CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANG

J.
B.A (Hons) Special In Geography

fy;tp epiyak;
kd;dhu; - 077 3148264
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;
 E}w; Fwpg;G

E}ypd; ngau; : fhyepiy kw;Wk;

fhyepiy khw;wk;
Mrpupau; : J. nydpd;
Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2019
,uz;lhk; gjpg;G : 2020
gjpg;Ghpik : MrphpaUf;Nf
gf;fq;fs; : 56
ntspaPL : ETC fy;tp epiyak;

TITLE OF THE BOOK : climatology and climate chang

AUTHOR : J. Lenin
FIRST EDITION : 2019
2nd EDITION : 2020
PAGES : 56
PUBLISHED BY : ETC education centre
mannar

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;

 vd;Diu

fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; vDk; ,t; E}yhdJ

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju (cau;ju) tFg;gpy; Gtpapaiy
xU ghlkhff; fw;Fk; khztu;fSf;fhf Gjpa cau;ju
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaj; (2017) jOtp
vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju (cau;ju)
Gtpapay; guPl;irapy; fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;
vDk; ghlg;gFjp Kf;fpakhd xU gFjpahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g; ghlg;gFjpapy; khztu;fs;
KOikahd Nju;r;rpapidg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; ,yFthd
Kiwapy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ,g; ghlg;gug;G
gd;dpnuz;L myFfshfj; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhyepiy njhlu;ghd nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; tplag;

gug;Gf;fs; vd;gd gy tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> tiuglq;fs;
kw;Wk; epow;glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp njspT
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e; E}yhdJ fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju
(cau;ju) Gtpapay; guPl;irapy; khztu;fs; fhyepiy
njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fSf;Fj; njspthfTk;> rupahfTk;
tpilaspf;fg; ngupJk; gad;gLk; vd;gJ vdJ
ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

E}yhrpupau;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;

 nghUslf;fk;

1. thdpiy %yfq;;fs;

2. fhyepiyia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

3. nfg;gdpd; fhyepiyg;ghFghL

4. ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

5. ,yq;ifapd; ntg;gepiyAk; guk;gYk;

6. ,yq;ifapd; kiotPo;r;rp

7. ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiy tyaq;fs;

8. ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyapy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;

9. fhyepiy khw;wk;

10. fhyepiy khw;wk; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

11. fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk;

tpisTfs;

12. fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; jPtpuj;jd;ikiaf; Fiwj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;F kdpjdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba gq;fspg;Gf;fs

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;

 mj;jpahak; - 01

cs;slf;fk; -

1. thdpiy %yfq;;fs;

2. fhyepiyia
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

3. nfg;gdpd;
fhyepiyg;ghFghL

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;

 01 thdpiy %yfq;;fs;

mwpKfk;
thdpiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy vkJ ngsjpf #oypy; kpf Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fshFk;. ntg;gepiy> kiotPo;r;rp <ug;gjd;> mKf;fk;>
fhw;W Nghd;w thdpiy %yq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy; Vw;gLk;
khWghL xU gpuNjrj;jpd; thdpiy kw;Wk; fhyepiyia
jPuk
; hdpf;Fk;. ,t;thdpiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy epiyikfs;
Vw;gLtJ tspkz;lyj;jpd; fPo;g;gilahd khwd; kz;lyj;jpDs;
MFk;. fhyepiyahdJ capu;f;Nfhsk; kw;Wk; mjd; guk;giyj;
jPuk
; hdpf;Fk; gpujhd fhuzpahFk;. mNjNghy; mJ khdpl
nraw;ghLfspYk; Neubahf my;yJ kiwKfkhfj; jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jk;.

thdpiy vd;why; vd;d (Weather)

Fwpg;gpl;l Xu; ,lj;jpy; Fwpj;j xU fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
tspkz;ly epiy thdpiy vdg;gLk;. khWgLk; epiyikAila
thdpiy fhyk; kw;Wk; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g khw;wkilAk;. Fwpg;gpl;l
xU gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; thdpiy mNdfkhf mdu;j;jj;ij
Vw;gLj;jf; $ba epiy tiu khw;wkila KbAk;. thdpiy
njhlu;r;rpahd khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gLtJ tsp kz;lyj;jpd; thdpiy
%yq;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;gthFk;.

fhyepiy vd;why; vd;d (Climate)

Fwpg;gpl;l Gtpapay; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fl;gl;l tspkz;lyj;jpy; ePz;l
fhykhf epytpa thdpiy %yf;$Wfspd; ruhrhp njhFg;Ng
fhyepiy vdg;gLk;. Fiwe;jJ 30 tUl fhyg;gFjpf;Fs;
epytpa thdpiy epiyikfisj; njhFj;jwptjd; Clhff;
fhyepiy njhlu;ghd KbTfisg; ngWtu;. ,q;F kiotPo;r;rp>
ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjd;> tspaKf;fk;> fhw;W. Kfpy;fs;> #upa xsp
Nghd;w fhyepiy %yq;fspd; gFg;gha;Tj; juTfs;
njhFj;jwpag;gLk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 1

thdpiy %yq;;fs;
ntg;gepiy> kiotPo;r;rp> <ug;gjd;> mKf;fk; kw;Wk; fhw;W>
Kfpy;fs; Nghd;wdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Fwpg;gpl;l
,lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; thdpiy jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gLtjhy;
mit thdpiy %yfq;fs; (weather elements) vd
mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. thdpiy %yq;fshf gpd;tUtd
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ntg;gepiy 4. mKf;fk; kw;Wk; fhw;W
2. kiotPo;r;rp 5. Kfpy;fs;
3. <ug;gjd;

1. ntg;gepiy kw;;Wk; #upa ntspr;rk;

ntg;gepiy vd;gJ jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vd;gtw;wpYs;s
ntg;gj;jpd; msthFk;. thdpiy my;yJ fhyepiy kPJ
tspkz;ly ntg;gepiy Kf;fpak; ngWtJld; mjpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpahtJ #upa ntspr;rk; kw;Wk;
#upaf; fjpu;fshFk;. rpw;wiyf; fjpu;fshf #upadpypUe;J
ngwg;gLk; #upaf; fjpu;fs; nel;liyfshf tspf;Nfhsj;jpy;
,Ue;J njwpg;gilfpwJ. ,J Gtpj; njwpg;G vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; vjpu; njwpg;G tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s
ePuhtp> J}rp> thAf;$Wfs; kw;Wk; Kfpy;fs; %yk;
cwpQ;rg;gLtjdhy; tspkz;lyk; ntg;gkiiljy; ,lk;
ngWfpwJ. thdpiy kw;Wk; fhyepiykPJ Neubahfr;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpahf ntg;gepiy Kf;fpak;
ngWfpwJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; <ug;gjd;> kiotPo;r;rp> mKf;fk;>
fhw;Wg; Nghd;w %yf; $Wfspd; nraw;ghLfs; kPJ ntg;gepiy
jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

Gtp ntg;gg;guk;gy;
Gtp ntg;gg; guk;gy; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;Ff;Nfw;g
NtWgLk;.
1. mfyf;Nfhl;L mikT
2. fly; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhd cauk;
3. fly; jiu guk;gy;
4. Nkw;gug;G fhw;Nwhl;lk;
Nkw; $wg;gl;l ngsjpf fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;fpdhy; Gtpapd;
ntg;gepiy guk;gy; fhyk; kw;Wk; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g NtWgLk;.
ntg;gepiyapd; fpilahd kw;Wk; Fj;jhd guk;gy; Clhf
,jid tpsf;f KbAk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 2

ntg;gepiyapd; Fj;jhd guk;gy;
 ntg;gepiyapd; Fj;jhd guk;giy tspkz;ly gilfspd;
Clhd tpsf;fyhk;. tspkz;ly gilfspd; Clhd
ntg;gepiy NtWghL rpf;fyhdjhFk;.


 khwd; kz;lyj;jpy; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J gbg;gbahf

NkNy nry;yr; nry;y ntg;gepiy FiwtilfpwJ. mJ
ntg;g eOTtPjk; vdg;gLk;. ,J 1000 kPw;wUf;F 6.40C msT
vd fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 cau nry;y nry;y ntg;gepiy tPo;r;rpailAk;
jd;ikf;Nfw;g ntg;g eOTtPjk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
1. cyu; ntg;g eOT tPjk;
2. <u eOT tPjk;

cyu; ntg;g eOT tPjk; - NkNy nry;Yk; tsp gil

kz;ly gFjp tiu
Fspu;r;rpailAk; re;ju;g;gk;
tiuahd J}uk; cyu; eOT
tPjk; vdg;gLk;.
<u eOT tPjk; - gil kz;lyj;jpd; Nky;> NkYk;
ntg;gepiy Fiwtile;J
Fspuhd epiy Vw;gLkhapd; mJ
<u eOT tpjk; vdg;gLk;.
 gilkz;lyj;jpy; ,Ue;J gbg;gbahf NkNy nry;yr; nry;y
ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;fpd;wJ ,jw;F ,t; kz;lyj;jpy
fhzg;gLk; XNrhd; gil fhuzkhFk;. ,il kz;lyj;jpy;
gbg;gbahf NkNy nry;yr; nry;y ntg;gepiy
Fiwtilfpd;wJ. ntg;gkz;lyj;jpy; gbg;gbahf NkNy
nry;yr; nry;y ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;fpd;wJ ,t;thwhf
tspkz;ly gilfspy; ntg;g epiyahdJ NtWgl;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ntg;gepiyapd; Neu;khwy; : xd;iwnahd;W re;jpf;Fk; ntg;g -
Fspu; tspj; jpzpTfs; ,uz;by; ntg;g tspj; jpzpT
Fspu;tspj; jpzpit vjpu;j;J Kd;Ndhf;fp NknyoYk; kw;Wk;
NkYs;s thA ntg;gkiljyhFk;. fPoike;j Fspuhd
thAg;gilfs; ntg;gkhd tspg;gilfisj; jhz;b NkNy
nry;y Kbahikahy; tsp kz;ly Nkw;gil ntg;gepiy
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. Fspu; thAg;gilapd; Fj;jhd fpilahd
guTiff;Fj; jilahf mikAk; #oypy; mg;gpuNjrq;fspy;
ntg;gepiy cUthFk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 3

ntg;gepiyapd; fpilg;guk;gy;
fpilahd ntg;gg; guk;gypy; gpujhd NtWghLfisf; fhz
KbtJ Gtpapd; mfyf;Nfhl;L mbg;gilapyhFk;. Gtp
Nfhstbthifahy; mfyf;Nfhl;L miktpw;Nfw;g #upaf; fjpu;
gLNfhzk; kw;Wk; #upa fjpu;fspd; J}uk; NtWgLk;. ,jw;Nfw;g>
kj;jpa Nfhl;by; ,Ue;J KidT Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; NghJ
ntg;gepiy gbg;gbahf Fiwtilfpd;wJ. Gtp kPJ fly; - jiu
guk;gpAs;s tpjj;jpw;Nfw;g ntg;gepiyapd; fpilahd guk;gypy;
NtWghLfisf; fhzKbAk;. jiu kw;Wk; ePu; Nkw;gug;Gg; guk;gy;
kw;Wk; Fspu;tiljy; ,r;rkkpd;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

ntg;gepiyia mstply; ntg;gkhdp

 ntg;gepiyia mstpl ntg;gkhdp
gaz;;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ ,J ntg;gkilAk;
NghJ tpuptilAk; tifapYk; Fspu;tilAk;
NghJ RUq;Fjypd; mbg;gilapy; ,urk;
my;yJ kJrhuk; epug;gg;gl;l xLq;fpa
fz;zhbf; Fohapdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ntg;gepiyia mstpLtjw;F gpd;tUk; ,U
mstPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
[

1. guidw; - guidw; mstPl;bw;Nfw;g 320F ciwepiyAk;

2120F nfhjpepiyAk; fhzg;gLk;.
2. nrd;upfpNwl;/ - ,t; mstPlbw;Nfw;g ciwepiy 00C Mf
nry;rpa]; miktJld; nfhjpepiy 1000C MFk;.

 tspapd; ntg;gepiy vdg;gLtJ tsp ];uPtd;rd; jpiu

nfhz;bUf;Fk; ntg;gepiyahFk;. tsp
kz;lyj;jpd; ntg;gepiyia
4.8 mb

Y}tu;

mstpLk;NghJ #upadpd; njwpg;gilAk;

ntg;gf; fjpu;fs; cs;tUtijj;
jLg;gjw;fhf ntg;gkhdpia Kiwahd
ghJfhg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jp mstPL
ngwg;gLk;. ,g;ghJfhg;G ciw
];utP d;rd; jpiu (Stevenson Screen)
vdg;gLk;. mJ jiuapypUe;J 4.8 mb
(121cm) msT cauj;jpy;
g+l;lg;gLtJld; Neubahfr; #upaf;
fjpu;fs; cs;NsWtijj; jLf;Fk; ,U gilfshyhdJ.
mj;Jld; tsp vspjhf cs; Eiotjw;fhd topAk; (Y}tu;)
fhzg;gLk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 4

cr;r kw;Wk; Fiwe;j ntg;g mstPL -

xU ehspy; epytpa cau;e;j

ntg;gepiy msT kw;Wk;
Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy

cau;T ntg;gkhdp
mstpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F cr;r kw;Wk;
Fiwe;j ntg;g mstPL
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,jw;fhf

,opT ntg;gkhdp
];uPtd;rd; jpiuapDs; ,U
ntg;gkhdpfs;
itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j cr;r
kw;Wk; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy
ntg;gkhdp ntt;Ntwhf
mikag; ngw;W my;yJ
xd;whf mike;j W tbt
ntg;gkhdpahff; fhzg;gLk;.

2 mKf;fKk; fhw;Wf;fSk;
tspapd; ghuk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w Row;rp tspaKf;fk;
vdg;gLk;. tsp mKf;fj;ij mstpLtjw;F mKf;fkhdp vd;Dk;
gNuhkPw;wu; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t; mKf;fkhdp ,urg; ghukhdp
kw;Wk; jputkpy; mKf;fkhdp vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
tspaKf;fj;ij mstpl kpy;ypghu; (mb) myF
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; nghJthd tspkz;ly mKf;fk; 960 -
1040 kpy;ypghu; msitg; ngWk;. fly; kl;lj;jpd; mKf;fk;
nghJthf 1013 mb MFk;.

,urg; ghukhdp jputkpy; mKf;fkhdp

ntw;wplk;

fz;zhbf;
Foha;
76 CM

ghjurk;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 5

 tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tsp> ePuhtp Nru;f;if>
ntg;gepiy> Gtpapd; Row;rp kw;Wk; Rw;Wif> epyk;
ntg;gkiljypd; mrkepiy> ntg;g eOTtPjk; vd;gtw;wpd;
nry;thf;fpdhy; Fj;jhf - fpilahf mKf;f guk;gypy;
NtWghLfs; Vw;gLk;.
 Fj;jhd mKf;f guk;gy; - fly; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J NkNy
nry;Yk; NghJ tsp kz;ly mKf;fk; FiwAk;. mt;thW
epfo;tJ tspapd; jpzpT FiwjypdhyhFk;. cjhuzkhf
8840 kPw;wu; caukhd vntnu];l; rpfuj;jpd; mKf;fk; 300 mb
tiu FiwtilAk;.
 fpilahf mKf;f guk;gy; - jiu kw;Wk; ePu; Nkw;gug;G
ntg;gkiljy;> Fspu;tiljy; epfo;tJ mrkepiyapyhFk;.
jiu Ntfkhf ntg;gkile;J Ntfkhf Fspu;tilAk;. ePu;
Nkw;gug;G nkJthf Fspu;tile;J nkJthf ntg;gkilAk;
,jd;gb jiu kw;Wk; fly; guk;gYf;Nfw;g mKf;fj;jpd;
fpilahd guk;gypYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLk;. ,jdhy;
jiuf;fhw;W kw;Wk; flw;fhw;W nraw;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNghy;
mKf;fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; tsp mirtpw;Ff;
fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
 fhw;wpd; jpiria mstpLtjw;Ff; fhw;Wj; jpirfhl;b
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij mstpl mdpNkh
khdp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ijf; fhl;Lk;
mstPL NghNghl; msTj;jpl;lk; (Beaufort Scale) vdg;gLk;.

fhw;Wj; jpirfhl;b mdpNkh khdp

3 <ug;gjd;
 tspkz;lyj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s ePuhtpasT tspkz;ly
<ug;gjd; vdg;gLk;. Mtpahf;f MtpAapu;g;G Clhf
tspkz;lyj;jpy; ePuhtp NrUk;. tsp kz;ly <ug;gjDk;
fhyk;> ,lk; vd;gtw;wpw;Nfw;g NtWgLk;. ePiu mz;kpj;j
gpuNjrq;fSf;F Nky; fhzg;gLk; tspapy; <ug;gjd;
cau;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJld; tuz;l jiuia mz;bAs;s
tspapd; <ug;gjd; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 6

 tspkz;ly <ug;gjd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; kpf Kf;fpa
fhuzp ntg;gepiyahFk;. Fwpj;j xU tsp myF
nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba my;yJ jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;ff; $ba
ePuhtpapd; msT tsp myF nfhz;bUf;Fk; ntg;gepiy kPJ
jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
 <ug;gjid mstpl <ug;gjkhdp <ug;gjkhdp
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mJ <u Fkpo;

cyu; Fkpo; ntg;gkhdp

ntg;gkhdp kw;Wk; cyu; Fkpo; ntg;gkhdp
vDk; Nrhbahy; MdJ. <u Fkpo;

<u Fkpo; ntg;gkhdp

ntg;gkhdpapd; Fkpo; k];]pdhy; %lg;gl;L
<ukhf fhzg;gLk;. <ug;gjd; njhlu;ghd
kpfr; rupahd msT ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
,t; cgfuzk; ];Btd;rd; ciwapDs;
,lg;gl;L mstPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
 <ug;gjd; njhlu;ghd mstPL gpd;tUk; ,U
topfspy; ngwg;gLk;.
1. jdpaPug;gjd;
2. rhuPug;gjd;
jdpaPug;gjd; - Fwpj;j xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; tsp mynfhd;wpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w ePuhtpapd; mstpid mse;J $Wjy;
jdpaPug;gjd; MFk;. cjhuzkhf nghJthd ntg;gepiy 220C
MFk;NghJ 1cm ,d; <ug;gjd; 80 fpuhk; Mff; fhzg;gLk;.
rhuPug;gjd; - rhuPug;gjd; vdg;gLtJ VjhtJ xU tsp myfpy;
fhzg;gLk; ntg;gepiyapd; fPo; <u;jJ ; itj;jpUf;Fk; ePuhtpapd;
msT mt;ntg;g epiy kl;lj;jpd; fPo; mt;thA myfpdhy;
jhq;ff;$ba cr;r msT ePuhtpapd; mstpd; tPjkhff;
fhl;LtjhFk;. cjhuzk;: tsp mynfhd;W 230C
ntg;gepiyapd;NghJ nfhz;bUf;ff; $ba cr;r kl;l <ug;gjd;
120 fpuhk; vdpd; mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; jdpaPug;gjd; 90 fpuhk; vdpd;
rhuPug;gjd; MtJ>
90 x 100 = 75%
120
Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;g> mKf;fj;jpy; Fwpj;j
tspapy; cs;s ePuhtpapd;p msT
rhuPug;gjd; = × 100
mt; ntg;g> mKf;f epge;jidfspy; mNj
fztsT tspapy; epuk;gyilar; nra;a
Njitahd ePuhtpapd; msT
rhuPug;gjd; msT 100% kl;lj;jpid milAk;NghJ epuhtp
ciwepiy milAk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 7

4. Kfpy;fs;
Kfpy;fs; vd;gJ - tsp kz;lyj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s ePuhtp
ntg;gkile;J NknyOtjhy; my;yJ Fspuhd tspj; jpzpTld;
NkhJtjhy; mJ xLq;fYf;Fs;shFk;. xLq;fpa ,e;ePuhtp gdp
my;yJ ePu;j;Jspfshf tsp kz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,t; gdp
my;yJ ePu;j;Jspfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj Kfpy;fshFk;.
,j;Jzpf;ifs; 20 – 50 ikf;Nuhd;
kPw;wu; tpl;lj;ij nfhz;lit. xt;nthU Kfpw; Jzpf;iffSk;
jpz;kkhd xU nghUspd; kpfr; rpwpa ikankhd;wpidr; Rw;wp
cUthfpd;wJ. “,J xLq;fw; fU” vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,f;
fUtpd; tpl;lkhdJ 0.1 – 1.0 ikf;Nuhd; kPw;wUf;fpilapy;
fhzg;gLk;. ,f;fUf;fSf;fhd Kf;fpa %yhjhukhff; flypd;
Nkw;gug;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. miyfspypUe;J fhw;Wf;fspd; %yk;
kpfr; rpwpa gspq;FUtpyhd cg;Gf;fs; tspapy; jq;fp xLq;fw;
fUthf nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j Kfpy;fspd; tbtk; Njhw;wk;>
cauk;> mirT Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; thdpiy epyikfs;
njhlu;ghf vjpu;T $wy;fSf;F Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

Kfpy; gilia tptupf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mstPL

thdpy; Kfpy; gilia tptupf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mstPL
Xf;uh]; vdg;gLk;. xf;uh]; (Oktas) vd;gJ vl;bd; gFjpfs;
vd;gjhFk;. thdk; KOikahf Kfpy;fshy; %lg;gl;bUe;jhy;
vl;by; vl;L vdg;gLk;. Xf;uh]; 4 vd;gJ thdpy; miug;gFjp
Kfpy;fshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjhFk;.

Kfpy;fspd; tifg;ghL
Kfpy;fis Kjd;Kjypy; tifg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp Y}f; N`hthl;
vd;gtupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Kfpy;fis
tifg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Kfpy;fs; mike;Js;s cauj;jpd; jd;ik
kw;Wk; Njhw;wk; vd;gd epajpfshf> gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;Nfw;
fPwW
g>
; Kfpy;

gpujhdkhf Kfpy;fs; gpd;tUk; ehd;F tifg;gLnkd

mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. cau; Kfpy; - 20>000 - 40>000 mbf;F ,ilapyhtJ
2. eLj;ju Kfpy; - 7000 - 20>000 mbf;F ,ilapyhtJ
3. fPo; Kfpy; - 2000 mbf;F fPo; mike;j Nkw;gug;G
Kfpy;
4. Fj;jhd tsu;r;rpaile;j epr;rapf;fg;gl;l caukw;w 2000 -
30>000 mb ,ilapyike;j jpul;rpaile;j Kfpy;fs;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 8

5 gbT tPo;r;rp
gbT tPo;r;rp vd;gJ - Kfpy;fspDs; cs;slq;fpAs;s rpwpa ePuj
; ;
Jspfs; Nkd;NkYk; Nru;tjdhy; ghuk;$ba ePu; Jspfs;
cUthFk; ,t; ghuk;$ba ePuj;Jspfs; NkYk; kpjf;f Kbahj
epiyapy; fPo;Nehf;fp tPo;jy; gbT tPo;r;rp vdg;gLk;. gbT
tPo;r;rpapd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F gpd;tUk; ehd;F Kf;fpakhd
epiyikfs; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
1. fhw;wpd; Fspu;r;rp
2. xLq;fYk;> Kfpy; cUthf;fKk;
3. <ug;gjdpd; jpul;rp
4. Kfpy; Jspfspd; tsu;r;rp

gbT tPo;r;rpahdJ Vw;gLk; Kiwfs;.

1. kio 4. %L gdp
2. gdpg;nghopT 5. Myq;fl;b kio (Myp)
3. gdpj;Jspfs;
kiotPo;r;rpahdJ kj;jpa Nfhl;L tyaj;jpYk; jho;
mfyf;Nfhl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspYk; gpujhd gbT tPo;r;rpahf
miktJld;> gdp kw;Wk; %L gdp ,ilntg;g tyaj;jpd;
gpujhd gbT tPor;rpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

kio
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;ig Nehf;fp tPo;r;rpailAk; 1 – 2 mm
tpl;lKila ePu;j;JspfisNa kiotPo;r;rp vd miog;gu;.
J}wy;fs; 0.5 mm tpl;lk; nfhz;litahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kiotPo;r;rpapd; tiffs;
kiotPo;r;rpia Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfSf;fikthf kio gpd;tUk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
1. Nkw;fhTif
2. mKf;f NtWghL Nkw;fhTif kio
3. Nkw;gug;Gf; fhw;W cUthFk; tpjk;
4. tspj;jpzpT xLq;fy;
Nkw;fhTif kio
mad tay; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa kio
mfyf;Nfhl;L gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpf Nkw;fhTif
ntg;gk; fhuzkhf gfy; Neuq;fspy; tsp
mjpfstpy; ntg;gkilAk;. ,t;thW
ntg;gkilAk; ePuhtpiaf; nfhz;l tsp Mtpahf;fk;
Nkw;fhTif %yk; NkNy nrd;W xLq;fpf;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 9

Fj;jhd rpjwy; %yk; jpul;rpaile;j kio Kfpy;fshf
tsu;r;rpailfpd;wJ. khiy NtisahFk; NghJ Nkw;fhTifr;
nrad;Kiwa+lhf Kfpy;fs; cr;rkl;lk; tiu tsu;r;rpailAk;.
gfy; Ntisapy; mjpf ntg;gk; kw;Wk; khiyapy; ,b
kpd;dYld; $ba kio cUthFk;.

mKf;f NtWghL (#whtsp kio)

Gtpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l xU gpuNjrj;jpd; tsp ntg;gepiy MdJ
Fiwe;j epiyapypUe;J mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ mt;tsp
NknyOfpwJ. NknyOe;j mKf;f NtWghl;bdhy; kio
tspf;Fg; gjpyhf cau; cUthFk; tpjk;
mKf;fk; cs;s ,lq;fspy;
,Ue;J jho; mKf;fk; nfhz;l mjpf kio ngWk; gFjp
,lj;jpw;F tspapd; efu;T
,lk;ngWk;. ,t;thW gazk; fz;
nra;Ak; tsp vd;Dk; fhw;wpd;
Ntfk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJ
#lhd tsp #lhd tsp
Fiwe;j mKf;fj;jpd; mKf;f
myfpw;Fk; $ba mKf;f jho; mKf;fk;
myfpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd ntg;gkhd gFjp
NtWghl;ilf; nfhz;lhFk;.
mf;fhw;wiyfspd; Ntfk; mit fle;J tUk; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd;
,ay;G kw;Wk; fhuzpfs; kPJ kioia Vw;gLj;Jk; jd;ik
jPuk
; hdpf;fg;gLk;. nghJthf mad tya rKj;jpuq;fisaz;b
jho; mKf;f tyaq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld; mij mz;ba
jiug;gFjpapd; cau; mKf;f tyaj;jpypUe;J fhw;W kpf
Ntfkhf tPRk;. ,t;tadg; gFjp #whtsp ikak; (fz;)
vdg;gLk;; kj;jpa gFjpf;Fk; ntspg;Gwg; gFjpf;Fk; ,ilahd
gFjpapy; mjpf kio Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nkw;gug;Gf; fhw;iw mz;ba kiotPo;rr ; p (gUtf;fhw;W kio)

mfyNfhl;L mbg;gilapy; gue;j gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gLk; mKf;f
NtWghLfs; fhuzkhf cUthFk; tsp mirTfs; Nkw;gug;Gf;
fhw;W vdg;gLk;. Nkw;gug;igj; njhLtNjhL kpfj; jho;thf
nry;tjhy; ,J
Nkw;gug;Gf; fhw;W fhw;W Nknyoy;
vdg;gLk;. kj;jpa Nfhl;L
tyaj;jpd; rpy
gFjpfspy; ,it gUtf; fhw;W tPRk; jpir
fhw;W vdTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. ntg;gkhd kiyj;
rKj;jpu Nkw;gug;gpy; jil
Vw;gLfpd;w ,f;fhw;W rKj;jpuk;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 10

ePuhtpAld; xd;W Nru;e;J kio Vw;gl fhuzkhfpwJ.
,f;fhw;Wldhd kiotPo;r;rpNaw;gLtjw;F tsp NknyOtjw;Fr;
rkkhf kiyj; njhlu;fSk; mike;jpUj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

tspj;jpzpT
ntg;g tspj;jpzpTk;
Fspu;tspj;jpzpTk; xUq;Ftjhy;
gpupjsk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;
gpupjsj;jpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Fspu;tspj;jpzpT Fspu;tsp
ntg;g tspj;jpzptpw;F fPo;
nrd;W ntg;g tspj;jpzptpid ntg;g tsp
ce;jp Nknyor; nra;fpd;wJ.
,t;thW NknyOk; ntg;g tsp
xLq;fp kiog; nghopit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
kio tPo;r;rpapid mstply; - kiotPo;r;rpahdJ kiokhdp
%yk; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J nrd;wp kPw;wu; my;yJ mq;Fyk;
msTfspy; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.

6 tspapd; fl;GydhFk; jd;ik

tspkz;lyj;jpd; fl;GydhFk; jd;ik vd;gJ - tspkz;lyj;jpd;
xU ,yf;F my;yJ xspapid njspthfj; njspe;jwpaf;$ba
J}u mstpid tspkz;lyj;jpd; fl;GydhFk; jd;ik vdyhk;.
tspkz;lyj;jpd; fl;GydhFk; jd;ik jq;fpAs;s fhuzpfs; -
tspkz;ly epiyikfs; mq;F tpahgpj;jpUf;Fk; nghUs; rhu;e;j
mk;rq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; tspkz;lyj;jpd; fl;GydhFk;
jd;ikahdJ jq;fpAs;sJ. thdk; njspthfj; njupAkhf
,Ug;gpd; fl;GydhFk; jd;ikapy; gpur;rpid ,Uf;fhJ.
Kfpy;fs;> gdp> %Lgdp Mfpad tspapd; fl;GydhFk;
jd;ikia Fiwf;fpd;wd. tspkz;lyj;jpy; %Lgdp fhzg;gLk;
NghJ #upa xspapd; fl;GydhFk; jd;ikahdJ FiwtilAk;.
GtpNkw;gug;gpypUe;J
MtpahFk; ePuhdJ
xLf;fkile;J ePupd; rpW
Jspfshf Nkw;gug;gpy; 1 km 7 km
tpahgpj;jiy %Lgdp
vdyhk;. MtpahFk; ePuhdJ
ifj;njhopy;rhiyfspy;
,Ue;Jk;> tPLfspypUe;Jk; 22 km 30 km
ntspNaWk; J}rp kwWk; khRf;fSld; fye;J xLq;Ftjdhy;
gdp epiyikia ifj;njhopy; gFjpfspy; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 11

 02 fhyepiyia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
fhuzpfs;
fhyepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfshf gpd;tUtd
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
1. #upaf; fjpu;fspd; nrwpT kw;Wk; mfyf;Nfhl;bd;
mbg;gilapy; #upa fjpu;fspd; fpilg;gdT.
2. rKj;jpuk; kw;Wk; jiug; guk;gy;
3. jiuj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; kiyj;jilfSk;
4. rKj;jpu ePNuhl;lq;fs;
5. Gtp mKf;f tyaq;fs; (jho; mKf;f, cau;mKf;f
njhFjpfspd; mikT)
6. Nfhl; fhw;Wf;fspd; Rw;Nwhl;lk;.

1. #upaf; fjpu;fspd; nrwpT

Gtp Nkw;gug;G kPJ fhyepiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd
fhuzpahtJ #upaf; fjpu;fspd; nrwptpdhyhFk;. Gtpf;F
ntg;grf;jp kw;Wk; ntspr;rk; fpilg;gJ #upadhy; ntsptplg;gLk;
#upa fjpu;fs; %ykhFk;. KOr; #upaf; fjpu;fspy; 13 rjtPjk;
tsp kzlyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW thAf;fs; %yk;
cwpQ;rg;gLfpd;wJ. 36 rjtPjk; gy;NtW fhuzpfspd;
nry;thf;fhy; kPz;Lk; thd;ntspf;Fj; njwpg;gile;J
mDg;gg;gLfpd;wJ. GtpNkw;gug;G kw;Wk; ePuf
; ;Nfhsk;
ntg;gkiltJ #upa fjpu;fspd; kpFjp 51 rjtPjkhFk;.
ngwg;gLk; #upaf; fjpu;fspd; xU gFjp <u;f;fg;glhJ kPz;Lk;
tsp kz;lyj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLk;. ,t;thW Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy;
njwpg;gilAk; fjpu;fspd; tPjk; my;gpNlh vdg;gLk;. ,jd;gb
my;gpNlh vdg;gLtJ njwpg;gilAk; ,ay;G njhlu;ghd
mstPlhFk;. ,J gpuNjrj;jpd; jd;ikf;F Vw;g NtWgLk;.
my;gpNlh gdpj;jiu kPJ - 90%
ePu; kPJ - 2%
epyk; kPJ - 16% Mff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

#upaf; fjpu;fs; Clhf Vw;gLk; tsp ntg;gkiljy; fhyepiy

mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpak; ngWk; gy epfo;TfSf;F mbg;gilaha;
mikfpwJ. ntg;gepiyf;Nfw;g mKf;fk; NtWgLtjhy; tsp
mirT Vw;gLjy; kw;Wk; mjD}lhf <ug;gjd; kw;Wk; kiotPo;r;rp
Vw;gLjiy cjhuzkhff; nfhs;s KbAk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 12

mfyf;Nfhl;bd; mbg;gilapy; #upa fjpu;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
Gtp kPJ mfyf;Nfhl;L mbg;gilapy; #upa fjpu;fs; ngWk;
mstpy; NtWghL epyTfpd;wJ. mjdhy; mfyf;Nfhl;Lg;
guk;gYf;Nfw;g xd;wpy; xd;W NtWgl;l fhyepiyj; jd;ikfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Gtprha;e;jpUg;gjd; fhuzkhf
kj;jpa Nfhl;Lg; gFjpfspy;
#upa fjpu;fs; Neubahff;
fpilg;gJld; KidTg;
gFjpfSf;Fr; #upa fjpu;fs;
fpilg;gJ rha;thd
tifapyhFk;. ,jdhy; kj;jpa Nfhl;bypUe;J KidT Nehf;fpr;
nry;ifapy; ntg;gepiy gbg;gbahff; FiwAk;.
cau; mfyf;NfhLfspd; fhyepiyapy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrl
,ay;ghtJ gUt khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; #upaf;fjpu;fs;
fpilf;Fk; msT nry;thf;F nrYj;JtjpyhFk;. (mjpf #upa
fjpu; msT fpilf;Fk; Nfhil fhyKk; Fiwe;j #upa fjpu;fs;
guTk; gFjpfspy; Fspu; fhyKk; Vw;gLk;.)

2. rKj;jpuk; kw;Wk; jiuj;jpzpTg; guk;gy;

ePu; ntg;gkilAk; Kiw kw;Wk; mjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk; MdJ
epyk; ntg;gkilAk; Kiw kw;Wk; mjw;nfLf;Fk; fhy
mstpypUe;J xd;wpnyhd;W NtWgLk;. rKj;jpu ePu;
ntg;gkiltJ NkypUe;J fPohfg; gil mbg;gilapyhFk;. ePu;
ntg;gkiltjw;F mjpf ntg;g rf;jp Njitg;gLtJld;
ntg;gkiljy; kw;Wk; Fspu;tiljy; nrad;Kiwf;F mjpf
fhyk; Njitg;gLk;. epy> ePu; ntg;gkiljy; NtWghLfs;
epyk; ntg;gkiltJ
njhFjpabg;gilapyhF mjpf ntg;;g rf;jp
k;. xU njhFjpapypUe;J epyk;
,d;ndhU njhFjpf;Fg;
guTjy; Clhf epfOk;. ePu; *nkJthf
Fspu;tiljy;
,jdhy; epyk; tpiutpy; *nkJthf
ntg;gkiljYk; ntg;gkiljy;
* tpiutpy; ntg;gkiljy;
Fspu;tiljYk; Vw;gLk;. *ntg;
gil mbg;gilapy;;
gkiljy;
* tpiutpy; Fspu;tiljy;
*njhFjp mbg;gilapy;; ntg;gkiljy;
jiuapd; Rw;Wg;Gw tsp
kpf tpiutpy; ntg;gkiltJld; ePue ; piyia mz;ba tsp
ntg;gkiltJ nkJthfthFk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; fiuNahug;
gFjpfspd;> jPTfspy;> cl;gFjpfspy;> kj;jpa gFjpfspd;
fhyepiyiaj; jPuk ; hdpf;Fk gpujhd fhuzpahtJ jiuapdJk;
rKj;jpuj;jpdJk; miktplkhFk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 13

3. jiuj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; kiyj;jil

gpuNjrk; my;yJ cs;s+upd; mbg;gilapy; fhyepiyiaf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpahf jiuapd; cauk; kw;Wk;
kiyj;njhlu;fspd; mikT Mfpad Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
khwd; kz;lyj;jpy; jiuapd; cauk; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ
ntg;gepiy FiwAk;.
kiyr; rha;Tfs; Clhf
fhw;W NknyOtjhy; tsp fhw;W xJf;Fg;gFjp
Fspu;tile;J fhw;W tPRk; kio
gpuNjrj;jpw;F kio fhw;W NknyOy; fhw;W ,wf;fk;
cUthFjy; ,q;F ,lk;
ngWk;. ,jdhy; #oTs;s
gpuNjrq;fSf;Ff;
fpilf;fg;ngwhj kio
tPo;r;rp kiyr; rha;Tfspy; fhw;W tPRk; gpuNjrq;fSf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk;. kNyrpahtpd; tlNw` kw;Fg; gpuNjrk;> epA+rpyhe;jpd;
Nkw;F> ];fhl;yhe;J Nty;];> ,e;jpa cg fz;lk; m]hk;
kiyj;njhlu;> tl mnkupf;f - nwhf;fp kw;Wk; mg;gyhr;rpaid
mz;ba gpuNjrq;fs; NghyNt ,yq;ifapd; kiy ehl;il
mz;ba fhw;Wg; Nghf;fpy; mike;Js;s kiyr; rha;TfspYk;
,t;thwhd kio tPo;r;rp Vw;gLk;. kiyj;njhlupd;
kiotPo;r;rpiag; ngWfpd;w fhw;Wg;Nghf;fpw;F> vjpu;r;rha;T fhw;W
xJf;Fg;gFjp vdg;gLk;. ,t;tyaj;jpy; tuz;ljhf fhw;W
,wf;fk; Vw;gLk;.
4. rKj;jpu ePNuhl;lq;fs;
rKj;jpu ePNuhl;lk; vdg;gLtJ fhw;W kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy
khWghLfshy; fly; ePupy; Vw;gLfpd;w miyapd; ePNuhl;lkhdJ
njhlu;r;rpahd xU jpir Nehf;fp mbj;Jr; nry;yy; MFk;.
Gtpapd; mfyf;NfhL ntg;gepiy guk;gypd;gb mad tyaj;jpy;
fly; ePu; ntg;gk; mjpfkhFk;. Nkw;Gw ntg;gepiy ruhrup 150C
msthFk;. cau; mfyf;NfhLfspy; rKj;jpu ePupd; ntg;gepiy
10C - 00C msthFk;. mad tya rKj;jpuq;fspy; ,Ue;J cau;
mfyf;NfhLfspd; rKj;jpuq;fs; Nehf;fpg; gazpf;Fk; ePu; Xl;lk;
ntg;gkhd ePNuhl;lkhf miktJld; mJ nghJthf rKj;jpu
ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpidj; jOtpr; nry;Yk; cau; mfyf;Nfhl;Lr;
rKj;jpuq;fspy; ,Ue;J mad tya rKj;jpuq;fis Nehf;fpg;
gazpf;fpd;w Fspu; ePNuhl;lk; rKj;jpuj;jpd; Moj;jpy; gue;J
nry;yy; tpNrl ,ay;ghFk;. ,t; ntg;g kw;Wk; Fspuhd
ePNuhl;lq;fspd; guk;gy; kw;Wk; Row;rpg; Nghf;F Mfpad mjd;
mz;ba fz;lg; gFjpfspd; ntg;gepiy kiotPo;rr ; piag; Nghy;
nghJthd fhyepiyiaj; jPuk ; hdpg;gjpy; ngUk; nry;thf;fpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 14

cyfpd; gpujhd rKj;jpu ePNuhl;lq;fs;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 15

5. Gtp mKf;f tyaq;fs; (cau; mKf;f kw;Wk;
jhoKf;f Kiwikapd; miktplk;)
Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; gpd;tUk; ehd;F mKf;f tyaq;fs; fpof;F
Nkw;fhf gutpAs;sd
1. kj;jpa Nfhl;Lj; jhoKf;f tyak;
2. cg mda cauKf;f tyak;
3. ,ilntg;g jhoKf;f tyak;
4. KidT cauKf;f tyak;

kj;jpa Nfhl;Lj; jhoKf;f tyak;

kj;jpa Nfhl;by; ,Ue;J ,U GwKk; 50 mfyf;Nfhl;L
J}uj;jpDs; kj;jpa Nfhl;Lj; jho; mKf;f tyak;
mike;Js;sJ. ,t;tyak; mjpf ntg;gk; nfhz;ljhy; ntg;g
ePNuhl;lq;fspypUe;J tsp NknyOk;. ,t;tyak; fhw;Wr;
Row;rpf;Fl;gLk; tyak; vdg;gLk;.

cg mda cauKf;f tyak;

tlf;F kw;Wk; njw;F mfyf;NfhL 300 mz;ba cg
madtyak; cau; mKf;fk; nfhz;l tyakhFk;. ,t;tyaj;jpy;
cyu; tsp fhzg;gLfpwJ. tsp tpuptiltjhy; Kuz; #whtsp
tyakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t; tyak; tl miuf; Nfhsj;jpy tl
cg mda cauKf;f tyak; vdTk;> njd; miuf;; Nfhsj;jpy;
njd; cg mda cauKf;f tyak; vdTk; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,ilntg;g jhoKf;f tyak;

tlf;F kw;Wk; njw;F mfyf;NfhL 600 mz;b ,il ntg;g
tya jhoKf;f tyak; mike;Js;sJ. Row;rpailAk; fhw;W
kw;Wk; tsp nraw;ghl;Lld; fhzg;gLk;. tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy;
,t; tyak; tl KidT may; jhoKf;ftyak; vdTk; njd;
miuf; Nfhsj;jpy; njd; KidT may; jhoKf;ftyak; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

KidT cauKf;f tyak;

tlf;F kw;Wk; njd; Kidit mz;b KidT cau; mKf;f
tyak; mike;Js;sJ. KidT gFjpfspy; mjpf Fspupdhy;
,q;F cauKf;fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; ,t;
tyak; tl KidT cauKf;ftyak; vdTk; njd; miuf;
Nfhsj;jpy; njd; KidT cauKf;ftyak; vdTk;
ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 16

 gpujhd mKf;f tyaq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl; fhw;Wf;fs;

cauKf;f tyak;
1. Ki
; tl fpo; KidT fhw;W
tl ,ilntg;g jhoKf;f tyak;

njd; Nkiyf; fhw;W

tl cg mda cauKf;f tyak;

tl fPo; tpahghuf; fhw;W

o
5c
kj;jpa Nfhl;Lj; jhoKf;f tyak;
o
5c
njd; fPo; tpahghuf; fhw;W

njd; cg mda cauKf;f tyak;

; tl Nkiyf; fhw;W

; njd; ,ilntg;g jhoKf;f tyak;

njd; fPo; KidT fhw;W

cauKf;f tyak;

6 . Nfhl; fhw;Wf;fspd; Rw;Nwhl;lk;

Gtpapd; mKf;f tyaq;fspd; miktpw;Nfw;g
cauKf;fj;jpypUe;J jho; mKf;f tyaj;ij Nehf;fpf; fhw;W
tPRjy; epfOk;. ,f;Nfhsj;jpd; fhw;Wg;Nghf;F
jPuk
; hdpf;fg;gLtjpy; Gtpr; Row;rp mjhtJ nfhwpNahypR tpir
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; fhw;W
tyg;GwkhfTk;> njd;diuf; Nfhsj;jpy; ,lg;GwkhfTk;
jpUg;gg;gLk;. mKf;f tyaq;fSf;fpilapy; fhw;W tPRjy; kpfr;
rpf;fyhd nrad;Kiwahf epfOk;. ,jid tpsf;Ftjw;fhf
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd;gb Kf;fyf; fUJNfhs; rpwg;ghf
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 17

 nfhwpNahypR tpir
nfhwpNahypR
nfhwpNahypR tpir vd;gJ Gtp
Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ VjhtJ xU jpirapy;
efUk; xU nghUs;> Gtpapd;
#ow;rpapypUe;J Njhd;Wk; jpir jpUg;Gk;
rf;jpapdhy; mg; nghUis
tlNfhsj;jpy; tyJ gf;fkhfTk;> njd;
Nfhsj;jpy; ,lJ gf;fkhfTk; jpUg;gp
tpLk; tpirahFk;.

tspf;Nfhsj;jpd; Rw;Nwhl;lk;
tspf;Nfhsj;jpd; Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijg; gpujhdkhf %d;whfg;
ghFgLj;j KbAk;
1. Kjy; epiyr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; (nghJ Rw;Nwhl;lk;)
2. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;
3. %d;whk; epiyr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;

Kjy; epiyr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; (nghJ Rw;Nwhl;lk;)

Kjy; epiyr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; (nghJ Rw;Nwhl;lk;) vd;gJ cyfpd;
mKf;f tyaq;fis mz;b nraw;gLfpd;w fhw;Wg;Nghf;fhFk;.
,f; fhw;Wf;fs; cau; mKf;f tyaq;fspypUe;J jho; mKf;f
tyaq;fis Nehf;fp tPRfpd;wd. ,t; Kjy; epiyr;
Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; %d;W fhw;Wf;fs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
1. tpahghuf;fhw;W
2. Nkiyf; fhw;W
3. KidTf;fhw;W
tpahghuf;fhw;W
cg mad cauKf;f tyaq;fspypUe;J kj;jpa Nfhl;L
jhoKf;f tyaj;ij Nehf;fp tPRfpd;wd fhw;Wf;fs; tpahghuf;
fhw;Wf;fs; MFk;. ,it jlf;fhw;W vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; tPRk; tpahghuf; fhw;W tlfPo; tpahghuf;
fhw;W vd;Wk; njd;diuf; Nfhsjjpy; tPRk; tpahghuf; fhw;W
njd;fo
P ; tpahghuf; fhw;W vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. tlfpo;
tpahghuf; fhw;Wk; njd; fpo; tpahghuf; fhw;Wk; kj;jpa Nfhl;by;
xd;iwnahd;W re;jpg;gdty;y> ,tw;iw gy E}W iky;fs;
mfykhd epiykhW tyak; xd;W gpupf;fpd;wJ ,e;epiykhW
tyaj;jpid madg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fupa xUq;fy; tyak; (ITCZ),

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 18

 kj;jpa Nfhl;likjp tyak; vd;Nwh miog;gu;. tpahghuf;
fhw;Wf;fspd; ,ay;Gfshf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(i) tpahghuf; fhw;Wf;fs; Fjpiu mfyf;NfhLfspypUe;J
mikjp tyaq;fis Nehf;fp tPRfpd;wd.
(ii) tl Nfhsj;jpy; tyJ gf;fkhf jpUg;gg;gLtjdhy; tl
fpof;F tu;j;jf fhw;whfTk;> njd; Nfhsj;jpy; ,lJ
gf;fkhf jpUg;gg;gLtjdhy; njd; fPo; fhw;whfTk;
khw;wkilfpd;wJ.
(iii) typik kw;Wk; jpiriag; nghWj;j mstpy; kpfTk;
epwe;jukhdJ.
(iv) rpy Ntisfspy; nrwpthd mKf;f ,wf;fq;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

Nkiyf; fhw;W
cg mad cauKf;f tyaq;fspypUe;J KidT may;
jhoKf;f tyaq;fis Nehf;fp tPRk; fhw;Wf;fs; Nkiyf;
fhw;Wf;fshFk;. ,it tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; njd;Nkiyf; fhw;W
vd;Wk; njd;diuf; Nfhsj;jpy; tl Nkiyf; fhw;W vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,f; fhw;W tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy;
jiuaikg;G fhuzkhf Ntfk; FiwthfTk;> njsptw;wjhfTk;
fhzg;gLtNjhL njd; miuf; Nfhsj;jpy; Ntfk; $bajhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkiyf; fhw;Wf;fspd; ,ay;Gfisr;
RUf;fkhfg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;.

(i) Fjpiu mfyf; NfhLfspypUe;J ,ilntg;g tya

jhoKf;fq;fis Nehf;fp ,k; Nkiyf;fhw;Wf;fs; tPrfpd;wd.
(ii) tlNfhsj;jpy; tyJ gf;fj;jpw;F jpir jpUg;gg;gLtjdhy;
njd;Nkiyf; fhw;Wf;fshf khWfpd;wd. mNj Nghy; njd;
Nfhsj;jpy; ,lJ gf;fk; jpirjpUg;gg;gLtjdhy; tl
Nkiyf; fhw;Wf;fshf khWfpd;wd.
(iii) typik kw;Wk; jpiriag; nghWj;j mstpy; epiyaw;wJ.
(iv) mKf;f ,wf;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

KidTf;fhw;W
KidT cauKf;ftyaq;fspypUe;J KidT may; jhoKf;f
tyaq;fis ehb tPRk; fhw;Wf;fs; KidT fhw;Wf;fshFk;
,it tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; tlfpo; KidT fhw;W vd;Wk;
njd;diuf; Nfhsj;jpy; njd; fPo; KidT fhw;W vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. KidTf; fhw;Wf;fspd; ,ay;Gfisr;
RUf;fkhfg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 19

 (i) KidTf;fhw;Wf;fs; KidT cauKf;fj;jpypUe;J ,il
ntg;g tya jhoKf;fq;fis Nehf;fp tPRfpd;wd.
(ii) tlNfhsj;jpYk; ghu;f;f njd;Nfhsj;jpy; ,f; fhw;Wf;fs;
ed;F tpUj;jp ngw;Ws;sd.
(iii) tlNfhsj;jpy; tyJ gf;fj;jpw;F jpir jpUg;gg;gLtjdhy;
tl fpof;F KidTf; fhw;Wf;fshf khWfpd;wd. mNj
Nghy; njd; Nfhsj;jpy; ,lJ gf;fkhfj;
jpirjpUg;gg;gLtjdhy; njd; fpof;F KidTf;
fhw;Wf;fshf khWfpd;wd.
(iv) tl Nfhsj;jpy; ,f; fhw;Wf;fs; xOq;fw;witahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,uz;lhk; epiyr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;

#whtspfs; kw;Wk; Kuz; #whtspfspd; nrad;Kiw ,uz;lhk;
epiy Rw;Nwhl;lkhff; fUjg;gLk;.
#whtsp
jhoKf;fj;ij Nehf;fp fhw;Wf;fs; kpf Ntfkhf xUq;Fk; NghJ
fhw;Wf;fs; Row;rpailtjdhy; #whtsp Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ.
,J tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; fbfhu Ks;spw;F vjpuhd jpirapYk;
njd;diuf; Nfhsj;jpy; fbfhu Ks;spds; jpirapYk; RoYk;.

Kuz; #whtsp
cauKf;fj;jpypUe;J fhw;Wf;fs; tpuptilAk; NghJ mit
Row;r;rpiltjdhy; Kuz; #whtsp Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,J
tltiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; fbfhu Ks;spd; jpirapYk;; njd;diuf;
Nfhsj;jpy; fbfhu Ks;spw;F vjpuhd jpirapYk; RoYk;.

#whtspapd; cWg;Gf;fs;
G+uz tsu;rpaile;j
#whtspahdJ gpd;tUk;
%d;W gFjpfisnfhz;L
fhzg;gLk;.
1. fz;
2. Ropg;G tyak;
3. ntsp tyk;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 20

#whtsp mit Njhw;wk; ngWk; gpuNjrj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
1. madr; #whtspfs;
2. ,ilntg;gtya #whtspfs;

madr; #whtspfs;
madr; #whtspfs; mad gFjp rKj;jpuq;;fspd; Nkyhf 80 -
150 tlf;F njw;F mfyNfhLfSf;fpilapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
Mdhy; mit kj;jpa NfhLfSf;F mz;ikapy;
Njhd;Wtjpy;iy. madr; #whtspfspy; fhw;W cl;gf;fkhf
Row;rpailtNjhL kpff; fLikahd kiotPo;r;rp fhzg;gLk;
Gaypd; tp;ll
; k; 150-500 fpNyh kPw;wu; tiu fhzg;gLk; fhw;wpd;
Ntfk; kzpf;F 120-200 fpNyh kPw;wu; Mff; fhzg;gLk;. madr;
#whtspapd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gFjpahf mjd; kj;jpa fz;
gFjp tpsq;FtJld; njspthd thdKk; mikjpahd fhw;Wk;
mq;F fhzg;gLk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;ij fz; fle;J nry;Yk;
NghJ mikjp epiy fhzg;gLk;. thdk; njspthff; fhzg;gLk;.
,J fle;J nry;y miu kzp Neuk; vLf;Fk; mjd; gpd; Gay;
kpfTk; Kul;Lj;jdkhf jhf;Fk;.

madr; # whtspapd; cUthf;fk;

madr; #whtspfs; ,lj;jpw;fplk; ntt;NtW ngau;fshy;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
• mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuk;, fhPgpad;, fpof;F gRgpf; - `upf;Nfhd;
• Nkw;F mT];jpNuypag; gFjp - tpy;yp tpy;yp];
• tlgRgpf; rKj;jpuk;, rPdf;fly;, ag;ghd; fly; - ijg;G+d;
• tq;fhs tpupFlh, ,e;JrKj;jpug;gFjp, muhgpag;gFjp - #whtsp
• gpypg;igd;]; gFjpfspy; - ghfpa];
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 21
 madr; #whtspfs; Njhd;Wk; ngwk; gFjpfs;

,ilnttg;g tya #whtspfs;

,it ,ilntg;g tya Kuz; #whtspfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
KidT gFjpfspypUe;J tPRfpd;w Fspu;fhw;Wk; flff; Nfhl;Lg;
gFjpapypUe;J tPRfpd;w ntg;gf;fhw;Wf;fSk; ,ilntg;g
gFjpapy; xd;iwnahd;W re;jpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW jd;ikapy;
NtWgl;l ,uz;L fhw;wf;fSk; xd;iwnahd;W re;jpf;Fk; NghJ
Row;r;rp Vw;gl;L #whtspfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,ilntg;g tya
#whtspfspd; cUthf;fj;jpid gpd;tUk; tiuglk; %yk;
mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

,ilntg;g tya #whtspfspd; tpUj;jp epiyfs;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 22

%d;whk; epiyr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;
Kjy; epiyr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyr;
Rw;Nwhl;lj;jp;y; cl;glhj Vida fhw;W tif %d;whk; epiyr;
Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpw;F cupj;jhFk;. gpd;tUk; fhw;Wf;fs; ,k;%d;whk;
epiyr; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpw;Fl;gLk;. ,it Xuplf; fhw;Wf;fs; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLk;.
 gUtf;fhw;W
 flw;fhw;W - jiuf;fhw;W
 kiyj;njhlu; kw;Wk; gs;sj;jhf;Ff; fhw;Wf;fs;

flw;fhw;W
gfy; Ntiyfspy; epyk; tpiuthf
#lhFtjhy; epyj;jpYs;s tsp ntg;gkhd
ntg;gkile;J ghukw;wjhfp gfy; fhw;W
NknyOfpd;wJ ,jdhy; epyj;jpy; jho;
mKf;fk;
jhoKf;fk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; cau; mKf;fk;
#lhd
flyhdJ nkJthf #lhtjhy; Fspuhd fly; epyk;
fly; gFjpapy; cauKf;fk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt flypypUe;J jiug;gFjpia Nehf;fp
fhw;W tPRfp;d;wJ ,jid fly; fhw;W vd;gu;

jiuf;fhw;W
,uT Ntisfspy; fly; #lhf
,Ug;gjdhy; flypd; Nky; cs;s
tsp ntg;gkile;J NknyOfpd;wJ ,uT
cau;
,jdhy; ,q;F jhoKf;fk; mKf;fk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mNj Ntisapy; mKf;fk;
jho; Fsp;e;j fhw;W Fspuhd epyk;

epyj;jpy; cauKf;fk; #lhd fly;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; epyk;
tpiutf #lhfp tpiuthf #l;il ,oe;J tpLfpd;wJ.. flypy;
vw;gl;l jhoKf;fj;ij Nehf;fp epyj;jpYs;s
cauKf;fj;jpypUe;J Fspu;e;j fhw;Wf;fs; tPRfpd;wd ,jidNa
epyf;fhw;W vd;gu;.

kiyj;njhlu; kw;Wk; gs;sj;jhf;Ff; fhw;Wf;fs;

gfw; fhyq;fspy; kiyf;Fd;wpd; rha;Tfs; #upadhy;
ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; tspAk; vOr;rpailAk;> vOr;rpailAk;
tsp ,lk; ngaWtjw;F gjpyhf fPNo rkntspfspypUe;J NkNy
fhw;W cau;e;J nry;Yk;. ,utpw; Fd;Wr; rha;Tfs;
fjpu;tPrypdhw; Fspu;j;jd;ikiag; ngWfpd;wd. Fspuhd
mlu;j;jpahd Fd;Wr;rha;tpd; tsp> gs;sj;jhf;F gf;fkhf Fd;Wr;
rha;tpypUe;J fPNo efu;fpd;wJ ,f; fhw;Wf;fs; kiyj;njhlu;
kw;Wk; gs;sj;jhf;Ff; fhw;Wf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 23
 rpy Xuplf; fhw;Wf;fs;
 rhe;jh mdh – ntg;gkhd> tuz;l fPiof;fhw;whf njd;
fypNghu;zpag; ghiytd cl;gFjpapypUe;J gRgpf; fiuia
Nehf;fpf; fiuNahu kiyj;njhlUf;F FWf;fhf tPRfpd;wJ.
 rpZ}f; fhw;W - gRgpf;fpypUe;J fpof;F Nehf;fp nwhf;fp kiyj;
kiyj; njhliuf; fle;J tPRk; fhw;W
 fkw;wd; - rfhuhtpypUe;J #lhid Nehf;fp tpRk; fhw;W.
 Nghd; fhw;W - kj;jpajiuf; flypypUe;J my;g] ; ; kiyj;njhliuf;
fle;J tlf;Nf iwd; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy; gFjpfsp;y; tPRk;
tuz;l fhw;W. ,f;fhw;W> fhw;Wg; gf;fj;jpw;F kioiaAk; fhw;W
xJf;Fg; gf;fj;jpw;F tul;r;rpiaAk; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd
fhw;Wf;fs; ,j;jhypapy; rpwf;Nfh vdTk; vfpg;jpy; fk;rpd; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,il mad xUq;fy; tyak; (ITCZ)

,il mad xUq;fy; tyak; vd;gJ mfyf;NfhL 0 - 20
tiuahd tlf;F njw;F tyaj;jpDs; tPRfpd;w cyfpd; jho;
mKf;fk; nfhz;l tspahFk;. tl tiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; rpwg;ghfr;
#upaid Nehf;fpAs;s Nfhil fhyj;jpy; (a+d; - A+iy
khjq;fs;) ,il mad xUq;fy; tyak; Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpy; 150
- 200 mfyf;Nfhl;Lf;F ,ilg;gl;l vy;iyapy; mikAk;.
mf;fhyg;gFjpay; njd;diuf;Nfhsj;jpd; 150 - 200 ,ilg;gl;l
tyaj;jpy; ,e;J rKj;jpu tyaj;jpy; cau; mKf;fk; epyTk;.
mt; cau; mKf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; jho;
mKf;f tyaj;ij Nehf;fp fhw;W efUk;> ,f;fhw;W njd;Nky;
gUtf;fhw;W vd miof;fg;gLk; ,J ,yq;if kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpd; Clhf efu;e;J nry;Yk; fhw;whFk;.
njd;diuf;Nfhsk; #upaid Nehf;fp tUfpd;w brk;gu; - [dtup
khjq;fspy; ,il mad xUq;fy; tyak; njd;diuf;Nfhs
mfyf;NfhL 150 - 200 mstpy; mikAk;. ,t;tyaj;jpy;
Mrpahf;fz;lj;jpd; cau; mKf;f tyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,il
mad xUq;fy; tyak; Nehf;fp tPRk; tl fPo; gUtf;fhw;W vd
mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
,il mad xUq;fy; tyaj;jpd; ( ITCZ ) efu;T

a+d; - A+iy
150 - 200

brk;gu; - [dtup
150 - 200

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 24

 03 nfg;gdpd fhyepiyg;ghFghL

fhyepiyg;ghFghL mwpKfk;
fhyepiyg;ghFghl;bd; Clhfg; Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpd; gy;NtW
,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fhyepiy epiyikfis mwpe;J
nfhs;tJk; kw;Wk; mtw;iwg; ngaupLtJkhFk;. ,jw;fhfg;
nghJ epajp my;yJ epajpfs; gy gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Kjypy;
fhyepiyg;ghFgl;il Kd;itg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;jpUg;gJ
fpNuf;f ,dj;jtuhthu;. mjid Nkw;nfhz;bUg;gJ; cyfpd;
xt;nthU gpuNjrj;jpYk; epyTk; ntg;gepiy
NtWghl;bw;fikathFk;. ,q;F czug;gLk; ntg;gepiyf;fika
gpupTfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fp.gp. 384 mstpy; fpNuf;f
,dj;jtuhd mup];Nlhl;l]; ntg;gepiyia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Gtpia ntg;g> ,ilntg;g kw;Wk; Fspu; Mfpa %d;W
fhyepiy tyaq;fshf gpupj;Jf;fhl;bdhu;. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
fhyepiy ghFghl;bid Kd;itj;jtu;fSs; ];uhyu;, kpy;yu;,
Njhd;itl;, xyptu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.
nfg;gdpd; (Koppan) fhyepiyg;ghFghL
fhyepiy kw;Wk; jhtu tpQ;Qhdpahd nfg;gd;
1918 ,y; Kjd; Kiwahf Kd;itj;j
fhyepiyg;ghFghL 1948 Mz;Lk; Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jp
1953 ,y; nfa;[u; %yk; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. cyfpd;
midj;J ehLfspYk; jw;fhyj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtJ
,f;fhyepiyg; ghFghlhFk;.
nfg;gdpd; fhyepiyg;ghFghl;bw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j
epajpfs;
1. Fwpj;j gpuNjr ntg;gepiy
2. kiotPo;r;rp nghJg; ngWkhdk;;
3. B.fz;Nlhypd; jhtutpay; tifg;ghL
nfg;gd; (Koppan) fhyepiyg;ghFghL
nfg;gd; cyfpid gpujhd Ie;J fhyepiy gpupTfshf gpupj;jhu;
mt; gpujhd fhyepiy tiffs; gpd;tUkhW
1. A - madf; fhyepiy tif
2. B - cyu; fhyepiy tif
3. C - ,ilntg;gf; fhyepiy tif
4. D - Fspu;fhyepiy tif
5. E - KidTf;fhyepiy
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 25
A madf; fhyepiy tif
ruhrup 180C I tpl ntg;gk; mjpfk;> Fspu; fhyk; ,y;iy.
tUlhe;j kiotPor;rp mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJld; ,J tUlhe;j
Mtpahf;fj;ij tpl mjpfkhFk;. ,J cg gpupTfs; %d;whf
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd mit gpd;tUkhW.
1. mad <uf;f;fhyepiy (Af)
2. mad gUtf; fhw;Wf; fhyepiy (Am)
3. mad <u kw;Wk; cyu; fhyepiy (mad rtd;dh) (Aw)

1. mad <uf;f;fhyepiy (Af)

guk;gy; - njd; mnkupf;fhtpy; mNkrd; gs;sj;jhf;Fk;>
Mgpupf;fhtpy; nfhq;Nfh tbepyKk; mad <uf;f;fhyepiy (Af)
epyTk; njhlu;r;rpahd ghupa gpuNjrq;fshFk;. mad
<uf;f;fhyepiy (Af) epyTfpd;w gpuNjrq;fshf gpd;tUtd
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. mNkrd; tbepyk;
2. nfhq;Nfh tbepyk;
3. fpof;fpe;jpa jPTfs;
4. Nkw;Ff; nfhyk;gpah
5. fpof;F klf];fhu;
6. fpof;F gpNwrpy; 7 2
7. fahdh 4
1 6
5

gz;Gfs;
ntg;gepiy - ,f;fhyepiy gpuNjrk; kj;jpa Nfhl;Lf;F ,U
GwKk; mike;jpUg;gjdhy; ngw;w ntapiy mjpfstpy;
ngWfpd;wJ. cau;thd ntg;gepiy xNu rPuhfTk;>
0 0
tUlr;ruhrupahf 77 c– 80 c ,ilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mz;L
KOtJk; cau; ntg;gepiy fhzg;gLk; vy;yh khjj;jpYk;
ruhrup ntg;gepiy 180C tpl mjpfkhFk; ,q;F Fspu;fhyk;
,y;iy.
kiotPo;r;rp – ,g;gFjp ,il mad xUq;fy; tyaj;jpd; (ITCZ)
nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;bUg;gjdhy; mad fhw;Wj;jpzpTfs;
xUq;fy; kw;Wk; Nkw;fhTif vd;gtw;wpdhy; mjpf kio
ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. kiotPo;r;rp vy;yh khjq;fsp;Yk; NghJkhdjhf
,Ug;gJld;> midj;J khjq;fspYk; 30 nr.kP f;;Fk; mjpf
kiotPor;rp fpilf;fpd;wJ. Af fhyepiyapy; njspthd cyu;
gUtk; ,y;iy. kiotPo;r;rp MtpAapu;ig tpl mjpfkhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfpy; kpf mjpfkhd kio ngWk;
tyaj;jpNy Af fhyepiy cs;sJ.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 26

,aw;ifj; jhtuk; - ,q;F mad kiof;fhLfs; gpujhd
jhtuq;fshFk;> ,it nry;th]; fhLfs; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F mjpf kio kw;Wk; ntg;gk;
fhuzkhf fhLfs; kpf mlu;j;jpahfTk;> mfd;w ,iyfs;
nfhz;litahfTk;> vd;Wk; gRikahditahfTk;
fhzg;gLtNjhL ,q;F cs;s kuq;fs caukhdjhfTk;>
gUj;jjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t; mad kiof;fhLfs;
%lg;gl;l nry;th]; fhLfs;> %lg;glhj fhLfs; kw;Wk;
fiuNahuf; fhLfs; Mfpa %d;W gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

kdpj eltbf;iffs; - ,f; fhyepiyg; gpuNjrk; cyf nkhj;j

gug;gpy; 10 rjtPjj;jpidAk;> rdj;njhifapy; 5 rjtPjj;jpidAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,q;F tskw;w kz;> Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapd;ik
kw;Wk; Neha;fspd; jhf;fk; fhuzkhf rdj;njhif Fiwthf
cs;sJ. ,q;Fs;s goq;Fb kf;fs; Ntl;ilahLjy;> kPd;gpb
kw;Wk; fhl;Lj; njhopy;fspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;.

2. mad gUtf; fhw;Wf; fhyepiy (Am) / nkhd;#d;

guk;gy; - ,f; fhyepiy gpuNjrq;fs; nkhd;#d; fhw;Wf;fs;
ed;F tpUj;jpAw;W fhzg;gLk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; rpwg;ghf
tpUj;jpAw;W fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f; fhyepiy epyTk; gFjpfshf
gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ,e;jpahtpd; njd;Nkw;Fg;; gFjpfs;> fiuNahug; gFjpfs;.
2. ,yq;ifapd; <utyak;
3. epa+fpdpapd; Nkw;F Kid
4. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Nghu;zpNah jPT
5. Mgpupf;fhtpd; rpauhypNahd;> iygPupah
6. gu;khtpd; muf;fd; fiuNahuk;
7. tlf;F gpypg;igd;];

kj;jpa NfhL

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 27

gz;Gfs;
ntg;gepiy - Mz;L KOtJk; 180C tpl mjpfkhd ntg;gk;
epyTk;. Nk> A+d; khjq;fspy; cau;thd ntg;gepiyAk;> brk;gu;>
[dtup khjq;fspy; Fiwthd ntg;gepiyAk; fhzg;gLk;. xNu
rPuhd ntg;gepiy Nghf;Fif nfhz;bUf;fhJ. Af
fhyepiyapYk; ghu;f;f Fspuhd> ntg;gkhd khjq;fSf;fpilapy;
mjpf ntg;gepiy NtWghl;il nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,q;F FWfpa
Nfhil fhyk; fhzg;gLk;.

kiotPo;r;rp - ,t; fhyepiy gpuNjrq;fSf;F gpujhd

kiotPo;r;rp fpilf;Fk; Kiw gUtf;fhw;whFk;. gUtf;fhw;Wf;
fhyj;jpy; mjpf kio fpilg;gJld;> Vida fhyq;fspy;
kiotPo;r;rp rw;Wf; FiwT. ,g; gFjpapy; cyfpy; mjpfsthd
kiotPo;r;rpahd 1080 cm msT fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 1313 kpw;wu;
cauj;jpy; mike;Js;s rPuhg;G+Q;rp vd;w ,lj;jpy; gjpthfpaJ.
,q;F xU ehspy; 104 cm kiotPo;r;rp gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Mtpahf;fj;ijj; jhz;ba kiotPo;r;rp fhzg;gLk;. Mz;L
KOtJk; Nkyjpf ePu; fhzg;gLk;.

,aw;ifj; jhtuk; - ,q;F gRikahd fhLfs; mlu;j;jpahf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. <ukhd gFjpfspy; mad kiof;fhLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tuz;l vy;iyg; gFjpapy; jhtuq;fspd;
jd;ikapy; khw;wq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld; tsu;r;apAk; Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kuq;fSf;fpilapy; ,ilntspfs;
fhzg;gLtjpdhy; fPo; tsupfs; rpwpa cauj;jpw;F tsu;eJ
; s;sd.
,q;F %q;fpy;fSk;> Njf;Fk; gpujhd mk;rkhFk;.

khdpl eltbf;iffs; - ,f; fhyepiy gpuNjrq;fs; rdj;njhif

neUf;fk; cs;s ,lq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. epyj;jpw;Fk;
kdpjDf;Fkpilapy; neUf;fkhd njhlu;G ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
gapu;r;nra;if Nehf;fpy; epyk; KOtJk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUtjid fhzyhk;.

3. mad <u kw;Wk; cyu; fhyepiy (mad rtd;dh)(AW)

guk;gy;
Mgpupf;fhtpy; - Mgpupf;fhtpd; tlf;F kw;Wk; njw;F
mfyhq;Ffs; 10 - 15 f;F ,ilapy;
(ie[Pupah> vjpNahg;gpah> nfd;ah> jd;rhdpah)
 klf];fhupd; tlNkw;Ff; fiu
Mrpahtpy; - ,e;jpahtpd; nlf;fhd; gpuNjrk;
 kpad;khu;
• jha;yhe;J
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 28
mT];jpNuypahtpy; mT];jpNuypahtpd; tlf;Ff; fiuNahug;
gFjp
mnkupf;fhtpy; - fupgpad; jPT
 ntdpRntyh
 nfhyk;gpah
 fahdh
 gpNwrpy;

gz;Gfs;
ntg;gepiy - Af fhyepiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; njspthd
cyu; kw;Wk; <u gUtq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ntg;gkhd cyu;
gUtj;jpy; 350 C ntg;gepiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tl Nfhsj;jpy;
cs;s ,f;fhyepiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; khu;r;> Vg;uy; kw;Wk; Nk
khjq;fs; ntg;gkhditahfTk;> A+d;> A+iy khjq;fs;
kioiag; ngw;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tUl ntg;gepiy tPr;R 30
C – 80 C tiu fhzg;gLk;. ,q;F Fspu;fhyk; tul;rpahdJ

kiotPo;r;rp - Am kw;Wk; Af fhyepiy tiffistpl

kiotPo;r;rp FiwT. vdpDk; Mz;L KOtJk; kiotPor;rpg;
guty; fhzg;gLk;. kiotPo;r;rp 600mm I tpl FiwT tl
Nfhsj;jpy; A+d;> A+iy> Mf];l; khjq;fspy; kio
fpilf;fpd;wJ. njd; Nfhsj;jpy; brk;gu;> [dtup> ngg;utup
khjq;fspy; kiotPo;r;rp fpilf;fpd;wJ. kio fhyq;fspy; ,b>
kpd;dy;> Gay;fs; gpujhd epfo;thf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
kiotPo;r;rpapy; tUlhe;j uPjpahf jsk;gy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 29

,aw;if jhtuq;fs; - gpujhd ,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs; mad
rtd;dh fhLfshFk;. Aw fhyepiy gpuNjrq;fs; KOtJk;
kuq;fSk;> Gw;fSk; xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;J gue;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fupa jhtug; Nghu;itahdJ
kiog; gRikj; jhtuk;vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,ilapilNa
kuq;fisf; nfhz;l Gw; rkntspNa ,jd; gpujhd tifahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F kuq;fs; cau;e;J tsu;e;jitahfNth>
mlu;j;jpahditahfNth fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
khdpl eltbf;iffs; - ,t; fhyepiy gpuNjr kz;tiffs;
nrq;fgpyepwr; rptg;G> kQ;ry; kz; njhFjpfisr; rhu;e;jit.
nts;sr; rkntsp gFjpfs;> fopKfq;fspy; Gjpa tz;ly; kz;
gpuNjrq;fs; gapu;r;nra;iff;F rpwe;jitahf cs;sd. Mgpupf;fh>
njd; mnkupf;fh> tlf;F mT];jpNuypag; gFjpfspy; kpfTk;
gpd;jq;fpa goq;Fbapdu; thOk; tpUj;jpailahj gFjpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F vspikahd nghUshjhu tho;f;if
Kiwikaiaf; nfhz;l cyfpd; rpwe;j fpuhkj; Njhl;lq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

B cyu; fhyepiy tif

nghJthf kiotPo;r;rpia tpl cau; Mtpahf;fk; epfOk;. ePu;
NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. Mz;L kiotPo;rrp ruhrup 70 kp.kPw;wiu
tplf; FiwT. ,J ehd;F cg gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

C ,ilntg;gf; fhyepiy tif

Fspuhd khj;jpd; ntg;gepiy 180C I tpl Fiwthd
mstPl;ilg; ngWk;. Mdhy; 30C I tpl Fiwtjpy;iy. Nfhil
Fspu;g; gUtq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

D Fspu;fhyepiy tif
Fspu; khjj;jpd; ntg;gepiy -30C I tpl FiwT. Fspu; fhyk;
ePz;ljhFk;. epyk; rpy khjq;fs; gdpapdhy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

E KidTf; fhyepiy
gdp%bajhFk;. Nfhilfhyk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ntg;g khjj;jpd;
ntg;gepiy 100C I tplf; FiwT. KidTf; fhyepiyahdJ
Je;jpuh fhyepiy (Et), gdpf; fhyepiy (Ef) vDk; ,U cg
gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 30

 mj;jpahak; - 2

cs;slf;fk; -

1. ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyapy;
nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfs;

2. ,yq;ifapd; ntg;gepiyAk;>
guk;gYk;

3. ,yq;ifapd; kiotPo;r;rp

4. ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiy
tyaq;fs;

5. ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyapy;
fhzg;gLk; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;

 ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyapy;
01 nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; (ghjpf;Fk;)
fhuzpfs;
mwpKfk;
,yq;if rpwg;ghd fhyepiyg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l ehlhFk;.
,yq;ifapd; jdpj;Jt fhyepiy ,ay;Gfisj; jPuk ; hdpf;Fk;
fhuzpahf mfyf;NfhLfspd; miktplj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,yq;ifapd; fhyepiy NtWghLfSf;fhd gpujhd fhuzk;
Gtpr; Rw;WifahFk;. ehl;by; ,l uPjpahf epyTk; fhyepiy
NtWghLfSf;fhd gpujhd fhuzq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; jPTj;jd;ik
kw;Wk; jiuj;Njhw;w NtWghLfs; MFk;

,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;
,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jyhk;
 G+Nfhs uPjpahd fhuzpfs;
 gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd fhuzpfs;
 cs;s+u;f; fhuzpfs;

G+Nfhs uPjpahd fhuzpfs;

 mfyf;NfhLfspd; miktplk; - ,yq;ifahdJ tl
0 0
mfyf;NfhL 5 - 10 tiuapYk; kj;jpa Nfhl;Lf;F
mz;ikapYk; mike;jpUg;gjhy; jhoKf;f epiyikfspd; fPo;
fhw;Wf;fs; ntspapypUe;J tPRk;NghJ fhyepiyapy;
nry;thf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa Nfhl;L cg mad
mUtpj;jhiuapd; jhf;fk;. cau; Row;r;rp Ntfk; nfhz;l ,U
fhw;Wj;jpzpTfs; ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyia ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,il mad xUq;fy; tyaj;jpy; (ITCZ) mike;jpUj;jy; -
,yq;ifahdJ ,il mad xUq;fy; tyaj;jpd; tlf;F
njw;F efu;Tg; ghijapy; mike;Js;sJ. ITCZ tyakhdJ
[dtup khjj;jpy; kj;jpa Nfhl;Lf;Fj; njw;fpy; ,e;J rKj;jpu
tyaj;jpYk; [_d; khjj;jpy; tl ,e;jpa tyaj;jpYk;
mikAk;. ,j;jifa khw;wq;fspdhy; ehl;bDs; tPRk; fhw;wpd;
Nghf;Ffspy; khw;wk; Njhd;Wk; mj;Jld; jPtpd; mKf;fr;
ruhrupapYk; khW jd;ik Vw;gLfpd;wJ. (aho;g;ghzk;
1012mb> fhyp 1011mb)
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 31
gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd fhuzpfs;
 ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpw;F tlf;Nf mike;jpUj;jy; - ,yq;if
jPthdJ ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpw;F tlf;Nf mike;jpUg;gjhy; ePuhtp
fye;j fhw;wpd; nry;thf;Ff; fhzg;gLk;.
 ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUj;jy; -
,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUg;gjhy;
,e;jpahtpd; jhu;; kw;Wk; kj;jpa Mrpah ghiytdk;
Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J tRk; ntg;gj;Jld; $ba cyu;fhw;wpd;
nry;thf;Ff; cl;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; jiuj;Njhw;w
mk;rq;fspd; fhuzkhf tlf;fpypUe;J njw;fhf tPRk; tu;j;jf
fhw;wpd; typik Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

 tq;fhs tpupFlhTf;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUj;jy; - tq;fhs

tpupFlhTf;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUg;gjhy; ,q;F mbf;fb
jhoKf;f epiyikfs; Njhw;wk; ngWtjdhy; mJ
,yq;ifapidAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.

cs;s+u;f; fhuzpfs;
 ,yq;if jPthff; fhzg;gLjy; - ,yq;if jPthff;
fhzg;gLtjdhy; rKj;jpuj;jpd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gly;.
ehl;bd; fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J ve;jnthU ,lj;jpw;Fkhd J}uk;
120 fpNyh kPw;wiu tplf; Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjdhy;
fiuNahuj;jd;ikapd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gly;.
 fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;jhd cauk; - ,yq;ifapd;
fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J kj;jpa kiyehl;bid Nehf;fp
nry;ifapy; jiuj;Njhw;wkhdJ cau;e;J nry;fpd;wJ. vdNt
ntg;g eOT tPj;jpw;F Vw;g kj;jpa kiyehl;L gFjpfs;
ntg;gepiy FiwthdjhfTk; fiuNahu jho; epyg;gFjpfs;
ntg;gkhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 jiuj;Njhw;w NtWghLfs; - kj;jpa kiyehl;bd;
miktplkhdJ njd; Nky; gUtf;fhw;W kw;Wk; tlfPo;
gUtf;fhw;Wf;F jilahf mike;J fhw;W gf;fj;jpy;
kiotPo;r;rpapidAk; fhw;W xJf;Fg; gf;fj;jpw;F tul;r;rpiaAk;
nfhLf;fpd;wJ

 ePu; Nkw;gug;G> kz; Mfpatw;wpdJk; kiof;fhLfs;

vd;gtw;wpdJk; nry;thf;Ffs; - kzy; jd;ikahd kz; mjpf
ntg;gj;ij cWQ;rp Fiwe;j ntg;gj;ij ntspapLk;. ePu;
epiyfs; cs;s gFjpfspy; Mtpahf;fk; fhuzkhf tsp
Fspu;tile;J ntg;g epiy FiwtilAk;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 32

 02 ,yq;ifapd; ntg;gepiy

,yq;if kj;jpaf; Nfhl;Lf;F mz;ikapy; mike;Js;s ehL

vd;gjhy; ,l mikTf;F Vw;g ntg;gepiy khWgLk;. jho;
epyq;fspy; tUlhe;j ntg;gepiy 27.50C Mff; fhzg;gLk;. fly;
kl;lj;jpypUe;J cau;e;J nry;ifapy; ntg;gepiy Fiwtile;J
nry;Yk;. 1800 kPw;wu; cauj;jpy; mike;Js;s Etnuypah
efuj;jpy; tUlhe;j ruhrup ntg;gepiy 15.90C MfTs;sJ.
nghJthf ehshe;j cr;r ntg;gepiy gfy; Ntisapy; rpy
kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;Fg; gpwFk; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy #upa
cjaj;jpw;F rw;W Kd;djhfTk; epfOk;. tUlhe;j ruhrup
ntg;gepiy 10 - 50C ,ilapy; NtWgLk;. Etnuypahtpd;
Rw;Wtl;lj;jpy;; tUlj;jpy; ehd;F ehl;fs; gdpg;nghopT
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yq;ifapd; ntg;gepiyg; guk;gypy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghL

fSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
 ,e;jpa epyj;jpzpTf;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUj;jy;
 jiuAah;r;rp
 flypypUe;J J}uk;
 gUtf;fhw;wpd; nry;thf;F
,e;jpa epyj;jpzpTf;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUj;jy;
,yq;ifapd; tlf;F gFjpapy; ntg;gepiy mjpfkhfTk;>
,yq;ifapd; fpof;F, njw;F kw;Wk; njd;Nkw;F jho;epyq;fspy;
ntg;gepiy Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F
gFjpapy; ntg;gepiy mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk;
,e;jpa epyj;jpzpTf;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUg;gNj MFk;.
,yq;ifapd; kd;dhu;, aho;g;ghzk;, mDuhjGuk; Nghd;w
gFjpfSk; ,jd; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gLfpd;wd.
jiuAah;r;rp
,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpid Nehf;fpr; nry;y ntg;gepiy
Fiwtilfpd;wJ ,jw;F fhuzk; ntg;g eOT tPjkhFk;
mjhtJ jiuapd; cauj;jpw;F ntg;gepiy tpo;r;rpaile;J
nry;fpd;wJ. 447 kPw;wu; cauj;jpYs;s fz;bapy; 24.40c ck;
1882 kPw;wu; cauj;jpYs;s Etnuypahtpy; 15.40c ck; 2524 kPw;wu;
cauj;jpYs;s gPJUjhyfhiyapy; 11.50c MfTk; ntg;gepiy
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 33
flypypUe;J J}uk;
,yq;if kj;jpa Nfhl;Lf;F mz;ikapy; mike;j ehlhf
,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf ntg;gepiy mjpfstpy; ,Ug;gpDk; ehl;il
#o;e;J gue;j fly; fhzg;gLtjhy; ntg;gepiy
Fiwtilfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ehl;bd; ,ilg;gl;l rkntspg;
gpuNjrq;fSf;F flypd; nry;thf;Ff; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjdhy;
cau; ntg;gepiy epyTfpd;wJ.

gUtf;fhw;wpd; nry;thf;F
gUtf; fhw;Wf;fs; ,yq;ifapd; ntg;gepiy Fiwtiljypy;
nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd. gUtq;fSf;F Vw;g tPRk; gUtf;
fhw;Wf;fs;> #whtspf; fhw;Wf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; nry;thf;Ff;
fhuzkhfTk; ntg;gepiy kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,yq;ifapd; tUlhe;j ntg;gepiy guk;gy;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 34

 03 ,yq;ifapd; kiotPo;r;rp

,yq;iff;F kiotPo;r;rp fpilf;Fk; gpujhd topfs;

1) Nkw;fhTif kio
2) gUtf;fhw;W kio
3) #whtsp kio

Nkw;fhTif kio
,yq;if kj;jpa Nfhl;Lf;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUg;gjhy;
mjpf ntg;g epiyAk; rKj;jpu tyaj;jpy; mike;jpUg;gjhy;
mjpfsT ePuhtpiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhuzpfshy; tUlk;
KOtJk; fpilf;Fk; kio Nkw;fhTif kio vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
,Ug;gpDk; Gwj;Nj nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gUtf;fhw;W kw;Wk;
#whtsp kio fhuzkhf Nkw;fhTif kio
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;fhTif kioahdJ gpujhdkhf
gpd;tUk; ,U gUtq;fspy; fpilf;Fk;.
• KjyhtJ ,ilg;gUtk; - khu;r; - Vg;uy;
• ,uz;lhtJ ,ilg;gUtk; - xf;Nlhgu; -
etk;gu;
,t; kio fhyq;fspy; fhiy Ntisapy;
njspe;j thdk;> khiy Neuj;jpy;
Kfpy;fshy; #o;e;j epiyAk; fhzg;gl;L
,bAld; $ba fLk; kio nga;Ak;. ,uT
Ntisfspy; njspthd thdj;ij
mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,k;kio
khiy kio kw;Wk; ,b kpd;dy; kio
vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;
kiotPo;r;rpahdJ kiyr;rupthd gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpf kioAk;
fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fSf;F mij tplf; Fiwthd kio
tPo;r;rpAk; fpilf;Fk;.

gUtf;fhw;W kio
,yq;ifapy; ,U tifahd
gUtf;fhw;wpd; nry;thf;Ff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mit
jpirfspidf; nfhz;L
gpd;tUkhW ghFgLj;jg;gLk;.
1. njd; Nky; gUtf;fhw;W
2. tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;W
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 35
njd;Nky; gUtf;fhw;W
Nk Kjy; nrg;nlk;gu; tiu njd;Nky; gUtf;fhw;W %yk;
fpilf;Fk;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ,yq;iff;F tlf;Nf ,il
mad xUq;fy; tyak; (ITCZ) mikag;ngw;W ,Ug;gjhy; ,t;
jhoKf;f tyaj;ij Nehf;fp ehl;Lf;F njd;Nky; gFjpapypUe;J
fhw;W tPRfpd;wJ. ,f; fhw;W njd;Nky; gUtf;fhw;W
vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;fhw;W ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpD}lhf tPRtjhy; mjpfsT
ePuhtpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ePuhtpAldhd ,f; fhw;W kj;jpa
kiyg; gFjpfspy; Nkhjp NknyOe;J kiy ehl;bd; Nkw;Fr;
rha;T gpuNjrq;fSf;F mjpfsthd kiof; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
kj;jpa kiyg; ehl;bd; fhw;W xJf;Fg; gFjpahd fpof;Fg;
gpuNjrq;fSf;Ff; Fiwthd kio tPo;r;rpia nfhLf;fpd;wJ. ,t;
fpof;F gpuNjrq;fspy; tuz;l fhw;whf ,J tPRfpd;wJ. ,t;
tuz;l fhw;W kl;lf;fsg;G gFjpapy; fr;rhd; fhw;W vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f; fhw;wpdhy; nts;sg;ngUf;F> kz;rupT
Nghd;w mdu;j;jq;fSk; mjpfkhf epfOk;.

njd;Nky; gUtf;fhw;W kiotPo;r;rp guk;gy;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 36

tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;W
brk;gu; Kjy; ngg;utup tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,il mad
xUq;fy; tyak; (ITCZ) ,yq;iff;F njw;Nf 50 - 100
,ilapyhd njd; mfyf;NfhLfspy; mikag;ngWfpd;wJ
,jdhy; ,yq;ifapd; njw;Nf jhoKf;fk; vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;
jhoKf;fj;ij Nehf;fp ,yq;ifapd; tlfPo; gFjpapypUe;J
fhw;W tPRfpd;wJ. ,f; fhw;W tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;W vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

,f; fhw;W ehl;Lf;F tlfPo;

jpirapD}lhf fhw;W tPRfpd;wJ.
gue;j epyg;gug;gpD}lhf fhw;W
tPRtjhy; ePu; ePuhtpahf khWk;
epiy Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;
fpilf;Fk; kio tPo;r;rp
Fiwtilfpd;wJ.

ehl;bd; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fg;

gpuNjrq;fs; mjpfsthd
kiotPo;r;rpiag; ngWfpd;wd.
kiyehl;bd; tl fpof;Fr;
rha;Tg; gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpf
kiotPo;r;rp fpilf;fpd;wJ.
c-k;: ef;fps;]; kiyj;njhlu; tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;W kiotPo;r;rp guk;gy;

#whtsp kio
,yq;ifapy; etk;gu; - brk;gu;
khjq;fspy; #whtspapd; nry;thf;F
mjpfkhFk;. ,f; fhyg;gFjpapy;
tq;fhs tpupFlhtpy; Njhd;Wk; jho;
mKf;f epiyapypUe;J #whtspf; fhw;W
gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rpaile;J
,yq;ifapd; fpof;F fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J
jPtpw;Fs; te;J> tlNkw;F jpir Nehf;fpg;
gazpf;Fk;.

,t; #whtsp Vw;gLk; fhyj;jpy; ehl;bd ;

tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fs;
mjpf kio tPo;r;rpiag; ngWk;. ,r;
#whtspapd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; nts;sg;ngUf;F> epyr;rupT>
nrhj;Jf;fs; Nrjkiljy; Nghd;w gy;NtW Nrjq;fSk;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 37

,yq;ifapd; kio tPo;r;rpg; Gs;sptpguq;fs;
 ,yq;ifapd; tUlhe;j ruhrup
kiotPo;r;rp 1861 kp.kPw;wu;
MFk;. cyu; tyaq;fspy; 900
kp.kPw;wu; kiotPo;r;rpAk;> <u
tyaj;jpy; 5000 kp.kPw;wu; kio
tPo;r;rpAk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
 kj;jpa kiy ehl;bd; Nkw;F
rha;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpy; cr;r
kio tPo;r;rp msTfs; rpy
tUkhW
• khypnghl - 5330 kp.kPw;wu;
• al;bae;Njhl;il - 5259
kp.kPw;wu;
• tl;ltis - 5024 kp.kPw;wu;
 kiyehl;bd; caukhd
,lq;fspy; kiotPo;r;rp
FiwthFk;.
• c-k;: Etnuypah - 1905
kp.kPw;wu;
 fiuNahuj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;ifapy; kiotPo;r;rp
FiwtilAk;.
• c-k;: nfhOk;G 2423 kp.kPw;wu;
 kiyehl;bd; fpof;Fr; rha;Tfspy; kiotPo;r;rp rw;Wf;
FiwthfNt fpilf;fpd;wd.
• c-k;: gJis - 1762 kp.kPw;wu;
• ef;fps;]; - 3000 kp.kPw;wu;
 tuz;l gpuNjrq;fspy; tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp 1000 kp.kPw;wupYk;
FiwT.
• c-k;: ahy 927 kp.kPw;wu;> kd;dhu; - 963 kp.kPw;wu;

,yq;ifapd; kiotPo;r;rp KiwfSk;> fhyq;fSk;> msTfSk;

khu;r; - Vg;uy; Kjy; Nkw;fhTif kio 268 kp.kPw;wu;
Nk - nrg;nlk;gu; njd;Nky; gUtf;fhw;W 556 kp.kPw;wu;
xf;Nlhgu; - etk;gu; ,uz;lhtJ Nkw;fhTif 558 kp.kPw;wu;
brk;gu; - ngg;utup tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;W 479 kp.kPw;wu;
etk;gu; - brk;gu; #whtsp kio

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 38

 04 ,yq;ifapd; fhyepiy tyaq;fs;

ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; kiotPo;r;rpf;F Vw;g ,yq;ifia 5

fhyepiy tyaq;fshf gpupf;fyhk;.
1. jho;epy <utyak;
2. jho;epy cyu;tyak;
3. cau; epy <utyak;
4. cau; epy cyu; tyak;
5. miu Fiw tuy; tyak;

miu Fiw
tuy; tyak;

jho;epy cyu; tyak;

cau; cau;epy
epy cyu;
<utyak; tyak;

jho;epy <utyak; miu Fiw tuy;

tyak;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 39

jho;epy <utyak;
 ,yq;ifapd; njd;Nkw;F rkntspg; gFjpfs; ,t;tyaj;jpw;F
cupajhFk;.
 tUlhe;j ruhrup ntg;gepiy 270C MFk;. ,t;tyaj;jpy;
tUlk; G+uhfTk; #upa xsp fpilf;Fk;.
 ,t;tyaj;jpy; tUlhe;j ruhrup kiotPo;r;rp 2000
kp.kPw;wUf;Fk; mjpfk;.
 njd;Nky; gUtf;fhw;W> Nkw;fhTif %yk; mjpf kioiag;
ngWfpd;wJ.
 mjpfupj;j kiotPo;r;rp fhzg;gLtNjhL, tUlk; KOtJk;
kio fpilf;Fk;.
 jhtuq;fs; nropg;ghf tsUk;.
jho;epy cyu; tyak;
 ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F, fpof;F gFjpfspYs;s rkntspg;
gpuNjrq;fs; ,t;tyaj;Jf;F cupadthFk;.
 tUlhe;j ruhrup ntg;gepiy 300C MFk;. vdpDk; tlf;F>
fpof;F gpuNjrq;fspy; 27.50C ,Yk; $ba ntg;gepiy
fhzg;gLk;.
 gpufhrkhd #upa xsp fpilf;Fk;.
 ruhrup tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp 1250 kp.kPw;wu; - 2000 kp.kPw;wu;
,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;. tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;W kw;Wk; #whtsp
%yk; ,k; kio fpilf;fpd;wJ. (xf;Nlhgu; - [dtup)
 Nk - nrg;lk;gu; tiu tul;rpahd fhyepiy epyTk;.
 tul;rp fhyj;Jf;F <L nfhLf;ff; $ba jhtuq;fs; tsUk;.
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,t;tyaj;jpy; ghupa Fsq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;likf;fhd gpujhd fhuzk; ePiur; Nrkpj;J
itg;gjw;fhfNtahFk;.
cau;; epy <u tyak;
 kj;jpa kiyehl;by; khj;jis, fz;b, EtNuypah,
mg;Gj;jis Mfpa efuq;fis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;bd; Nkw;Fg;
gFjp ,t; tyaj;jpw;f cupajFk;.
 jho; ehl;il tplTk; ntg;gepiy FiwthFk;.
c-k;: fz;b - 200C ,w;Fk; rw;W mjpfk;.
`l;ld; Nkl;L epyk; - 200C FiwT.
Etnuypah - 15.90C tiu.
 tUlk; G+uhfTk; kio tPo;r;rp gutyhff; fpilf;Fk;.
 ruhrup tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp 3000 kp.kPw;wu; tiu fhzg;gLk;.
MdhYk; 5000 kp.kPw;wUf;F Nky; kioiag; ngWk;
gpuNjrq;fSk; ,q;F cs;sd. cjh: khypnghl, tl;ltis
 njd; Nky; gUtf;fhw;W> Nkw;fhTif %yk; mjpf kioiag;
ngWfpd;wJ.
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 40
 vd;Wk; gRikahd kiof;fhLfisf; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;Fk;. cjh: rpq;fuh[ tdk;
 nts;sg;ngUf;F> kz;rupT Nghd;w mdu;j;jq;fs; mjpfkhf
,lk;ngWk;.
 brk;gupypUe;J ngg;utup tiu tuz;l fhw;W tPRk;.

cau;epy cyu; tyak;

 kiyehl;L <utya gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;F miug;gFjp ,jw;F
cupajhFk;.
 jho; ehl;L cyu; tyaj;ij tplTk; ntg;gepiy Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; jiu cau NtWghlhFk;.
 ruhrup tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp 1500 kp.kPw;wu; - 2000 kp.kPw;wu;
tiuahFk;. ef;fpy;]; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fs; 3000 kp.kPw;wu;
kioiag; ngWfpd;wd.
 tlfPo; gUtf;fhw;wpd; %yk; mjpf kioiag; ngWfpd;wJ.
 fhw;nwhJf;F gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;sikahy; tUlj;jpy;
$Ljyhd fhyk; cyu; fhyepiyNa fhzg;gLk;.

miu Fiw tuy; tyak;

 ,yq;ifapd; tlNkw;F gFjpapy; mike;Js;s kd;dhh;
kw;Wk; mijr; #o;ej gpuNjrq;fSk; njd; fpof;F gFjpapy;
mike;Js;s mk;ghe;Njhl;il gpuNjrKk; ,t; tyaj;jpw;f
chpadthFk;.
 ruhrup tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp 1250 kp.kPw;wu;I tplf;FiwthFk;.
 Vida gpuNjrq;fis tpl ntg;gepiy rw;W mjpfk;.
 ePz;l fhy tul;rp epyTk;.
 Kfpy;fs; mw;w njspthd thdKk; $ba ntg;gKk;
fhzg;gLk;.

,yq;ifapd; fhyepiyapy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;

 capupdq;fSf;F Vw;w fhyepiy fhzg;gly; - kdpj. kpUf>
jhtuq;fspd; epiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fhyepiy
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 rpW jPthdhYk; ,l mikT fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; fhyepiy
khw;wq;fs; cyu;> <u> tuz;l jd;ikia cila fhyepiy
epyTk;.
 Kiwahd fhyepiyj; jd;ik fhzg;gLtjhy; fhyepiyf;F
Vw;g jk;ik khw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F mjpf nrytpid Vw;f
Ntz;bajpy;iy.
 fhyepiyf;F Vw;g kdpjDila gy;NtW nraw;ghLfSk;
xOq;fike;jpUf;Fk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 41

 mj;jpahak; - 03

cs;slf;fk; -
1. fhyepiy khw;wk;
tiutpsf;fzk;

2. fhyepiy khw;wk; kPJ

nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfs;

3. fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy;
Vw;gLk;
tpisTfs;

4. fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd;
jPtpuj;jd;ikiaf;
Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F
kdpjdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba
gq;fspg;Gf;fs;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;

]]]]]]]

01 fhyepiy khw;wk;

fhyepiy khw;wk; vd;gJ -

30 tUl fhyk; epyTk; thdpiy epiyikfspd; ruhrup
epiyikNa fhyepiy vdg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyepiy fhyj;jpw;F
fhyk; khw;wk; ngwf;$baJ vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
kdpjdhy; Gtpapd; ngsjpf mk;rq;fs; khw;wg;gLtjdhy;
fhyepiyAk; mjw;F xg;ghdtifapy; khw;wkile;J te;Js;sJ.
fhyepiy khw;wk; vd;gJ fhyepiy %yfq;fshd ntg;gepiy>
kiotPo;r;rp> <ug;gjd;> fhw;W> tspaKf;fk; Mfpatw;wpy; xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l %yfq;fspy; Kd;ida ruhrup
epyikfspypUe;J Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; fhyepiy khw;wk;
vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ %yfq;fspd; ruhrup epyikfspypUe;J
Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;G my;yJ FiwTgLk; jd;ikahFk;.

fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd ehLfSf;fpilapyhd rigapd;

(IPCC) 2001k; Mz;L mwpf;ifg;gb fhyepiy khw;wk; vd;gJ –
fhyepiyapd; my;yJ mjd; khww;wpwdpd; ruhrup epiyapy;
ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F (Fwpg;ghf 10 tUlq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F
Nkyhf) ePbj;jpUf;Fk; Gs;sptpgutpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w
khw;wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhyepiy khw;wkhdJ ,aw;ifahf Vw;gLk; cs;sf
nrad;Kiwfshy;> my;yJ ntspg;Gw tpirfshy;> my;yJ
tspkz;ly ,izg;ghf;fj;jpy;> my;yJ epyg;gad;gghl;by;
njhlu;e;J Vw;gLk; khdplQ;rhu; khw;wq;fspdhy; vw;gLtjhFk;.

 fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd ehLfSf;fpilapyhd

rigapd; (Inter-gov ernmental Panel on Climate Change)
2007Mk; Mz;L mwpf;ifapd; gb tsp kz;ly
ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wik
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 GtpNkw;gug;gpd; ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;j fhyg; gFjpahf
1992 - 2006 tiuahd fhyg;gFjp fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
1906 njhlf;fk; 2005 Mk; MzL tiu 100 MzL;
fhyj;jpw;Fs; ntg;gepiy 0.74 ghif nry;rparpdhy;
mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
]]]]]]

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 42

 02 fhyepiy khw;wk; kPJ nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

fhyepiy khw;wk; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

fhyepiy khw;wk; kPJ fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; kPJ

nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
,aw;iff; fhuzpfs; khdplf; fhuzpfs;
1. #upag; Gs;spfs; 1. capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUl;
2. vupkiyfspd; ntbg;Gf;fs; fspd; gad;ghL
3. rKj;jpu Nkw;gug;G ntg;g 2. ifj;njhopyhf;fk;
epiy NtWghLfs; 3. tptrhak;
4. vy;epNdh> yhepdh 4. fhy;eil tsu;gG
;
5. fhlopg;G

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhd ngsjpfr;

nrad;Kiwfs;
1. #upag; Gs;spfs;
2. vupkiyfspd; ntbg;G
3. rKj;jpu Nkw;gugG; ntgg; epiy NtWghLfs;
4. vy;epNdh> yhepdh

1. #upaf; fUk;Gs;sp
tspf;Nfhsj;njhFjp ntg;gkiltJ #upadpd; fjpu;tPry;
%ykhFk;. ,e;epiy
ngUk;ghYk; khw;wkiltJ
#upadpd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; ntbg;Gfs;
fhuzkhfNt MFk;.
,t;ntbg;Gfs;> #upadpd;
cs;Ns epfOk; mfr;
nraw;ghl;bd; tpisthFk;.
,t;thwhd ntbg;Gfspdhy;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 43

#upadpy; ghupa jPr;Rthiyfs; cUthFk;. jPr;Rthiyfs;
cUthtjdhy; mit moptila 11 MzLfs; NjitahFk;
vd Ma;Tfs; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;ntbg;G epfOk;
,lq;fs; fU epwkhf Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. ,it #upaf;
fUk;Gs;spfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. njhlu;r;rpahfr; #upaf;
fUk;Gs;spfs; Vw;gLtjdhy; Gtp ngWk; ntg;g j;jpd; msTk;
khw;wkilfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ngWk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT
tspf;Nfhsj;jpdhy; cWQ;rg;gLtjpdhy; ntg;gepiy
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf tul;rp Vw;gly;>
ghiytdkhjy;> jhtu tsu;r;rp ghjpg;g iljy;> fhl;Lj; jP Mfpa
epfo;Tfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.

2. vupkiy
vupkiy nraw;ghLfs; %yKk; Gtpapd; tspf;Nfhsk;
ntg;gkilfpd;wJ. Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; ntbg;Gf;fs;>
Jisfs;> gpsTfs; Nghd;w
gytPdkhd gFjpfspd; Clhf
Gtpapd; cl;gFjpapy; cs;s
kf;kh GtpNahl;bd;
ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fp te;J
Fspu;r;rpailAk;NghJ
mjpfkhd ntg;gk;
tspf;Nfhsj;jpw;Fs;
ntsptplg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;
rhk;gy;> Gif> J}R Mfpa
nghUl;fSk; mjpfstpy; tspf;Nfhsj;jpw;Fs; Nru;fpd;wd. ,jd;
fhuzkhf fhw;wpd; Nghf;fpy; khw;wq;fs;> mjpf ntg;gepiy
kw;Wk; mjpfkhd kiotPo;r;rp Mfpa epfo;Tfs; ,lk;ngWk;.

3. rKj;jpu Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiyapy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gly;

tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfupj;j ntg;g epiyia fly;
ePu; cWQ;RtjD}lhf mjd; ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;J ,Wf;fk;
Fiwtile;J fdtsT mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j rKj;jpu ePu;
CLUtypdhy; Gtpapd; fiuNahug; gFjp khw;wkilfpd;wJ vd
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf> Nfhil fhyj;jpy; gRgpf;
fiuNahu ntg;gg; gFjpfspy; jho; mKf;fKk; Fspu;e;j rKj;jpu
gFjpfspy; cau; mKf;fKk; fhzg;gLtjdhy; njhlu;r;rpahdJk;
NtfkhdJkhd fhw;W tPRfpwJ. rKj;jpu Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy
khw;wkiltjpdhy; ntg;g kw;Wk; Fspu; ePNuhl;lq;fspd; Nghf;F
khw;wkiljy;> fhw;wpd; Nghf;Ffs; khw;wkiljy;> Gay;fs;
Vw;gLjy;> jho;epyq;fs; %o;Fjy;> fz;ly; jhtuq;fs;
moptiljy;> fly; ePu; CLUTjy; Mfpa gy epfo;Tfs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 44
4. vy;epNdh (El - nino)
fly; Nkw;gug;gpy; epyTk; ntg;gepiyg; Nghf;fpd; tpNrl jd;ik
fhuzkhf vy;epNdh Vw;gLfpd;wJ. NgU kw;Wk; <f;FtNlhu;
FbauRfspd; gRgpf; rKj;jpu ePupd; ntg;gepiy mjpfkhjyhy;
tspaKf;fk; kw;Wk; fhw;wpd; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
vy;epNdh Vw;glf; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,e;epiyikapd;NghJ gRgpf;
rKj;jpuj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; 3 – 5 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw mjpf
ntg;gepiyAld; $ba ePu; Nkw;gug;n ; ghd;W cUthfp mJ
XuhzL; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fhyk; KOtJk;
epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. ,e;epiy nghJthf ej;jhu; fhyg;gFjpapy;
epyTtjdhy; Foe;ij ,NaR vDk; nghUSld; “vy;epNdh” vd
miof;fgg; Lfpd;wJ. vy;epNdh fhuzkhf Gtp kPJ
kiwKfkhd fhyepiy epiyik Vw;gl;L G+Nfhs ntg;gkhf;fk;
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.

vy;epNdh jhf;fk; ,lk;ngWk; gpuNjrk;

vy;epNdhthy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; (fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;)

1. fLk; kiotPo;r;rp kw;Wk; nts;sk;
2. tul;rp> fhl;Lj; jP
3. gdpg;Gay;
4. #whtsp

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 45

5. yh epdh (La-nina)
vy; epNdh epiyik epiwtiljYld; yh epdh epiyik
cUthfpd;wJ. ];ghdpa nkhopapy; yh epdh vd;gJ “rpwpa
ngz; Foe;ij” vd;gjhFk;. vy; epNdhtpdhy; mjpf ntg;gk;
cUthd gFjpfspy; yh epdh epiyikapdhy; Fspu;e;j #oy;
cUthfpd;wJ. njd;Nkw;Fg; gRgpf; rKj;jpu gFjpfspy;
mrhjhuz Fspu; ePu; Nkw;gug;G cUntLf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf>
1998 [{d; khjk; gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpd; fpof;F ePu;g;gug;G jpBnud
Fspu;r;rpaile;J tsp mKf;fk; mjpfupj;J ePu; miyfspd;
Ntfk; khw;wkile;jJ.

fhyepiy khw;wq;fspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;

khdplf; fhuzpfs;

1. capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUl;fspd; gad;ghL

2. ifj;njhopyhf;fk;
3. tptrhak;
4. fhy;eil tsu;gG ;
5. fhlopg;G
6. Nkhrkhd thAf;fspd; ntspNaw;wk;

tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; Nru;f;if

280ppm (xU kpy;ypadpy; cs;s $Wfspd; msT) 2017Mk;
Mz;lstpy; 440ppm I tpl mjpfkhfpAs;sJ. ,J
gr;irtPl;L tpisTf;Ff; fhuzkhfpAs;sJ.

1. capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdk;

kj;jpa Nfhl;L kiof;fhLfspd; jhtuq;fs; cf;Ftjpdhy;
capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; cUthfpd;wJ. mt;Tapu;r;Rtl;L
vupnghUs;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; epyf;fup> ngw;Nwhypak; kw;Wk;
,aw;if thA vd gythW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. 1800Mk;
Mz;lstpy; ,Ue;J 200 MzLfSf;F Nkyhf ,it
cf;Ftjdhy; tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; CO2 ,d; msT Vwj;jho 30%
mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,jwF; Kjd;ikahd tifapy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;JtJ ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwfspd;
nraw;ghLfshFk;.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 46

2. ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fk;
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;F VJthFk; gpujhd nraw;ghlhf khdpl
eltbf;ifahd ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fj;jpid milahsk;
fhzKbAk;. ifj;njhopy; eltbf;ifapd;NghJ capu;r;Rtl;L
vupnghUs; tYr;rf;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F
gr;irtPlL; thAf;fs; gy tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; ,izfpd;wd.
mtw;Ws; iew;u]; xf;irl; (N2O)
kPNjd; (CH4)> XNrhd; (O3)>
i`l;Nuh GNshNuh fhgd;
(HFCs)> ry;gu; n`f;ry;Ngl;
(SF6)> gu;GNshNuh fhgd; (PFCs)
gpujhdkhditahFk;. gr;irtPl;L
thA mjpfupg;gpy; 19%
gq;fspg;gpid ifj;njhopNy nra;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd mjpf
gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpapUg;gJ ifj;njhopy; ehLfshFk;.

3. tptrhak;
Gtpapy; 40% - 50% tiuapyhd gpuNjrq;fspy; tptrha
epyq;fs; guk;gpAs;sd. tptrha eltbf;iffspd; NghJ
gpd;tUk; re;ju;gq;fspd; NghJ gr;ir tPl;L thAf;fshd
fhgdPnuhl;irl;> kPNjd;> iew;u]; xf;irl; Mfpa thAf;fs;
ntsptplg;gLfpd;wd.
 kz;izj; jahu;gLj;Jk;NghJ ntsptplg;gLfpd;w Nrjdg;
nghUl;fs;.
 new;gapu;r; nra;if epyq;fspy; ,Ue;J kPNjd; thA
ntspg;gly;.
 kz;zpw;F ,lg;gLk; iejurd; fye;j grisfspd; ghtid
 ,urhadg; gris cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ.
tptrha nraw;ghLfspdhy; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;w iew;u];
xf;irl; thAtpd; MAl;fhyk; Vwj;jho 150 Mz;Lfs;
vd;gjdhy; G+Nfhs ntg;gkiljypy; ,J ghupa gq;fspg;gpidr;
nra;fpd;wJ.

4. fhy;eil tsu;g;G
fhy;eil tsu;g;G eltbf;iffSk; gr;irtPl;L tpistpd;
Clhff; fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;F VJthfpd;wJ. fhy;eilfspd;
kyk;> ryk;> ,iukPlF
; k; czTfs; vd;gdTk; kPNjd; thA
cUthtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. fhy;eil tsu;g;G
eltbf;iffs; mjpfstpy; ,lk;ngWtJ ,ilntg;g tya
ehLfspyhFk;.
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 47
5. fhlopg;G
fhlopg;Gk; fhyepiy khw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd
fhuzpahFk;> fhlopg;Gk; capu;f;$Wfs; vupf;fg;gLjYk;
gr;irtPlL
; tpistpw;Fg; ngupJk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
jw;Nghja fzpg;gPlb
; d;gb xU Vf;fu; fhl;bDs; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;w
fhgd; msT Vwj;jho 100 njhd;fs; MFk;. fhlopg;Gf;
fhuzkhf tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; cs;s fhgdPnuhl;irl;
cWQ;RjYf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; fhyk; Fiwtilfpd;wJ.

gr;irtPl;L tpisT
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd
fhuzpahf tspkz;ly ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;jiy vLj;Jf;fhl;;
KbAk;. mjw;Fg; gr;irtPlL ; tpisT fhuzkhfpd;wJ. gr;irtl;L
tpisT Xu; ,aw;ifahd nrad;KiwahFk.; mJ GtpNkw;gug;Gk;
tspkz;lyKk; ntg;gkila cjTfpd;wJ. capu;fspd;
epiyg;gpw;fhd ctg;ghd #oy; cUthtjw;F ,aw;ifahf
epfOk; gr;irtPlL ; tpisT Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jD}lhf
Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpd; ruhrup ntgg; epiyia 15 ghif nry;rpa];
mstpy; Ngz KbAk;. ,g; gr;irtPl;L tpisT ,lk; ngwhtpbd;
Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpd; ntg;gepiy 18 ghif nry;rpa]hff;
fhzg;gLk;.

gr;irtPl;L tpisT vd;gJ –

#upadpypUe;J rpw;wiy tbtpy; tUk; fjpu;fs; nel;liy
fjpu;fshf tspkz;lyj;jpw;F nrd;wilfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Gtpapd;
ntg;gepiy rkepiyahdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Gtpapdhy;
ntsptPrg;gLk; nel;liyf; fjpu;fs; tspkz;lyj;ij Nehf;fp
njwpg;gilAk;NghJ fhgdPnuhl;irl; (Co2)> kPNjd; (CH4)>
iew;u]; xr;irl; (N2O)> FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; (CFC)>
XNrhd; (O3) Mfpa thAf;fspdhy; cwpQ;rg;gl;L kPz;Lk; Gtpia
Nehf;fp tPrg;gLk;. ,r;nraw;ghL ,iltplhJ epfo;tjdhy; Gtp
mjpfstpy; ntg;gkilfpd;wJ. ,t; epiyik gr;ir tPlL ;
tpisT vdgg;gLfpd;wJ.
1750 Mk; Mz;lstpy; Muk;gpj;j ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapdhy;
Vw;gl;l Kiwaw;w khdpl eltbf;iffs; NeubahfTk;
kiwKfkhfTk; tspf;Nfhsj;jpd; kPJ vy;iyaw;w tifapy;
gr;irtPl;L thAf;fis ntspapl;ljdhy; G+Nfhs ntg;gkiljy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jd;fhuzkhf G+Nfhs ntg;gepiy khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sd. fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz %yk; gr;irtPl;L
thAf;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 48
tspf;Nfhsj;jpy; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fspd; mstpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
khw;wq;fs;

G+Nfhs gr;irtPl;L thAit ntspapLk; Jiwfs;

G+Nfhs gr;irtPlL ; thAit ntspapLk; gpujhd Jiwfshf
tpsq;FtJ> rf;jptY Jiw (26%)> ifj;njhopy; (19%)> kw;Wk;
fhlopgG; (17%) MFk;. mNjNghy; tptrhak; (14%)>
Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw (13%) MfpadTk; gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wd.
,jid gpd;tUk; tiuglj;jpd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;

G+Nfhs gr;irtPl;L thAit ntspapLk; Jiwfs;

Vidait – 11%

tYrf;jp 26%
Nghf;Ftuj;J – 13%

tptrhak; – 14% ifj;njhopy;– 19%

; – 17%
fhlopg;G

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 49

 fhyepiy khw;wr; nrad;Kiw

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 50

 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk;
03 tpisTfs;

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;

khdplr;
#oypy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; nraw;ghLfspd; kPJ
Vw;gLj;Jk; nry;thf;F

1. Gtp ntg;gkhjy; (21Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; Gtpntg;gk; 1.1 1. tptrhak;
nry;rparpypUe;J 6.4 tiu
mjpfupj;jy;.) 2. tho;tplk;

2. fly; ePu;kl;lk; mjpfupj;jy; (18 - 3. ifj;njhopy;

59 nr.kP. tiu)
4. Rfhjhuk;
3. mbf;fb ntg;gk; mjpfupj;j
fhyq;fSk; fLk; kiotPo;r;rpAk;
Vw;gly;.
4. ,ww;if mdu;j;jq;fs; (tul;rp>
#whtsp> nts;sk;)

gpd;tUk; kdpj eltbf;iffspd; kPJ fhyepiy

khw;wk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
1. tptrhak;
2. tho;tplk;
3. ifj;njhopy;
4. Rfhjhuk;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 51

1. tptrhak;
 fhyepiy khw;wk; tptrhaj;jpd; kPJ Neubahfr; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. kiotPo;r;rpf; Nfhyk; khWgLtjd; %yk; ,J
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
 fhyepiy khw;wj;jhy; Neha;fs; kw;Wk; gPilfs;
mjpfupf;fpd;wd.
 jhtuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngWk; gad; FiwtiltJld;> fhyk;
jho;j;jpa mWtilfSk; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
 tul;rp epiyik fhuzkhf kz;zpd; mkpyj;jd;ik
cau;tile;J tpisepyq;fs; gapu;r;nra;iff;F ctg;gw;wjhf
khWfpd;wd.
 fly; ePu;kl;lk; cau;tiljy; fhuzkhf fiuNahu
tpisepyq;fs; gapuplKbahj epiyia milfpd;wd.
 tptrha mWtil
Fiwtiljy; fhuzkhf
tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;
tPo;r;rpailaf;$Lk;.
mj;Jld; czTg;
ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd
gpur;rpidfs; cUthFk;.
 ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspd;
mjpfupg;gpdhy; gapu; epyq;fs; moptilAk;.
 rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; mWtil ngwf;$ba fhyk; ePl;rpaile;J
,yhgfukhd epiyikfSk; cUthf KbAk;.

2. ifj;njhopy;
 gr;irtPlL ; thAtpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cyfpd;
gy;NtW ehLfs; fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd G+Nfhs
cld;gbf;iffspy; ifnahg;gk; ,Ltjpdhy; ifj;njhopypy;
gpd;dilT Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;gg
; q;fs;
mjpfupg;gjdhy; ifj;njhopy; epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpfs;
moptilfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; : [g;ghdpy; Vw;gl;l Rdhkp epiyik.
ijG+d; #whtspapd; ghjpg;G
 ePu;g;gw;whf;Fiwf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLtJld; ifj;njhopy;
NjitfSf;fhd ePu; tiuaWf;fg;gLk;.
 kPd;gpbg; gpuNjrq;fspd; guty; kw;Wk; kPd;fspd; thoplk; kPJ
Vw;gLk; jhf;fk;
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 52
3. thoplk;
 G+Nfhs ntg;gkiljy; fhuzkhf rKj;jpu ePu;kl;lk;
mjpfupg;gjdhy; fiuNahu thoplq;fs; moptilfpd;wd. cyf
rdj;njhifapy; Vwj;jho 50% khNdhu; flw;fiuapy; ,Ue;J
60 fp.kP. J}uj;jpw;Fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. cyf efuq;fspy;
Vwj;jho 3/4 msT fiuNahuj;jpy; mike;Js;sd.
 Gtp ntg;gkiljy; mjpfupg;gjd; fhuzkhf #oy; ntg;gepiy
mjpfupj;jYk; thoplq;fspDs; tpNrlkhf efu;g;gFjpfspy;
njhlu;khb tPLfspy; tho;tJ fbdkhfpAs;sJ.
 tYr;rf;jpg; ghtidapdhy; tPLfspDs; tho;jy;
,yFthf;fg;gLtjpdhy; tYr;rf;jpg; gad;ghL mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
 thoplq;fs; mikg;gjw;fhd nryTfs; mjpfupj;jy;.
 ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fspdhy;
thoplq;fSf;F
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;
mjpfupj;jy;. tul;rp
kw;Wk;
nts;sg;ngUf;F
Mfpa ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fspdhy;
thoplq;fSf;F
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;. kiwKfkhd thdpiy epiyikfshy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs;. cjhuzk;: #whtsp> Gay;fs; vd;gd.

4. Rfhjhuk;
 Neha;f;fhtpfshy; gug;gg;gLk; Neha;fs; mjpfupj;jy;.
cjhuzk; : nlq;F> kNyupah> ahidf;fhy; Nghd;w Neha;fs;
 mjpf ntg;gk; kw;Wk; Fspu; epiyfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tsp
khrilthy; ,Uja Neha;fs; my;yJ Njhy; Gw;W Neha;fs;
mjpfupj;jy;.
 fhyepiy khw;wk;
cw;gj;jpfSf;Fg;
ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jp czT
kw;Wk; Nghriz kl;lk;
Fiwtiljy; Clhf
FiwNghriz Mfpa
FiwghLfs; rhu;e;j
Neha;fs; tpUj;jpailAk;.
 #oy; ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gjdhy; Rthrk; njhlu;ghd
Neha;fSk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 53
 fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; jPtpuj;jd;ikiaf;
04 Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F kdpjdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba gq;fspg;Gf;fs;
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; rhjfkw;w jhf;fq;fis
,optsthf;Ftjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs;
1. kpif Efu;tpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
2. fhgd; ntspNaw;wj;jpid ,optsthf;Fjy;
3. Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
gupe;Jiufis Vw;W elj;jy;.

1. kpjkpQ;rpa ghtidiaf; Fiwj;jy;

kdpjd; rpf;fyhd NjitfSld; gy;nghUs; gad;ghl;bw;Fg;
gof;fg;gl;Ls;shd;. rpwg;ghf tsu;r;rpaile;j ehLfspy; ,e;epiy
tpNrlkhfpAs;sJ. mbg;gilj; Njitfshff; fUjg;gLk; ePu;>
czT> Milazpfs;> thoplq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F mjpf Nfs;tp
fhzg;gLtJld; kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
cgfuzq;fSf;fhd gupkhw;WClfr; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy; mjpf
Nfs;tp fhzg;gly;. ,jdhy; #oypd;; tsq;fs; mjpf
gad;ghl;bw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzk; : ePu>; kz;> fdpa
tsk;> tsp> fhLfs; vd;gd mjpf Efu;Tf;F cl;gl;Ls;sd.
,jdhy; capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; ghtidia tiuaWf;f
Ntz;Lk;. fhLfisg; Ngz;jF tifapy; gad;gLj;jy;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. tpidj;jpwdhd tsg;gad;ghl;bd; Clhf
kpjkpQ;rpa ghtidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.

2. fhgd; ntspNaw;wj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;

 fhLfisg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; kPs;fhlhf;fj;jpd; %yk;
Gtpapd; fhl;L tsj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. gr;irtPl;L
thAf;fis cWQ;rf;$ba rf;jptha;e;j ,aw;if Clfk;
fhLfshFk;.
 Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdkhdJ fhgd; ntspNaw;wj;jpw;F
Kf;fpa fhuzp vd;gjhy; mjd; jfdj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 tYr;rf;jpg; ghtidapd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupj;jy;>
tYr;rf;jpg; ghtidiaf; Fiwj;jy;> khw;W tYr;rf;jpfs; kPJ
ftdQ; nrYj;jy;> fhy;eil tsu;g;gpidf;fl;Lg;gLj;jy;>
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupj;jy;> fopT
Kfhikj;Jtk;> vspikahd nghwpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;>
vspikahd tho;f;if Kiwapidg; Ngzy; Nghd;wd %yk;
fhgd; ntspNaw;wj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 54
3. Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjrf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
xg;ge;jq;fSf;F ,irthf;fk; ngwy;

 If;fpa ehLfspd; fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd

jpl;lkplg;gl;l cld;gbf;iff;F Vw;gr; nraw;gLjy; (1992
upNah xg;ge;jk;)
 If;fpa ehLfspd; fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghf jpl;lkplg;gl;l
xg;ge;jq;f
; isg; G+Nfhs uPjpapy; cupa Kiwapy;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;luPjpahd fpNahl;Nlh khehl;il
cUthf;FjYk; mjw;F ,irthf;fk; ngWjYk;.
 fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd ghup]; COP21 (Conference of
Paris) kw;Wk; ghup]; cld;gbf;iff;F Vw;g eltbf;if
Nkw;nfhs;sy;. ,jw;F 55 ehLfs; ifnahg;gk; ,l;Ls;sd.

1992 upNah xg;ge;jk; fpNahl;Nlh khehL

ghup]; cld;gbf;iff;

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 55

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; jPtpuj;jd;ikiaf;
Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F ,yq;ifapd;
gq;fspg;G
 1993Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if fhyepiy khw;wk; njhlu;ghd
If;fpa ehLfspd; jpl;lkplg;gl;l cld;gbf;ifapd;
gq;Fjhuuhdik.
 #oy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if ts mikr;rpd; fPo; fhyepiy khw;wk;
njhlu;ghf nrayfk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
 Njrpa fhgd; epjpaj;jpidj; jhgpj;jy;> Njrpa XNrhd;
gpupnthd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;
 ,yq;ifg; gpuirfspd; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf fhyepiy
njhlu;ghd jpl;l nkhd;iwj; jahupj;jpUj;jy; (2015). ,jd;
fPo; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfs; jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;jd. cjhuzk; :-
capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;> ePug
; ;
ghJfhg;G> fhLfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> kPshf;ff;$ba rf;jptY
%yq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;> kio ePu;g; ghtid> fhyepiy gw;wp
mwpTWj;jy;> thfdg; Gif ntspNaw;wj;ij Fiwf;Fk;
nfhs;iffSk; rl;lq;fSk;.

fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa ru;tNjr khehLfs;

1. kdpj #oy; gw;wpa kfhehL – 1972

RtPldpd; ];nuhf;Nfhkpy; eilngw;wJ.
2. Gtp cr;rp kfhehL – 1992
1992 gpNwrpypd; wpNahb n[dpNuhtpy; ,lk; ngw;wJ
3. fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa rkthak;
4. Gtp cr;rp kfhehL – 2002
2002 njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; n[hfhdh;];Ngf;fpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
5. fpNahl;Nlh gpd;NdL
1997 ag;ghdpy; cs;s fpNahl;Nlhtpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
6. nfhg;gNdfd; kfhehL
2009 ,y; nld;khu;fpd; nfhg;gNdfd; efupy; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
7. ghup]; kfhehL – 2015
gpuhd;]; ehl;by; ghup]; efupy; ,lk;ngw;wJ.

J.nydpd; - fhyepiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; 56