ehLfs; midj;jpYk; Kw;Wk; xg;
Gf;nfhs;sg;ngw;W epyTfpd;wd. ek; <ots
ehl;by; rpq;fs nkhopAld; jkpo; nkhop
Language) Ml;rp nkhopahfTk; (Official
iaAk; murpd; nkhopahfTk; (National
Language) mikf;fhjijg; Nghy ngUq;
nfhLq;Nfhd;ik tuyhw;wpNyNa ,y;iy
nad;W fUJfpd;Nwd;.
cyfr; rl;ltof;F:
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; jk; nkhopfis kf;fs;
midtUk; Ngzp te;jduhapDk; jkpo;
kf;fs; jk; nkhopia jdp Kiwapy;
NgzpdH. jkpoH jk; ehl;ilj; jkpo; ehnld;
Wk; Vida ehLfis “nkhop ngaH Njak;”
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;L te;jdH. ,ilf;fhyj;
jpy; INuhg;ghtpd; nfhLq;NfhyH fl;lha
khfj; jk; nkhopfis murpay; uPjpahf
GFj;jpdu; mj;jifa ehLfs; tplhKaw;
rpAld; jk; nkhopAhpikfSf;fhfg; Nghuhb
ntw;wp ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nl te;jpUf;fpd;wd.
vl;lhtJ n`d;wp cNty;]; ehl;ilAk;
maHyhe;J ehl;ilAk; ifg;gw;wpa nghOJ
cNt]; nkhopiaAk; Ihp]; nkhopiaAk;
kf;fs; NgRtJ rl;lj;Jf;F Kunzd tpjpj;
jhd;. ehD}W Mz;Lfshf cNty;];
“
kf;fSk; maHyhe;J kf;fSk; nkhop
chpikfSf;fhfg; Nghuhb ,e;E}w;whz;
by; xUthW ntw;wp fz;L tUfpd;wdH.
kf;fSila mwpTk; chpikfspd; czH
Tk; tsHe;J nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd. xU
jkpo; kf;fSf;Fj; jkpOk;
rpq;fs kf;fSf;Fr; rpq;fsKk;
Ml;rp nkhopfshtijNa
ehk; Ntz;Lfpd;Nwhk;.
,JNt Fbahl;rp ePjpahFk;.
,JNt Gj;j jUkkhFk;.
fhyj;jpy; mbikfis ehl;by; rl;lj;jhy;
MNkhjpj;jdH. Mdhy; ,d;W mbikj;
jd;ikia rl;lj;jhy; tpyf;Ffpd;wdH.
xU fhyj;jpy; rhjp Ntw;Wikfis ek;
ehl;by; ghuhl;b te;Njhk;. ,d;W Iae;
jpAld; rhjp Ntw;Wikfisr; rl;lj;jpdhy;
xopj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;W jpl;lk; tFf;fpd;
wdH Ml;rpahsH. vdNt 12k; 13k; E}w;
whz;Lfspy; epytpa nkhopAhpikfSf;
Fk; 20k; E}w;whz;by; tpsq;Fk; nkhopA
hpikfSf;Fk; kpf kpf NtWghLz;L ,d;W
xU ,dj;jhhpd; nkhopf;F rk chpikf;
nfhLg;gNj KiwahFk;. kf;fs; rkFbf-
shapd; xU ehl;by; rkj;Jtk; tpsq;F
khapd; rpWghd;ikNahH NgRk; nkhopf;Fk;
ngUk;ghd;ikNahH NgRk; nkhopf;Fk; rk
chpik rl;lj;jhy; mspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;
Lk;. ,d;Nwy; rpWghd;ikNahiuf; Fiwe;j
FbAhpik cilNahuhfTk; fUJtJt
jw;F ,lKz;L. ,r;nraiy vjpHg;gJ
jkpo; kf;fs; xt;nthUtuJk; jiyaha
flndd;f.
gpd;yhe;ijg; gpd;gw;wyhk;:
ek; rpq;fs ez;gHfs; jhk; Vida ehL
fspd; nkhopAhpik tof;ifj; jhk; jO
tg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;W $Wfpd;wdH. kw;
nwy;yhj; JiwfspYk; Vida ehLf
isg; gpd;gw;Wk; ,tHfs; nkhopAhpikf
isg; gw;wp kl;Lk; jOt tpUk;ghjjw;
Ff; fhuzk; Vida ehLfspd; nkhop
tof;fpw;F ,tHfspd; nfhs;if NeHKu
zhapUg;gNjahk;. gpd;yhe;J ehl;by; ,U
Ml;rp nkhopfSs; xd;gJ tpfpjj;jpdH
Rtpb\; nkhop NgRfpd;wdH. njhz;Z}W
jha;tPL
tPjj;jpdH gpd;dp\; nkhop NgRfpd;wdH.
RtPb\; nkhop rpWghd;ikNahH nkhopah
apDk; mk;nkhopf;Fg; gpd;dp\; nkhopia
gpd;dp\; khfhzq;fspy; ifahSfpd;w
dH. RtPb\; nkhopia RtPb\; khfhzq;
fspy; ifahSfpd;wdH. MapDk; ,Unkh
opfSk; muR nkhopfshfTk; Ml;rp nkhop
fshfTk; rk chpikfSld; tpsq;Ffpd;
wd. 1949k; Mz;L gpd;yhe;J Njrj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l murpay; rl;lj;jpy; 14
Mk; cl; Fwpg;gpy; gpd;dp\; nkhopAk;
RtPb\; nkhopAk; ehl;bd; nkhopfnsd;
Wk; ,t;tpU nkhopfisAk; muR fhg;ghw;w
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; ,t;tpU nkhopfisAk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk; Ml;rpapYk; ifahS
jy; $Lnkd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;
qdNk Rtpl;rHyhe;J> fdlh> njd;dhgp
hpff
; h> ,e;jpah> ghfp]j
; hd;> u\;ah> irg;w];
Kjypa Kg;gJ ,Unkhopg; gd;nkhop
ehLfspy; rpWghd;ikNahUila nkhopf
Sf;Fg; ngUk;ghd;ikNahUila nkhop
fSld; rk chpikfs; nfhLj;jpUf;fpd;
wdH.
irg;gpw]; jPtpy; cs;s xd;gJ ,yl;rk;
kf;fs; NgRk; ,UnkhopfSf;Fk; rkchpik
”
cz;L. ,r;rpW jPtpy; ,U nkhopfs; mu
rpay; nkhopfshapd; ,yq;ifapy; ,Unkh
opfs; ,aq;FtJ nghUe;jhjh?
ekf;Nf chpik:
nrd;w MW VO ehl;fshfg; ngUk;ghd;
ikNahUila nkhopia kl;Lk; murpay;
nkhopahf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; gpur;rid
iag; ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpy; rpyH tw;GWj;jp
tUfpd;wdH. ,J ePjpf;Fk; rl;lj;Jf;Fk;
kf;fs; chpikf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; Kuz;
gLk; nfhs;ifahFk;. kf;fs; mbg;gil
chpikfshfpa kj chpik. nkhop chpik>
gz;ghl;Lhpik> Ngr;Rhpik> vOj;Jhpik
Kjypa Jiwfspy; rpWghd;ikNahiuj;
jhf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikNahUf;
Fr; rl;lk; tFf;f chpik ,y;iy. rpq;
fs kf;fs; jkf;F murpay; nkhopahfr;
rpq;fsnkhopia mikf;f KO chpik
Az;L. Mdhy; jkpo; kf;fspd; murpay;
nkhop ahJ vd;gijg; gw;wp KbT nra;
aj; jkpo; kf;fSf;Nf chpik cz;L.
Fbahl;rp vd;gJ ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd;
Ml;rpjhd;. Mdhy; mJ gy;NtW tFg;gp
diuAk; NrHj;j ngUk;ghd;ikNahH Ml;
rpahjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; jdpr; rpq;fs
kf;fspd; Ml;rpad;W. jdpr; rpq;fs kf;f
spd; eyd;fSf;fhfr; rpWghd;ikNahhpd;
mbg;gil chpikfis Nts;tp nra;Ak;
Ml;rpAhpik.
rkchpik vd;why; vd;d?
cyfpy; tpsq;Fk; nkhopAhpikfspd;gb
,U nkhopfSf;Fk; muR nkhop epiyAk;
• etk;gu; November 2013
jkpo;j;J}J
Ml;rpnkhop epiyAk; mspj;Jr; rpq;fs
nkhop rpq;fs kf;fSf;F Ml;rp nkhop-
nadTk; jkpo; nkhop jkpo; kf;fSf;F
Ml;rp nkhopnadTk; epWTtNj ePjpapd;
topahFk;. rk chpiknadpy; rpq;fs
kf;fs; jkpo; fw;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJk;> jkpo;
kf;fs; rpq;fsk; fw;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJk;
my;y fUj;J. jkpo; khtl;lq;fspy; jkpo;
kf;fSf;Fj; jkpOk; rpq;fs kf;fSf;Fr;
rpq;fsKk; Ml;rp nkhopfshtijNa ehk;
Ntz;Lfpd;Nwhk; ,JNt Fbahl;rp ePjp
ahFk;. ,JNt Gj;j jUkkhFk;. ,JNt
,e;j Iae;jp tUlj;jpy; ek; Gj;j ez;
gHfs; jOt Ntz;ba jUkkhFk;. ,JNt
jkpo; mwkhFk; ,JNt fpwp];jt ePjpA
khFk;.
KiwahJ?
xU ehl;by; xU nkhop ,uz;L rjtPfp
jk; Ngrg;gl;lhYk; $l mJ xU ehl;bd;
xU gFjpapy; kl;Lk; tsq;fg; ngw;whYk;
$l mjid muR nkhopahfTk; Njrpa
nkhopahfTk; epWtpr; rkchpik nfhLg;
gNj gz;Gila kf;fspd; tof;fkhf
,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. ,t;tof;fj;Jf;F Ku
zhf ek; rpq;fs kf;fs; elj;jj; Jzp
tJ Vd;? jkpo; kf;fspd; czHr;rpiaAk;
chpikiaAk; rpwpNjDk; nghUl;gLj;jhJ
jpl;lk; tFg;gJ vq;qdk;? ,Wjpahfj;
jkpo; kf;fs; <o ehl;by; rpq;fs kf;fS
ld; NrHe;J xU Filapd; fPo; rk chp
ikAld; tho Ntz;Lkhapd;. ,U nkhop
fSf;Fk; muR epiyAk; Ml;rp epiyAk;
ek; ehL nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; khz
tH Muk;gg; ghlrhiy njhlf;fk; gy;f
iyf;fofk; <whfj; jkpo; fw;f tha;g;G
mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; kf;fs; jkpo;
nkhopapy; muRld; jk; eltbf;iffis
elj;j tha;g;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; murpdH
MjuT mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;
tjhNy jkpoUf;Fk; rk chpik ,e;
ehl;by; cz;L vd;gij murpayhH epiy
epWj;j KbAk;.
jdpr; rpq;fsj;ij vg;gb
vjpHg;gJ?
jdpr; rpq;fsj;ijr; rl;lj;jpd; murpay;
fUj;Jf;fis murpaypy; <LgLNthH kf;
fSf;F tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;fs;. Mdhy;
jdpr; rpq;fsr; rl;lj;jpd; fy;tpf;fUj;Jf;
fisg; gw;wpf; $wNtz;baJ vd;idg;
Nghd;w Mrpupau;fspd; flikahFk;. ehd;
murpaypy; <Lgl tpUk;gtpy;iy. MapDk;
jdpr; rpq;fsk; vd;Dk; jpl;lk; fy;tpNah
Lk; FbAhpikNahLk; gz;ghl;LlDk;
njhlHG nfhz;Ls;sjhy; mjid ed;F
Muha Ntz;baJ <oj; jpUehl;bd; vjpH
fhy eyj;ij tpUk;GNthhpd; flikah
Fk;. ,e;efy;> jkpo;f; fy;tpiaAk; jkpo;
gz;ghl;ilAk; jkpoH jOTk; jpUkiwf
isAk; mopf;fty;yJ vd;gjpy; rpwpNj
Dk; Iakpy;iy. 1967 Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;
Muk;gg; gs;spf; $lq;fs; kl;LNk tl
khfhzj;jpYk; fPo;khfhzj;jpYk; ,Ug;
gd jtpu> ,il epiyg; ghlrhiyfSk;>
caH epiyg; ghlrhiyfSk;> gy;fiyf;
fof fy;tpAk; ,Uf;f khl;lh vd;gNj
,e;efypd; jpl;lkhFk;.
ek; vjpHg;ig vt;thW epfo;j;j Ntz;L
nkd;gij Muha;Nthk;. Kjd; Kjypy;
,e;efiy vjpHf;Fk; ,af;fj;jpy; <LgL
NthH midtUk; gpd;tUkhW njhz;L
Ghpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jkpoH KOKjw; flTspYk; mtuJ jpU-
tUspYk; mj;Njhd;whj; Jizapd; ty;
yikapYk; ek;gpf;ifAilatuhjyhy;
ehl;bd; eyj;Jf;fhfTk; jkpo; nkhopapd;
ntw;wpf;fhfTk; ,iwtid Ntz;b tU
jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tHfs; xt;nthU ehSk;
gj;Jg; gjpide;J epkplq;fs; jpahdk;
njhlu;jy; 68k; gf;fk;
jha;tPL • etk;gu; November
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jj;jk; jpUkiwfspd;
E}y;fisr; rpwpNjDk; jpdKk; gbj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. jpahdj;jhYk; topghl;lhYk;
,tHfs; cs;sj; J}a;ikaile;J Gjpa
2013 - 68 -
lhYk; ,t;twg;Nghhpy; J}a;ikaile;J kf;fSila Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhfj; jpl;lq;
ciog;Nghk;. fs; tFj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;j;J}J
,r;rl;lj;ij jkpo; kf;fs; rj;jpahf;fpuf Kiw rpq;fs murpayhH jkpoH gz;ghl;il jkpo; kf;fSf;Fk; Kd;G ,uhj czHr;rpAk;

(Nation Tamil) vd;Dk; Gj;JzHr;rp ngUf;

J}a Mw;wYlDk; ,t;tpaf;fj;jpy; <Lg
LthHfs;.
rpq;fs kf;fs;ghy; rpe;ijahYk;> nrayh
Yk; md;Gk; mwKk; fhl;b mtHfSld;
xOfNtz;Lk;. mtHfSf;Fr; rpwpNjDk;
rpe;ijahNyh nrayhNyh jPik nra;j
yhfhJ. mtHfs; ,aw;ifapy; ew;Fz
Kk; ew;gz;Gk; gilj;jtHfs; mtHfSl;
gyH rpWghd;ikNahiug; ghjpf;Fk; ,J
Nghd;w efy;fis tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
VidNahH ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; Ml;rp
nad;why; jdp rpq;fs Ml;rpahjy; Ntz;
Lnkd;W ek;Gfpd;wdH. mtHfs; mwpahJ
nra;tij ehk; nghWj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
apy; vjpHf;f KO chpikAz;L. rj;jpahf;
fpufj; Jiwapy; ,jid vjpHf;Fk; top
tiffis ek; murpaw; jiytHfs; tpiu
tpy; $WtH. mtHfSila jpl;lq;fis
ek; kf;fs; mDrhpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ‘jdpr;
rpq;fsk; rl;lkhfp tpl;lJ. ,dpr;nra;tJ
ahnjhd;Wkpy;iy’ vDk; kdg;ghd;ik
Nfhioapd; kdg;ghd;ikahFk;. gy;yhap
uk; Mz;Lfshfj; jk; kPJ gilnaLj;j
khw;whiug; Gwq;fz;l jkpod;id ek;kplk;
tPuj;ijAk; Mw;wiyANk vjpHg;ghHf;fpd;
whs;.
nkhopAhpikfSf;fhfg; Nghuhba kf;fspd;
tuyhw;iw MuhAk;NghJ mtHfSila
tsHg;ghnud;W vjpu;ghu;g;gJ tPzhFk;.
mtHfs; Njrpag; gz;ghnld;w $WtJ
rpq;fsg; gz;ghNlahFk;. Njrpa ,af;f
nkd;gJ rpq;fs ,af;fNkahFk;. Njrpa
nkhop vd;gJ rpq;fs nkhopNaahFk;
mtHfs; VNjh ek;ik ,yq;iff;F te;
Jtpl;l mfjpfnsd;Nw fUJfpd;wdH.
jkpo; kf;fNs jkpo; Jiwfsidj;ijAk;
fhg;ghw;w Ntz;ba fhyk; te;Jtpl;lJ.
jkpo; kf;fspd; Kaw;rpia tUq;fhyj;jpd;
tuyhW Gfo;e;J $Wk;.
murpaw;Jiwnahope;j Vida Jiwfspy;
ciog;gjw;fhfj; jkpo; gy;fiyf;fof
,af;fk; vd;w ngaUld; xU ,af;fk;
xw;WikAk; Njhd;wpw;W. jkpo; NgRk; ,dk;
nfLj;J XLtijf; fz;Nld;.
vjpHfhyj;jpy; nkhop nry;thf;Fld; tsH
tjw;fhfj; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs; rpwg;ghf
thOk; khtl;lq;fis ehk; ,d;Nw gy
JiwfspYk; rPHj;jpUj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
ek; khfhzq;fspy; fhlhff;fplf;Fk; ,lq;
fis ehlhf;FtJ ek;Kila flik.
njd; khfhzq;fspy; nry;tKs;s jkpoH>
tlkhfhzk; fPo; khfhzq;fspy; epyk;
Ntz;b ney;> fUk;G Kjypa gapHfis

mJNt jkpo; mwk;.
xt;nthU rpw;W}upYk; Ng&upYk; Mrpupau;
fSk; ngw;Nwhu;fSk; kw;WKs;NshUk;
$b ek; chpikfisg; gw;wpAk; ,j;jpl;
lj;jpd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpAk;
ciufs; epfo;j;j Ntz;Lk;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpid vjpu;g;gjhfj; jk; gpujp
epjpf;Fk; gpujkUf;Fk; vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiy
tUf;Fk; $l;lq;fspd; jPHkhdq;fis
mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f;$l;lq;fs; tl
khfhzk; fPo;khfhzq;fspy; kl;Lky;yhJ
Vida khfhzq;fspYk; ngUk;ghd;ik-
NahUila rPw;wj;ijj; J}z;btplhJ
eilngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. jdpr; rpqf; sk; vDk;
efy; ek;ikg;ghjpf;Fk; ,j;Jizf; Fwpg;
Gfis cs;slf;fp te;jjw;F fhuzk;
jkpo; kf;fs; ,J gw;wp vjpHg;Gf; $whjNj
ahFk;. Fbahl;rpapy; gpujpepjpfs; kf;f
spd; fUj;Jf;fis ,j;jifa $l;lq;
“
tuyhW ek;Kila vjpHfhy tho;ifapy; cUthfp tUtJ ekf;Fg;ngUk; kfpo;r;
mQ;rhJ ciog;gjw;Fg; ngUk; J}z;Lj rpf;Fhpa nra;jpahFk;. mt;tpaf;fk; jkpo;
yhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. cNty;]; kf;fspd; NgRk; kf;fspd; fy;tpj;Jiw> gz;ghl;Lj;
nkhopiar; rpijf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w vz; Jiw> nghUspaw;Wiw Mfpa ,k;Kj;J
zj;Jld; vl;lhtJ n`d;wpAk; mtidj; iwfspYk; Muha;rr ; pAk; mYtYk; Mw;w
njhlHe;J te;j kd;dtHfSk; gilnaLj; Kd;te;Js;sJ. jkpo; murpay; ,af;fq;
jdu;. 400 Mz;Lfshf ‘cNty;]’; kf;fs; fis Mjhpg;gJNghy; ,t;tpaf;fj;ijAk;
,dj;jpw;F xw;WikAk; cWjpAk;
,Ug;gjw;fhf
ek; vOj;jwpQu;fSk;
tpioj;J coTj;njhopYk; Njhl;lj; njhop
Yk; rpwf;fr; nra;tjhy; <oj; jkpo; ehl;
by; nghUspaw; Jiwfspy; ehk; Kd;Nd
Wtjw;F top tiffisf; fhz;gu;. njd;
khfhzq;fspy; jq;f tpUg;gkpy;yhj jkp
ou; xd;W NrHe;J tlkhfhzk; fPo; khfh
zq;fspy; GJefu;fis mikj;J <oj;
jkpo; ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fj; Jiz
Gupaf;$Lk;. tl khfhzk; fPo; khfhzq;
fspy; $ba tpiutpy; jkpo; kf;fs; Fb-
NaWtJ ek; vjpHfhy eyd;fSf;F ,d;
wpaikahjJ.
‘kNyah Nghd;w gpwehLfspy; ,Ue;J
,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;Gk; jkpoH ek; khfh
zq;fspy; tho;eJ; jhk; <l;ba nghUis
,q;F ed;Kiwapy; nryT nra;tJ ekf;
Fk; ngUe;JizahFk;. njd; khfhzq;
fspy; thOk; jkpoH midtHf;Fk; tl
khfhzk; fPo; khfhzq;fspy; epyKk;
nghUSk; KjYk; ,Ug;gJ ed;W. aho;g;

fshy; jhd; mwpfpd;wdH kf;fs; mDg;
Gk; je;jpfspypUe;Jk; nra;jpfspypUe;JNk
gpujku; mtHfsJ vjpHg;ig ed;F mwpa
tUthH. vjpHg;G ,y;iynad;why; kf;f
Sf;F ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; cld;ghL cz;
nld;W fUj ,lKz;L.
ePjpAk; cz;ikAk; jkpo; kf;fs; rhHgpy;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ ehk; cWjpahf cz;ik
fis vLj;Jf; $wNtz;Lk;. ,j;jpl;lj;
jpd; cl;fUj;Jfs; gy. ,ij mKYf;
Ff; nfhz;L tUthNuahapd; jkpo; gj;
jpupiffSf;Fk; thndhyp epfo;r;rpfSf;
Fk; jkpo; fiyfSf;Fk; jkpoH jOTk;
rkaq;fSf;Fk; vOj;jhz;ikf;Fk; ,l
kpuhnjd;gJ jpz;zk;. ,J fhWk; ,uhj
nkhopf; nfhLq;Nfhd;ikAk; gz;ghl;Lf;
nfhLq;Nfhd;ikAk; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; gadh
td. ek; ehl;il Mz;l Mq;fpNyaH>
xy;yhe;jH> gwq;fpaH jk; fUj;jpYk; nfhs;
shj Nehf;fq;fisAk; nfhLikfis
Ak; ,j;jpl;lk; fUJfpd;wJ. maHyhe;J
Njrj;jpYk; cNty;]; ehl;bYk; 16-k; E}w;
whz;by; 8 tJ n`d;wp Ihp]; nkhopia
Ak; cNty;]; nkhopiaAk; mopf;f epiw
Ntw;wpa rl;lq;fs;Nghy; 20-k; E}w;whz;
by; ,j;jpl;lk; cUg;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. kf;f
spd; chpikg;Nghuhl;lKk; Rje;jpu jhf
Kk; rkj;Jt kdg;ghd;ikAk; ,e;ehd;F
E}w;whz;Lfspy; vj;Jiz tsHe;Js;sJ
vd;gij ,j;jpl;lk; mwpe;jpyJ Nghy;
Njhd;WfpwJ.
rl;lk; epiwNtwpdhYk;
Nghuhl;lk; Xaf; $lhJ:
jdpr;rpq;fs kNrhjh rl;lkhtJ jpz;z
khapDk; mr;rl;lj;ijg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ
jkpo; nkhopapd; chpikfsidj;Jk; kPz;
Lk; ngWkhW mauhJ cioj;jNy jkpo;
kf;fspd; flik.
,JfhWk; nry;thf;Fld; tho;e;J te;j
jkpo; kf;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW ,d;dy;fs;
epfo;e;jpUg;gJ mtHfSf;F xw;Wikia
Ak; Gj;JzHr;rpiaAk; mspj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
jkpo; kf;fs; vtuhapUg;gpDk; K];ypk;fs;
,e;Jf;fs;. fpwp];jtH KOKjw; flTs;
xUtiu topgl;LtUk; tFg;gpdH. vdNt
mj;Njhd;whj; Jizapd; jpUtUis ek;
mwg;NghH ntw;wpngWkhW ehs;NjhWk;
Ntz;b tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,iwtdpd;
JizapUe;jhy; ehk; mila Kbahj ntw;wp
xd;NwDkpy;iy jpahdj;jhYk; topghl;
”
Nkilf; fiyQfSk;
xj;Jioj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ekf;F
Gj;jk; Gjpa ghly;fs; Ntz;Lk;>
rpd;dq;fs; Ntz;Lk;>
rpiyfs; Ntz;Lk;> ekf;nfd
fiyf;fofq;fs; Ntz;Lk;>
gy;fiyf;fofk; Ntz;Lk;.
gyH jk;Kila gz;ila rpy chpikf ek; kf;fs; Mjupg;ghu;fshf.
isg; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpdu;. ,d;DQ; rpy
Mz;Lfspy; chpikfsidj;ijAk; ngw;W jkpo; nkhopapd; cupikg;Nghu; ,d;W jhd;
tpsq;Fnkd;gJ jpz;zk;. ,t;thNw ‘ngy; Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. ,g;Nghupy; ntw;wp fhz
[pa ehl;by;’ ngskp\;nkhop NgRNthH kl;Lk; jkpo; kf;fs; midtUk; mzpt
100 Mz;Lfshfg; Nghuhb ,Wjpapy; KO Fj;J MltUk;. ngz;bUk; khztUk;.
chpikfisAk; ngw;W ,d;W ,d;gkhf KjpNahUk; ehs;NjhWk; ,g;Nghhpy; gq;F
tho;fpd;wdH. gpd;yhe;jpy; 700 Mz;Lfs; gw;wp xj;Jiog;gJ flik.
Nghuhba gpd; ,d;W gpd;dp\; nkhop
murpay; nkhopahf jpfo;fpd;wJ. vdNt Xw;Wik Ntz;Lk;:
nkhopAhpikfSf;fhfg; Nghuhba kf;fspd; nrd;w rpy jpq;fs;fshf tlkhfhzk;>
tuyhw;iw ,d;Dk; ngUff; $wyhk;. fPo;khfhzq;fspy; nrhw;nghopTfs; Mw;
wpa nghOJ ek; <oj;jkpo; ehl;bd; nghU
jkpo;nkhop <oj;jpd; nkhop. gy E}w;whz; spay; r%f Kd;Ndw;wq;fisg; gw;wp mwp
Lfshf <oj;jpy; jdpahl;rp Ghpe;j nkhop QUld; fye;J ciuahl vdf;F tha;g;Gf;
jkpo.; jdpaurpd; kf;fs; jkpo; kf;fs;. vdNt fpilj;jJ. NkYk; tTdpah njhlq;fp
jkpo; nkhopAk; rpqf; s nkhopiag;Nghw; rk MidapwT <whf ,ilNaAs;s epyg;g
chpik ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. ug;gpd; vjpHfhy Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; czHe;
Njd;.
jkpo; kf;fspd; flik:
<oj;jkpo; kf;fsidtUk; ,d;W njhlq; NfhapYk; RidAk; cs;s fly; #o;e;j
fpj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; jkpoH tu jpUkiyapd; FlhitAk; ghiwiaAk;
yhw;iwAk; Gj;Jzu;r;rpNahL fw;W tUthu; mjidr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; ePHg;gug;G epyg;g
vd;gJ jpz;zk;. gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,y; ug;gpd; moifAk; fz;L tpae;Njd;. fPo;
yhj jkpod;G vjpH fhyj;jpy; ek;Ks;sq; khfhzj;jpy; flYld; fyf;FKd; kfh
fspy; ngUf;nfLf;Fk; vd;gJ xUjiy. typ fq;ifapd; ,U kUq;Fk; jd; Nriag;
jkpo; khztH jho;T kdg;ghd;ik ahnjhd; Nghy; ePUl;Lk; gr;irf; fodpfisf; fz;L
Wk; tsHf;fhJ jkpo; nkhopapd; ngUik kfpo;eN; jd;. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; njd;ghfj;jpy;
iaAk; jhk; fhl;l Ntz;ba tPuj;ijAk; fhiujPT mf;fiug;gw;W Kjypa ,lq;f
tsHf;FkhW ehk; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; <Lgl spy; K];ypk; kf;fs; nghd;dpwf; fjpHfis
Ntz;Lk;. murpay;thjpfs; murpaw;Wiw ntl;b> fl;bf;Ftpg;gijf; fz;L fspj;Njd;.
apw; rk chpikfisg; ngw KaYq;fhy;
fy;tpj;JiwapYk; gz;ghl;Lj; JiwapYk; nrd;wtplnky;yhk; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs
r%fj;JiwapYk; njhz;lhw;wp tUgtH idtuplKk; GJ czu;r;rpAk; GJ MHt
fs; GJ ,af;fq;fis cz;lhf;fpj; jkpo; Kk; Njhd;wpaJ. jdpr;rpq;fsk; rl;lkhdJk;
ghzf; Flh ehl;bYk; jPTfspYk; kf;fs;
njhif ngupjhf ,Ug;gjhy; mq;Fs;s
tu;fSld; gyH tTdpah jphpNfhzkiy
Ky;iyj;jT P > KUq;fd;> khq;Fsk;> fpsp-
nehr;rp Kjypa ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W
FbNaWtJ eykhFk;. aho;ghzf; Flh
ehl;il tpl;L mfy;tjw;F mQ;RtJ jkp
opdj;Jf;Fg; ngUikad;W. fy;Nyhah>
fe;jsha; Kjypa jpl;lq;fSf;Fj; jkpoiu
mioj;j NghJ mq;F nry;yg; gyH tpUk;
gtpy;iy.’
ehk; gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; rhjpr; rka Ntw;
Wikfis vj;Jiz ghuhl;b te;jpUe;
jhYk; ,d;W ehk; mj;jifa Ntw;Wik-
fis xopjJ ; > jkpo; nkhop ek;ik ,izj;J
epyTk; xw;Wikia tsHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,t;tpUgjhk; E}w;whz;by; kf;fspd; chp
ikfs; ed;F tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo;
kf;fsidtUk; rk epiyAilatHfSk;
cld; gpwe;jhUk; vd;W ek; tho;f;ifap
Yk; $l;LwT mikg;gpYk; ehk; fhl;b
tUjy; ek; flikahFk;. kf;fis nghJ
kd;wj;jpypUe;Jk; fy;tpf; fofj;jpypUe;Jk;
mfw;wpl itg;gJ jkpo;g; gz;ghLkd;W.
jkpoH kuGkd;W jkpoUs; ngUk;ghd;ik
ahuha; ,Ug;NghH jkpoUs; rpWghd;ik-
Nahuhf ,Ug;gtUf;Fr; rpwg;ghd Kiw
apy; el;Gk; md;Gk; MjuTk; fhl;Ljy;
Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;ifapd; jiyefhpypUe;J mfd;wpUg;
gjhYk; gy ,dj;jhUld; njhlHG xusT
rpwpJ Fiwe;J ,Ug;gjhYk; ek; khfh
zq;fspy; gue;j tpupe;j kd;ghd;ik Fd;
wpapUj;jy; $Lk;. vdNt irt> it\;zt>
K];ypk;> fj;Njhypf;f> Gwl;l];jhe;J vd;W
gphpe;J njhz;lhw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ikAk;
nfhOk;Gj; jkpou;> kiyehl;Lj; jkpou;>
kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpou;> aho;ghzj; jkpou;
vd;W Ntw;Wik ghuhl;LtJk; ek; ,dj;
jpw;F ed;ik gaf;fhj KiwfshFk;.
ek; ,dj;jpw;F xw;WikAk; cWjpAk;
,Ug;gjw;fhf ek; vOj;jwpQu;fSk; Nkilf;
fiyQUk; xj;Jioj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ekf;F
Gj;jk; Gjpa ghly;fs; Ntz;Lk;> rpd;dq;fs;
Ntz;Lk;> rpiyfs; Ntz;Lk;> ekf;nfd
fiyf;fofq;fs; Ntz;Lk;> gy;fiyf;fo
fk; Ntz;Lk;.
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- 69 -
k Jiuapy; ele;Njwpa Ie;jhtJ
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rhjidapy; r%f murpay; Kf;fpaj;
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Vw;gl;l %d;whtJ cyf tpopg;ghdJ
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tsu;e;jJ. jkpou;fs; fzprkhd njhif
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baf;fkhf tpsq;fpw;W.
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rpg;Nghf;F ,e;j ,iwik Ntl;iff;Fk;
jdpj;Jtj; jhfj;jpw;Fk; nghpJk; cjtpw;W.
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tpsq;fpaJ. jkpopd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ehLk;
r%f> murpay; epWtdq;fs; ,e;j epWt
dj;ij Mjhpj;jd. mz;zhj;Jiu Kjy;
lj;Njh rk;ge;jd; tiu nry;tehafk; Kjy;
rptQhd fpuhkzp tiu gy murpay;
thjpfs; tiu ,jDld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ldu;.
,e;j Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;
by; jq;fs; r%f murpay; ntw;wpf;fhd
mj;jpahtrpaq;fisf; fz;ldu;.
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xt;nthUthplj;Jk; mtutu; jFjpf;Nfw;g
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cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L> mtu;fsJ
cl;G+ry;fspy; jhd; rpf;Fz;L tplhky;
epWtdj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L elj;jpr; nry;
Yk; MSik jdpehaf mbfsplj;jpyp
Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; mtu; ahtuhYk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLk; jkpopd; rpd;dkhdhu;. jdp
ehaf mbfspy; jkpod; vjpu;fhyj;ij
kf;fs; fz;ldu;. mwpTj;Jiw Kjy; mu
rpay; Jiw tiu jkpio ehafg;gLj;Jk;
rf;jpahf jdpehafk; Kfpo;e;jhu;.
,e;jg; ngUk; gzpiar; rhjpf;Fe;jpwd; -
cyfhshtpa KOikaf; fhZe;jpwd; -
• etk;gu; November 2013
jkpo;j;J}J
mthplj;jpypUe;jJ. mtu; jiyrpwe;j
kdpjhgpkhdpahf tpsq;fpdhu;. Guhjd
jkpo; kdpjhaj thjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;
Lk; Muha;r;rpia mtu; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;
jhu;. jdpehaf mbfshu; jw;fhyj; jkpo;
- Nguhrphpau; fh.rptj;jk;gp -
,yf;fpaj;jpy; mjpf <LghL nfhz;bUe;
jhu;. tujuhrdpd; ehty;fs; ftpij> tpku;r
dk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Muha;r;rpf; fl;
Liu vOjpdhu;.
1965k; Mz;L Kjy; jdpehaf mbfS
ld; vdf;Fj; njhlu;G ,Ue;jJ. Muha;r;rp
khztd; vd;w tiuaiwf;Fs;NsNa
mj;njhlu;G ,aq;fpaJ. 15 tUlfhyj;
njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;L jdpehaf mbf-
spd; xU Kf;fpa gz;gpidf; $wyhk;.
mtu; ,sk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fis Cf;F
tpj;jhu;. mtu;fSila Muha;r;rp KbT-
fis jkJ nrhe;j vz;zj; JzpGf
Sf;F KuzhftpUe;j ,lj;Jk;> gpwo;
tw;w Muha;r;rp Kiw Ngzg;gl;ltplj;J>
me;j Muha;rr ; pia mtu; vjpu;ff
; tpy;iy.
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Nghw;wg;gLtjw;F nrhj;Jupik czu;Nt
%yfhuzk;; vd ehd; vdJ fl;Liu-
nahd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;lijaLj;J Njhd;wpa
ru;r;irapd; nghOJ> mtu; $wpa cw;rhf
thu;j;ijfis ehd; ,d;Dk; kwf;f
tpy;iy. xUtdJ vz;zj; JzpitAk;>
mwpT Neu;ikiaAk; kjpf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F
tsu;ff; g;glhtpl;lhy; Muha;rr
; pia tsu;jJ
;
tplKbahJ. jdpehaf mbfsplk; gpwuJ
mwpTj; jpwid kjpf;Fk; gz;ghL epiwa
,Ue;jJ. jkpioAk; jkpo; gz;ghl;ilAk;
kPsf; fz;lwpe;J ,e;jpa> cyf ehfuPf
tsu;r;rpapy; mtw;wpd; ,lj;ij kl;bLk;
Kaw;rpf;Fjtpatu; mbfshu;. jkpopd;
jdpj;Jtj;ij mwptjd; Nehf;fk; mJ
ru;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F vt;tifapy; cj
Tfpd;wJ vd;gij mwptjw;Nf vd;w
Muha;r;rp newpia mtu; Nkw;nfhz;b
Ue;jhu;.
kdpju;fis Nerpgg
; tu;fSk; kdpj Neaj;ij
tw;GWj;Jgtu;fSk; kwf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
(ed;wp: ky;ypif)
jha;tPL • brk;gu; December 2013 - 66 -

jkpo;j;J}J

gz;ghl;bd; ,yf;fzk; - mKjd; mbfs; -

,t;thz;L cyfk; vy;yhk; gutpapUf;Fk; jkpo; MHtyHfs; jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; E}w;whz;L tpohitf;
nfhz;lhb mtiu epidT $Hfpd;wdu;.
fpwp];Jtg; gzpf;F jd;id xg;Gf;nfhLj;J> gpd; jkpioj; JiwNghff; fw;W> jkpo;nkhopapd; njhd;ikiaAk;
nrOikiaAk; cyfwpar;nra;J> jkpo; Kdptuhf kyHe;jtH jdpehafk; mbfshu;. gl;lq;fs; gyngw;W> gy
nkhopfswpe;J> cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdj;ij epWtp mHj;jKs;s khehLfis elj;jpj; jkpo; nrOikAwj;
Jiz epd;wtu;. Ambassador for Tamil vd ,e;jpag; gj;jphpiffshy; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wtH. ,tH vOjpa Mf;fq;fs;>
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufis ,d;iwa jkpo; thrfHfs; vy;NyhUk; thrpj;Njhu; vd;wpy;iy.

jha; tPL thrfu;fSf;fhfj; njhlu;r;rpahf ntspte;j NguwpQu; jdpehaf mbfspd; Mf;fq;fSk; mtu; gw;wpa
Mf;fq;fSk; ,e;j ,jNohL epiwtilfpd;wd.

j dpehaf mbfshu; kpff; rpwe;j gz;gh

su; vd;gij mtiu mwpe;j mid-
tUNk Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;. ‘,d;gkha;g;
NgRthu;> gz;Gld; goFthu;> gzpTld;
el;G:
mbfshu;f;F cyf ehLfs; gytw;wpYk;
ez;gu;fs; cz;L. gynkhop NgRNthUk;
mbfshu;fF ; ez;gu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ‘ahJk;
mnkupff

njhz;lhw;Wthu;’ vd;W mtuJ mlf;fj;
jpUg;gypapy; kiwAiu epfo;j;jpa kJu-
ehafk; mbfshu; $wpaJ Kw;wpYk; nghUe;
Jk;> ‘jkJ jiyKiwapd; khngUk; jkpou;
mtu;> Vnddpy; jk; nkhop> gz;ghL Mfpa
tw;wpd; rpwg;igj; jkpo; kf;fSf;F czu;j;
Jtjpy; mtu; ngUe;Jizahf ,Ue;jhu;’
vd;W jpU. N[k;]; ,uj;jpdk; $WtJ
kpifad;W.
CNu ahtUk; Nfspu;’ vd;Dk; nghd;
nkhop iaj;jk; tho;tpy; mtu; filg;gpbj;J
tho;e;jtu; vd;gij cyfshtpa mtuJ
ez;gu;fs; njhifNa nka;gg ; pf;f ty;yJ.
Mq;fpy ehl;ltuhfpa tpd;nrd;l; f;Nuhdpd;>
rp.Mu;.ghf;]u;> Mu;.,.M\u;> N[.Mu;.khu;>
My;ghl;Bd; Nfhu;> gpuhd;R ehl;ltuhfpa
ohd; /gPypNahrh> /gpuhd;Rthf;Nuh> If;fpa
Nehy;ll
; ehl;ltuhfpa ypNah Neha;nlf;fu;>
vk;.gp. vkNdh> fpshud;];> fpspf;> vl;fu;
; d;> fhu;y; nkd;n[];> nrf;Nfh];
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ifau;fshfpa R.tpj;jpahde;jd;> ifyh
rgjp> fh.rptj;jk;gp> rp.N[.vyparu;> je;ij
nry;th> [p.[p nghd;dk;gyk;> vk;.jpUr;
nry;tk;> mUl;jpU. N[hf;fpk;gps;is> Mau;
jpNahFg;gpsi ; s> Mau; FNye;jpud;> V. N[.
tpy;rd;> ePjpgjp jk;igah> tPuNfrup ntd;-
nr];yh];> N[k;]; ,uj;jpdk;> F.Neirah>
vk;.vk;. cit];> v/g;.vf;];.rp. eluhrh>
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jpahk;gps;is> ,e;jpau;fshfpa m.rpjk;g
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t.Rg;igahgps;is> Rthkp mkyjhrd;>
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gl;bay; kpf ePz;ljhFk;.
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njhlu;jy; 67k; gf;fk;
- 67 -
,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gpaNghJ. Nguhjidg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzp
Gupe;j Kidtu; V. n[auj;jpdk; tpy;rd;
mtu;fspd; ,y;yj;jpy; Xuhz;Lf;F Nky;
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ghzj;jpy; jk; Xa;T fhyj;ijr; nrytpll
; hu;.
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thu;. jj;JtNghjfupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw
Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpa Mq;fpy vOj;jhs
uhfpa tpd;nrd;l; f;Nuhdpd; mtu;fis
Mq;fpy Kiwg;gb tpd;]; vd;W mtu;
kpFe;j cupikAld; miog;ghu;.
mbfshiur; re;jpf;Fk; kdpju; midtUk;
mtiuj; jkJ ez;guhff; nfhs;sNtz;
Lnkd tpUk;Gk; msTf;F mtuJ gz;G
eyd;fs; mike;jpUe;jd vd;ghu; vl;fu;
Nehy;l;ld;.
ez;gu;fSf;F cjTtjpYk; tpUe;Njhk;g
ypYk; mbfshu;fF ; ehl;lk; kpFjp. 1964k;
Mz;L by;ypapy; ele;j fPioj;Nja mwp
Qu;fspd; cyf khehl;by; jk; ez;gu; fkpy;
Rtygpy; fye;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;W
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fshu; Vw;ghL nra;jhu;.
tpUe;Njhk;gy;:
mbfshupd; tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;G cyfg;
Gfo;ngw;wJ vdyhk;. mijg;gw;wp Kidtu;
fkpy; Rtygpy;> Nguh. v];. muruj;jpdk;>
vkNdh> f;Nuhdpd;> Nguhrpupau;fs; ngu;l;uk;
gh];jpahk;gps;is> Nf.,e;jpughyh> vl;fu;
Nehy;l;ld; vdg; gy ehl;L mwpQu;fSk;
ghuhl;bapUf;fpd;wdu;. mtuJ ez;gu;fSs;
ngUk;ghNyhu; fy;tpj;Jiwiar; rhu;e;j
tu;fs; vd;gJk;> mtu;fis tpUe;Jf;F
mioj;J> tapw;Wf;F czNthL nrtpf;
Fk; mwpTf;Fk; tpUe;J gilg;gjpy; mbf
shu; ty;ytu; vd;gJk; ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;
jf;fit.
mwpthz;ik:
mbfshupd; nghOJNghf;F> Gj;jfq;fisg;
gbg;gNj vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. njhlu;e;J
gbj;Jj; jk; mwpitAk; Muha;r;rpiaAk;
tsu;jJ
; f; nfhs;tjpy; mtu; <bizaw;wtu;.
mbfshupd; mwpthz;ikNa cyf mwp
Qu;fs; eLtpy; mtUf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; ngw;
Wj; je;jJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpo;
Muha;rr ; pNa mbfshupd; fsk; vd;whYk;
ehlfk;> ,ir> tuyhW> rkak;> xtpak;>
rpw;gk; vdg; gyJiw ty;YeuhfTk; mtu;
jpfo;e;jhu;. vdNt mtu; vj;Jiwiag;
gw;wpg; NgrpdhYk; ciuahbdhYk; $b
apUe;Njhu; nka;k;kwe;J nrtpkLj;J kfpo;
tJ tof;fk;.
eifr;Rit:
jk; ez;gu;fNshL ciuahLk;NghJ mb
fshu; eifr;Rit kpf;ftuhf ,Ug;ghu;.
MdhYk;> mtuJ eifr;Rit $lg; ngUk;
ghYk; mwpTrhu;e;jjhfNt ,Uf;F.
J}j;Jf;Fb kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; mbfshu;
gzpahw;wpa NghJ mk;kiwkhtl;lg; nghU
shsu; xUKiw mtUf;Fk; vOjpa fb
jj;ij Kbf;Fk;NghJ ‘fpwp];Jtpy; cq;
fs; mbik’ vd;W mf;fhy tof;fg;gb
,yj;jd
P ; nkhopapy; vOjpf; ifnahg;gkpl;
bUe;jhu;. mbfshu; mtUf;Fg; gjpy; vO
Jk;NghJ> ‘fpwp];Jtpy; vd; mbikf;F’
vd;W jk; kliyj; njhlq;fpapUe;jhu;.
28.04.1880 md;W aho;g;ghzj;jpy; je;ij
nry;th epidTr; nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhu;
mbfshu;. jhk; mzpe;jpUe;j Gjpa fhy
zpfis tPurpq;fk; kz;lgj;jpDs; Eio
AKd; fow;wp ntspNa itj;Jtpl;Lr;
nrd;whu;. nrhw;nghopT Kbe;J ntspNa
te;jNghJ fhyzpfSs; xd;W fhzhkw;
Ngha; NtnwhU fhyzp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
mbfshu; jhk; filrpf;fhyj;jpy; jq;fpap
Ue;j gz;lj;jupg;G jpahd ,y;yj;Jf;Fj;
jpUk;gpaNghJ> mq;Fs;s fd;dpau;fisg;
ghu;j;Jf; ‘fd;dpau;fNs> vd; fhy; xd;W
fhzhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ’ vd;W nrhy;ypf;
fhyzp mzpahj fhiyf; fhl;br; rpupj;
jhuhk;.
ehtd;ik:
mbfshupd; ehtd;ik cyfg;Gfo; ngw;w
jhFk;. cyfpd; gy;NtW ehLfspy; nghJ
NkilfspYk; Myaq;fspYk; gy;fiyf;
fkfq;fspYk; fy;Y}upfspYk; fUj;juq;F
fspYk; khehLfspYk; mtu; ciuahw;wp
As;shu;. Nfl;gjw;Fr; Ritahd ,dpa
Fuypy>; jf;f Vw;w ,wf;fq;fSld;> kfpor; r
; p
jUk; tifapy; nrhw;nghopthw;w ty;y
tu; mbfshu;. mtu; czu;rr ; piaj; J}z;
Lk; nghJNkilg; Ngr;rhsu; my;yu;. vd;
whYk; xU kzp Neuj;Jf;F Nky; Ngrp
dhYk; mitNahupd; Mu;tk; Fd;whj
epiyapy; ciuahw;w ty;ytu;.
NgRtjw;F Kd; jf;f Kiwapy; jahupg;ig
“
Nkw;nfhs;tJ mbfshupd; tof;fk;. Kf;
fpakhd ciufis KOikahf vOjpg;
gbj;J toq;FtJk; mtuJ tof;fk;.
MfNt mtuJ ciufs;> fl;Liu tbtk;
fz;L E}y;fspy; ,lk; ngw;wJ cz;L.
jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa ,UnkhopfspYk;
jkpo; Muha;r;rpNa
mbfshupd; fsk;
vd;whYk;
ehlfk;> ,ir> tuyhW>
rkak;> xtpak;>
rpw;gk; vdg;
gyJiw ty;YeuhfTk;
jpfo;e;jhu;.
jpwk;gl ciu epfo;jj
; ty;ytuhfpa mb
fshu;> jk; mitapdUf;Nfw;wthW gpnuQ;R>
];ghdp\;> ,j;jhypak; Mfpa nkhopfsp
Yk; ciuahw;wpaJ cz;L.
Njitf;Nfw;wthW Kd; jahupg;G ,y;yhky;
mbfshu; ciuahw;WtJ cz;L. mj;j
ifa ciufSk; Rit kpf;fdthfNt
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
mbfshupd; Nju;e;j nrhy;yhl;rpAk;> njsp
thd xypg;G KiwAk; midtupd; kjpg;
igAk; ngw ty;yitahFk;. jhk; fw;wwpej;
nkhopfisr; nrk;ikahff; ifahSk;
jpwk; mtUf;Ff; ifte;j fiy.
jpl;lkpl;l nray;ghL:
vijr; nra;jhYk; mijj;jf;f Kiwapy;
jpl;lkpl;Lr; nray;gLj;JtJ mbfshupd;
tof;fk;. kNyahg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
,e;jpaj; Jiwia tsu;g;gjpYk;> jhk;
Kd;dpd;W elj;jpa Nfhyhyk;g+u; ghup];
khehLfis elj;JtjpYk; Nkyhz;ikj;
jpwNdhLk;> EZf;fkhd nray;fisf;
$lj; jpl;lkpl;Lk; mtu; nray;gl;lik
midtiuAk; tpag;gpyho;j;jpajhFk;.
rpf;fy;fs; vOe;jNghJk; rpupj;j Kfj;NjhL
mtw;iw vjpu; nfhz;L> mbg;gilf; Nfhl;
ghLfis tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fhkNy rkhspj;
JtpLk; jpwk; mbfshu;f;F cz;L. ,j;jp
wik Nfhyhyk;g+u;> nrd;id> ghuP];>
aho;g;ghzk; cyfj; jkpo; khehLfspd;
NghJ njspthfg; Gyg;gl;lJ.
‘gyiuAk; <u;j;J ,izj;J cd;djkhd
gzpfspy; mtu;fis <LgLj;Jjy;> kw;w
tu; jaq;Fk; nghWg;Gf;fisf;$l Vw;Wf;
nfhz;L mw;Gjkhd jpwikNahL epfo;j;
jpf; fhl;Lk; nja;tPfj; jpwik Mfpait
mbfshuplk; ,Ue;jd’ vd;W jkpo;g; gy;f
iyf;fof Kd;dhs; JizNte;ju; Nguh.t.
ma;.Rg;gpukzpak; $WtJ kpfTk; nghUj;j
khFk;.
Muha;r;rpj; jpwd;:
rkatpay; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> fy;tp Mfpa
Jiwfspy; gl;lk; ngw;wtNuDk; mbfshu;
tuyhW> epytpay;> khDltpay;> gz;ghl;
bay;> murpay; Mfpa JiwfspYk; ty;
ytuhf tpsq;fpdhu;.
gyJiw ty;Yeuhf tpsq;fpajhNyNa
jkpo; Ma;tpYk; gy JiwfisAk; ,izj;
Jg; gzpahw;w mtuhy; Kbe;jJ. fle;j
fhyj;ijAk; epfo;fhyj;ijAk; Nkdhl;L
E}y;fisAk; ,izj;Jk; Xg;gpl;Lk; Nehf;f
mtuhy; ,ad;wJ. jkpou; thzpfk;> Nkiy
ehl;L epytpay; E}y;fSk; jkpo;ehl;L
md;Wk; ,d;Wk; njw;fhrpa – njd;fpof;fh
,lg;ngau;fSk;> flhuk; vq;Nf? jkpoha;T:
rpaf; fiy> rkaKk; fiyAk;> rkaKk;
gz;ghLk;> kdpj Neaf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>
jkpo;g;gz;ghLk; ehfupfKk;> FthlY}g;Ng
khu;j;jpdPf; ehLfspy; jkpou; FbNaw;wk;>
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fy;tpr; rpe;jid> rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;G> jkpou;jk; ftpd;
fiyfs;> goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> Nkw;F
”
INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; cau;epiyf; fy;tp>
jkpo;g;ghy ghlq;fspy; nrhy;yhl;rpAk;
cs;slf;fKk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fj;
Njhypf;fu; gzp> ,yq;ifapy; nkhopAup
ikfs;> kyUk; khiyAk;> jkpopy; mr;
Nrwpa Kjy; E}y;fs;> INuhg;gpa E}yq;f
spy; jkpo;f; ifnaOj;Jr; Rtbfs; vd
mtuJ vOj;Jg; gilg;Gf;fspd; jiyg;ig
Nehf;Fk;NghNj mbfshupd; gy;Jiw mwpT
ekf;F vspjpy; Gyg;gLk;.
mwpQu;fSf;fpilapy; mtu; xU Kdptu;>
Jwtp vd;W gyu; mtiug; Nghw;wpaJ
kpfTk; nghUj;jNk. mtuJ mwpthw;wyh
Yk; MSikj; jpwj;jhYk; <u;f;fg;gl;l
xUtu; ‘,tiug; Nghd;w xU FUNt
Nghg;ghfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;’
vd;W $wpaJ epidTf;F tUfpwJ.
fUj;J Ntw;Wikfis mbfshu; kjpj;Jg;
Nghw;wpatu;> fj;Njhypf;fuy;yhj fpwpj;J
tu;fs;> ,e;Jf;fs;> ,Ryhkpau;> ngsj;ju;>
rpq;fstu; vdg; gyNuhLk; el;GwT ghuhl;l
ty;ytu; mtu;. NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;Nghu; kPJ mtu; vd;WNk frg;Gf;
nfhz;bUe;jjpy;iy.
vspik:
fw;Wj; Nju;e;j NguwpQu; vdg;Gfo; ngw;w
tNuDk; mbfshu; midtUlDk; vsp
jhfg; gof ty;ytu;.
1958k; Mz;L Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;
jkpo;f; fiytpohTf;F mbfshiu miog;
gjw;fhf mtuJ ,y;yj;Jf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ>
mbfshiu Kjy; Kiwahfr; re;jpf;ftp
Ue;jjhy; jhk; rw;Nw fyf;fKw;wpUe;j
epiyapy;> mbfshu; jq;fs; khztu;f
shapw;Nw vd xJf;fhky; kpFe;j md;Gld;
tuNtw;Wg; gofpdhu; vd;ghu; Nguh. Nf.
,e;jpughyh.
jhk; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; tu
jha;tPL • brk;gu; December 2013
jkpo;j;J}J
yhw;Wj; Jiwapy; gzpahw;wj; njhlq;fpa
fhyj;jpy; mbfshiu Kjd; Kiwahfr;
re;jpj;jij epidT$Uk; Nguh. ngu;l;uk;
g];jpahk; gps;is> jk;ikr; re;jpj;j cl
NdNa mbfshu; jk; fyf;fj;ijg; Nghf;fp
tpl;lij vLj;NjhJfpd;whu;.
kNyahg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; nkhopapay;
Jiwapy; rpwg;G epiyg; Nguhrpupauhfg;
gzpahw;wr; nrd;w jk;ik> NtW Jiw
iar; rhu;ej; tuhapw;Nw vd;nwy;yhk; vz;
zhky; %j;j Nguhrpupauhfpa mbfshu;
khbg; gbNawp te;J jk; miwapNyNa
jk;ikr; re;jpj;J tuNtw;Gj; njuptpj;j
ehfupfj;ij tpje;J $Wthu; Nguh vl;fu;
Nehy;l;ld;.
mbfshu; rpde;J Ngrpaij ahUk; Nfl;l
jpy;iy midtuplKk; ,dpikahf> vsp
ikahfg; Ngrpg;gofpaijNa gyUk; $Wtu;.
kd;dpf;Fk; khz;G:
mbfshu;f;F xU Jwtpf;Fupa kjpg;Gf;$lj;
juhky;> mtiuj; ‘jpUj;jdpehafk;’ vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;l Qh.NjtNeag; ghthzu;> mbf
shu; ‘jkpo; tsu;r;rpf;nfd;W cyfj; jkpo;g;
Nguitiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jjhfj; njupa
tpy;iy’ vd;Wk; ‘may; ehl;lhu;f;Fj; jkp
iog; gw;wpapUe;j cau;thd vz;zk; tu
tuj; jho;e;JNghdNj Kf;fUj;juq;F
khehLfspd; tpisthFk;; vd;Wk;> ‘tzpfg;
GytUk; jkpowpahjtUNk jpUj;jdpeh
afj;jpd; Jiztu;’ vd;Wk;> ‘jkpou; tu
yhW’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; vOjpAs;shu;. Mdhy;
mbfshu; ghthziug; gw;wp kjpg;Gf; Fiw
thf vtuplKk; Ngrpajpy;iy. ghthz
upd; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fSf;Fg; gjpypWf;fT
kpy;iy. ‘cz;ik xUehs; ntspahFk;
vd;Dk; cWjpahd ek;gpf;if mbfshu;f;F
,Ue;jJ.
Kd;Ndw;wr; rpe;jidfs;:
fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijr; rhu;ej
; FUf;fs;>
tof;fkhfr; nra;JtUk; kiwg;gzpfis
tpl;L murpdu; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; mb
fshu; gzpahw;wr; nrd;wJk;> jkpo;g; gzp
apidj; jk; capu; %r;rhff; nfhz;L
cioj;jJk; gyUf;Fg; Gupahj Gjpu;> ‘fl
TSf;Fg; gzpe;J jd; gz;ghl;Lf;fhfTk;
jd; ehl;Lf;fhfTk; xUtd; jd; Mw;wy;
fisAk; Neuj;ijAk; nrytpLtJ jd;
dy kw;wJk; cd;djkhdJkhFk;’ vd;W
mbfshu; 1955k; mz;L nfhOk;gpy; Mw;
wpa Xu; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;lJ mtuJ
gz;ghl;Lg; gzpf;Fupa tpsf;fkhfNt
mike;Js;sJ. kdpj Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf
kdpj Neaj;NjhL Mw;Wk; vy;yhg; gzp
fSNk ,iwtDf;F cfe;j gzpahFk;
vd;W mbfshu; cWjpahf ek;gpdhu;.
jk; fhyj;ij tpQ;rpa Kd;Ndw;wf; fUj;
Jf;fisf; nfhz;ltuhf mbfshu; tpsq;
fpdhu; vd;gjw;F mbfshupd; vOj;Jf;
fspy; ehk; gy rhd;Wfisf; fhz Kb
Ak;. rkaj; JiwapYk; Muha;rr ; pj; Jiw
apYk; mbfshu; Gul;rpfukhd rpe;jidf-
isf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mjdhNyNa fl
Ts; Vw;Gf; nfhs;if> kWg;Gf; nfhs;if
vd;Dk; nfhs;iffisf; nfhz;bUe;j
,Utifj; jkpowpQupilNaAk; mtu; kjpg;
NghL tpsq;fpdhu;. mtuJ fUj;Jf;fis
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjtu;fs; $l mbfshupd;
Kd;Ndw;wr; rpe;jidfis kjpj;jdu; vd;
gjpy; Iakpy;iy. nghJTilikf; Nfhl;
ghl;ilr; rhu;ej
; f.ifyhrgjp> fh.rptj;jk;gp
Nghd;w mwpQu;fs; $l mtiu ‘mwpQu;f
Sf;F eLtpy; xU Kdptu;’ ‘mwpQu; -Jwtp’
vd;W kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wpdu;.
goikthjj;jpy; CwpapUe;j jkpo; mwpQu;
fis mwptpay; KiwapYk; gFg;gha;T
KiwapYk; rpe;jpf;fTk; Muha;r;rp nra;a
Tk; J}z;br; nray;gLj;jpa NgwpQu; mtu;.
kiwtpy; epiwT:
mbfshu; Mw;wpte;j gzpapd; rpwg;Gf;
fUjpg; gy;fiyf;fofk; mtuJ gzpf;
fhyj;ij 1973Vg;uy; tiu ePbj;jJ. Mdhy;
kNyahg; gy;fiyf; fofg; gzpapdpd;W
mbfshu; 26.07.1969 md;W Xa;T ngw;
njhlu;jy; 68k; gf;fk;
jha;tPL • brk;gu; December 2013
whu;. Ik;gj;jhW tajpNyNa mbfshu;
Xa;T ngw;wikf;Fupa fhuzk; njupa
tpy;iy. ‘cyfk; Rw;Wjiy epwj;Jk;gbf;
Nfl;ldu; gy;fiyf;fof Ml;rp gPlj;jpdu;.
mbfshu; kWj;jhu;> gjtpAk; Jwe;jhu;’
vd;ghu; tpj;Jthd; v/g;.vf;];.rp.eluhrh.
,J cz;ikjhdh vd;gJ Iaj;Jf;Fup
aJ. Xa;T ngWtJ gw;wp mtu; ahiuAk;
fye;jhNyhrpf;fptpy;iy vd;gij mtu;
jk; fbjq;fs; %yk; mwpfpdN ; whk;. 10.05.1969
md;W Nguh.t.ma;. Rg;gpukzpak;> m.Rg;-
igah Mfpa ez;gu;fSf;F vOjpa fb
jj;jpy; gzpr; Rik fhuzkhfTk; cly;
epiy fhuzkhfTk; Xa;T ngwtpUg;g
jhf vOjpdhu;. gy;fiyf; fofj;Jf;Fk;
,ijNa fhuzkhff; fhl;b Xa;Tngw
tpUk;Gtijj; njuptpj;jhu;. Xa;Tngw;w gpd;
cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; njhlu;
ghd gzpfspy; <LglTk; tpUk;gpdhu;.
Xa;T ngw;wgpd;> Muha;rr
; papYk;> cyfpd;
gy ehLfspy; jkpo;gw;wpa tpupTiufis
epfo;jJ
; tjpYk; <Lgl;L te;jNjhL 1970k;
Mz;L ghuPrpYs;s gpuhd;Rf; fy;Y}upap
Yk;> 1991k; Mz;L Neg;gps;]; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpYk; tUiff;F Nguhrpupauhfg;
gzp Gupe;jhu;.
cly; eyk; Fd;wpatuha; INuhg;ghtpyp
Ue;J jpUk;gpa mbfshu; fz;b Nguhjid
apy; Nguh.V.N[.tpyr
; dpd; ,y;yj;jpy; Xuhz;
lsthf; jq;fpajhf mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
mjd;gpd; mbfshu; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; thoj;
njhlq;fpdhu;. md;iwa aho;gg; hzk; Ma
uhf tpsq;fpa NkjF jpNahFg;gps;is
mbfshupd; ez;gu;. cNuhikapy; xU rhiy
khzhf;fu;. mtu; tsyhapy; cs;s jk;
tpLKiw ,y;yj;jpy; mbfshu; jq;fp tho
Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. 1972k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu;
Kjy; 1979k; Mz;L [{iy tiu mbf-
shu; tsyhapy; jq;fpapUe;jhu;.
,f;fhyj;jpYk;$l mbfshu; thshtpUf;
ftpy;iy. gy;fiyf;fofg; gzpapypUe;J
jhd; mtu; Xa;T ngw;whNuad;wp> jkJ
jkpo;g;gzpapdpd;W mtu; Xa;T ngwtpy;iy.
aho;gg; hzk; fy;Y}upapd; rpwg;Gg; Nguhrpup
auhfTk;> gpd; aho;gg
; hzk; gy;fiyf;fo
fj;jpd; Ml;rpf;FO cWg;gpduhfTk; mb
fshu; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
mnkupf;fUk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;w
fy;tpahsuhf tpsq;fpatUk; aho;g;ghzk;
fy;Y}upapd; Kd;dhs; Kjy;tUkhfpa
Kidtu; gq;f;fu; mbfshu; epidTr; nrhw;
nghopTfis 1972k; Mz;L aho;g;ghzj;
jpy; mbfshu; epfo;j;jpdhu;. ‘jkpou;jk;
kdpj Neaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;’ vd;Dk; nghUs;
gw;wp mt;tkak; mbfshu; Ngrpdhu;.
1973k; Mz;by; ghuP]; efupy; eilngw;w
fPioj;Nja mwpQu;fspd; cyf khehl;by;
mbfshu; fye;J nfhz;lhu;.
1974k; Mz;by; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cyfj;
jkpo; Muha;r;rp khehL eilngw;wJ. mk;
khehl;il elj;Jtjpy; ,q;ifj;jkpo; mwp
Qu;fSf;F tyf;fukhfTk;> khehl;L mikg;
Gf; FOtpy; ,izr; nrayuhfTk; tpsq;
fpaNjhL> khehl;by; njhlf;fTiuAk;
Mw;wpdhu; mbfshu;.
aho;g;ghzk; khehl;bd;NghJ eilngw;w
td;nray;fshy; mbfshu; jhq;nfhz;zhj;
JaUw;whu;. mjd;gpd; nghJ epfo;r;rpfspy;
mbfshu; kpFjpahff;fye;J nfhs;stpyi ; y.
1979k; Mz;L [{iy Kjy; gz;lj;jupg;G
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fshu; tho;eJ
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Fd;wpapUe;jNj ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhfyhk;.
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FLk;gf; fd;dpau;fs; mbfshiu ed;F
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,yf;fpaKk; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu; mtu;.
1979k; Mz;L brk;gupy; mbfshupd; cly;
eyk; NjwpaJ. mt;tkak; ,yq;ifapy;
mtrufhyr; rl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhfj; jkpo;
kf;fs; mDgtpj;j Jauj;ijf; fz;L kdk;
nehe;j mbfshu;> nghJf;$l;lk; xd;iw
Vw;ghL nra;J ek; fUj;Jf;fis ntsp
apl tpUk;gpdhu;.
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nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; mbfshu; ciu epfo;j;
jpdhu;. aho;gg; hzk; cyfj; jkpo; khehl;
bd;NghJ jkpo; ,isQu;fs; nfhy;yg;
gl;l epfo;r;rpapd; epidT ehs; mJ.
mNj Mz;L Vg;uy; 26k; ehsd;W ‘je;
ijf;F mQ;ryp’ vd;Dk; E}iyj; je;ij
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ntspapl;L ciuahw;wpdhu; mbfshu;. gpd;
27> 28 Mfpa ,U ehl;fspYk; ‘je;ij
nry;tehafk; epidTr; nrhw;nghopTfs;’
epfo;j;jpdhu;. Kjy; ehs; ‘jkpo;g; gz;
ghLk; mjd; rpwg;gpay;GfSk;’ vd;Dk;
nghUs;gw;wpj; jkpopYk;> kWehs; ‘jkpo;j;
Studies: Retrospect and Prospect) vd;Dk;
Jiw Ma;Tfs; - ,d;Wtiu> ,dp (Tamil
jiyg;gpy; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; ciuahw;wpdhu;.
jkpo;r; nrhw;nghopTf;Fg; Nguh.F. Neir
ahTk;> Mq;fpyr; nrhw;nghopTf;Fg; Nguh.R.
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fofj; Jiz Nte;ju;) jiyikNaw;Wr;
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tkak; mtu; $wpdhu;. Mlhky; mirah
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apy; eilngw;w jpUf;Fws; khehl;by;
mbfshu; fye;Jnfhz;L> Nguh.fh.ngh.
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nghJ epfo;r;rp ,JNt.
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mbfshupd; kiwT Nfl;Lj; jkpo; cyfk;
fz;zPu; rpe;jpf; fyq;fpaJ. aho;g;ghzk;
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nfhLj;jgpd; mbfshupd; cly; mlf;fk;
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fshiug; Nghyj; jkpOf;Fj; njhz;lhw;
wpatu; NtW vtUkpyu;’ vd NkjF Mau;
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epidTf;F tUfpwJ.
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