namma kalvi 9th தமிழ் இயல் 123 புத்தக வினாக்கள்

Namma Kalvi
www.nammakalvi.org
9-k; tFg;G jkpo; ,ay; - 1 ntw;wpf;F top 
,ay; - 1 thopa epyNd
Gj;jf kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;:
gyTs; njupf.
1. NtWgl;l FOtpidf; fz;lwpf. (goe;jkpou; r%f tho;f;if)
m) rpyk;G> Nkfiy> Fio> flfk;
M) Nehd;G> ePuhly;> jpUehs;> tpoh
,) Cry;> foq;fhly;> Xiuahly;> mk;khidg;ge;jhly;
<) $j;J> ghbdp> ,ir> rpw;gk;
2. nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; nghUe;jpAs;sJ vJ? (Kj;njhs;shapuk;;)
m) tUf;if - ,Uf;if M) Gs; - jhtuk;
,) ms;sy; - NrW <) kbT - njhlf;fk;
3. ghjpup xj;j g+> nra;Nfhyk; - ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;Gj; jUf. (Kj;njhs;shapuk;;)
m) cUtfj;njhlH> tpidj;njhif
M) ctikj;njhlH> tpidj;njhif
,) tpidj;njhif> gz;Gj;njhif
<) tpidj;njhif> cUtfj;njhlH
4. er;rpiyNty; Nfhf;Nfhij ehL> ey;ahidf; Nfhf;fps;sp ehL - ,j;njhlHfspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w ehLfs; KiwNa> (Kj;njhs;shapuk;;)
m) ghz;ba> NruehL M) Nrho> NruehL
,) Nru> Nrho ehL <) Nrho> ghz;ba ehL
5. ntwpfko; fodpAs; cOeH nts;sNk - ,t;tb czHj;Jk; nghUs; ahJ?
(rPtf rpe;jhkzp)
M) kzk; fkOk; taypy; cotH nts;skha; cOjpUe;jdH
M) twz;l taypy; cotH nts;skha; mkHe;jpUe;jdH
,) nrwpthd taypy; cotH nts;skha;f; $bapUe;jdH
<) gRikahd taypy; cotH nts;skha; epiwe;jpUe;jdH
FWtpdh
1. fUf;nfhz;l gr;irg;ghk;G vjw;F ctikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? (rPtf rpe;jhkzp)
 fUf;nfhz;l gr;irg; ghk;G tsu;e;j new;gapu;fSf;F ctikahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. nfhw;if efupy; Kj;Jf;fisg; Nghy; cs;s nghUs;fshff; fhl;lg;gLtd vit?
(Kj;njhs;shapuk;;)
 rq;Ffs; kzypy; <Dfpd;w Kl;ilfs;> Kj;Jfs; NghypUe;jd.
 jiuapy; cjpu;e;Jf; fplf;Fk; Gd;id nkhl;Lfs;> Kj;Jfs; NghypUe;jd.
 ge;jy; Nghl;lJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; ghf;F kuj;jpd; ghisapypUe;J rpe;Jk; kzpfSk;
Kj;Jfs; NghypUe;jd.
3. jkpoupd; r%f tho;f;if vj;jF rpwg;Gilajhfj; jpfo;fpwJ? (goe;jkpou; r%f tho;f;if)
 jkpoupd; r%f tho;f;if> jhKk; tho;e;J> jk;ikr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; midtiuAk;
thoitf;Fk; rpwg;Gilajhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
4. ms;sy; godj;J muf;f
; hk;gy; thatpo - ,t;tupapy; Nrw;iwAk;> taiyAk; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;
ahit? (Kj;njhs;shapuk;;)
 NrW - ms;sy;
 tay; - godk;
5. ePqfs; thOk; epyg; gFjpapd; jpiz ahJ? (goe;jkpou; r%f tho;f;if)
 vq;fs; Cu; epyg; gFjp kUjj; jpiziar; rhu;e;jhFk;. fhuzk;> ePu; epiyfSk;>
tay;ntspfSk; epiwe;jJ vq;fs; Cu;.
wtsteam100@gmail.com -1- www.waytosuccess.org
www.nammakalvi.org
rpWtpdh
1. goe;jkpou;> cyf kf;fis cwtpduha; vz;zp tho;ej ; du; - njhlu; czu;j;Jk; fUj;ij
vOJf. (goe;jkpou; r%f tho;f;if)
 ek; jkpo; ,dj;jpw;F vd;W xU jdpr; rpwg;Gz;L.
 jkpoupd; r%f tho;f;if> jhKk; tho;e;J> jk;ikr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; midtiuAk;
thoitf;Fk; rpwg;Gilajhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
 mwnddg;gl;lNj ,y;tho;f;if vd;w ,y;ywk;> cz;gJ ehop cLg;git ,uz;Nl
vd;Dk; vspa tho;f;if> nry;tpUe;J Xk;gp tUtpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; cau;gz;G>
nfhs;tJk; kpifnfhshJ nfhLg;gJTk; FiwglhJ thOk; nfhs;ifr; rpwg;G>
fspnwwpe;J ngau;jy; fhisf;Ff; flNd vd;w tPuk;> md;Gilahu; vd;Gk; cupau; gpwu;f;F
vd;Dk; J}a md;G> ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu; vd;w cyfg; nghJikg; Nghd;w
jd;Ndupy;yhjg; gz;GfNshL cau;e;jpUe;jJ ek; jkpou; rKjhak;.
 mwj;jpd; topg;gl;l tho;f;ifiag; goe;jkpou; tho;e;jdu;.
 jkpou; jk; ,y;tho;f;if md;gpd; topajhFk;.
 goe;jkpou;> cyf kf;fs; midtiuAk; cwtpduha; vz;zp tho;e;jdu;.
 cyf capu;fs; midj;ijAk; jOtp epw;Fk; cau;e;jg; gz;Gld; jpfo;e;jdu;.
 jhtuj;jpw;Fk; capUz;L vd;gij> ePz;l fhykhfNt mwpe;jpUe;jdu;.
kuGk; njhopy;El;gKk;> njhd;ikAk;> fiyg; gz;ghl;Lf; $WfSk; goe;jkpou;
,aw;ifAld; ,iae;j r%fkhf tho;e;jdu; vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
2. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. (Kj;njhs;shapuk;;)
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
,ay;ghf epw;Fk; epfo;r;rpapd; kPJ> ftpQu; jk; Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf; $WtJ
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp [jd; + Fwpg;G + Vw;wk;].
rhd;W : “ms;sy; godj;J muf;fhk;gy; thatpo
nts;sk;jPg; gl;l(J) vdntuP,g;G s;spdk;jk;
ifr;rpwfhy; ghu;g;nghLf;Fk; ft;it cilj;jNuh
er;rpiyNty; Nfhf;Nfhij ehL”.
mzp nghUj;jk; :
Mk;gy; G+ - muf;F epwk;. NrW epyj;jpy; kyUk; NghJ> ePupy; ghu;g;gjw;F vupAk;
jP Nghd;wpUf;Fk;. tay;ntspapy; Mk;gy; kyu;tJ ,ay;ghd xd;W. ,f;fhl;rpapidg; Gytu;>
nts;sk; jPg;gpbj;J vuptjhy;> ePu;g;gwitfs; gae;J eLq;fpd vd;W> jdJ Fwpg;ig Vw;wpf;
$wpaikahy; ,g;ghly;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpahapw;W.
3. Gwg;nghUs; mike;j rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fis mwpe;njOJf. (rPtf rpe;jhkzp)
 GwehD}W
 gupghly;
 ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
 rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
 kiygLflhk;.
4. Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba ehl;L tsq;fis Kj;njhs;shapuk; top tpsf;Ff. (Kj;njhs;shapuk;;)
Nruehl;L tsk; :
 ePu;tsk; kpf;f tay;fspy;> muf;F epwj;jpy; nrt;thk;gy; kyu;fs; nky;y tpupe;jd.
 mijf; fz;l ePu;g;gwitfs; jz;zuP py; jPg;gpbj;J tpl;lJ vd;W mQ;rp> tpiue;J jk;
FQ;Rfisr; rpwFfSf;Fs; xLf;fp itj;Jf; nfhz;ld.
 giftu;fSk; mQ;Rk; Ntiyf; nfhz;lJ NrutsehL.
Nrho ehl;L tsk; :
 ney;iy mWtil nra;j new;Nghu; kPJ Vwp epd;W nfhz;L> kw;w cotu;fis
‘ehtNyh’ vd;W $tp miog;gu;.

 ,t;thW mtu;fs; nra;tJ> tPuu;fs; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; nfhy;ahid kPJ Vwp epd;W
nfhz;L> kw;w tPuu;fis ‘ehtNyh’ vd;W miog;gJ NghypUe;jJ.
 ahidg;gilfis cila NrhodJ ehL tsKk;> tPuKk; kpf;fJ.
ghz;ba ehl;L tsk; :
 rq;Ffs; kzypy; <Dk; Kl;ilfSk;> Gd;id kuj;jpypUe;J cjpu;e;J fplf;Fk;
nkhl;LfSk;> ghf;F kuj;jpd; ghisapypUe;J rpe;Jk; kzpfSk;> Kj;Jfs;
Nghd;wpUe;jd.
 Kj;Jfshy; Md ntz;nfhw;wf; Filia cila ghz;badJ ehL> ,j;jifa
Kj;J tsk; kpf;fJ.
 ,q;qdk; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba ehLfspd; tsq;fis> Kj;njhs;shapuk; $Wfpd;wJ.
5. Vkhq;fj ehl;by; vitnay;yhk; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; ,Ug;gjhfj; jpUj;jf;fj; Njtu; ghbAs;shu;?
(rPtf rpe;jhkzp)
 Vkhq;fj ehl;bYs;s Cu;fspy; ehs;NjhWk;> Mapuk; tifahd czTfs;
fpilf;fpd;wd.
 cztspf;Fk; mwr;rhiyfSk; Mapuk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 kfspu; xg;gid nra;Jnfhs;s> kzpkhlq;fs; Mapuk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 nra; njhopypy;> rpwpJk; Nrhk;gy; ,y;yhj fk;kpau; Mapuk; Ngu; cs;sdu;.
 eilngWk; jpUkzq;fSk; Mapukhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 ehl;by; ,y;yhjd ,y;iy vd;Dk; tifapy;> Mapuf;fzf;fhd epfo;Tfs;
epfo;fpd;wd.
neLtpdh
1. ePqf
; s; mwpe;J nfhz;l jkpoupd; jd;Ndupy;yhjg; gz;Gfis tptupf;f.
(goe;jkpou; r%f tho;f;if)
Kd;Diu :
xt;nthU r%fKk; jdf;nfdj; jdpj;jd;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ek; jkpo;
,dj;jpw;F vd;W xU jdpr;rpwg;Gz;L. jkpoupd; r%f tho;f;if> jhKk; tho;e;J jk;ikr;
Rw;wpapUf;Fk; midtiuAk; thoitf;Fk; rpwg;Gilajhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
jd;Ndupy;yhg; gz;Gfs; :
 mwnddg;gl;lNj ,y;tho;f;if vd;w ,y;ywk;.
 cz;gJ ehop cLg;git ,uz;Nl vd;Dk; vspa tho;f;if.
 nry;tpUe;J Xk;gp tUtpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; cau;gz;G.
 nfhs;tJk; kpifnfhshJ nfhLg;gJTk; FiwglhJ thOk; nfhs;ifr; rpwg;G.
 fspnwwpe;J ngau;jy; fhisf;Ff; flNd vd;w tPuk;.
 md;Gilahu; vd;Gk; cupau; gpwu;f;F vd;Dk; J}a md;G.
 ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu; vd;w cyfg; nghJikg; Nghd;w jd;Ndupy;yhjg;
gz;GfNshL cau;e;jpUe;jJ ek; jkpou; rKjhak;.
topghLfs; :
 ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhlf; nfhw;wit vd;Dk; ngz; nja;tj;ij tzq;Fk; kugpUe;jJ.
 ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fshd QhapW> epyT> neUg;G Kjyhdtw;iwAk; mtu;fs;
tzq;fpdhu;fs;.
 tPuj;ij czu;j;j tPuu;fSf;F ‘eLfy; topghL’ nra;tJk; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
Mil> mzpfyd;fs; :
 rq;ffhyr; rKjha kf;fs; Neu;j;jpAk;> moFk; kpf;fg; gy;NtW tifahd Mil
mzpfyd;fs; mzpe;jpUe;jdu;.
 Mltu; ,ilapy; Xu; MilAk;> NkNy xU Jz;Lk; mzpe;jdu;.
 rpyu; Nkw;rl;il mzpe;jdu;.
 Nkw;rl;iliaf; ‘fQ;Rfk;’ vd;wdu;.

 ngz;fs; Glit mzpe;jdu;.
 gl;L> gUj;jpahyhd Milfis midtUk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
 nky;ypa ,iofshy; nea;ag;gl;l Milfs;> ghk;gpd; rl;iliag; NghyTk;> Gifiag;
NghyTk;> ghyhtpg; NghyTk; tpsq;fpd.
,y;ywr; rpwg;G :
 mwj;jpd; topg;gl;l tho;f;ifiag; goe;jkpou; tho;e;jdu;.
 ,y;ywj;jhu;f;F tpUe;Njhk;gy;> Rw;wk; jOty;> twpNahu; Jau; Jilj;jy; Mfpait
jiyahaf; flikfshf ,Ue;jd.
 jkpou;jk; ,y;tho;f;if md;gpd; topajhFk;.
 jiytd; jiytpapd; nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePu; Nghy; md;Gil neQ;rk; fye;jtu;fs;.
 mwptwpe;j kf;fisg; ngWtJ> ,y;ywj;jpd; ew;NgW vd tho;e;jdu;.
jkpou; mwpe;jf; fiyfs; :
 ,ir> ehl;bak;> ehlfk;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk; Kjyhd gy;NtW fiyfs; mf;fhyj;Nj
nropj;jpUe;jd.
 Itif epyj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa gz;tif> aho;> giw Nghd;wit ,Ue;jd.
 ghzd;> ghbdp Kjyhd ,irf; fiyQu;fs; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
 jkpou;jk; Xtpa kuG njhd;ikahdJ.
 $j;ju;> tpwypau; Kjypa fiyQu; gyu; mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;.
goe;jkpoupd; rpwg;Gfs; :
 goe;jkpou; cyf kf;fs; midtiuAk; cwtpduha; vz;zp tho;e;jdu;.
 cyf capu;fs; midj;ijAk;> jOtp epw;Fk; cau;e;jg; gz;Gld; jpfo;e;jdu;.
,aw;if mwptpaypy; rpwe;jpUe;jdu;.
 kuGk;> njhopy;El;gKk;> njhd;ikAk;> fiyg; gz;ghl;Lf; $WfSk; goe;jkpou;
,aw;ifAld; ,iae;j r%fkhf tho;e;jdu; vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
KbTiu :
xg;gPl;lstpy; jkpo;r; r%fk;> %j;j r%fkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
2. Vkhq;fj ehl;L tsk; Fwpj;j tUzidfis> Ek; Cupd; tsq;fNshL xg;gpLf.
(rPtf rpe;jhkzp)
Kd;Diu :
goq;fhyk; xU nghw;fhyk;. mf;fhyj;jpy;> ,aw;if vopy; nfhQ;Rk; ehlhf> Vkhq;fj
ehL tpsq;fpAs;sJ. mjidg; Nghd;w tsj;Jld;> ,d;W ehL cs;sjh vd;gjid
xg;gpLtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Vkhq;fj ehl;bd; tsk; :
 njd;id kuj;jpypUe;J ed;whf Kw;wpa fha; tpOfpwJ.
 mJ tpOfpd;w Ntfj;jpy;> ghf;F kuj;jpd; cr;rpapYs;s Ritkpf;fj; Njdiliaf;
fpopj;J>
 gyhg; goj;jpidg; gpse;J>
 khq;fdpiar; rpjw itj;J>
 thiog; goj;jpid cjpur; nra;jJ.
,j;jifa tsk; epiwe;j> Vkhq;fj ehl;bd; Gfo;> cyfpd; gy jpirfspYk; gutpapUe;jJ.
nts;sk; Nghy; cotu; $l;lk; :
 cau;e;j kiyapypUe;J nry;t Ftpaiyr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L te;J> Cu;NjhWk;
kf;fSf;F toq;Fk; tifapy;> nts;sk; ehl;by; tpiue;J gha;fpwJ.
 Mz; vUikfSk;> typikahd vUJfSk; Ngnuhyp vOg;g mjidf; Nfl;Lg;
Gs;spfSk;> tupfSk; cila tuhy; kPd;fs; fiye;J Xbd.
 mj;jF kzk; tPRk; taypy;> cotu; $l;lk; nts;sk; Nghy; epiwe;jpUe;jJ.
ey;Nyhu; gzpT :
 fUf;nfhz;l gr;irg; ghk;G Nghy> new;gapu;fspd; Njhw;wk; ,Ue;jJ.
 mg;gapu;fs; Kw;wpaTld; new;fjpu;fs; rha;e;jpUg;gJ> njspe;j E}iyf; fw;w>
ey;ytu;fspd; gzpitg; Nghy; ,Ue;jJ.
Mapuk; Mapukhd tsq;fs; :
 Mapuk; tifahd czTfs;
 cztspf;Fk; mwr;rhiyfs; Mapuk;
 kfspu; xg;gid nra;a kzpkhlq;fs; Mapuk;
 Nrhk;gy; ,y;yhj fk;kpau; Mapuk; Ngu;
 epfOk; jpUkzq;fs; Mapuk;
 Vkhq;fj ehl;by; Mapuf;fzf;fhd epfo;TfSk; Mapuk; Mapukhf ,Ue;jd.
kz;Zyfpw;F te;j thDyfk; :
 cz;ikahd jtk; GupNthu;f;Fk;> ,y;ywk; elj;JNthu;f;Fk; ,dpa ,lk;.
 epiyahd nghUisj; NjLNthu;f;Fk;> epiyapy;yhjg; nghUl;nry;tj;ijj;
NjLNthu;f;Fk; cfe;j ,lk;.
 vopy; kpF rpwg;Gg; nghUe;jpa Vkhq;fj ehL> thDyfk; toq;Fk; ,d;gk;> cyNfhu;
Vw;Fk; tifapy;> jho;e;J kz;Zyfpw;F te;jJ Nghy; jpfo;e;jJ.
Xg;gLP :
 Vkhq;fj ehl;bidg; Nghy; ePu; epiyfSk;> tay;ntspfSk;> epiwe;jJ vq;fs; Cu;.
 tw;whj tsk; nfhopf;Fk; epyg;gFjpfs; epiwe;jJ.
 fhtpup gha;e;J tsk; nra;Ak; G+kp.
 Mz;L NjhWk; tptrhak; eilngWfpwJ. ney;> fUk;G> thio> vs;> Jtiu vdg; gy
tifg;gapu;fs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
 kh> gyh> thio> Njf;F> My; Nghd;w kuq;fs; Cu; KOtJk; epiwe;J ,Ug;gJ> vq;Fk;
gr;irg; gNrnyd fz;Zf;F tpUe;jspf;Fk; tifapy; cs;sJ.
 Vkhq;fj ehl;by; eilngw;w Mapukhapuk; epfo;Tfs; Nghy;> vq;fs; gFjpfspYk;
eilngWfpd;wd.
KbTiu :
vz;zpyh tsKk;> nropg;Gk; nfhz;bUe;j Vkhq;fj ehl;bidg; Nghy;> vq;fs;
gFjpAk; nropj;J tsk; nfhopf;Fk; G+kpahf mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; J}z;fshfj; jpfo;ej
; tu;fs; jkpou;fs; vd;gijf; fl;Liutop
epWTf. (tpupthdk; - ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpy; jkpou; gq;F)
Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk;.
 Kd;Diu
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu;
 xw;wu; gil
 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; J}z;fs;
 ngz;fs; gil
 Nghu;f;fhyk;
 KbTiu.
 Kd;Diu :
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G. ,e;j
mikg;gpd; J}z;fshfj; jpfo;e;jtu;fs; ek; jkpou;fs;. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij> xsp
kq;fhky; ghJfhj;jtu;fSs; xUtu;> Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];. mtUld; ,ize;J
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtg; gilapy; Nghuhba jkpou;fspd; gq;F> tpae;Jg; Nghw;wj;jf;fJ.
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; :
1942 Mk; Mz;L ele;j ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; Mq;fpyg; gilfs;> kNyahtpy;
[g;ghdpauplk; ruzile;jd. ,g;gilapy;> ,e;jpa tPuu;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;. ruzile;j

www.nammakalvi.org
mt;tPuu;fisf; nfhz;L [g;ghdpau;fs;> Nkhfd; rpq; vd;gtupd; jiyikapy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa
,uhZtk; (I.vd;.V) vd;w gilia cUthf;fpdu;.
 xw;wu;gil :
mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;J kNyah> gu;kh Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fg;
gpiog;gpw;fhfr; nrd;w jkpou; gyu;> ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru;e;jdu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa
,uhZtj;jpy; gy gpupTfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjpy; xd;W jhd; xw;wu;gil.
 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; J}z;fs; :
1943 Mk; Mz;L Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh];> ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd;
nghWg;ig Vw;whu;. mtu; ciuahw;wpa khngUk; $l;lj;jpy;> “nly;yp Nehf;fpr;
nry;Yq;fs;” (nly;yp rNyh) vdg; Nghu; Kof;fk; nra;jhu;. ,tupd; Ntz;LNfhs;>
midtuJ kdj;jpYk; gRkuj;jhzp Nghy; gjpe;jJ.
mg;NghJ> jkpofj;jpypUe;J ngUk;giliaj; jpul;b> ,e;jpa Njrpa
,uhZtj;jpw;F tYr;Nru;j;jg; ngUikf;F cupatu;> gRk;nghd;. Kj;Juhkypq;fdhu;.
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtg;gilj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j jpy;yhd;> “,e;jpa Njrpa
,uhZtj;jpd; ,jaKk;> Mj;khTk; jkpou;fs; jhd;” vd;whu;.
 ngz;fs; gil :
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpy; [hd;rpuhzp ngaupy;> ngz;fs; gil
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; jiytu; lhf;lu; yl;Rkp. ,g;;gilapy;> jkpo;g; ngz;fs;
ngUkstpy; gq;Nfw;whu;fs;. ,jpy;> jiyrpwe;jj; jiytu;fshf [hdfp> ,uh[hkzp
Nghd;Nwhu; tpsq;fpdu;. Nejh[p mikj;j jw;fhypf murpy; Nfg;ld; yl;Rkp> rpjk;guk;
Nyhfehjd; Kjyhd jkpou;fs;> mikr;ru;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhu;
jkpou;fs;. mjpy; gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu; Nfg;ld; jhrd; Mthu;.
 Nghu;f; fhyk; :
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; [g;ghdpa ,uhZtj;NjhL Nru;e;J> Mq;fpNyaNuhL
Nghupl jpl;lkpl;lJ. jkpo; kf;fis itj;Jg; Nghuhba Nejh[piaf; fz;L> Mq;fpyg;
gpujku; ru;rr
; py; Nfhgk; nfhz;lhu;.
‘kNyahtpy; cs;s jkpou;fspd; ,uj;jk; Nejh[papd; %isapy; fl;bahf
cs;sJ’ vd;W ru;rr ; py; $wpdhu;. mjw;F Nejh[p> ,e;jj; jkpopdk;jhd; Mq;fpNyau;fis
mopf;Fk; vd;W gjpy; $wpdhu;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupy; gu;khtpy; ele;j Nghu;> kpfTk; nfh^ukhdjhFk;. ,g;Nghupy;> xU
,yl;rk; ,e;jpaUk;> [g;ghdpaUk; tPukuzk; va;jpdu;.
 KbTiu :
,e;jpahtpw;F tpLjiy ngw;Wj; je;jjpy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpdupd;
gq;fpid ehk; kwe;Jtpl KbahJ. mtu;fs; jhaf eyDf;fhfj; jq;fs; tho;f;ifiaj;
jpahfk; nra;jdu;.
“tho;tpd; nghUs; njupe;jhy; jhd;

kdpjd; Nky;epiy milthd;.
ehl;bw;fhf capu;ePj;j KOepytpidg;
Nghd;w jpahfpfs; Kd;G ehq;fs;
nkOFtu;j;jpjhd;”.
- jpahfp -
mg;Jy;fhju;
jq;fs; ,d;Dapu; ,oe;j Kfk; njupahj jkpou;fspd; mu;g;gzpg;G czu;itAk;> mQ;rhj
tPuj;ijAk;> ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk; vd;Wk; Nghw;WtJ ek; flikahFk;.

,ay; - 1 thopa epyNd

nkhopngaHf;f.
(Conversation between two friends meeting by chance at a mall.)
Aruna: Hi Vanmathi! It’s great to see you after a long time.
Vanmathi: It’s great seeing you. How long has it been? It must be more than 6 months. I’m
doing good. How about you?
Aruna: Fine. I have come with my parents. They are inside the grocery shop. What about
you?
Vanmathi: I came with my father. He has gone to buy tickets for a 3D movie.
Aruna: Which movie?
Vanmathi: Welcome to the jungle.
Aruna: Great! I am going to ask my parents to take me to that movie.
tpil :
mUzh: tzf;fk; thd;kjp. cd;id ntF ehl;fs; fopj;J ghu;j;jpy; kpf;f kfpo;r;rp.
thd;kjp: cd;idg; ghu;j;J MWkhjj;jpw;F Nkyhfptpl;lJ. cd;idr; re;jpj;jjpy;>
kpf;f kfpo;r;rp. ehd; eykhf ,Uf;fpNwd;. eP vg;gb ,Uf;fpwha;?
mUzh: ehd; eyk;. ehd; vd; ngw;NwhUld; te;jpUf;fpNwd;. mtu;fs; fha;fwp filapy;
cs;sdu;. eP vq;Nf ,q;F te;jha;?
thd;kjp: ehd; vd; mg;ghTld; te;Njd;. 3 D glk; ghu;f;fg; NghfpNwhk;. mjw;F bf;nfl;
thq;f nrd;W ,Uf;fpwhu;.
mUzh: vd;d glk;?
thd;kjp: nty;fk; ^ jp [q;fpy; [fhLfs; cq;fis tuNtw;fpwJ].
mUzh: ey;yJ. ehDk; vd;Dila ngw;Nwhuplk;> ,e;jg; glk; ghu;f;f mioj;Jr;
nry;YkhW Nfl;fg; NghfpNwd;.
nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; milnkhopapl;L> nrhw;nwhliu tpupthf;Ff.
1. Gj;jfk; gbf;fyhk; (ey;y> Mo;e;J> ehSk;> NjHe;J> kfpo;e;J> czHe;J)
 ey;y Gj;jfk; gbf;fyhk;.
 Mo;e;J Gj;jfj;ijg; gbf;fyhk;.
 ehSk; ey;y Gj;jfk; gbf;fyhk;.
 ey;y Gj;jfj;jpy; fUj;ijj; Nju;e;J gbf;fyhk;.
 ey;y Gj;jfj;ijg; gbj;J kfpoyhk;.
 ey;y Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s fUj;ij czu;e;J gbf;fyhk;.
2. tpisahLtJ ed;W (Xbahb> khiyapy;> NrHe;J> jplypy;> midtUld;)
 Xbahb tpisahLtJ ed;W.
 khiyapy; Xbahb tpisahLtJ ed;W.
 Xbahb midtUld; tpisahLtJ ed;W.
 Xbahb midtUld; Nru;e;J tpilahLtJ ed;W.
 jplypy; khiyapy; Xbahb Nru;e;J tpilahLtJ ed;W.
gpio ePf;Ff.
ngWe;jiytH fhkuhrH gs;spg;gbg;ig epiuT nra;atps;is vz;uhYk; jkpopYk;
Mq;fpyj;jpYk; Gj;jfq;fs; gbf;Fk; myTf;F Gyikfs; ngw;wpUe;jJ gyUf;Fj; njupahJ.
Mq;fpyr; nra;jp ,jo;fiy ehs;NjhWk; gbj;jJ. vg;NghJ miuia tpl;L ntspNa

NghdhYk; kpd;tprpupia epUj;j kwg;gjpy;iy. ntspa+Uf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ jk;Kila
Jzpkdpfisj; jhNk vLj;Jitj;Jf;nfhs;thH.
tpil :
ngUe;jiytH fhkuhrH gs;spg;gbg;ig epiwT nra;atpy;iy vd;whYk; jkpopYk;>
Mq;fpyj;jpYk; Gj;jfq;fs; gbf;Fk; msTf;Fg; Gyikfs; ngw;wpUe;jJ gyUf;Fj;
njupahJ. Mq;fpyr; nra;jp ,jo;fis ehs;NjhWk; gbj;jhu;. vg;NghJ miwia tpl;L
ntspNa NghdhYk;> kpd;tprpwpia epWj;j kwg;gjpy;iy. ntspa+Uf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ
jk;Kila Jzpkzpfisj; jhNk vLj;Jitj;Jf;nfhs;thH.
RUf;fp tiue;J nghUj;jkhd jiyg;gpLf.
jpUe;jhg; gbtk; :
ngupahupd; kidtp ehfk;ikahH> gFj;jwpT tho;f;if newpf;Fs;
Ml;gLj;jg;gl;lNjhL> mtUld; ,ize;J nghJ tho;f;ifapYk; <Lgl;lhH. mfpy ,e;jpa
fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jkpo; khepyj;jpd; Kjy; ngz; rhHghsuhfj; (gpujpepjpahf) NjHthfpg;
gq;F ngw;wpUf;fpwhH. ,tUk;> ngupahUila jq;if fz;zk;khTk; njd;dfj;jpy;
kJtpyf;Fg; Nghuhl;lj;ij> kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; MiziaNaw;W Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdH.
mg;Nghnjy;yhk; fs;Sf;filfs; CUf;F ntspNa ngz;fs; Nghf Kbahjgb
mike;jpUf;Fk;. mq;NfNa nrd;W ngz;fs; kwpay; elj;jpaJ> Mq;fpy Ml;rpahsiu
mjpuitj;jJ. fhe;jpabfsplk; kJtpyf;Fg; Nghuhl;lj;ijf; jpUk;gg; ngWkhW Nfl;lNghJ>
Kk;igapypUe;J mtH nrhd;dhH> "mJ vd; ifapy;,y;iy@ <Nuhl;bypUf;Fk; ,uz;L
ngz;fs; ifapy;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ" vd;W. itf;fk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngupahH
rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;lgpd;> me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlHe;J elj;j itf;fk; nrd;whH
md;idahH. Mz;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;ij vspjhff; ifahz;l muR> ngz;fspd; ,e;jg;
Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fz;L jpifj;jJ. ngupahupd; midj;Jg; gzpfSf;Fk; cWJizahf
,Ue;jJld;> ,af;fj; NjhoHfis md;Gld; mutizj;J md;dkpl;l md;idahfj;
jpfo;e;jhH@ FbauR ,jopd; gjpg;ghsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH.
jpUe;jpa gbtk; :
ngupahupd; kidtp ehfk;ikahH> gFj;jwpNthL nghJ tho;tpYk; <Lgl;lhH. mfpy
,e;jpa fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd;> jkpo; khepy rhHghsuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhH. ehfk;ikAk;>
mtuJ jq;if fz;zk;khTld;> kJtpyf;Fg; Nghuhl;lj;ij fhe;jpabfspd; Mizg;gb
Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdH. fs;Sf;filfis vjpu;j;J elj;jpa Nghuhl;lq;fisf; fz;L Mq;fpy
Ml;rpahsu;fs; gae;jdu;. Nghuhl;lj;ijj; jpUk;gg; ngw $wpa murpid vjpu;j;J Nghuhbdu;.
ngupahu; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lg; gpd;dUk;> ,tu;fspd; Nghuhl;lk; epw;ftpy;iy.
,tu;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fz;L Ml;rpau; jpifj;jdu;. ehfk;ikahu;> ngupahUld;
cWJizahf ,Ue;J> ,af;fj; NjhoHfis md;Gld; mutizj;J> md;dkpl;l
md;idahfj; jpfo;e;jhH. FbauR ,jopd; gjpg;ghsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH.
jiyg;G : ehfk;ikahUk;> fs;Sf;filg; Nghuhl;lKk;
jpUe;jhg; gbtk; thu;j;ijfs; - 106
jpUe;jpa gbtk; thu;j;ijfs; - 65.

glq;fs; fhl;Lk; jpizepiy tho;it moFw tptupf;f.
1. 2.
“goikiag; Nghf;fp GJikia kyu;e;jplr;

nra;Ak; jpUehshk; - Nghfp
tPl;il myq;fupj;J tz;zk; jPl;b
jkpo; kfshk; ijkfis tuNtw;f…!!!
Gj;juprpAk; ghYk; ghFkpl;L nghq;fNyh nghq;fnyd
$f;Fuypl;L kfpOk; jpUehs;…!!!
coTf;F cjtpl;l Mepiufisg; ngUikg;gLj;Jk; ed;dhshk;.
coTf;Fg; ngUik Nru;f;Fk; jpUehshk; cotu; jpUehs;
ghu; kfpOk; ngUehshFk; nghq;fy; jpUehs;...!!!
ghuhl;Lkly; tiuf.
,uhZtj;jpy; rpwg;ghfg; gzpGupe;JtUk; ,uhZt tPuiug; ghuhl;bg; ghuhl;Lkly; tiuf.
jifrhy; jiykfNd!
ck; capiuj; Jr;rkhf epidj;J vq;fs; capiuf; fhj;jplTk;> ehl;bd; khdk;
fhj;jplTk; mauhJ ,uT gfnyd ghuhJ kioapYk;> ntapypYk;> gdpapYk;> capiu
thl;Lk; FspupYk; mQ;rhJ vk;eyk; fhf;Fk; jifrhy; jiykfNd! ck; jpahfj;ij
vz;zp tpag;gilfpNwd;.
cd; Cu; kwe;J> jha;> kidtp> gps;isfis tpLj;J eP gpwe;j ehl;Lf;F Nrit
nra;jpl cjpj;jpl;l R+upaNd. gy Nghu;f;fsk; fz;l tPuNd! vq;fs; jhidj; jiytNd!
ck; gzpNkYk; rpwf;f ghuhl;LfpNwd;.
,e;jpa jha; ngw;nwLj;j mUk;Gjy;tNd! ,UgJ Mz;Lfs; cd; Nritahy;
ehq;fs; eyKld; ,Uf;fpNwhk;. ck; Rfq;fis ehl;Lf;F mu;g;gzpj;J> gpwe;j CUf;Fk;>
ngw;w jha;f;Fk; ngUik Nru;j;j ngUtPuNd…!
giftUk; mUfpy; neUq;fplhJ
md;id ehl;il…
mUk; Jaupy; ,Ue;J
Njrk; fhf;Fk; ey;ytNu…!
ck; gzpfs; NkYk; rpwf;f tho;j;JfpNwd;…! cd; topapy; ,isQu; $l;lk;> ehL fhj;jpl
ehisg; Gwg;gLNthk;. ntw;wpapd; ike;jNd! cd;id tho;j;JfpNwd;.
ehs; : 12.12.2018 ,g;gbf;F>

,lk; : jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp ghujj;jhapd; mUk;Gjy;td;>
Kfpyd;.

www.nammakalvi.org
eak; ghuhl;Lf.
taypilg; GFe;jha; kzpf;fjpH tpisj;jha;
tise;Jnry; fhy;fshy; MNw!
maYs Xilj; jhkiu nfhl;b
Mk;gypd; ,jo;fis tpupj;jha;
faypilr; nrq;fz; fUtuhy; this
fiutsH njd;idapy; ghag;
ngaupilg; gl;l thnddj; Njhd;Wk;
ngUq;Fsk; epiwe;J tpl;lhNa!
- thzpjhrd;
Kd;Diu :
Gytu; thzpjhrd;> ,aw;ifia tu;zpj;Jg; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jtu;. mjdhy; ,tiuj;
jkpofj;jpd;> ‘Ntl;];tu;j;’ vd;W miog;gu;. mtu; ,aw;wpa ftpijapy; mike;Js;s
eaq;fisf; fhz;Nghk;.
jpuz;lf; fUj;J :
ePu; taypy; GFe;jhy;> kzpf;fjpu;fs; tise;J nropj;Jf; FYq;fpd.
tay;ntspfspy; cs;s tha;f;fhy; topNa ePu; Mwha; Xbd. tise;J nry;Yk;
fhy;tha;fNs> MWfs; Nghy; fhl;rp mspj;jd. mjd; mUfpy; ,Ue;j Xilapy;
gha;e;jjhy;> mq;Nf jhkiu kyu;fs; G+j;Jf; FYq;fpd. Mk;gy; kyUk; ,jo;fis
tpupj;jd. taypy; vUikfs; cof;fpajhy;> this kPd;fs; njd;id kuj;jpd; kPJ
gha;e;jJ. ,J thdpy; mofha;j; Njhd;wpaJ. tha;f;fhy; topahf te;j ePupdhy;
ngUq;Fsq;fs; epiwe;Jtpl;lJ.
ikaf;fUj;J :
kUj epyj;jpd; ,aw;if mofpid Gytu; tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;shu;.
nrhy;eak; :
“NfhtpYf;F moF kzp

ghlYf;F moF nrhy;”.
vd;gjw;fpzq;fg; Gytu; ghlypy; eak; kpf;fr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

v.fh : kzpf;fjpu;> faypil> nrq;fz;> ngUq;Fsk;.
njhil eak; :
“njhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;W
NghFk;”.
vd;w fUj;jpw;F Vw;g njhil eaq;fs; mika ghly;
njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkhid eak; :
“gilf;Fj; Njit Nrid

ghlYf;Fj; Njit
Nkhid”.
nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk; rPu;NjhWk; Kjy; vOj;Jfs; xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ
Nkhidj; njhilahFk;.
v.fh : taypil> tise;J nry;
maYs > Mk;gypd;
vJif eak; :
“kJiuf;F moF itif

ghlYf;F moF
vJif”.
nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk; rPu;NjhWk; ,uz;lhk;
vOj;Jfs; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ vJifj; njhilahFk;.
re;j eak; :
“re;jk; nra;ASf;F
,g;ghlypy; nrhe;jk;”. ctikazp mike;Js;sJ.
KbTiu :
ftpQu; thzpjhrd; ,aw;if mofpid vLj;Jf;$Wk; ,g;ghlypy; nrhy;eak;>
vJif> Nkhid> re;jk;> mzp eaq;fs; mika mofhf tu;zpj;Js;shu;.
nkhopNahL tpisahL
GjpH mtpo;f;f.
ehd;nfOj;Jf;fhud;@
Kjy; ,uz;Lk;
mk;khtpy;
“kh“itj; njhiyj;J epw;Fk;@
mLj;j vOj;ijr; NrHj;jhy;
tpy;ypd; Jiztd;@
fil ,uz;Lk;
fzf;fpy; |,J| vd;gH.!
KOjha;g; ghHj;jhy;
Nkfj;jpil njupthd;!
mtd; ahH?
tpil : mk;Gyp [epyh].
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f :
<if - nfhil> fw;gfk;> fhw;W> nfhLj;jy;.
FWk;G - Cu;> muz;> typik> FWk;Gj;jdk;.
Nfhd; - murd;> jiytd;> ,ilau;.
Gfy; - ,Ug;gplk;> toptif> jhdpaf;Fjpu;.
nkha;k;G - typik> Njhs;.
gz;Gj;njhiffis ,l;L epiwT nra;f :
(,d;Ndhir> Ngnuhsp > rpw;Nwhil > Ngupd;gk; > igq;fpsp > Ng&H> nre;jhkiu )
tpdh :
khdhkJiu XH mofhd _________@ ePz;ltay;fSk;> _________fSk;
epiwe;j mt;t+upd; eLNt> thDaHe;j NfhGuj;Jld; $ba Nfhtpy; Fsj;jpy; vq;Fk;
_________ g+f;fs; kyHe;Js;sd@ fjputdpd; _________ tPrpl> Nrhiyg;_________fspd;
________, Nfl;Nghiug; _________ milar; nra;fpwJ.
tpil :
khdhkJiu XH mofhd Ng&u;@ ePz;l tay;fSk;> rpw;NwhilfSk; epiwe;j
mt;t+upd; eLNt> thDaHe;j NfhGuj;Jld; $ba Nfhtpy; Fsj;jpy; vq;Fk; nre;jhkiu
g+f;fs; kyHe;Js;sd@ fjputdpd; Ngnuhsp tPrpl> Nrhiyg; igq;fspfspd; ,d;Ndhir>
Nfl;Nghiug; Ngupd;gk; milar; nra;fpwJ.

Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuf; fz;Lgpbf;f.

1. jkpof khtl;lq;fSs; xd;W.
2. fpof;Ff; flw;fiur; rhiyapy; mike;Js;s khtl;lk;.
3. tq;fhs tpupFlhtpd; fiufspy; Ntfkhf tsHe;J tUk; ngUefuk; vdyhk;.
4. njhlHtz;b epiyaj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gl;l Gfo;tha;e;j flw;fiuj; JiwKfk;
,q;Fs;sJ.
5. ,e;jpahtpNyNa mjpfsT gOg;G epyf;fup fpilf;Fk; Ruq;fk; cila Ciuf; nfhz;l
khtl;lk;.
6. RuGd;idf; fhLfSld; $ba Vup ,k;khtl;lj;jpd; mofhd Rw;Wyhj;jyk; MFk;.
7. NghHj;Jf;fPrpaHfs; tzpfk; elj;jpa gioikahd |guq;fpg;Ngl;il| ,q;Fs;sJ.
8. thba gapiuf; fz;lNghJ thba |grpg;gpzp kUj;JtH| gpwe;J tho;e;j khtl;lKk;
,JNt.
9. ghly; ngw;w gioikahd gy Nfhtpy;fs; epiwe;j khtl;lk;.
10. ,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fshy; mbf;fb my;yy;gLk; khtl;lk; vdpy; kpifapy;iy.
tpil : flY}u; khtl;lk;.
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf.

,iwtdpd; mofpa gilg;G
,aw;if…
vq;Fk; gRikf; Nfhyk;
rpy;nyd tPrpLk; njd;wy;
Xtpak; Nghy; kiyfs;
ghu;g;gtiu FJ}fyg;gLj;Jk; mUtpfs;
fz;fSf;F vl;batiu
ePu;Nfhyk; ,l;L ,Uf;Fk; fly;fs;
ghLk; gwitfSk;
MLk; moF kapy;fSk;
NgRk; fpspfSk;
kUz;NlhLk; khd; $l;lq;fSk;
rPWk; tpyq;fpdq;fSk;
thOk; G+TykpJ…
fhLfs; ehl;bd; tsq;fs;…
tsq;fisf; fhg;Nghk;…
ehl;ilAk; tPl;ilAk; tskhf;FNthk;.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf.
r%fj;jpw;F vdJ gzpfs; :

m) Fg;igfisf; Fg;igj; njhl;bapy; NghLNtd;.
M) jz;zPH tPzhtij vq;Ff; fz;lhYk; jLg;Ngd;.
,) vd;dhy; Kbe;j cjtpfisg; gpwUf;Fr; nra;Ntd;.
<) kio ePHr;Nrfupg;gpd; ,d;wpaikahikia typAWj;JNtd;.
c) epoy;fs; jUk; kuq;fis eLNtd;.
C) Rw;Wr;R+oiyj; J}a;ikahfg; ghJfhg;Ngd;.
v) ,y;yjtu;fSf;F cjTNtd;.
V) midtuplKk; el;Gld; ,Ug;Ngd;.
I) fy;tp fw;f ,ayhNjhu;f;F cjTNtd;.
x) kdpj Neaj;Jld; nray;gLNtd;.
fiyr;nrhy; mwpNthk; :
 kw;NghH - Wrestling
 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; - Indian National Army
 nrt;tpay;,yf;fpak; - Classical Literature
 ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; - Folk literature
ciueil cyfk;
goe;jkpou; r%f
tho;f;if
fw;git fw;wgpd;………. (ghlE}y;. gf;.5)
1. cq;fs; khtl;lj;jpy; / tl;lhuj;jpy; cs;s jkpou; czT tiffisAk;> mtw;wpd;
nra;KiwfisAk; gaidAk; jpul;b> Xu; czTf; Fwpg;NgL cUthf;Ff.
nt[plGy; gpupahzp :
vq;fs; Cupy;> ‘gpupahzp’ vd;w czT midtuhYk; tpUk;gp cz;zg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
nt[; gpupahzp> rpf;fd; gpupahzp> kl;ld; gpupahzp> kPd; gpupahzp vdg; gy;NtW tiffs;;
cs;sd. nt[plGy; gpupahzp kpf RitahfTk;> clYf;Fk; ed;ikiaj; juty;yJ.
Njitahdg; nghUs;fs; :
 gpupahzp muprp  nea;
 gPd;];  japu;
 Nful;  gl;il
 ntq;fhak;  fpuhk;G
 jf;fhsp  ,ytq;fk;
 gr;ir gl;lhzp  gpupQ;rp ,iy
 gr;ir kpsfha;  Vyf;fha;
 vz;nza;  cg;G
 kpsfha; J}s;  Gjpdh
 ,Q;rp G+z;L  nfhj;jky;yp
nra;Kiw :
Kjypy; Njitahd msT muprpia 30 epkplk; jz;zPupy; Cw tpl Ntz;Lk;.
Njitahd fha;fwpfis> rpW Jz;Lfshf eWf;fp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;> mLg;gpy; ghj;jpuj;ij itj;J> Njitahd msT nea; my;yJ vz;nza; Cw;wp>
mjpy; gl;il> fpuhk;G> gpupQ;rp ,iy> Vyf;fha;> ,ytq;fk; Nghl;L nghwpe;jTld;> ntq;fhak;
Nru;j;jp tjf;fTk;. gpd;> ,Q;rp G+z;L tpOJfisg; Nghl;L tjq;fpaTld; jf;fhsp>
fha;fwpfisg; Nghl;L mJ tjq;fpaTld; cg;G> kpsfha; J}s;> Gjpdh> nfhj;jky;ypia
tjf;fpaTld;> japu; Nru;f;fTk;. gpd;> Njitahd msT jz;zPu; Cw;wp nfhjpj;jg;gpd;>
muprpiag; Nghl;L 20 epkplk; Ntftpl;Lg; gpd;> mLg;gpd; msitf; Fiwj;J rpyepkplk;
itf;fTk;.
mLg;ig mizj;J tpl;L> fuz;bahy; fpswp tpl;L> nfhj;jky;yp J}tp nea; Cw;wpdhy;>
nt[plGs; gpupahzp jahu;.
gad; : nea;Ak;> fha;fwpfspd; rj;Jk; epiwe;j czT ,J. mjdhy;> midtUk; ,jid
tpUk;gp cz;Ztu;.
Rit : cg;G Kjyhd krhyh nghUs;fs;> ehtpw;F ,jkhd krhyh Ritia mspf;fpwJ.
2. gof;ftof;fq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpatw;iw czu;j;Jk; gonkhopfspd; njhFg;ig cUthf;Ff.
 cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid.
www.nammakalvi.org
 nghWj;jhu; G+kp Ms;thu;.
 xw;WikNa gyk;.
 $btho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik.
 Rj;jk; Rfk; jUk;.
 jhd; Mlhtpl;lhYk; jd; jir MLk;.
 nfLthd; NfL epidg;ghd;.
 kjpahjhu; thry; kpjpahNj.
 nghWj;jhu; G+kpaho;thu;.
 murd; md;W nfhy;thd;; nja;tk; epd;W nfhy;Yk;.
rPtf rpe;jhkzp
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
1.
 Njkhq;fdp
 nre;ney; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;
 jz;fly;
 ew;wtk;
2. tpisf - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

3. nra;Nfhyk; - tpidj;njhif
4. Nju;e;j - nganur;rk;
5. ,iwQ;rp - tpidnar;rk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. ,iwQ;rp - ,iwQ;R + ,
,iwQ;rp - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp
2. Xk;Gthu; - Xk;G + t; + Mu;
Xk;G - gFjp
t; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
Mu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.

1. mUfpYs;s ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfisf; Fwpg;ngLj;J Xtpak; jPl;Lf.
1. ,aw;if fhl;rp 2. tptrhak;

2. cq;fs; gs;sp Nt&d;wpa ehs; njhlq;fp tsu;ej

; tuyhw;iwAk;> mjd; rpwg;GfisAk;
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
vdJ gs;sp :
Kd;Diu :
 Gdpj tsdhu; fy;Y}up Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> ,NaR rig FUf;fshy; 1844 Mk;
Mz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 njhlf;fj;jpy; gs;spahfTk;> fy;Y}upahfTk; ,ize;J nray;gl;L te;jJ.
 Nky;epiyg;gs;spahf 1976 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
Kjd;ikf; Fwpf;Nfhs; :
 fj;Njhypf;ff; fpwp];jtu;fSf;F ed;ik gag;gJk;> njhlu;e;J midj;J rhjp>
rka khztu;fSf;F ,lkspj;J ,iwg;gw;W> ey;nyhOf;fj;Jld; tsu;e;J cau
tha;g;gspj;jJ.
Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Nrit :
 fpwp];jt khztu;fSf;F rkag; Nghjid toq;FtJ.
 gpw khztu;fSf;F mwnewpg;ghlk; fw;gpg;gJ.
 nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd; jq;fpa khztu;fSf;F Kjyplk;.
 jha;nkhopapy; jukhd fy;tp toq;FtJ.
 “ed;ikf;Fk; cz;ikf;Fk;” (PRO BONO ET VERO) vd;w tpUJthf;iff;
nfhz;L> vk; gs;sp nray;gLfpwJ.
 flTSf;Fk;> kdpjDf;Fk; cz;ikAs;stuhf cjTk; kdg;ghq;fpidf;
nfhz;ltuhf tho;tjw;F mwptpidg; Gfl;LtJ.
tpohf;fspd; rpwg;G :
khztu;fsplk; gy;NtW jpwd;fisAk;> fiyfisAk; tsu;j;jpl gs;spapy;>
gy;NtW tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. Mz;L tpoh> tpisahl;L tpoh> fiythu tpoh>
nghq;fy;> jPghtsp> fpwp];Jk];> uk;[hd; Kjypa tpohf;fs;> FbauR jpdk;> Rje;jpu
jpdnkd tpohf;fspd; khz;Gfs; mwpaf; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd.
gs;spapy; nray;gLk; ,af;fq;fs; :

khztu;fs; jdpj;jpwikAld; jiyikg; gz;Gfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s>
,Ugjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,af;fq;fs; gs;spapy; ,aq;fptUfpd;wd.
ehl;Leyg;gzpj; jpl;lk;> ,sk;nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;> ghuj rhuzu; ,af;fk;>
rhiyg; ghJfhg;G ,af;fk;> rptg;G ehlh kd;wk;> tPukhKdptu; jkpo; ,yf;fpa kd;wk;>
jkpo;nkhop tsu;rr; p ,af;fk;> tshfg; gRik ,af;fk; vdg; gy;NtW ,af;fq;fs;>
gs;spapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;> khztu;fs; eyDf;Fk; Jizg;Gupfpd;wd.
KbTiu :
khztu;fs; fy;tpapy; Nkk;glTk;> mtufs; vjpu;fhyk; rpwf;fTk;> kdpjk;
kyuTk;> xOf;fj;ijAk;> ew;gz;GfisAk; tsu;f;Fk; fiyf;Nfhtpyha; vk; gs;sp
nray;gLfpwJ vd;gjpy; ehd; ngUkpjk; nfhs;fpNwd;.

ftpijg;Ngio
Kj;njhs;shapuk;;
 ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G :
 mQ;rp - nganur;rk;
 ntz;Fil
,sq;fKF - gz;Gj;njhiffs;
 nfhy;ahid
Ftpnkhl;L - tpidj;njhiffs;
 gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
 nfhz;l - nfhs;(z;) + l; + m
nfhs; - gFjp (z; MdJ tpfhuk;)
l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m - nganur;r tpFjp.

1. ePqf
; s; trpf;Fk; gFjp> Nte;jUs; ahu; Mz;l ehL vd;gij mwpe;J> mtu;fisg; gw;wpa
nra;jpj; njhFg;NgL xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
 vq;fs; epyg;gFjp - taYk;> tay; rhu;e;j kUj epykhFk;.
 Mz;l kd;du;fs; - Nrhou;fs;
 Mz;l epyg;gFjp - jQ;rhT+u;
 jiyefu; - ciwA+u;
 JiwKfk; - fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdk;.
 fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; Nrho ,sturu;fs; tho;e;jpUe;jdu;.
 rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy vd;Dk; fhg;gpaq;fspd; jiyik khe;ju;fshd Nfhtyd;>
fz;zfp> khjtp> kzpNkfiy MfpNahu; fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; tho;e;jpUe;jdu; vd;W
,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
 gy;NtW ehLfspypUe;J fly; topahff; fg;gy;fspy; mDg;g Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp
nghUs;fs; Ftpe;J ,Ue;jd.
 “Nrho ehL NrhW cilj;J”. vd;w ed;nkhopf;Nfw;g ePu;tsk; kpf;fJ.
 ahidg;gilfis cilaJ Nrho ehL.
 tsKk; tPuKk; kpf;fJ.
 ,uhruhrd;> ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; Nghd;w kd;du;fs; Mz;ldu;.
 jQ;rhT+upy; cs;s ngupaf;Nfhtpy;> cyfg; gpurpj;jpg; ngw;wJ.
 Nrhou;fspd; nfhb Gypf;nfhb> Mj;jpkhiy milahs khiy.
 jkpo;ehl;bd; ‘new;fsQ;rpak;’ jQ;rhT+u;.
 ,q;qdk;> gy;NtW ngUikfis cilaJ NrhoehL.

2. ney; tpijg;gJ Kjy; muprp Gilg;gJ tiu tay;fspd; fhl;rpia mwpe;J> jFe;jg; glq;fSld;
tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
1. twz;l epyj;ij fpsWjy;. 2. NrW epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jjy;.
3. tpij ney;kzpfis epyj;jpy; 4. ney;kzpfs; epyj;jpy; Ntu;

Cd;Wjy;. tpLjy;.
5. ,aw;if cuj;jhy; new;fjpu;fs; 6. ney;kzpfs; ghy; gpbj;jy;.

nropj;J tsu;jy;.

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7. ney;kzpfs; Kw;Wjy;. 8. Kw;wpa new;fjpu;fis mWtil
nra;jy;.
9. mWtilahdtw;iw xd;whf 10. Nru;j;jf; fl;Lfisg; Nghubf;ff;

Nru;j;jy;. nfhz;L nry;Yjy;.
11. mWtilahd ney;kzpfisg; 12. Nghuhbj;j ney;kzpfis

gpupf;fg; Nghuhbj;jy;. mtw;wpd; ckp ePq;f fhw;wpy;
J}w;Wjy;.

13. gju;> J}R Mfpatw;iwg; gpupj;jy;. 14. jahuhd ney;kzpfisf;
fsQ;rpaj;jpy; Nru;j;jy;.
tpupthdk;
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpy; jkpou; gq;F

1. ePqf
; s; ehl;bw;F cq;fs; gq;fpid mspf;f tpUk;GfpwPuf
; sh? - ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpy;
NrUtjw;fhd jFjp> mtu;fSf;fhd gzpfs; Fwpj;j fUj;Jfisj; jpul;b tFg;gpy;
fye;JiuahLf.
 vd; ehl;bd; eyDf;fhf> ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru;e;J gzpahw;w tpUk;GfpNwd;.
 Nru;tjw;fhd fy;tp jFjpfs; :
 gj;jhk; tFg;G Nju;rr ; p
 gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;G Nju;rr ; p
 VjhtJ gl;lg; gbg;Gfs;
 njhopw;fy;tpapy; gl;;lak;
 njhopy;El;gg; gpuptpy; gl;lg; gbg;G
 kUj;Jt Nritf;fhd nrtpypau;> kUj;Jtu; gapw;rpfs;.
 ,tw;wpy; VjhtJ xU Jiwiaj; Nju;e;J vLj;J> fw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vOj;Jj;Nju;T
eilngWk;.

 mjpy; Nju;rr
; p ngw Ntz;Lk;. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp> clw;jFjp Nju;tpYk; ntw;wp ngw
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;> mtutu; jFjpf;F Vw;w gpuptpy; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLk;. gpd;> jFjpahd
,lj;jpy; gzp mku;j;jg;gLtu;.
2. vdf;Fg; gpbj;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuu; vd;w jiyg;gpy;> mtu;jk; tho;f;if epfo;Tfisf;
fhyf;Nfhl;by; cUthf;Ff.
gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fu;
 gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fu; 1908 Mk; Mz;L> ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; gRk;nghd; vd;w

Cupy; gpwe;jtu;.
 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mtupd; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
njd;dhl;bd; rpq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
fw;fz;L
nghUspyf;fz
epidtpw; nfhs;f.
k;;
jpiz tpsf;fk; Jiw vz;zpf;if
1. ntl;rp kd;dupd; Mizg;gb> tPuu;fs;
gif ehl;Lg; gRf; $l;lq;fisf; gjpdhd;F Jiwfis cilaJ.
ftu;e;jtw;iw kPl;lYk;.
2. tQ;rp kz;zhir nfhz;L murd;

Nghu;njhLj;jYk;> kz;zhirAld; gjpd;%d;W Jiwfis
tUk; gifaurNdhL vjpu;epd;W cilaJ.
NghupLjYk;.
3. copiQ gif kd;dupd; Nfhl;ilia

Kw;Wif ,LjYk;> Nfhl;ilapd; vl;Lj; Jiwfis cilaJ.
cs;spUf;Fk; Nte;jd;
Nfhl;iliaf; fhj;jYk;.
4. Jk;ig jdJ typikia ek;gp te;j gd;dpuz;L Jiwfis

kd;did vjpu;j;J> typikAld; cilaJ.
NghupLjy;.

5. thif Nghu;tPuk; kl;Lky;yhky; gy;NtW

xOf;fq;fspYk;> kw;wtupypUe;J gjpndl;Lj; Jiwfis
Nkk;ghL kpf;ftuhfj; jdpj;J cilaJ.
epw;wy;.
6. fhQ;rp epiyahikia czu;j;JtJ.

rpwg;Gila tPl;bd;gk; fhuzkhf>
gytopfspYk; epiyaw;w ,UgJ Jiwfis cilaJ.
cyfpy; nghUe;jpa ey;y
newpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
7. ghlhz; xUtu; ngw;w fy;tp> Gfo;> <if

Nghd;w Nkk;ghLfisg; Nghw;wpg; gj;Jj; Jiwfis cilaJ.
ghLjy;.

1. ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; epyj;ijAk;> fUg;nghUs;fisAk; vOJf.
“newpkUg;G vUikapd; xUj;jy; ePs;,dk;
nrwpkUg;G Vw;wpdk; rpyk;igg; gz;cwP,g;
nghwptup tuhypdk; ,upag; Gf;Fld;
ntwpfko; fodpAs; cOeu; nts;sNk…”
epyk; - taYk; tay; rhu;e;j ,lKk;. [kUjk;]
fUg;nghUs; :
 kf;fs; - cotu;
 tpyq;F - vUik / Vw;wpdk; [fhis]
 gz; - kUj gz;.
2. gj;jpapy; ,lk; ngw;w epyk;> nghOJ> fUg;nghUs;fisg; gl;baypLf.

fhu;j;jpifj; jpq;fspy; cotu; xUtu; kJiuapypUe;J> nfhilf;fhdypy; cs;s KUfd;
NfhtpYf;Ff; fhiy vl;L kzpf;Fr; nrd;whu;. Nfhtpypy; ghy;> Njd; Nghd;wtw;why;
jpUKOf;Fr; nra;ag;gl;lijf; fz;lhu;.
epyk; - kiyAk; kiy rhu;e;j ,lKk;. [FwpQ;rp]
nghOJ - fhiy
fUg;nghUs; :
 kf;fs; - cotu;
 nja;tk; - KUfd;
 czT - ghy;> Njd;.
3. jpizia cupa epfo;Tld; nghUj;Jf :-

tpdh :
jpiz : epfo;T :
copiQ - vjpu; epd;W NghupLjy;
tQ;rp - gRf;$l;lq;fisf; ftu;jYk;> kPl;lYk;
ghlhz; - typikia ek;gpg; NghuhLjy;
Jk;ig - xUtupd; Nkd;ikfisg; ghLjy;
ntl;rp - gif kd;dupd; Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifaply;.

tpil :
jpiz : epfo;T :
copiQ - gif kd;dupd; Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifaply;
tQ;rp - vjpu; epd;W NghupLjy;
ghlhz; - xUtupd; Nkd;ikfisg; ghLjy;
Jk;ig - typikia ek;gpg; NghuhLjy;
ntl;rp - gRf;$l;lq;fisf; ftu;jYk;> kPl;lYk;.
4. njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wk; Gwj;jpizfisAk;> xOf;fq;fisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

jpiz : xOf;fk; :
ntl;rp gifehl;Lg; gRf;$l;lq;fisf; ftu;jy;> ftu;e;jtw;iw kPl;ly;.
tQ;rp giftu; kPJ Nghu; njhLj;jy; - vjpu;epw;wy;.
copiQ Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wif ,Ljy;> cs;spUe;J Nfhl;ilia fhj;jy;.
Jk;ig typikAld; vjpu;j;J NghupLjy;.
thif Nghu;tPuk;> xOf;fj;jpYk; Nkk;gl;L epw;gJ.
fhQ;rp ed;ndwpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
ghlhz; xUtupd; fy;tp> Gfo;> <if Nghd;w Nkk;ghLfisg; Nghw;wpg; ghLjy;.
5. Xtpaq;fs; czu;j;Jk; Gwj;jpizfisf; fz;lwpf.

1. 2.
tpil : 1. ntl;rp - gRf;$l;lq;fisf; 2. copiQ - Nfhl;ilia Kw;WifapLjy;.

ftu;jy;> kPl;ly;.
3. 4.
3. ghlhz; - <if rpwg;gpidf; $wy;. 4. ghlhz; - Gfopidg; ghly;.

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,ay; - 2 vd;jiyf;
flNd
Gj;jf kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;
gyTs; njupf.
1. $w;W : ngupahH capH vOj;Jfspy; ‘I’ vd;gjid ‘ma;’ vdTk;> ‘xs’ vd;gjid
‘mt;’ vdTk; rPuikj;jhH. (ciueil - ngupahupd;
rpe;jidfs;)
fhuzk; : rpy vOj;Jfisf; Fiwg;gjd; thapyhf jkpo; vOj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fiwf;fyhk; vd;W vz;zpdhH.
m) $w;W rup> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup
,) $w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW <) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rup
2. fhyj;jpdhy; nra;j ed;wp rpwpnjdpDk;
Qhyj;jpd; khzg; ngupJ. - ,f;Fwspd; <w;Wr; rPupd; tha;ghL ahJ? (fw;fz;L –
ahg;gpyf;fzk;)
m) ehs; M) kyH ,) fhR <) gpwg;G
3. Kz;b NkhJk; JzpNt ,d;gk; - ,t;tbapy; ,d;gkhf cUtfpf;fg;gLtJ
_________ (ftpijg;Ngio – xspapd; miog;G)
m) ehs; M) tpag;G ,) JzpT <) kUl;rp
4. tpiliaf;Nfw;w tpdhitj; NjHf. (ftpijg;Ngio – jhNth Nj [pq;)
tpil : ghidapd; ntw;wplNk ekf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
m) ghidapd; vg;gFjp ekf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ?
M) ghid vg;gb ekf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ?
,) ghid vjdhy; ekf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ?
<) ghid vq;F ekf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ?
5. ‘Qhdk;’ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? (ftpijg;Ngio – jhNth Nj [pq;)
m) jhdk; M) njspT ,) rpdk; <) mwpT
Gj;jf tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
1. gFj;jwpT vd;why; vd;d? (ciueil - ngupahupd; rpe;jidfs;)
 vr;nraiyAk; mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; mZfp Vd;? vjw;F? vg;gb? vd;w
tpdhf;fis vOg;gp mwptpd; topNa rpe;jpj;J KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJNt gFj;jwpT
MFk;.
2. jhNth Nj [pq; ‘,d;ndhU gf;fk;’ vd;W vijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ? (ftpijg;Ngio – jhNth Nj
[pq;)
jhNth Nj [pq; ‘,d;ndhU gf;fk;’ vd;W Fwpg;gptJ ‘,y;yhik’ MFk;. rhd;whf
Flj;jpy; gad;gLtJ ntw;wplNk. tPl;by; RtHfs; cs;sd. Mdhy; RtHfSf;F ,ilNa
cs;s ntw;wpNk ekf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
3. fKF kuk; vijj; NjbaJ? (ftpijg;Ngio – xspapd; miog;G)
fKF kuk; ngupa kuq;fspd; epoiyj; Jisj;J fjputdpd; xspiaj; NjbaJ.
4. aNrhju fhtpaj;jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ahH? (ftpijg;Ngio – aNrhju fhtpak;)
aNrhjud; vd;Dk; mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd; aNrhju fhtpaj;jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;
Mthd;.
5. mir vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? (fw;fz;L – ahg;gpyf;fzk;)
mir ,Utifg;gLk;. mit Neuir> epiuair vd;gdthFk;.
rpWtpdh (ciueil - ngupahupd; rpe;jidfs;)
1. rpf;fdk; Fwpj;j ngupahupd; fUj;Jfis ,d;iwa eilKiwNahL njhlHGg;gLj;jp vOJf.
 rpf;fdk; vd;Dk; mUq;Fzj;ijg; ngupahH ngupJk; Nghw;wpaJld; mjd;gb tho;e;Jk;
fhl;bdhH. tpohf;fSk; rlq;FfSk; %lg;gof;fk; tsHtNjhL tPz; nryTk; Vw;gLtjhy;
Njitaw;w rlq;FfisAk; tpohf;fisAk; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whH. jpUkzk; Nghd;w
tpohf;fis gfl;bd;wp ,d;wp vspikahfr; rPHjpUj;j Kiwapy; elj;j Ntz;Lnkd;whH.
 ,d;iwa eilKiwapy; Mlk;gu tho;f;if> EfHT fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;wtw;whYk; gpwiug;
ghHj;J mijg;Nghy thoepidf;Fk; twl;Lf; fTuq;fSk; tho;f;ifiar; rPuopf;fpd;wd.
rpf;fdkhf tho;NthH vd;Wk; rpwg;Gld; tho;fpd;wdH.
 ,d;iwa eilKiwapy; jpUkzk; Nghd;w tpohf;fs; ntF Mlk;gukhf epfo;fpd;wd.
kzf;nfhil ngWtJk; trjpaw;NwhH $l tl;bf;Ff; fld;thq;FtJk; flidj;
jpUg;gpr;nrYj;j ,ayhky; nrhj;Jfis tpw;gJk; rpyH jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhs;tJk;
md;whlr; nra;jpfshfptpl;ld.
2. ehk; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba tho;f;if newpfshf aNrhjufhtpak; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit?
(ftpijg;Ngio – aNrhju fhtpak;)
ehk; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba tho;f;if newpfshf aNrhjufhtpak; Fwpg;gpLtd
 ehk; xU nraiyr; nra;tjhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ mwr;nrayhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 jPa gz;Gfisg; Nghf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; rpdj;ijg; Nghf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Muha Ntz;Lnkdpy; nka;awpT E}y;fis Muha Ntz;Lk;.
 Nghw;wpf;fhf;f Ntz;bait ed;ndwpfs; Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fisj; jOtp vOjg;gl;l jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf?

1. fk;guhkhazk; : tlnkhopapy; thy;kPfp vOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijj; jOtp jkpo; kuGf;F
Vw;wthW fk;gH jkpopy; vOjpaJ fk;guhkhazk;.
2. tpy;ypghujk; : tlnkhopapy; tpahrH vOjpa kfhghujj;ijj; jOtp jkpopy; tpy;ypGj;J}uhH
vOjpaJ tp;y;ypghujk; MFk;.
3. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; : [hd;ghd;ad; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpa ‘gpy;fpupk;]; GNuhfpu];’ vd;Dk;
E}iyj;jOtp vr;.V. fpUl;bddhH vOjpa fpwpj;jt E}y;
‘,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;’ MFk;.
4. MrpaN[hjp : vl;tpd; mHdhy;L vd;Dk; Mq;fpyf; ftpQH vOjpaJ ‘iyl; M/g; Vrpah’.
,J Gj;jupd; tuyhw;iwAk; NghjidfisAk; $WfpwJ. ,e;E}iyj;jOtp
ftpkzp Njrpftpehafk; vOjpa E}y; ‘Mrpa N[hjp’.
3. aNrhjufhtpak; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tho;f;if newpfisj; jpUf;FwSld; xg;gpLf.

1. ehk; nra;a Ntz;baJ mwr;nray; vd;W aNrhjufhtpak; $WfpwJ :
,f;fUj;jpid typAWj;JtJ Nghy; jpUf;Fwspy; ‘mwd;typAWj;jy;’ vd;Dk; mjpfhuk;
4Mtjhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; ,ad;w tifapy; vy;yhk; mwk; nra;a Ntz;L k;.
gpwF nra;ayhk; vd;W js;spg;Nghlhky; tha;g;Gs;sNghNj mwk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
mwr;nray; gpwtpapdpd;W kPSk; top> ,d;gj;ijAk; nry;tj;ijAk; jUk; vd;gd Nghd;w
fUj;Jfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. ehk; Nghf;f Ntz;baJ rpdk; vd;W aNrhjufhtpak; $WfpwJ :
,f;fUj;jpid ntFshik vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; ts;StH $wpAs;shH. xUtd; jd;idf;
fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;why; rpdj;ijj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpdk; jd;id kl;Lkd;wp
jd;idr; rhHe;j tiuAk;; nfhy;Yk;. vd;gd Nghd;w fUj;Jfs; ,t;tjpfhuj;jpy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. ehk; Muha;e;J ghHf;f Ntz;baJ E}y;fs;; vd;W aNrhjufhtpak; $WfpwJ :
,f;fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jpUf;Fwspy; fy;tp> Nfs;tp> mwpTilik mfpa
mjpfhuq;fspy; gy nra;jpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;d.
4. ehk; fhf;f Ntz;baJ ed;ndwpfs; vd;W aNrhjufhtpak; $WfpwJ :
,f;fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jpUf;Fwspy; xOf;fKilik Kjypa gy mjpfhuq;fs;
ed;ndwpfs; gw;wpf;$Wfpd;wd.
neLtpdh (ciueil - ngupahupd; rpe;jidfs;)

1. nkhopapYk; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; ngupahH Nkw;nfhz;l; rPuikg;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu :
nkhop jfty;; njhlHGf;F kl;Lkd;wp fyhr;rhuk;> gz;ghL> ehfupfk; Mfpa
$WfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;. nkhop ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;j ngupahupd; rPuikg;Gfis
,q;F fhzyhk;.
nkhop :
xU nkhopapd; Njit vd;gJ mjd; gad;ghl;L Kiwiaf; nfhz;Nl mikfpwJ. jkpo;
,e;jpahtpd; gioikahd nkhop. ,d;iwa mwptpay; tsHr;rpf;Nfw;w E}y;fs; jkpopy;
gilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;whH ngupahH.
nkhopNah E}Nyh ,yf;fpaNkh vJthapDk; kdpjDf;F khdk;> gFj;jwpT> tsHr;rp>
ew;gz;G Mfpa jd;ikfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whH.
kjk;> flTs; Mfpatw;wpd; njhlHgw;w nghJthd mwpitj; jUfpd;w mwptpay;
rhHGila ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk;jhd; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; Nkd;ik mila KbAk;.
mjidg; gbf;fpd;w kf;fSk; mwpTilatuhtH vd;whH.
jpUf;Fwspy; mwptpay; fUj;JfSk; murpay;> jj;Jtk;> r%fk;> nghUshjhuk; cs;spl;l
midj;Jf; fUj;JfSk; midtUf;Fk; nghJthf cs;sd. ,jidg; gbg;gtHfs;
Rakhpahij czHr;rp ngWtH vd;whH.
vOj;J :
nkhopapd; ngUikAk; vOj;Jfspd; Nkd;ikAk; vspjpy; fw;Wf;nfhs;tdthf mika
Ntz;Lk; vd;whH. fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g jkpo; vOj;Jfisr; rPuikf;fj; jaq;ff; $lhJ vd;W
$wpaJld; mijr; nray;gLj;jpAk; fhl;bdhH.
capHnka; vOj;Jfspd; tup tbtj;jpy; rpy rPuikg;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;lhH. capH
vOj;Jfspy; ‘I’ vd;gjid ‘ma;’ vdTk; ‘xs’ vd;gjid ‘mt;’ vdTk; rPuikj;jhH. Mfhu>
Ifhu tupirfspy; cs;s vOj;Jfs; rpytw;wpy; rPHjpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH. mtw;wpw;fhd
tuptbtj;ijAk; cUthf;fpdhH. rpy vOj;Jfisf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; jkpo; vOj;Jfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwf;fyhk;. mt;thW Fiwg;gjhy; jkpo;nkhop fw;gjw;Fk; jl;lr;R
nra;tjw;Fk; vspjhFk;. vd;whH. ngupahupd; vOj;Jr; rPHjpUj;jq;fs; rpytw;iw 1978Mk;
Mz;L jkpofmuR eilKiwg; gLj;jpaJ.
KbTiu :

,t;thwhf> ngupahupd; nkhopapd; kPjhd Mu;tKk;> ,yf;fpaq;fs; kPjhd
Mu;tKk; mtupd; rPupa fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk;> nkhop rPuikg;GfSf;Fk; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
2. nkhopapd; tpuy; gpbj;J elf;fg; gofpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; jd;kfDf;F eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; vOjpAs;s

fbjr; nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J vOJf. (tpupthdk; - kfDf;F vOjpa fbjk;)
md;Gs;s kfDf;F> mg;gh vOJtJ> ,J cdf;F vOJk; Kjy; fbjk;. ,ij gbj;J
Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; taJ cdf;F ,y;iy. ,g;nghOJ jhd; nkhopapd; tpuy; gpbj;J elf;f gofp
nfhz;bUf;fpwhH. cdf;F GupAk; nkhopapy; vOj Ntz;Lkhdhy; ehd; flTs; nkhop jhd; fw;f
Ntz;Lk;...
tq;fhsj;jpd; kfhftpahd jh$iu> tq;fhs jpiug;gl ,af;FdH rj;a[pj;Nu rpwpa tajpy;
jdJ jhAld; nrd;W re;jpj;J Mrp ngw;whH. mg;NghJ> jh$H> rj;a[pj;Nuf;F xU ftpij
vOjp nfhLj;jhH. "ehd; ,e;j cyfj;jpd; gy ehLfSf;F nrd;W te;Js;Nsd;. khngUk;
cyfpy; mUtpfs;> ejpfs;> gwitfs; vd vy;yhtw;wpYk; vd; ghjk; gl;bUf;fpwJ.
Mdhy; vd; tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpYs;s Gy;ypd; Edpapy; cwq;Fk; gdpj;Jspia kl;Lk; ehd;
ghHf;f jtwp tpl;Nld;"
vd mjpy; jh$H vOjpapUe;jhH. ,e;j ftpij cdf;F ,e;j rpd;dQ;rpW tajpy; GupahJ>
rpy tUlq;fSf;F gpd; vLj;J gbj;Jg; ghH mg;nghOJ Gupe;jhYk;> Gupayhk; vd;whH. jh$upd;
mf juprdk; czHe;J rj;a[pj;Nu gpd;dH "gNjH ghQ;rhyp" glk; vLj;jhH.
kfNd ehd; vOjpapUf;Fk; fbjKk; cdf;F ,g;nghOJ Gupahky; ,Uf;fyhk;> rpy
tUlq;fSf;F gpd; vLj;J gbj;Jg; ghH cdf;F GupAk;.
vd; gpupaj;Jf;Fupa kfNd> eP kUj;Jtkidapy; gpwe;j nghOJ> cid ms;sp vLj;J vd;
ifapy; nfhLj;jhHfs;> vd; cjpuk; xU cUtkhdJ> me;j cUtk; jw;nghOJ vd;
cs;sq;ifapy; fplg;gJk;> mJ FW FW vd if ePl;b vdJ rl;ilia gpbj;J ,Og;gij
vd; fz;zpy; ghHj;J fz;zPH ky;f ghHj;J urpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;Njd;.
ngUQ;nry;tk;> jhapd; kb> fhjypapd; Kj;jj;ij tpl "jk; kf;fs; nka;j; jPz;ly; capUf;F
,d;gk;" vd;fpwhH ts;StH. eP vd;id jPz;bdha;> ehd; J}s; J}shNdd;. eP rpupj;jha;> mOjha;>
Fg;Gwf; ftpe;jha;> jiy epkpHe;jha;> cd; gpQ;R ghjj;jhy; ,e;j jiu vy;yhk; cdjhf;fpdha;.
koiy nkhop Ngrp ,iwtid ekJ tPl;Lf;F mioj;J the;jha;.
,g;gb> mOtJk;> rpwpg;gJk;> jto;tJk;> jiy epkpHtJk;> elg;gJk; ntWk; tsHr;rp my;y>
cdJ tho;f;ifapy; ,e;j nra;ifNa gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; gpujpgypf;fg; NghfpwJ. mg;NghJ
,e;j cyfNk cdf;fhd jiuahFk;.
vd; g+e;jspNu!... fy;tpapy; NjHr;rp nfhs;. mNj rkak; cdf;fhd mDgtj;jpypUe;J epiwa
fw;Wf; nfhs;. jPia gbj;J njupe;J nfhs;tij tpl> mij njhl;L czHe;J nfhs;. me;j
mDgtk; cd;id vg;NghJ Rl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;> cyfpy; ,Uf;Fk; tiu ,J jhd;
#j;jpuk;. vg;NghJk; md;gha; ,U. md;G ,e;j cyfj;ijAk; cd;idAk; caHj;Jk;. Ngud;ghy;
,e;j cyfj;ij eidj;Jnfhz;Nl ,U.
ciof;fj; jaq;fhNj.... cd; jhj;jh> tpkhdj;ij mz;zhe;J ghHj;jhH. jdJ 57 tajpy;
mjpy; mkHe;J ghHj;jhH. cd; jfg;gd; 27 tajpy; cyh te;jhd;. ePNah MW khjf; Foe;ij
gUtj;jpNyNa mjpy; kpje;J tpl;lha;. ehis cdJ kfd; uhf;nfl;by; $l gpwf;fyhk;. ,J
vy;ytw;wpw;Fk; gpd;dhy; ngUk; ciog;G ,Uf;fpwJ. cd; Kg;ghl;ld; fhl;il jpUj;jpdhd;>
ghl;ld; fodp mikj;jhd;>cd; jhj;jh tpij tpijj;jhd;> cd; jfg;gNdh ePH Cw;wpdhH. eP
mWtil nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpwha;. cd; vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd tpijAk;> cd; gps;isfSf;fhd
tpijAk; cd; ifapy; jhd; cs;sJ. mjdhy; ciof;f jaq;fhNj. ciog;G kl;Lk; jhd;
caHit nfhLf;Fk;.
www.nammakalvi.org
taJ vDk; Nguhw;wq;fiu cd;id thypgj;jpy; nfhz;L epWj;Jk;> rpwF Kisj;j
Njtijfs; vd; fdTfis MrpHtjpg;ghHfs;> mg;NghJ ngz; cly; GjpuhFk;> cd; cly;
vjpuhFk;. me;j tajpy; ufrpaq;fis jpwf;Fk; rhtpia ehd; Njl Kw;gl;lijg; Nghy;> ePAk;
NjLtha;> gf;FtkhfTk;> gj;jpukhfTk; ele;J nfhs;Sk; gUtk; mJ. cdf;F njupahjJ
,y;iy. ghHj;J ele;J nfhs;.
Gj;jfq;fis Nerp> Gj;jfq;fis NjLfpd;w nghOJ mJ xU rpwe;j mDgtj;ij

njhLtha;> cdJ ghl;ld;> jfg;gd; Gj;jff; fhl;by; njhiye;jtHfs; jhd;.
fpilj;j Ntiyia tpl cdf;F gpbj;j Ntiyia nra;. ahuhtJ Nfl;lhy;> fld;
thq;fpahtJ mtHfSf;F cjtp nra;. mg;NghJ fpilf;Fk; Mde;jk; mstpl KbahjJ...
cwtpdHfsplk; neUq;fpAk; goF> tpyfpAk; ,U. mij tpl ,e;j cyfj;jpy; caHe;jJk;>
Nkd;ikahdJ el;G kl;LNk. mjdhy; ey;y ez;gHfis NrHj;J cd; tho;f;ifia Neuhf;F.
,it vy;yhk; vdJ jfg;gd; vdf;Fr; nrhy;yhky; nrd;d tp\aq;fs;> ehd; cdf;F
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;j tp\aq;fs;. vd; mUikNa1 eP gpwe;j gpd;G jhd; vdJ
jfg;gdpd; mUik Gupe;jJ. mtiu mbf;fb czHfpNwd;. mNj Nghy; ehis cdf;nfhU
kfd; gpwf;ifapy;> vdJ md;ig eP czHtha;.
ehis eP cd; Ngud; Ngj;jpfis nfhQ;rpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ vd; epidT te;jhy;>
,e;j fbjj;ij kPz;Lk; xUKiw vLj;J gbj;Jg; ghH> mg;NghJ cd; fz;zpy; cjpUk;
fz;zPupy; ehd; ,Ug;gJ njupAk;. ,g;gbf;F cd; mg;gh.
3. tho;f;ifg;Nghupy; ntw;wpngWtjw;fhd topfisf; fKFkuk; thapyhf MrpupaH vt;thW

czHj;JfpwhH? (ftpijg;Ngio – xspapd; miog;G)
Kd;Diu :
tho;f;if xU Nghuhl;lk;. mjpy; Kaw;rpnra;J Nghl;bapl;L jdf;Fhpa ,lj;ij
xt;nthUtUk; gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH MrpupaH.
fKF kuk;.
xU fKF kuk;(ghf;Fkuk;); mjd; tpijapypUe;J KistpLfpwJ. tpijapDs; cs;s
,Uis tpLj;J Nt&d;wp mjd; FUj;J fjputdpd; xspiaj; Njb Nky; Nehf;fp vOfpwJ.
mt;thW vOk;NghJ mUfpy; cs;s ngUkuq;fs; fKF kuj;jpd; kPJ epoy; gug;gp mjd;
tsHr;rpf;Fj; jilahfp epw;fpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; fKF kuk; xsptUk; jpiria Nehf;fpj; jd;
cliy tisj;J nespj;J ngUkuq;fNshL Kl;bNkhjp Nghl;bapl;Lf; nfhz;L NkNy
vOk;GfpwJ. fjputdpd; xspiag; ngw;W ngupa kuq;fis tpl caNu nry;fpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ
mjw;Fj; jilAkpy;iy Nghl;bAkpy;iy. tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fKF ntw;wp
ngw;Wtpl;lJ.
tho;f;ifg; NghH:
fKF kuj;ijg; Nghy ekJ tho;tpYk; Nghl;bfSk; jilfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ek;iktpl
typikahdtHfs; jilahf ,Ug;gpDk; JzpTld; mtHfSld; Nghl;bapl;L jdf;Fupa
,ilj;ij ehk; ngw Ntz;Lk;. fKF kuj;ijg; Nghyr; rpwpJ rpwpjhf Kaw;rpiaj; njhlHe;J
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kbtpy; ntw;wpngw;W kfpo;Tld; thoyhk;.
KbTiu :
Kaw;rpAk; JzpTk; tho;tpy; ntw;wpf;fhd topKiwfs;. Kz;bNkhJk; JzpNt ,d;gk;>
capupd; Kaw;rpNa tho;tpd; kyHr;rp. JzpNthk;;@ Kay;Nthk;@ tho;f;ifg;Nghupy;; nty;Nthk;.


1. ckf;Fg; gpbj;j jpUf;Fwis myfp;l;L mjd; tha;ghL fhz;f.
ed;wpf;F tpj;jhFk;; ey;nyhOf;fk; jPnahOf;fk;
vd;Wk; ,Lk;ig jUk;.
rPH mir tha;ghL
ed;; / wpf; / F NeH / NeH / NeH Njkhq;fha;
tpj; / jh / Fk; NeH / NeH / NeH Njkhq;fha;
ey; / nyhOf; / fk; NeH / epiu / NeH $tpsq;fha;
jP / nahOf; / fk; NeH / epiu / NeH $tpsq;fha;
vd; / Wk; NeH / NeH Njkh
,Lk; / ig epiu / NeH Gspkh
jUk; epiu kyH
,f;Fwl;gh ‘kyH’ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; Kbe;Js;sJ.
2. ghly;fspy; gapd;W tUk; njhileaq;fis vLj;J vOJf.

“nfhz;ly; NfhGuk; mz;ilapy; $Lk;
nfhbfs; thdk; gbju %Lk;
fz;l Nguz;lk; jz;liy ehLk;
fdf Kd;wpy; mdk; tpisahLk;
tpz;l g+kJ tz;lypl;L XLk;
ntapy; nta;Nahd; nghd;ndapy; top NjLk;
mz;lH ehafH nrz;lyq; fhuH
mofH Kf;$ly; CH vq;fs; CNu”
vJifj;njhil :
ghlypy; mbfs; NjhWk; KjnyOj;J Fwpyhf msnthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vOj;J
‘z;’ te;Js;sJ. vJifeak;
,iaGj;njhil :
ghlypy; mbfs; NjhWk; <w;Wr;ruP py; <w;wir ‘Lk;’ vd Kbe;Js;sJ. ,/J ,iaG
eak; MFk;.
Nkhidj;njhil :
mbfs;NjhWk; KjnyOj;J xd;wp te;Js;sJ Nkhidj;njhil MFk;.
tpdhf;fs;
1. cq;fs; tPl;by; cs;stHfspd; ngaHfis NeH - epiu vd mirfshfg; gpupj;Jg; ghHf;f.
1 kjp/ ao/fd; epiu/ epiu/ NeH
2 gtpj; /uh epiu/ NeH
3 kzp/kh/wd; epiu/ NeH / NeH
4 mK/jh epiu/ NeH
5 M/WK/fk; NeH/ epiu/ NeH
6 mU/sh/de; /jk; epiu/ NeH/ NeH/ NeH
2. %tirr;rPupy; mike;j ngaHfs; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. Kj;jurd; - Kj; /ju/rd; 2. fdpaKjd; - fdp/aK/jd;
3. fhkhl;rp - fh/khl; /rp 4. gPHKfk;kJ - gPH/Kfk; /kJ
3. jk;nghUs; vd;gjk; kf;fs; mtHnghUs;
jk;jk; tpidahd; tUk; - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; Nkhid vJif Mfpatw;iw
fz;lwpf.
Nkhid - jk;nghUs;> jk;jk; (Kjy; vOj;J ‘j’ xd;wp mbNkhid te;Js;sJ)
vJif - jk;nghUs;> jk;jk; (,uz;lhk; vOj;J ‘k;’ xd;wp mb vJif te;Js;sJ)
4. jisapd; tiffis vOJf.
jis VO tifg;gLk;;. mit gpd;tUkhW.
1. Nenuhd;W Mrpupaj;jis
2. epiunad;W Mrpupaj;jis
3. ,aw;rHP ntz;lis
4. ntz;rPH ntz;lis
5. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis
6. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis
7. fypj;jis
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;
nkhopngaHf;f:
Once Buddha and his disciples were thirsty. They reached a lake. But it was muddy because
somebody just finished washing their clothes. Buddha asked his disciple to take a little rest there by
the tree. After half an hour the disciples noticed that the water was very clear. Buddha said to them,
“You let the water be and the mud settled down on its own. We can judge and take best decision of
our life when we stay calm.
xU rkak; Gj;jUk; mtUila rPlHfSk; jhfkhapUe;jdH. mtHfs; XH Vupia
mile;jhHfs;. ahNuh rpyH mg;NghJjhd; jq;fs; Jzpfisr;; ryit nra;jpUe;jjhy; jz;zHP
fyq;fpr; Nrwhf ,Ue;jJ. Gj;jH jd; rPlHfsplk; rw;W Neuk; kuj;jUNf Xa;e;jpUf;FkhW $wpdhH.
miukzp Neuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; jz;zPH kpfTk; njspe;jpUg;gijr; rPlHfs; fz;ldH. Gj;jH
mtHfsplk;> “ePq;fs; jz;zuP pYs;s NrW> jhdhfg; gbAk; tiu mikjpahf tpl;Ltpl;BHfs;.
ehKk; mikjpahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJjhd; ed;F fzpj;J ey;y Kbit vLf;f KbAk;” vd;whH.
nrhw;nwhlHfis milg;Gf;Fs; cs;sthW khw;Wf.
1. kWehs; tPl;Lf;F tUtjhf Kusp $wpdhH. (NeH$w;whf khw;Wf)
“ehis tPl;Lf;F tUNtd;” vd;W Kusp $wpdhH.
2. “njd;dhl;Lg; ngHdhl;\h vd;W mwpQH mz;zhitg; Gfo;fpNwhk;”vd;W MrpupaH $wpdhH.
(maw;$w;whf khw;Wf)
njd;dhl;Lg; ngHdhl;\h vd;W mwpQH mz;zhitg; Gfo;tjhf MrpupaH $wpdhH.
3. khHdpq; eh\;lhTf;F ,uz;L Njhirfs; N`hl;lypy; rhg;gpl;lhd;. (gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj;
jkpohf;Ff)
fhiyr; rpw;Wz;bf;F ,uz;L Njhirfs; cztfj;jpy;; rhg;gpl;lhd;.

4. myWk; kapYk;> $Tk; Me;ijAk;> mfTk; NrtYk; Nghd;w ,aw;ifapd; mofhd
xypfis ehk; Nerpf;f Ntz;Lk;. (xypkuGg; gpiofisj; jpUj;Jf)
mfTk;; kapy;;> myWk;; Me;ij> $Tk; Nrty; Nghd;w ,aw;ifapd; mofhd xypfis ehk;
Nerpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. Nfhopf;Fl;bfisg;gpbf;fg; g+idf; FQ;Rfs; Xbd. (ngaHkuGg; gpiofisj; jpUj;Jf)
Nfhopf; FQ;Rfisg; gpbf;fg; g+idf; Fl;bfs; Xbd.
mQ;ryl;ilapy; vOJf.
thu ,jo; xd;wpy; gbj;j ftpijia / fijiag; ghuhl;b me;j ,johrpupaUf;F
mQ;ryl;ilapy; fbjk; vOJf.
eak;ghuhl;Lf
“jpq;fs;Kb #Lkiy
njd;wy;tpis ahLkiy
jq;FKfpy; #Okiy
jkpo;Kdptd; thOkiy
mq;faw;fz; mk;ikjpU
mUs;Rue;J nghoptnjd
nghq;fUtp J}q;Fkiy
nghjpakiy vd;kiyNa”
- FkuFUguu;
jpuz;l fUj;J :
,g;ghly; FkuFUguH vOjpa ‘kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk;’ vd;Dk; rpw;wpyf;fpj;jpypUe;J
vLf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. kJiuapy; nrhf;fehjH cyh tUk;NghJ mtH kPJ fhjy; nfhz;l kPdhl;rp
mk;ikf;Ff; Fwj;jp Fwpnrhy;Yk; NghJ jd;kiytsk; $Wtjhf cs;sJ ,g;ghly;.
Fw;whykiy epytpid Kbahfr;#Lk; mstpw;F caukhdJ. njd;wy; te;J
tpisahLk; FSik nghUe;jpaJ. fhHNkfq;fs; te;J kiyiar;#Ok;. jkpo;Kdptd;
mfj;jpad; tho;fpd;w kiy. mofpa kPd;Nghd;w tpopfisAila kPd; Nghd;w mofpa
fz;fisAila kPdhl;rpak;ik jpUtUs; nghoptJ Nghy nghq;Fk; mUtp tPo;fpd;w nghjpif
kiyahk; Fw;whykiy vd;kiyNa vd;W Fwj;jp jd; kiyapd; tsj;jpid ,g;ghlypy;
$Wfpwhs;.
njhil eaq;fs; :
vJifj;njhil :
ghlypy; KjnyOj;J mdnthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ
vJifj; njhilahFk;.
,g;ghlypy; vJifj;njhil rpwg;ghf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghlypy; mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J
Fwpyhf msnthj;J ,uz;lhk; vOj;J ‘q;’ te;Js;sJ.
Nkhidj;njhil :
mbNjhWk; my;yJ rPHNjhWk; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Nkhidj;njhil
MFk;. ,g;ghlypy; (jpq;fs;> njd;wy;)> (jq;FKfpy;> jkpo;Kdptd;)> (mq;faw;fz;> mk;ik>
mUs;)> (nghq;fUtp> nghjpakiy) vdr; rPHvJiffs; te;J re;j eak; jUfpd;wd.
,iaGj;njhil:
mbNjhWk; <w;nwOj;Njh> <w;wirNah> <w;Wr;rPNuh xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ ,iaGj;njhil
MFk;. ,g;ghlypd; <w;wir ‘kiy’ vd;W KbTWtJ ,iaGeakhFk;
mzpeaq;fs;;:
ctikazp :
mq;faw;fz; mk;ikjpU mUs;Rue;J nghoptnjd
nghq;fUtp J}q;Fkiy nghjpakiy vd;kiyNa - vd;Dk; mbfspy; mk;ikapd; mUs;
Nghy mUtp nghq;fp topfpwJ vd ctikazp gapd;Wtug; ghbapUg;gJ ghlYf;F moF
NrHf;fpwJ.
nrhy;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp :
kiy vd;Dk; nrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; nrhy;nghUs;
gpd;tUepiy mzpAk; gapd;W te;J NkYk; moFk; ,dpikAk; NrHf;fpd;wJ.
nkhopNahL tpisahL
nghUj;jkhd tha;ghLfis tl;lkpLf
gfytd; - fhR> fUtpsk;> $tpsq;fdp
kyHr;rp - $tpsk;> Gspkh> fUtpsk;
jhNthtpak; - Njkhq;fdp> Njkh> gpwg;G
ntw;wplk; - ehs;> $tpsk;> Gspkh
g+q;fl;b - fUtpsq;fdp> kyH> Njkhq;fha;
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f

www.nammakalvi.org
tak; - Mir> ,Uk;G> Fjpiu> Kay;
Xjk; - fly; ePHkl;lk; caHjy;> mz;lthjNeha;
nghypjy; - nropj;jy;> ngUFjy;> GzHjy;
Jyf;fk; - ntspr;rk;> njspT>
eliy - Jd;gk;> tQ;rid> mirT
tpidj;njhiffisg; nghUj;jp vOJf.
(tsHjkpo;> tpisepyk;> FspHfhw;W> tpupthdk;> caHkjpy;> ePs;tPjp> fiutpsf;F> %Lgdp>
tsHgpiw> jspHg+)
1. _______(tsHgpiw) epyTld; _______ (tpupthdk;) mofhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
2. _______ (jspHg+)q;nfhbfSk; _______ (tpisepy)q;fSk; kdj;ijf;
nfhs;isabf;fpd;wd.
3. _______ (ePs;tPjp)fs; midj;Jk; _______ (%Lgdp)apy; KOfpf;fplf;fpd;wd.
4. nky;y tPRk; _______ (FspHfhw;)Wk; _______ (tsHjkpo;) Gfo;ghLfpwJ.
5. njhiytpy; fyq; _______(fiutpsf;f)j;jpd; xsp _______ (caHkjpy;) Rtiu
xspur;nra;fpwJ.
nghUj;Jf. tpilfs;
NeH NeH epiu fUtpsq;fha; NeH NeH epiu Njkhq;fdp
epiu epiu NeH $tpsk;; epiu epiu NeH fUtpsq;fha;
NeH epiu Njkhq;fha; NeH epiu $tpsk;
epiu epiu Njkhq;fsp epiu epiu fUtpsk;
NeH NeH NeH fUtpsk; NeH NeH NeH Njkhq;fha;
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf.

“cyifg; Gul;Lk; xt;NthnuOj;Jk;
NkNyhH vz;zq;fs; vOj;jhfp
E}NyhH tFj;j topfspNy
Copf;fhyKk; cyfk; ca;Ak;
thspDk; typaJ vOJNfhy;
MAjkhFk; mwpTg; Gul;rpf;Nf”.
fiyr;nrhy; mwpNthk; :
 vOj;Jr; rPu;jpUj;jk; - Reforming the letters
 vOj;JU - Font
 nka;apay; (jj;Jtk;) - Philosophy
 mir - Syllable
 ,iaGj; njhil - Rhyme
epw;f mjw;Fj;jf
xU ey;y Njhopahf / Njhouhf ez;gHfSf;Fr; nra;a Ntz;baJ…
m) vOJnghUs;fis ez;gHfSf;Ff; nfhLj;J cjTtJ.
M) tpLg;G vLj;j ez;gHfSf;F VLfs; nfhLj;J cjTjy;> tFg;gpy; ele;jtw;iwg; gfpHjy;.
,) ez;gHfSf;Fg; Gupahj ghlg;gFjpfis tpsf;fpf; $Wjy;.
<) ez;gHfspd; rhjidfis> jdpj;jpwd;fisg; ghuhl;b Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;.
c) mtu;fspd; ftiyfspy; MWjyhf ,Uj;jy;.

,ay; - 3 md;ngd;Dk; mwNd
Gj;jf kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;
gyTs; njhpf.
1. ,kaj;Jf;NfhL cau;e;jd;d - ,t;tbapy; mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ?
(ciueil- tphpthFk; MSik)
m) nfhk;G M) kiyAr;rp ,) rq;F <) NkL
2. jkpo;g; Gytiug; NghyNt cNuhkr; rpe;jidahsu; nfhz;l nfhs;if.
m) epiyaw;w tho;f;if M) gpwUf;fhf tho;jy;
,) ,k;ik kWik <) xd;Nw cyfk;
3. tz;zjhrDf;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp gupR ngw;Wj; je;j E}y;. (ftpijg;Ngio – mf;fiw)
m) xU rpW ,ir M) Kd;gpd;
,) me;epakw;w ejp <) caug;gwj;jy;
4. ah kuk; vd;gJ ve;j epyj;jpy; tsUk;? (ftpijg;Ngio – FWe;njhif)
m) FwpQ;rp M) kUjk; ,) ghiy <) nea;jy;
5. Nfby;tpOr; nry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;f
khly;y kw;iw ait - ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp? (fw;fz;L - mzpapyf;fzk;)
m) nrhy; gpd;tUepiyazp M) nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
,) nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp <) tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rpazp
FWtpdh
1. jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhu;f;Fk;> cNuhikaupd; rhd;Nwhu;f;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?
cNuhikaupd; rhd;Nwhu;
jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhu; [rhd;Nwhd;]
[(Sapens) rhg;gpad;];]
 rhd;Nwhd; vdg;gLk; Fwpf;Nfhs;  rhg;gpad;]; vdg;gLk; ,yl;rpag;
khe;jidg; ghuhl;bdu;. GU\idg; Nghw;wp te;jdu;.
 jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhd; rKjhaj;jpNyNa
tho;e;J jd;dhy; ,ad;w tiu  rKjhaj;jpypUe;J tpyfp> jd; nrhe;jg;
rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; gy ed;ikfisr; gz;GfisNa tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
nra;thd;.
2. gpbgrp fis,a ngUq;ifNtok; - ,t;tbapy; cs;s ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;Gfisf; fz;lwpf.

(ftpijg;Ngio – FWe;njhif)
 gpbgrp - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
 fis,a - nrhy;ypir msngil
 ngUq;if - gz;Gj;njhif.
3. FWe;njhif – ngau;f;fhuzk; vOJf. (ftpijg;Ngio – FWe;njhif)
 FWik + njhif = FWe;njhif. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W.
 jkpou; tho;tpd; mfg;nghUs; epfo;Tfisf; ftpijahf;fpf; $WfpwJ.
 FWe;njhifg; ghly;fs; ehd;fbr; rpw;nwy;iyAk;> vl;lbg; Ngnuy;iyAk; nfhz;lit.
mbmstpdhy; ,e;E}y; FWe;njhif vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.

4. epidj;Njd; ftpj;Njd; gilj;Njd; Ritj;Njd;. ,j;njhlhpy; mike;Js;s cUtfj;ijf;
fz;lwpf. (fw;fz;L - mzpapyf;fzk;)
cUtf mzp :
ftpQd;> jhd; xU nghUisr; rpwg;gpf;f vz;zp> mjw;F ctikahFk; NtnwhU
nghUNshL xd;WgLj;jpf; $Wthd;. ctikapd; jd;ikiag; nghUs;Nky; Vw;wpf;$Wk;
,j;jd;ikNa ‘cUtfk;’ vdf; $wg;gLk;. ctik> ctNkak; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; xd;Nw
vd;W Njhd;wf; $WtJ cUtf mzp MFk;.
epidj;Njd; ftpj;Njd; gilj;Njd; Ritj;Njd;
,g;ghlypy;> ftpij – Njdhf cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ftpijapd; RitAk;>
Njdpd; RitAk; xd;Nw vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njdpd; Ritia> ftpQd;> ftpijapd; kPJ
Vw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;.
rpWtpdhf;fs;
1. cyf ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhz ,ayhj mupa fUj;Jfshf My;gu;l; Ritl;ru; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit?
mupa nfhs;if :
 kf;fs; midtUk; cld;gpwe;jtu;fs;; gpwg;Ngh> rhjpNah> rkaNkh mtu;fisj;
jho;j;jNth> cau;j;jNth KbahJ vd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifg; gz;Lnjhl;Nl epytpAs;sJ.
 ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpNyNa ,j;jifa mupa nfhs;ifiaj; jkpo; kf;fs;
filg;gpbj;jpUe;jdu; vd;Dk; cz;ik ngUk; tpag;igj; jUfpd;wJ.
cyf ,yf;fpak; :
 xOf;ftpaiy ed;fwpe;J vOjpa cyfNkij My;gu;l; Ritl;ru;> jpUf;Fwisg; gw;wpf;
$Wk; NghJ> “,j;jifa cau;e;j nfhs;iffisf; nfhz;l nra;Al;fis cyf
,yf;fpaj;jpNyNa fhz;gJ mupJ.
2. Nfhu;ld; My;Nghu;l; $Wk; %d;W ,yf;fzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. (ciueil- tphpthFk; MSik)
 Kjpu;e;j MSikf;F %d;W ,yf;fzq;fs; :
(i) kdpjd;> jd; <LghLfis tpupthf tsu;g;gtdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpwUila
eyj;jpw;Fk;> ,d;gj;jpw;Fk; ghLglf; $ba tifapy;> jd; MSikia tpuptilar;
nra;J nrOikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) xUtd; gpwuhy; vt;thW fzpf;fg;gLfpwhNdh> mij mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Mw;wy;
gilj;jtdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(iii) mtdJ tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;ijf; filg;gpbj;J elj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. goq;fis tplTk; eRq;fpg; NghdJ - ,lk; Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
(ftpijg;Ngio – mf;fiw)
,lk; :
 fy;ahz;[p ,aw;wpa ‘mf;fiw’ vd;w ftpijapy; ,t;tup ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 irf;fpspy; nfhz;L te;j jf;fhspf; $il fPNo rupe;J tpOe;jJ.
 fPNo ehyhg; GwKk; rpjwpa goq;fis ahUk; fz;L nfhs;shky; nrd;w NghJ
$wpaJ.
nghUs; :
fPNO tpOe;J eRq;fpa goq;fis ahUNk fz;L nfhs;shky; nrd;wjhy;> jf;fhsp
tpahghupapd; kdKk; eRq;fpg; NghdJ.
tpsf;fk; :
irf;fpspy; nfhz;L nrd;w jf;fhspg; gof;$il rupe;J tpOe;J> ehyhg; GwKk; rpjwp
Xbd. fle;Jk;> ele;Jk; nrd;wtu;fspd; fhy;fs; gl;L eRq;fpAk; NghdJ. fPNo tpOe;j
goq;fis ahUNk fz;L nfhs;shky; Nghd khdpl kdq;fis vd;dntd;W $WtJ.
4. kzy; tpisahl;L vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; rpWftpij gilf;f. (ftpijg;Ngio – mf;fiw)
“Mj;jq;fiu kznyLj;J
muz;kida nra;jpLNthk;…
khspifia fr;rpjkh
Mq;fhq;Nf fl;bitg;Nghk;…!
tPuu;fSk; FjpiufSk;
ahidfSk; nra;jpLNthk;…
NfhGuj;ij Rw;wpg;ghu;j;J
re;Njh\k; nfhz;bLNthk;…!
NghnuLj;J Nghfr;nrhy;yp
tPuu;fis VtpLNthk;…!
thnsJTk; nfhLf;fkhl;Nlhk;
md;Gkl;Lk; NghJnkd;Nghk;…!
mk;khte;J $g;gpl;lhf;f
mg;gbNa XbLNthk;…
ehistUk; Ntistiu
epidTf;Fs; itj;jpLNthk;…!!!
5. “ah” kuj;jpd; gl;ilia cupj;jJ vJ? vjw;fhf? tpsf;Ff. (ftpijg;Ngio – FWe;njhif)

 “ah” kuj;jpd; gl;ilia cupj;jJ Mz;ahid.
 ngz;ahidapd; grpiag; Nghf;f> ngupa iffis cila Mz;ahid> nky;ypa
fpisfis cila ‘ah’ kuj;jpd; gl;ilia cupj;Jj; jd; md;ig ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
 Njhop> jiytpaplk;> “jiytd; cd;dplk; kpFe;j tpUg;gk; cilatd;.
 nghUs; <l;Ltjw;fhfg; gpupe;J nrd;w topapy;> Mz;ahidapd; nray;fs; mtDf;F
cd;id epidTgLj;Jk;.
vdNt> mtd; tpiue;J cd;id ehb tUthd;. tUe;jhNj vd;W $wpdhs;.
6. cUtf mzpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; vOJf. (fw;fz;L - mzpapyf;fzk;)
mzp ,yf;fk; :
ftpQd;> jhd; xU nghUisr; rpwg;gpf;f vz;zp> mjw;F ctikahFk;
NtnwhU nghUNshL xd;WgLj;jpf; $WtJ cUtf mzpahFk;.
 ctik> ctNkak; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; xd;Nw vd;W Njhd;wf; $WtJ cUtf
mzp MFk;.
rhd;W :
“,d;nrhy; tpisepykh <jNy tpj;jhf
td;nrhw; fisfl;L tha;ik vUtl;b
md;GePu; gha;r;rp mwf;fjpu; <d;wNjhu;
igq;$o; rpWfhiyr; nra;”.
mzp tpsf;fk; :
,g;ghlypy;> ,d;nrhy; - epykhfTk;> td;nrhy; - fisahfTk;> tha;ik –
vUthfTk;> md;G – ePuhfTk;> mwk; - fjpuhfTk; cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. vdNt> ,/J
cUtf mzpahapw;W.

neLtpdh
1. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; rhd;whz;ikf; fUj;Jfisj; jdpehaf mbfshupd; top epWTf.
Kd;Diu :
fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhupd; “ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu;” vd;Dk; nfhs;if vy;yh
E}w;whz;LfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ.
“ahjhDk; ehlhky; Cuhkhy; vd;ndhUtd;
rhe;JizAk; fy;yhj thW”.
vd;w jpUf;Fws;> Kd;G vg;NghijAk; tpl ek; fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mwpTiuahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
rKjha Kd;Ndw;wk; :
,yl;rpaq;fisf; filg;gpbj;Jk;> fw;gpj;Jk; tUtjhy;jhd; rKjhak; Kd;Ndw;wk;
milfpwJ. mJ kf;fSf;F Ntz;ba ,d;gj;ijAk;> rPu;jpUj;jj;ijAk; mspf;fpwJ.
Fwpf;Nfhs; ,y;yhj rKjhak; tPo;rr ; p milAk; vd;Dk; cz;ikiag; gz;ilf; fhyj;
jkpoUk; ed;F czu;e;jpUe;jdu;. Fwpf;Nfhs; ,y;yhjtd; ntWk; rijg;gpz;lk; vd;gijAk;
“G+l;ifapy;Nyhd; ahf;if Nghy" vd;Dk; mbapy; Gytu; Myj;J}u; fpohu; tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
gpwu;eyk; NgZk; gz;G :
tpupthFk; MSikia cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;Ls;s kf;fs; rKjhaNk>
,d;gj;ij mspf;Fk; rKjhakhff; fhzg;gLk;. ve;j mstpw;Fg; gpwu; eyj;jpw;fhf kdpjd;
ghLgLfpd;whNdh> me;j mstpw;F mtdJ MSik tsUk;. gpwUf;fhfg; gzpnra;tjhy;
jhd; ek; tho;f;if> gz;Gila tho;f;if Mfpd;wJ. “vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj”
vd;Dk; Fwpf;Nfhs;> tho;f;ifiaj; jd;dyk; NjLtjpypUe;J tpLtpj;J> MSikia
KOikg;gLj;Jk; gz;ghf Mf;Ffpd;wJ.
jkpo; kf;fspd; ek;gpf;if :
kf;fs; midtUk; cld; gpwe;jtu;fs;; gpwg;Ngh> rhjpNah> rkaNkh mtu;fisj;
jho;j;jNth> cau;j;jNth KbahJ vd;Dk; ek;gpf;if> gz;Lj;njhl;Nl jkpo; kf;fsplk;
epytpAs;sJ.
xw;Wik czu;r;rp :
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ij MuhAk;NghJ> gpwu; eyf;nfhs;ifiaAk;> gpwu; kPjhd md;G
ghuhl;liyAk; Kjd;Kjypy; gug;Gtjw;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Ue;jtu;fs;> jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghzUk;
GytUNk Mtu;. mtu;fs; jkpo; toq;Fk; ,lnkq;Fk; nrd;W> muru;fisAk; ts;sy;fisAk;
kf;fisAk; tho;j;jp te;jjhy;> ‘jkpofk;’ vd;w xw;Wik czu;T cz;lhdJ.
gz;Gk; - gz;ghLk; :
md;G tho;f;ifapYk;> gpwUld; fye;J thOk; KiwfspYk;> gpwu;eyk;
NgZtjpYk; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bd; ,d;wpaikahj nfhs;if cUg;ngWfpwJ. gpwUf;fhf
thOk; kf;fs; ,t;Tyfpy; ,y;iynad;why;> ehk; tho;tJ mupJ. gpwUf;fhf tho;tNj
cau;e;j gzpAk;> gz;ghLk; MFk;. “cz;lhyk;k ,t;Tyfk;” vd;w Gwg;ghl;L ,e;jg; gz;ig
mofhf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
xt;nthUtUk; rhd;NwhNu! :
,y;yw tho;f;ifapd; Nehf;fk; <if> tpUe;Njhk;gy; Nghd;w gz;Gfshy;
MSikia tsu;g;gjhFk;. jkpo; kf;fs;> “rhd;Nwhd;” vd;gtd; Fwpf;Nfhs; khe;jd; vd;fpwJ.
jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhd; rKjhaj;jpNyNa tho;e;J> jd;dhy; ,ad;wtiu rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; gy
ed;ikfisr; nra;thd;. xt;nthU kdpjidAk; rhd;Nwhd; Mf;FtNj fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk;.
jd; gps;isiar; rhd;Nwhd; Mf;Fjy;> xt;nthU je;ijf;Fk; fldhFk;.
gprpuhe;ijahu;> Nfhg;ngUQ;NrhoDf;Ff; $wpaJ Nghyj; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhu; gyu;
thOk; CNu tho;f;iff;F ,d;gj;ijj; jUtjhFk;.
KbTiu :
,itNa jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; rhd;whz;ikf; fUj;JfshFk;.
www.nammakalvi.org
2. ‘jha;ikf;F twl;rp ,y;iy’ vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; tUk; Vioj;jhapd; ghj;jpug; gilg;ig
tpsf;Ff. (tphpthdk; - jha;ikf;F twl;rp ,y;iy)
Kd;Diu :
kdpjk; Fwpj;J vy;yh tif ,yf;fpaq;fSk; NgRfpd;wd. vJ twz;lhYk;>
kdpjk; twz;L tplf; $lhJ vd;gJ gd;ndLq;fhy tpiothfTk;> nra;jpahfTk; jpfo;fpwJ.
jha;ik topNa kdpjk; fhf;fg;gLtij> R. rKj;jpuk; mtu;fspd; rpWfij czu;j;JfpwJ.
Vioj;jhapd; Njhw;wk; :
fu;ehlf khepyj;jpd; tlkhtl;lj; jiyefuhd Fy;gu;fh efiuj; jhz;ba Njrpa
neLQ;rhiy> mjid xl;ba rhiyapd; tyJgf;fk; Ks;Ntyp Nghl;l xU Njhl;lk;
,Ue;jJ. ,e;jj; Njhl;lj;jpw;F Kd; fy;khspif. ,ijnahl;b Kd;dhYk;> gpd;dhYk;
,uz;L fk;Gfs; J}f;fp epw;f> Kf;Nfhz thry; nfhz;l Fbir. me;jf; Fbirf;F Kd;dhy;
me;jf; FLk;gNk RUz;L fple;jJ.
me;jf; FLk;gj;jpd; jha; cLj;jpa Mil fup fupaha;> fUg;Gf; fUg;gha;>
rhiyNghlg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;> jhu; Nghy; nea;J ,Ue;jJ mts; Glit. mts;
jiykhl;by; ,uz;L rhk;gy; epw eha;f;Fl;bfs;. ,uz;L ril eha;fs;. fhy;khl;by; %d;W
taJ ngz; Foe;ij rha;e;Jf; fple;jhs;.
mt;topahf te;j [Pg; xd;W> mtu;fis Nkhjpf; nfhy;yg; NghtJ Nghy; tu>
mts; Nfhtpypy; mq;fg;gpujl;rpzk; nra;tJ Nghy; cUz;L> fztidAk;> Foe;ijiaAk;>
jd;idAk; fhj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;. eha;f;Fl;bfs; [Pg;ig top kwpg;gJ Nghy; Kd;dhy; nrd;W
epd;W> gakpy;yhky; ‘vk;gp vk;gpf;’ Fjpj;jd.
mjpfhupAk; gpupahzpAk; :
me;j [Pg;gpy; te;j mjpfhupf;F ehw;gj;J Ie;J taJ ,Uf;Fk;. jd;NdhL
te;jtu;fSf;F> thioapiyapy; czT gz;lq;fisf; nfhLj;jhu;. kz;ghidapy; ,Ue;jj;
jz;zPiu mtu;fs; mUfpy; nfhz;L te;J itj;jhd; Njhl;lf;fhud;. mq;fpUe;J efu;e;j
Njhl;lf;fhuid mjpfhup mioj;J> jl;by; gpupahzpAk;> xU Kl;ilAk; itj;Jf; nfhLf;f>
ngw;Wf;nfhz;L jd; FLk;gj;ij Nehf;fp elf;Fk;gb KJifj; js;spdhu;.
Foe;ijapd; grpAk; jhapd; kdKk; :
me;j gpupahzpiaf; fz;l Foe;ijapd; fz;fspy; grp njupa Kjypy; cz;z
jil tpjpj;j mts;> gpd; jhd; rikj;j rg;ghj;jpapd; Nky; gpupahzpia itj;J> cz;zf;
nfhLj;jhs;. mjpfhup jhapd; mUfpy; te;J> “cd;id khjpupNa f\;lg;gl;l xU jha;f;Fj;
jhd; mk;kh> gpwe;Njd;. cd;id vd; jhaha; epidj;Jj; jhd; nfhLj;Njd;” vd;whu;. gpwF
rf[khf rhg;gplg; Nghdhs;.
jhAs;sk; :
mjpfhupapd; jl;by; itj;jpUe;j cztpid cz;z eha; Fl;bfs; Ntfkhf Xb
te;J> mtupd; fhy;fisr; Rw;wp Rw;wp te;jd. jpBnud;W> xU rpd;df;fy; xU eha;f;Fl;b
kPJ tpOe;jJ. ehapd; fOj;ijg; gpbj;Jr; rw;Wj; njhiytpy; J}f;fpg; Nghl;lhs;. fPNo
tpOe;j me;jr; rpd;df; Fl;bNah> Ruizaw;Wf; fple;jJ. clNd mts; mywpabj;J
neUq;f> eha; gae;J jpuhl;irj; Njhl;lj;jpw;Fs; XbaJ.
xU fy;J}zpd; fPNo me;j eha;f;Fl;b <dKdfyha;f; fple;jJ. me;j
eha;f;Fl;bia thup vLj;jhs;. mjd; KJifj; jltp tpl;L> czit Cl;b tpl
eha;f;Fl;bNah gpF nra;jgbNa> ftsj;ij kl;Lk; ft;tpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ.
KbTiu :
me;jj; jl;by; ,Ue;j czT Fiwaf; Fiwa> mts; jha;ik $bf;nfhz;Nl
,Ue;jJ.

,ay; - 3 md;ngd;Dk; mwNd
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;
nkhopngau;f;f :
A deer, a turtle, a crow and a rat were friends. xU khd;> xU Mik> xU fhfk; kw;Wk; xU
One day the deer was caught in a hunter’s trap. vyp ez;gu;fshf ,Ue;jd. xU ehs; khd; xU
Friends made a plan to save him. According to Ntl;ilf;fhudpd; tiyapy; rpf;fpaJ. ez;gu;fs;
khidf; fhg;ghw;w jpl;lk; jPl;bd. jpl;lj;;jpd;gb>
the plan, the deer lay motionless as if it were khd; ,we;jJ Nghy; mirahky; gLj;jpUe;jJ.
dead. The crow sat on the deer and started khdpd; kPJ fhfk; mku;e;J nfhj;jj;
poking. The turtle crossed the hunter’s path to njhlq;fpaJ. Ntl;ilf;fhudpd; ftdj;ijj;
distract him. The hunter left the deer, assuming jpirj;jpUg;g> mtDila ghjj;jpd; fPo; fle;J
it dead, and went after the turtle. Meanwhile, nrd;wJ. khd; ,we;J tpl;lJ vd;W vz;zp>
the rat chew open the net to free the deer. The Ntl;ilf;fhud; Mikia gpd; njhlu;e;jhd;.
,t;Ntisapy; vyp> khd; khl;bf;nfhz;l
crow picked up the turtle and quickly took it tiyia nkd;W> khid fhg;ghw;wpaJ. fhfk;>
away from the hunter. From this Panchatantra Mikiaj; J}f;fpf; nfhz;L Ntfkhfg;
story, we learn that the teamwork can achieve gwe;jJ. ,e;j gQ;rje;jpu fijapd; %yk;>
great results. FOg;gzpNa ed;ikj; jUk; vd;gjid ekf;F
typAWj;JfpwJ.
nghUj;jkhd epWj;jf; FwpapLf.
Mrpupau; khztu;fsplk; khztu;fNs Mrpupau; khztu;fsplk;> khztu;fNs!
flTsiuAk; jiytu;fisAk; flTsiuAk;> jiytu;fisAk;
Foe;ijahff; fUjp vOjg;gl;l rpw;wpyf;fpa Foe;ijahff; fUjp vOjg;gl;l rpw;wpyf;fpa
tifg; gw;wpj; njupAkh jkpo;r; rpw;wpyf;fpa tifg; gw;wpj; njupAkh? jkpo;r; rpw;wpyf;fpa
tiffSs; gps;isj; jkpOk; xd;W vd;W tiffSs;> gps;isj; jkpOk; xd;W vd;W
$wpdhu; $wpdhu;.
gps;isj; jkpo; E}y;fs; gps;isj; jkpo; E}y;fs;> Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj; jkpo; gps;isj; jkpo;> mKjhk;gpifg;
mKjhk;gpifg; gps;isj;jkpo; Kjypad gps;isj;jkpo; Kjypad
mllh vd;W rpypu;g;G+l;Lk; gl;lwpitg; mllh! vd;W rpypu;g;G+l;Lk; gl;lwpitg;
gbg;gtu;f;F mspf;Fk; tifapy; gbg;gtu;f;F mspf;Fk; tifapy;>
FkuFUguupd; kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo; FkuFUguupd; ‘kPdhl;rpak;ik
kpfr; rpwe;jjhfj; jpfo;fpwJ gps;isj;jkpo;’ kpfr; rpwe;jjhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
nrhw;nwhlu; cUthf;Ff.
1. nre;jkpOk; RitAk; Nghy.
ehDk; vdJ ez;gu;fSk; nre;jkpOk;> RitAk; Nghy ,izgpupahJ vg;nghOJk;
,Ug;Nghk;.
2. gRkuj;jhzp Nghy.
vd; jkpohrpupau; elj;jpa ghlk;> gRkuj;jhzp Nghy vd; kdjpy; gjpe;jJ.
3. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy.
ehk; jpwikfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> Ntiytha;g;G vd;gJ> cs;sq;if
ney;ypf;fdp Nghy vspjpy; fpilf;Fk;.
4. mj;jp G+j;jhw; Nghy.
vd; tPl;bw;F khkh mj;jp G+j;jhw; Nghy te;jhu;.

5. kioKfk; fhzhg; gapu; Nghy.
md;idiag; ghu;f;fhky; vd; jq;ifapd; Kfk;> kioKfk; fhzhg; gapu; Nghy thb
,Ue;jJ.
tbtk; khw;Wf.
ghlypy; fhZk; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fisAk;> mtw;Wf;Fg; Gfo; ngw;NwhiuAk; fz;lwpe;J vOJf.
ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp ; guzpf;FXu;
raq;nfhz;lhd; ; tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; Gfo; ngw;Nwhu;
xz;ghtpw;F cau; fk;gd; ; Nfhit ntz; gh GfNoe; jp
guzp n[aq;nfhz;lhu;
cyh
tpUj;jk; cau;fk;gd;
me;jhjpf;F xl;lf; $j;jd; ; Nfhit> cyh>me;jhjp xl;lf;$j;jd;
fz;gha fyk;gfj;jpw;F ,ul;ilau;fs; ; fyk;gfk; ,ul;ilau;fs;
tirghlf; fhs Nkfk; ; tirghl fhsNkfk;
gz;gha gfu;re;jk; gbf;fhR re;jk; gbf;fhR
myhnjhUtu; gfu xzhNj.
gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gytu;
E}y; kjpg;Giu vOJf.
ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa gbj;j E}y; xd;Wf;F kjpg;Giu vOJf.
ftpQu; Re;jughz;bad; ftpijfs;
 ftpQu; Re;jughz;bad; mtu;fspd; ftpijfs;> jkpofj;jpy; mUk;ghL gl;l ek;
Kd;Ndhu;fspd; njhz;Lfisg; gl;baypLfpd;wd. NkYk; ehl;Lg;gw;W> xOf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghL>
mwpTiu mlq;fpa njhFg;ghf cs;sJ.
 RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itg;gjpy; ts;StUk;> mt;itahUk; rpwe;jtu;fs;. mtu;fisg;
Nghy> Xub> xU nrhy;> ,uz;L nrhy;ypy; njhlu;fis mikj;J> gbg;Nghu; kdjpy; vspjha;
gjpAk; tifapy;> ftpijfis Re;jughz;bad; mtu;fs; mikj;jpUg;gJ rpwg;ghFk;.
 ehl;Lf;fhfTk;> kf;fSf;fhfTk; mauhJ ghLgl;Lg; Nghuhba jiytu;fis kwf;fhky;>
mtu;fisAk; jd; ftpijfspy; thoitj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
 jukhd nrhw;fis ifahz;bUf;fpwhu; ftpQu;. ey;y nrhy;yhl;rp> vspa nkhopeil> cau;e;j
Nehf;fk; E}ypd; jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;. mofpa eilapy; vspa Kiwapy; ,e;E}y;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;> midtUk; gbf;fyhk;.
 ,J Nghd;w ftpij E}y;fis> khztu;fshfpa ehKk; gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,tz;
khztd; Kfpy;.
eak; ghuhl;Lf :
“vj;JizAk; NgjKwhJ vt;TapUk;
jk;Kapu;Nghy; vz;zp cs;Ns
xj;Jupik cilatuha; ctf;fpd;whu;
ahtu;mtu; cs;sk;jhd; Rj;j
rpj;JUtha; vk;ngUkhd; elk;GupAk;
,lk; vd ehd; njupe;Njd; me;j
tpj;jfu;jk; mbf;Nfty; Gupe;jpl vd;
rpe;ij kpf tpioe;j jhNy”.
- ts;syhu;.
 Kd;Diu :
flY}u; khtl;lk; rpjk;guk; tl;lj;jpYs;s kUJ}upy; gpwe;jtu; ts;syhu;. thba gapiuf;
fz;L thbatu;. cUt topghl;il ePf;fp> xsp topghl;ilg; GFj;jpatu;. ,iwtd; rpj;jpUthf
ek;Ks; ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;W ciuj;jtu;.
 jpuz;lf;fUj;J :
vt;tuplKk; kdk; NtWglhJ> vy;yh capu;fisAk; jk;Kapuhf> vy;N yhUk; ek;ktNu
vd;W vz;Zgtu; vtNuh> mtu; cs;sNk ,iwtd; elk; GupAk; NfhtpyhFk;.
J}a;ik epiwe;jtu; cs;sNk ,iwtd; ciwAk; ,lk; vdj; njspe;Njd;. mj;jF
mbatu;fSf;F nra;Ak; njhz;Nl> ,iwtDf;Fr; nra;Ak; njhz;L vd;W vd; kdk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
 ikaf;fUj;J :
J}a;ik cs;stu; kdjpy; ,iwtd; Nfhtpy; nfhs;thd;. mj;jF njhz;lUf;F nra;Ak;
njhz;L> ,iwtDf;F nra;Ak; njhz;lhFk;.
 nrhy;eak; :
“kdpjDf;F moF gy;
ghlYf;F moF nrhy;”.
 ts;syhu; jukhd nrhw;fis ,g;ghlypy; eakhff; ifahz;bUf;fpwhu;.
v.fh : xj;Jupik> rpj;JUtha;.
 njhileak; :
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”.
vd;gjw;Nfw;g ,g;ghly;> mofpa khiyg; Nghy; njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Nkhideak; :
“CUf;Fj; Njit Nrhiy
ghlYf;Fj; Njit Nkhid”.
 nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk; rPu;NjhWk; Kjy; vOj;Jfs; xd;wp tUtJ> Nkhidj;
njhilahFk;.
v.fh : vj;JizAk; - vt;TapUk;
cilatuha; - ctf;fpd;whu;.
 vJifeak; :
“kJiuf;F moF itif
ghlYf;F moF vJif”.
 nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk; rPu;NjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;Jfs; xd;wp tUtJ> vJifj;
njhilahFk;.
v.fh : vj;JizAk; xj;Jupik> rpj;JUtha;.
 mzpeak; :
“NfhtpYf;F moF kzp
ghlYf;F moF mzp”.
vd;gjw;F Vw;g ,g;ghlypy; ,ay;G etpw;rp mike;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu :
ts;syhu; nrhy;> Nkhid> vJif> mzpeak; mika fUj;jhokpf;fg; ghliy
,aw;wpAs;shu;.
nkhopNahL tpisahL
vOj;Jfis Kiwg;gLj;jpr; nrhw;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;f.
1. Gd;gnkhg;yikop – gd;nkhopg;Gyik> nkhopg;Gyik> nkhop> gd;nkhop.
2. adpNek;jk – kdpjNeak;> kdpjk;> jkdp> kjk;> jdpkk;.
3. fr;tg;Q;Grpo;r – tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp> Gfo;> tQ;rp> Gfo;r;rp> fQ;rp.
www.nammakalvi.org
4. ijf;tpJfG – GJf;ftpij> ij> tpij> ftpij> Gij.
5. Lrpg;fhl;Q;g – fhQ;rpg;gl;L> fhQ;rp> gl;L> fhL> grp.
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f :
 Fuprpy; – jiytd;> cgfhup> ngUikapw; rpwe;Njhd;.
 jiyazp – cau; md;G> mUs;> ,dpatw;iw Kfk; kyu;e;J $Wjy;.
 eak; – ,d;gk;> mUs;> kfpo;r;rp> tpUg;gk;.
 ca;j;jy; – nrYj;Jjy;> Nru;j;jy;> elj;Jjy;> Efu;jy;.
 ,UR – Neu;ik> %q;fpy;.
njhifr;nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L gj;jpiar; RUf;Ff.

Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba muru;fsplk; ahidg;gil> Fjpiug;gil> Nju;g;gil> jiug;gil
Mfpait ,Ue;jd. mtu;fs; kh> gyh> thio Mfpa fdpfSld; tpUe;Njhk;gy; nra;jdu;.
fpof;F> Nkw;F> tlf;F> njw;F Mfpa jpirfspy; mtu;fspd; Ml;rpg;Gfo; gutpapUe;jJ.
jkpofj;jpd; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy; Mfpa epyq;fspy; cs;s Gytu;fs;
,t;turu;fis ,k;ikapYk;> kWikapYk; tho;fntd;W tho;j;jpdu;.
tpil :
%Nte;ju;fsplk; ehw;gilfs; ,Ue;jd. mtu;fs; Kf;fdpfSld; tpUe;Njhk;gy; nra;jdu;.
ehw;wpirfspy; mtu;fspd; Ml;rpg; Gfo; gutpapUe;jJ. jkpofj;jpd; Itif epyq;fspy; cs;s
Gytu;fs;> ,t;turu;fis kWikapYk; tho;fntd;W tho;j;jpdu;.
tpidg;gFjpfis vr;rq;fshfTk;> Kw;whfTk; khw;Wf.

G+q;nfhb New;Wg; gs;spf;Fr; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (nry;)> jd; Njhopfisf; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (fhz;)>
kfpo;r;rpAld; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (ciu); gpd;du; tq;fpf;Fg; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Ngh) jhd; $Ljyhfr; _ _ _
_ _ _ _ (nrYj;J)> njhifiaj; jpUk;_ _ _ _ _ _ _ (ngW) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (nfhs;) te;jhs;. tUk;
topapy; tPl;Lf;F _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Ntz;L) nghUs;fis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (th). mq;F _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(epy;) NgUe;jpy;_ _ _ _ _ _ _ (VW) tPL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (jpUk;G).
tpil :
G+q;nfhb New;Wg; gs;spf;Fr; nrd;whs;> jd; Njhopfisf; fz;L> kfpo;r;rpAld;
ciuahbdhs;; gpd;du; tq;fpf;Fg; Nghdhs;. jhd; $Ljyhfr; nrYj;jpa njhifiaj;
jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L te;jhs;. tUk; topapy; tPl;Lf;F Ntz;ba nghUs;fis
thq;fpdhs;. mq;F epd;w NgUe;jpy; Vwp tPL jpUk;gpdhs;.
nghUj;jkhd jkpo; vz;fisf; nfhz;L epug;Gf.

jkpopYs;s nkhj;j vOj;Jfs; _ _ _ _ _ MFk;; ,it KjnyOj;J> rhu;ngOj;J
vd;W _ _ _ _ _ gpupthfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;; _ _ _ _ _ capnuOj;Jfs;> _ _ _ _ _ nka;naOj;Jfs;
Mfpa _ _ _ _ _ vOj;JfSk; KjnyOj;Jfs; vdg;gLk;; ,tw;iwr; rhu;e;J gpwg;git
rhu;ngOj;Jfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd; rhu;ngOj;Jfs; _ _ _ _ _ tifg;gLk;.
tpil :
jkpopYs;s nkhj;j vOj;Jfs; ௨௪௭ (247) MFk;; ,it KjnyOj;J> rhu;ngOj;J
vd;W ௨ (2) gpupthfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;; ௧௨ (12) capnuOj;Jfs;> ௧௮ (18) nka;naOj;Jfs;

Mfpa ௩0 (30) vOj;JfSk; KjnyOj;Jfs; vdg;gLk;; ,tw;iwr; rhu;e;J gpwg;git
rhu;ngOj;Jfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd; rhu;ngOj;Jfs; ௧0 (10) tifg;gLk;.
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf

thba gapiuf; fhZk; NghJk;
grpf;F thba Kfk; fhZk; NghJk;
Jd;gj;jhy; kdk; JtSk; NghJk;
typahy; Jbj;J mOjpLk; NghJk;
top mwpahky; jtpj;jpLk; NghJk;
kdpjdhf ,Ue;jhYk;…
tpyq;fhf ,Ue;jhYk;…
typa nrd;W cjtpLNthk;…!
ehisa cyfk; kyu;e;jpl…!!
kdpjk; tsu;g;Nghk;…!!!
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
ehd; jiyikg; nghWg;gpw;F te;jhy;…
1. midtuplKk; ghFghbd;wp ele;J nfhs;Ntd;.
2. ,ad;wtiu gpwUf;F cjTNtd;.
3. ngupNahu;fspd; mwpTiufisf; Nfl;L elg;Ngd;.
4. Neu;topapy; elg;Ngd;.
5. Coyw;w Ml;rp elj;JNtd;.
6. kf;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;JNtd;.
7. rhjp ghFghLfisf; fisNtd;.
8. khztu;fs; fy;tpapy; cau;e;jpl jpl;lq;fis jPl;b nray;gLj;JNtd;.
ciueil cyfk;
tphpthFk; MSik
1. cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;j jkpo; MSikfs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;Jiuahbf; Fwpg;Gfs; vOJf.

MSik vd;gJ cstpay; Nehf;fpy; xUtupd; xOq;fike;j> ,aq;fpay; gz;GfSk;>
mit Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Njhuz elj;ijfs;> czHTfs;> rpe;jidfisAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
 MSik vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy; "gHrdhypl;b" (Personality) vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;
Fwpf;Fk; fUj;JUitf; Fwpf;f Vw;gl;lJ. ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; "gHrdh" (persona) vd;gJ
'kiwg;G”> 'Kf%b” vd;Dk; nghUs; jUtNjhL “xUtH mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Kf%b" vd;Dk;
fUj;JUtpd; mbg;giliaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
MSikapd; $Wfs; :
 rPuhf ,Uj;jy; - jdpahl;fspd; elj;ijapy; xOq;Fk; rPHj;jd;ikAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghfg; gy;NtW epiyikfspy; xNu khjpupahfNt xUtH nray;gLtJk; njupfpwJ.
 cstpay;> clypay; vd;git rhHe;J mikjy; - MSik vd;gJ xU cstpay;
cUthf;fk; MFk;. vdpDk;> clypay; nray;Kiwfs;> Njitfs; vd;gitAk; ,ijg;
ghjpg;gjhf Ma;Tfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

 elj;ijfisAk;> nray;fisAk; ghjpj;jy; - MSik vd;gJ xUtH vt;thW #oYf;F
Vw;g ele;Jnfhs;fpwhH vd;gJ kl;Lkd;wp> xU Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; mtH
ele;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.
 gd;Kf ntspg;ghL - MSik vd;gJ xUtUila elj;ij %yk; kl;Lk;
ntspg;gLtjpy;iy. mJ> mtUila vz;zq;fs;> czHTfs;> neUf;fkhd cwTfs;>
gpw r%fj; njhlHghly;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
MSikf; Nfhl;ghLfs; :
 tiff; Nfhl;ghLfs; - ,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; xU Fwpf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifahd MSik
tiffNs cs;sjhff; $wpd. mj;Jld;> ,it capupay; fhuzq;fshy; cUthtjhfTk;
fUjg;gl;lJ.
 ,ay;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs; - ,f; Nfhl;ghLfs; MSikia> kugpay; mbg;gilapyhd
cs;shHe;j ,ay;Gfspd; tpisthf Nehf;fpd.
 cs ,af;ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; - ,it MSik kPJ edtpypj; jd;ikapd;
nry;thf;Ff;F mjpf mOj;jk; nfhLj;jd. ,f; Nfhl;ghLfspy; ngUk;ghYk; rpf;kz;l;
gpuha;l; nra;j Ma;Tfspd; nry;thf;Ff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 elj;ijf; Nfhl;ghLfs; - jdpahSf;Fk;> #oYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iltpidfspd;
tpisNt MSik vd ,f; Nfhl;ghLfs; fUJfpd;wd. vz;zq;fs;> czHTfs; Nghd;w
csk; rhHe;j tpraq;fis ,it ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tjpy;iy.
 kdpjeyf; Nfhl;ghLfs; - ,f; Nfhl;ghLfs;> MSikapd; cUthf;fj;jpy; fl;lw;w
jd;tpUg;G> jdpkdpjg; gl;lwpT vd;gtw;Wf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpd;wd.
2. cyfj; jkpo;khehl;L kyh;> nghq;fy; kyh;> jPghtsp kyh; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ntspte;Js;s cyfg;
nghJtpay; rpe;jidfs; Fwpj;J Ie;J kzpj;Jspfs; NgRf.
fdlhtpy; Mf.25-27-y; jkpo; ,iza khehL
 cj;jkk; vDk; cyfj; jkpo;j; jfty; njhopy;El;g kd;wj;jpd; rhHgpy; 16MtJ cyfj;
jkpo; ,iza khehL> Mf];l; 25 Kjy; 27 tiu> fdlh ehl;bd; nlhuz;Nlh efupy;
eilngWfpwJ. ,k;khehl;bd; fUj;juq;fpy; gbg;gjw;fhf mDg;gg;gl;l 90-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufspy; 34 fl;Liufs; NjHTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
 “fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;> NgRtij Gupe;Jnfhs;s cjTk; xyp-tup tbtkhw;w El;gq;fs;>
jfty; fplq;Ffs;> tzpfg; gad;ghL> kpd;D}y;fs; Mfpait njhlHghf ,f;fl;Liufs;
mike;Js;sd" vd;W cj;jkk; mikg;gpd; nray; ,af;FeH j.jt&gd; njuptpj;jhH.
 rpq;fg;g+H rptf;Fkhudpd; ~fw;gpj;jypy; jutf nkhopapaypd; gq;F|> ,yq;if K.ka+udpd;
~,yq;ifapy; mYtyfnkhopfs; eilKiwahf;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahd jkpo;nkhop
eilKiwahf;fj;jpy; jfty;El;gj;jpd; gq;F|> kh.n[afhde;je;F.tpD[dd;>
nr.n[aghyd; MfpNahupd; ~mLj;j jiyKiwf;fhd jkpo; nkhop E}y;fspd;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l NjL|> ,e;jpahitr; NrHe;j KidtH tp[auhzpapd; ~ ghHit
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; jkpo; nkd;nghUs; gad;ghl;by; Njitfs;> rpf;fy;fs;> jPHTfs;|>
rha;uhk; n[auhke; KUfhde;jk; Re;jHuh[d; MfpNahupd; “2016 jkpo;ehL rl;lg;Nguitj;
NjHjYk; jkpof ,isQHfspd; murpay;rhHe;j r%f ,izajsg; gad;ghLk;|> kNyrpa
v];.G\;guhzpapd; |,yf;fzg; gpiofspd;wp jkpo; vOj vl;NkhNlh top nka;epfH fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw|> f];J}up ,uhkypq;fj;jpd; ~Clhly;> efHg;glq;fs; fye;j
kpd;D}y;fs; top Foe;ijfSf;fhd jkpo;f; fy;tp| Mfpait cl;gl;l fl;Liufs;
NjHTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
 jkpo; ,iza khehL Nguh nry;tFkhH fl;Liu NjHTf;FOtpd; jiytuhd fdlh
Nguh. nr.,uh.nry;tFkhuplk; fl;Liuj; NjHT Fwpj;Jf; Nfl;ljw;F> “Kd;G ele;j

cj;jkk; elj;jpa khehLfspd; Ma;tuq;ff;FOtpy; jiytuhf ,Ue;j ehd;F NgH> ,e;jf;
fl;Liuj; NjHTf;FOtpy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. vq;fSf;F Vwj;jho 90 fl;Liur; RUf;fq;fs;
te;jd. mtw;Ws; 34 fl;Liur; RUf;fq;fNs Vw;Fk;gbahf ,Ue;jd. vl;L fl;Liufs;
Nkk;gLj;jf;$badthd ,Ue;jd. mtw;wpd; MrpupaHfSld; njhlHGnfhz;L> mtHfspy;
rpyH> jq;fspd; fl;Liufis ,UKiwAq;$l nrk;ikg;gLj;jp mDg;gpa gpwF mtw;wpy;
3 fl;Liufis Vw;Nwhk;. Kjypy; 31> gpd;dH 3> Mf 34 fl;Liufs; NjHthfpd.
ngUk;ghyhd fl;Liufspy; Ma;Tj;jd;ik NghJkhd msTf;F ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jijg;
ghHf;fKbe;jJ. mbg;gil Ma;Tj; juNk ,y;yhky; gy fl;Liur;RUf;fq;fs;
te;jpUe;jd. tUk; Mz;Lfspy; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOJtJ gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;tJ
gw;wpAk; gl;liwfs; elj;JtJ gw;wpg; NgrpapUf;fpNwhk;" vd;W mtH $wpdhH.
 nlhuz;Nlh gy;fiyf;fof ];fhgNuh tshfj;jpy; elf;Fk; ,k;khehl;Lf;F> thl;lHY}
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ghq;F mwpjpwd; ,ae;jpu mwpTj;jpwDf;fhd ikak;> fdlh ehl;L
kpd; kw;Wk; kpd;dZg; nghwpapay; fofk; - (IEEE Canada), mz;zhkiyg;
gy;fiyf;fof fdlh fpis Mfpait Jiznra;fpd;wd.
 KuR mQ;ry;> nry;ypdk; nraypfspd; tbtikg;ghsUk; ~cj;jkk;| mikg;gpd;
epWtdHfspy; xUtUkhd kNyrpahtpd; Kj;J neLkhwd;> kJiuj;jpl;l Kd;NdhbAk;
cj;jkk; mikg;gpd; Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtUkhd Rtpl;rHyhe;J NguhrpupaH KidtH F.
fy;ahzRe;juk;> thl;lHY} gy;fiyf;fofg; NguhrpupaH Md;W}thq;F MfpNahH rpwg;Giu
Mw;Wfpd;wdH.
 Kd;djhf> ,e;j jkpo; ,iza khehl;Lf;fhd milahsk; tbtikg;Gg; Nghl;b
elj;jg;gl;ljpy;> jkpo;ehl;ilr; NrHe;j nkHypd; /g;Nshud;rpd; tbtikg;G
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lJ. mtH> jpUg;gj;J}H> J}a neQ;rf; fy;Y}upapy; gzpGupfpwhH vd;gJ
jkpofj;Jf;Fg; ngUik NrHg;gjhFk;.
ftpijg;
Ngio
mf;fiw
1. epyh> kio> fhw;W> jz;zPu; Nghd;wit Fwpj;J GJf;ftpijfisj; jpul;b> ,yf;fpa
kd;wj;jpy; gbj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
epyh kio
nfhQ;rp NgRk; epyh rlGlntd;W nga;Ak; kio
thd; flypy; NghFNj cyh… thdk; je;j mw;Gjf; nfhil…!
vd; gpQ;R neQ;ir eide;jhy; eidal;Lk; ek; cil
njhl;L njhl;L NghFNj cyh… kioapy; NghLNthk; uh[eil…!
[d;dypy; vl;bg; ghu;f;fpwha; rhuypy; tpisahl VNdh jil…
ufrpak; nrhy;yj; Jbf;fpwha;… jiyf;F NkNy tpupg;Nghk; Fil…!
Gtpapy; ahiu kioNa kioNa th… th…
Njbj; Njb miyfpwha;…! nry;y kioNa th… th…
thdj;J mKNj th… th…!!!
fhw;W jz;zPu;
tp\khfpa fhw;W epd;W tpOe;jhy; mUtp
Rthrpf;fj; jpzWk; kdpjd; gLj;Jg; glu;e;jhy; MW…!

www.nammakalvi.org
thfdg; Gif…! gha;e;J rPwpdhy; nts;sk;
- i`f;$ fpzw;wpNy cdf;Fs; mikjp…!
flypNy mlq;fhj Mu;g;gupg;G
gs;sj;ijg; ghu;j;J gha;tJk;…!
NkLfSf;Fs; mlq;fpr; nry;tJk;
ehdpyk; Nghw;Wk; ejpfsha;…!
thdj;J Gdyha;
Gtpapd; fjpaha; Mdha; ePNu…!
capu;fspd; mKjk; ePNa…!!!
ftpijg;Ngio
FWe;njhif
1. ePqf
; s; fz;l / cjtp nra;J kdk; nefpo;ej
; epfo;it tFg;giwapy; gjpT nra;f.
xUehs; mk;kh $wpa nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;fhf> fhiy 10 kzpastpy; rhiyapy;
ele;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;Njd;. mg;nghOJ ,Urf;fu thfdj;jpy; xUtu;> jd; Foe;ijAld;
nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jhu;. kpd;dy; Ntfj;jpy; te;j yhup xd;W> mtu;fis curpr; nrd;wJ.
mjdhy;> epiyf;Fiye;J Nghd je;ijAk;> Foe;ijAk; eLNuhl;by; tpOe;J tpl;ldu;.
,UtUf;Fk; jiy> if> fhy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; gyj;j fhak; Vw;gl;L> ,uj;jk; tope;J
nfhz;bUe;jJ.
ehd; Xbr;nrd;W vd; ifapy; ,Ue;j jz;zPu; ghl;biy jpwe;J> Fbf;fj; jz;zPu;
nfhLj;Njd;. mjw;Fs; kf;fs; $l;lkhff; $btpl;ldu;. $l;lj;jpy; xUtu; cldbahf
ifg;Ngrpia vLj;J> 108 mtru Cu;jpf;F miog;G tpLj;jhu;. thfdk; tpiue;J te;J
mtu;fis kUj;Jtkidf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;wJ.
rhiyapy; thfdq;fs; kpjkhd Ntfj;jpy; nrd;why;> ,J Nghd;w tpgj;Jfs;
eilngwhJ. NkYk;> mbg;gl;ltu;fSf;F jz;zPu; nfhLj;J cjtpajw;F ehd; kfpo;r;rpAk;>
kdepiwTk; milfpNwd;.
tpupthdk;
jha;ikf;F twl;rp
,y;iy!
1. fijiaj; njhlu;eJ
; vOjpj; jiyg;gpLf.
Rz;nlypfSf;F G+idahy; kpfTk; Jd;gkhd Neuk;. xt;nthU ehSk; ,uz;L> %d;W
Rz;nlypfisg; gpbj;Jj; jpd;wJ G+id. Rz;nlypfs; xd;W Nru;e;J> vd;d nra;tJ vd;W
MNyhrpj;jd. mit NkYk; NkYk; MNyhrpj;jd. Mdhy;> xU KbTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
gpwF xU rpd;d Rz;nlyp nrhd;dJ.
G+idf;F vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; nrhy;fpNwd;. G+id vg;NghJ ek;ikg; gpbf;f
tUfpwJ vd;W ekf;Fj; njuptjpy;iy. fl;lhak; ehk; mijr; nra;jhf Ntz;Lk;…
G+id ehis ek;ik jhf;f tUk;NghJ> G+idapd; ftdj;ijj; jpirj;jpUg;Gk;
tifapy;> khkprj; Jz;Lfisf; Ftpj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; mUfpy; tpisahLtJ
Nghy;> mq;Fkpq;Fk; Xb xspe;J nfhs;Nthk;. G+idf;F khkprj;ijg; ghu;j;jTld; thapy;
ckpo;ePu; Rue;J> mjid cz;z Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gk; vOk;. jd;dpiy kwe;J> G+id
cz;L nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> mjd; fhypy; rpWkzpiaf; fl;b tpLNthk;.
,dp G+id tUk; Neuj;ij> kzpNahirf; fhl;bf;nfhLj;JtpLk;. ehk; ek;ikf;
fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;Nthk; vd;wJ Rz;nlyp.
jiyg;G : xw;WikNa gyk;.
fw;fz;L
mzpapyf;fzk;
1. fPo;f;fhZk; Fwl;ghf;fspy; mike;j mzp tifiaf; fz;lwpf.
m) Cop ngaupDk; jhk;ngauhu; rhd;whz;ikf;F
Mop vdg;gL thu;.
tpil : cUtf mzp.
M) gpwu;ehzj; jf;fJ jhd;ehzh dhapd;
mwk;ehzj; jf;fJ cilj;J.
tpil : nrhy; gpd;tUepiyazp.
,) jPait jPa gaj;jyhy; jPait

jPaDk; mQ;rg; gLk;.
tpil : nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp.
2. ctikazp mike;jg; ghly; mbfis vOJf.
 mOf;fh Wilahd;fz; Mf;fk;Nghd; wpy;iy
xOf;fk; ,yhd;fz; cau;T.
 ,dpa csthf ,d;dhj $wy;
fdpapUg;gf; fha;ftu;e; jw;W.
3. fPo;f;fhZk; GJf;ftpijapy; mike;j mzpapid vOJf.
tpUl;rq;fs;
kz;zurp klf;fhkNyNa
gpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
gr;irf; Filfs;.
tpil : ctikazp
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namma kalvi 9th தமிழ் இயல் 123 புத்தக வினாக்கள்

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namma kalvi 9th தமிழ் இயல் 123 புத்தக வினாக்கள்

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Namma Kalvi

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“tho;tpd; nghUs; njupe;jhy; jhd;

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,ay; - 1 thopa epyNd

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“goikiag; Nghf;fp GJikia kyu;e;jplr;

ehs; : 12.12.2018 ,g;gbf;F>

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“NfhtpYf;F moF kzp

vd;gjw;fpzq;fg; Gytu; ghlypy; eak; kpf;fr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

“gilf;Fj; Njit Nrid

“kJiuf;F moF itif

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Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuf; fz;Lgpbf;f.

fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf.

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf.

r%fj;jpw;F vdJ gzpfs; :

2. tpisf - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

fw;git fw;wgpd;………. (ghlE}y;. gf;.8)

1. ,aw;if fhl;rp 2. tptrhak;

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2. cq;fs; gs;sp Nt&d;wpa ehs; njhlq;fp tsu;ej

gs;spapy; nray;gLk; ,af;fq;fs; :

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fw;git fw;wgpd;………. (ghlE}y;. gf;.10)

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1. twz;l epyj;ij fpsWjy;. 2. NrW epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jjy;.

3. tpij ney;kzpfis epyj;jpy; 4. ney;kzpfs; epyj;jpy; Ntu;

5. ,aw;if cuj;jhy; new;fjpu;fs; 6. ney;kzpfs; ghy; gpbj;jy;.

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9. mWtilahdtw;iw xd;whf 10. Nru;j;jf; fl;Lfisg; Nghubf;ff;

11. mWtilahd ney;kzpfisg; 12. Nghuhbj;j ney;kzpfis

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fw;git fw;wgpd;………. (ghlE}y;. gf;.14)

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 gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fu; 1908 Mk; Mz;L> ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; gRk;nghd; vd;w

2. tQ;rp kz;zhir nfhz;L murd;

3. copiQ gif kd;dupd; Nfhl;ilia

4. Jk;ig jdJ typikia ek;gp te;j gd;dpuz;L Jiwfis

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5. thif Nghu;tPuk; kl;Lky;yhky; gy;NtW

6. fhQ;rp epiyahikia czu;j;JtJ.

7. ghlhz; xUtu; ngw;w fy;tp> Gfo;> <if

fw;git fw;wgpd;………. (ghlE}y;. gf;.17)

2. gj;jpapy; ,lk; ngw;w epyk;> nghOJ> fUg;nghUs;fisg; gl;baypLf.

3. jpizia cupa epfo;Tld; nghUj;Jf :-

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4. njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wk; Gwj;jpizfisAk;> xOf;fq;fisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

5. Xtpaq;fs; czu;j;Jk; Gwj;jpizfisf; fz;lwpf.

tpil : 1. ntl;rp - gRf;$l;lq;fisf; 2. copiQ - Nfhl;ilia Kw;WifapLjy;.

3. ghlhz; - <if rpwg;gpidf; $wy;. 4. ghlhz; - Gfopidg; ghly;.

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3. gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fisj; jOtp vOjg;gl;l jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf?

3. aNrhjufhtpak; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tho;f;if newpfisj; jpUf;FwSld; xg;gpLf.

neLtpdh (ciueil - ngupahupd; rpe;jidfs;)

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2. nkhopapd; tpuy; gpbj;J elf;fg; gofpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; jd;kfDf;F eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; vOjpAs;s

Gj;jfq;fis Nerp> Gj;jfq;fis NjLfpd;w nghOJ mJ xU rpwe;j mDgtj;ij

3. tho;f;ifg;Nghupy; ntw;wpngWtjw;fhd topfisf; fKFkuk; thapyhf MrpupaH vt;thW