jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

jpUf;Fws; (vd;gpyJ - vYk;gpy;yhjJ (GO). md;gpyJ - md;gpy;yhj

 ,aw;wpatH jpUts;StH capHfs;)
8. md;gfj;J ,y;yh capHtho;f;if td;ghw;fz;
 jpUts;Stupd; NtW ngaHfs;- nre;ehg;NghjhH> nja;tg;GytH> tw;wy; kuk;jspHj; jw;W.
ehadhH ghiy epyj;jpy; cs;s thbg;Nghd kuk; jspHf;fhJ. mJNghy>
 %d;W gpupTfshfg; gpupff ; g;gLfpwJ. mit 1. mwj;Jg;ghy;> 2. neQ;rpy; md;G ,y;yhj kdpjH tho;f;if jspHf;fhJ.
nghUl;ghy;> 3. ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;.
(md;G + mfj;J + ,y;yh - md;G cs;sj;jpy; ,y;yhj.
 gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W
td;ghw;fz; - td;ghy; + fz; - ghiyepyj;jpy;. jspHj;jw;W -
 fp.K. 31-I njhlf;fkhfff; nfhz;L jpUts;StH Mz;L jspHj;jJ Nghy. tw;wy;kuk; - thba kuk;)
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. 9. Gwj;JWg;G vy;yhk; vtd;nra;Ak; ahf;if
jpUts;StH Mz;L fzf;fpLk; Kiw - fpwpj;J Mz;L mfj;JWg;G md;gp ytHf;F?
(fp.gp.)+ 31 = jpUts;StH Mz;L neQ;rpy; md;G ,y;yhjtHf;F> iffhy; Nghd;w cly; cWg;Gfshy;
(vLj;Jf;fhl;L) 2010 + 31 = 2041 (fp.gp.2010I jpUts;StH vd;d gad;?
Mz;L 2041 vd;W $WNthk;) (Gwj;JWg;G - cly; cWg;Gfs;. vtd; nra;Ak; - vd;d gad;?
 jpU + Fws;;. 2 mb Fws; ntz;ghf;fshy; MdJ mfj;JWg;G - kdj;jpd; cWg;G)
10. md;gpd; topaJ capHepiy m/jpyhHf;F
 133 mjpfhuk; 1330 ghly;fs; (mwk;-38 mjpfhuk;> nghUs;-70 vd;GNjhy; NghHj;j clk;G
mjpfhuk;> ,d;gk;-25 mjpfhuk;) md;G nra;tJjhd; clk;gpy; capH ,Ug;gjw;F milahsk;.
 cyf nkhopfspy; 107 nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;ff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. md;gpy;yhjtH clk;G ntWk; Njhyhy; %lg;gl;l vYk;Gjhd;.
 kiyaj;Jthd; kfd; Qhdg;gpufhrk; 1812-y; jpUf;Fwis mq;F capH ,y;iy.
Kjd; Kjypy; gjpg;gpj;Jj; jQ;i rapy; ntspapl;lhh;.
,dpait $wy;
 rpwg;Gg;ngah;fs;-- cyfg;nghJkiw> Kg;ghy;> thAiw
tho;j;J> nghJkiw> ngha;ah nkhop> nja;t E}y;> jkpo; kiw> 1. ,d;nrhyhy; <uk; mis,g; gbW,ythk;
KJ nkhop> cj;ju Ntjk;> jpUts;Stk;. nrk;nghUs; fz;lhHtha;r; nrhy;.
nghUs; - md;G fye;J tQ;rk; mw;witahfpa nrhw;fs;.
 ciu vOjpa gjpdk ; h;-- jUkh;> jhkj;jh;> ghpjp> jpUkiyah;> nka;g;nghUs; fz;ltHfspd; tha;r;nrhw;fs; ,d;nrhw;fshFk;.
ghpg;ngUkhs;> kzf;fwth;> er;rh;> ghpNkyofh;> ky;yh;> fhspqf
; h;. (<uk; - md;G. mis - fye;J. gbW - tQ;rk;. nrk;nghUs;
- rpwe;j nghUs;)
 ghpNkyofh; tiu rpwg;G tha;e;jJ. 2. mfdkHe;J <jypd; ed;Nw KfdkHe;J
 jpUts;Stkhiy-- vDk; E}y; jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;gpid ,d;nrhyd; Mfg; ngwpd;.
tpsf;f xU E}y;. nghUs; - cs;sk; tpUk;gp xUtUf;Ff; nfhLj;J cjTtJ
ey;yJ. Kfk; kyHe;J xUtiug; ghHj;J ,dpa nrhw;fisf;
md;Gilik $Wjy; mijtplTk; ey;yJ.
(mfd; - mfk;> cs;sk;. mkH - tpUg;gk;. mkHe;J -
1. md;gpw;Fk; cz;Nlh milf;Fk;jho; MHtyH tpUk;gp. Kfd; - Kfk;. ,d;nrhy; - ,dpa nrhy;. ,d;nrhyd;
Gd;fz;ePH g+ry; jUk;. - ,dpa nrhw;fisg; NgRgtd;)
md;ig milj;J itf;f jho;g;ghs; ,y;iy. md;Gf;Fupatupd; 3. Kfj;jhd; mkHe;jpdpJ Nehf;fp mfj;jhdhk;
Jd;gj;ij ghHj;jJNk md;G> fz;zPuhf ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;. ,d;nrh ypdNj mwk;.
(MHtyH - md;GilatH. Gd;fzPH - Jd;gk; fz;L ngUFk; nghUs; - Kfj;jhy; tpUk;gp ,dpikAld; Nehf;fp cs;sk; fye;J
fz;zPH. g+ry;jUk; - ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;) ,d;nrhw;fisf; $Wk; jd;ikapy; cs;sNj mwkhFk;.
2. md;gpyhH vy;yhk; jkf;FupaH md;GilahH 4. Jd;GW}ck; Jt;thik ,y;yhFk; ahHkhl;Lk;
vd;Gk; cupaH gpwHf;F. ,d;GW}ck; ,d;nrh ytHf;F.
md;gpy;yhjtH vy;yhg; nghUSk; jkf;F kl;Lk; cupaJ vd;W nghUs; - vy;yhuplKk; ,d;gk; jUk; ,dpa nrhw;fisg;
vz;ZthH. md;G cilatNuh jk; cly;> nghUs;> Mtp Mfpa NgRNthuplk;> Jd;gk; jUk; tWik mZfhJ.
midj;Jk; gpwUf;nfd vz;zpLthH. (Jd;GW}ck; - Jd;gk; jUk;. ,d;GW}ck; - ,d;gk;jUk;.
vd;G - vYk;G (,q;F cly;>nghUs;> Mtpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ) ahHkhl;Lk; - ahuplj;Jk;. Jt;thik - tWik)
3. md;NghL ,iae;j tof;Fvd;g MUapHf;F 5. gzpTilad; ,d;nrhyd; Mjy; xUtw;F
vd;NghL ,iae;j njhlHG. mzpay;y kw;Wg; gpw.
clk;NghL capH ,ize;jpUg;gijg; Nghy> tho;f;if newpNahL nghUs; - gzpTilatdhfTk;> ,d;nrhy; NgRgtdhfTk;
md;G ,ize;J ,Uf;fpwJ. tpsq;FtNj xUtDf;F cz;ikahd mzpfydhFk;. cly;
(tof;F - tho;f;if newp. MUapH - mUikahd capH. vd;G moFf;fhf mzpAk; gpw vy;yhk; cz;ikahd mzpfyd; Mfh.
- vYk;G) 6. my;yit Nja mwk;ngUFk; ey;yit
4. md;G<Dk; MHtk; clik mJ<Dk; ehb ,dpa nrhypd.;
ez;Gvd;Dk; ehlhr; rpwg;G. nghUs; - gpwHf;F ed;ikahdtw;iw ehb ,dpik cilar;
md;G tpUg;gj;ij jUk;. tpUg;gk; midtuplKk; el;Gf;nfhs;Sk; nrhw;fisr; nrhy;ypd;> ghtq;fs; Nja;e;J Fiwa> mwk; tsHe;J
ngUQ;rpwg;igj; jUk;. ngUFk;.
(<Dk; - jUk;. MHtk; - tpUg;gk; (ntWg;ig ePff ; p (my;yit - ghtk;. ehb - tpUk;gp)
tpUg;gj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; vd;gJ nghUs;). ez;G - el;G) 7. ead;<d;W ed;wp gaf;Fk; gad;<d;W
5. md;Gw;W mkHe;j tof;Fvd;g itafj;J gz;gpd; jiyg;gpupahr; nrhy;.
,d;Gw;whH va;Jk; rpwg;G. nghUs; - gpwHf;F ed;ikahd gaidj; je;J ey;y gz;gpypUe;J
md;NghL nghUe;jpa tho;f;if newpiaf; filgpbj;jtH cyfj;jpy; ePqf
; hj nrhw;fs;>toq;FNthDf;Fk; ,d;gk; je;J ed;ik gaf;Fk; .
kfpo;r;rp cilatH MtH. (ead;<d;W - ey;y gad;fisj; je;J. ed;wp - ed;ik. gaf;Fk;
(itafk; - cyfk;. vd;g - vd;ghHfs;) - nfhLf;Fk;. jiyg;gpupahr; nrhy; - ePq;fhj nrhw;fs;)
6. mwj;jpw;Nf md;GrhHG vd;g mwpahH 8. rpWikAs; ePq;fpa ,d;nrhy; kWikAk;
kwj;jpw;Fk; m/Nj Jiz. ,k;ikAk; ,d;gk; jUk;.
md;G mwj;ij kl;Lk; rhHe;jJ vd;W $WNthH mwpahjtH. nghUs; - gpwHf;F Jd;gk; tpistpfF ; k; rpWikapypUe;J ePq;fpa
tPuj;jpw;Fk; md;Gjhd; Jiz.(kwk; - tPuk;) ,dpa nrhw;fs; kWikf;Fk;> ,k;ikf;Fk; toq;FNthDf;Fk;
7. vd;gp yjid ntapy;Nghyf; fhANk ,d;gk; jUk;.
md;gp yjid mwk;. (rpWik - Jd;gk;. kWik - kWgpwtp. ,k;ik - ,g;gpwtp)
vYk;gpy;yhj capHfis ntapy; tUj;jp mopg;gJ Nghy> md;gpy;yhj 9. ,d;nrhy; ,dpjPd;wy; fhz;ghd; vtd;nfhNyh
capHfis mwk; tUj;jp mopf;Fk;. td;nrhy; toq;F tJ.

1
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
nghUs; - ,dpa nrhw;fs; ,d;gk; cz;lhf;Ftijf; fz;l fy;tp fw;wtH fz;ZilatH> fy;yhjtH Kfj;jpy; ,uz;Lg; Gz;
gpdD; k;> xUtd; fLQ;nrhw;fisg; NgRtJ VNdh ? (,dpjPd;wy; cilatH MthH.
- ,dpJ+<d;wy;.<d;wy; - jUjy;> cz;lhf;Fjy;. td;nrhy; - 4. ctg;gj; jiyf;$b cs;sg; gpupjy;
fLQ;nrhy;. vtd; nfhNyh - vd;d fhuzNkh ? VNdh ?) midj;Nj GytH njhopy;.
10. ,dpa csthf ,d;dhj $wy; mwptpy; rpwe;j GytHfSld; Ngrpg; goFk;NghJ kfpo;r;rpahf
fdp,Ug;gf; fha;ftHe; jw;W. ,Ug;gJk;> mtHfis tpl;Lg;gpupAk; NghJ> """",dp ,tiu
nghUs; - ,d;gk; jUk; ,dpa nrhw;fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> Jd;gk; vg;nghOJ fhz;Nghk;"" vd vz;zpg; gpuptJk; Gytupd;
jUk; fLQ;nrhw;fisg; NgRtJ> fdpfs; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ fha;fis ,ay;ghFk;. (ctg;g - kfpo;. jiyf;$b - xd;W NrHe;J)
tpUk;gp cz;gijg; Nghd;wJ. 5. cilahHKd; ,y;yhHNghy; Vf;fw;Wq; fw;whH
(ftHjy; - EfHjy;. mw;W - mJ Nghd;wJ) filaNu fy;yh jtH.
nry;tH Kd; Vio ,ue;J epw;gJ Nghyf; fw;wtHKd; gzpeJ ;
tha;ik fw;gtNu caHe;jtH> gzpe;J fy;yhjtH jho;e;jtH.
(cilahH - nry;tk;. cilahH ,y;yhH - nry;tk; ,y;yhjtH.
1. tha;ik vdg;gLt(J) ahnjdpd; ahnjhd;Wk; Vf;fw;W - ftiyg;gl;L.filaH - jho;e;jtH)
jPik ,yhj nrhyy;. 6. njhl;lidj;J CWk; kzw;Nfzp khe;jHf;Ff;
tha;ik vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; gz;G vJntdpy;> mJ kw;wtUf;F fw;widj;J CWk; mwpT.
vt;tifapYk; jPq;F juhj nrhw;fisg; NgRjy;. kzw;ghq;fhd ,lj;jpy; Njhz;lj; Njhz;l ePH Ruf;Fk;. mJNghy>
2. ngha;ikAk; tha;ik ,lj;j GiujPHe;j kf;fs; E}y;fisf; fw;ff;fw;f mtHjk; mwpT tsUk;.
ed;ik gaf;F nkdpd.; (njhl;lidj;J - Njhz;Lk; msT. khe;jH - kf;fs;)
gpwUf;Ff; Fw;wkw;w ed;ikiaj; jUkhapd;> ngha;Ak; 7. ahjhDk; ehlhkhy; Cuhkhy; vd;ndhUtd;
cz;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;. rhe;JizAq; fy;yhj thW.
(Giu - Fw;wk;. gaf;Fk; - jUk;) fw;wtDf;F ve;j ehLk; jd; ehlhFk;. ve;j CUk; jd; CuhFk;.
3. jd;neQ;R mwptJ ngha;aw;f ngha;j;jgpd; ,jid mwpeJ ; k; rpyH rhFk;tiu fw;fhky; ,Ug;gJ Vd; ?
jd;neQ;Nr jd;idr; RLk;. (rhe;JizAk; - rhFk; tiuapYk;)
jd; neQ;rk; mwpe;J ngha; $wf;$lhJ. $wpd>; jd; neQ;rNk 8. xUikf;fz; jhd;fw;w fy;tp xUtw;F
jd;id tUj;Jk;. vOikAk; Vkhg; Gilj;J.
(RLk; - tUj;Jk;) xU gpwg;gpy>; jhd; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ey;ywpT> ,dp vOk;
4. cs;sj;jhs; ngha;ah njhOfpd; cyfj;jhH gpwtpfSf;Fk; ghJfhg;igj; jUk;.(Vkhg;G - ghJfhg;G)
cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;. 9. jhk;,d; GWtJ cyF,d; Gwf;fz;L
xUtd; jd; cs;sk; mwpag; ngha; ,y;yhky; elg;ghdhdhy;> fhKWtH fw;wwpe; jhH.
mj;jifatd; cyfj;jhupd; cs;sq;fspy; vy;yhk; ,Ug;gtdhthd;. jhq;fs; ,d;gk; milAk; fy;tpahy; cyfk; ,d;gk; miltijf;
5. kdj;njhL tha;ik nkhopapd; jtj;njhL fz;L> fw;wtH Nkd;NkYk; fw;f tpUk;GtH. (fhKWtH -
jhdk;nra; thupd; jiy. tpUk;GtH)
kdj;njhL nghUe;jpa tha;ik NgRgtd;> jhdk; jtk; 10. Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp nahUtw;F
nra;fpwtHfisf; fhl;bYk; caHe;jtdhff; fUjg;gLthd;. khly;y kw;iw ait.
6. ngha;ahik md;d Gfo;,y;iy va;ahik xUtDf;F mopahj nry;tk; fy;tpahFk;. fy;tpj; jtpu> kw;wr;
vy;yh mwKk; jUk;. nry;tq;fs; vy;yhk; nry;tq;fs; Mfkhl;lh.
ngha; Ngrhik xUtDf;F vy;yhg; GfioAk; jUk;. m/J mtd;
tUe;jhkNyNa mtDf;F vy;yh eyd;fisAk; jUk;. el;G
(md;d - mit Nghy;td. va;ahik - tUe;jhky;)
7. ngha;ahik ngha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gpw 1. nraw;fupa ahTs el;gpd; mJNghy;
nra;ahik nra;ahik ed;W. tpidf;fupa ahTs fhg;G.
ngha; nrhy;yhik vd;Dk; mwj;ij ,iltplhky; filgpbj;jhy; el;igg; Nghyr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F mupa cwTfs; vitAk;
NtW ve;j mwq;fisAk; nra;a Ntz;baJ ,y;iy. ,y;iy. me;j el;igg;Nghyr; nra;fpd;w nraYf;Fr; rpwe;j ghJfhg;G
8. Gwe;J}a;ik ePuhd; mikAk; mfe;J}a;ik NtW vitAk; ,y;iy.(tpid - nray;. fhg;G - fhty;)
tha;ikahy; fhzg; gLk;. 2. epiwePu ePutH Nfz;ik gpiwkjpg;
cly; J}a;ik ePuhy; cz;lhFk; cs;sj;J}a;ik tha;ikahy; gpd;ePu NgijahH el;G.
ntspg;gLk;. mwpTilatHfspd; el;G tsHgpiwNghy ehSk; tsUk;> mwptpyhH
9. vy;yh tpsf;Fk; tpsf;fy;y rhd;NwhHf;Fg; el;G Nja;gpiw Nghy ehSk; NjAk;.
ngha;ah tpsf;Nf tpsf;F. (ePutH - mwpTilahH. Nfz;ik - el;G. NgijahH -
rhd;NwhHf;Fg; Gw,Uis ePf;Fk; tpsf;Ffistpl mfj;jpd; mwptpyhH)
,Uis ePfF ; k; ngha;NgrhikNa cz;ikahd tpsf;fhFk;. 3. etpy;njhWk; E}y;eak; NghYk; gapy;njhWk;
10. ahnka;ahf; fz;ltw;Ws; ,y;iy vidj;njhd;Wk; gz;Gil ahsH njhlHG.
tha;ikapd; ey;y gpw. gz;Gilahupd; el;G gofg;gof ,d;gk; jUk;. mJNghy> ey;y
ahk; cz;ikahf fz;l nghUs;fSs;> vt;tifapYk; E}y;fspd; nghUs; fw;ff;fw;f ,d;ge;jUk;.
cz;ikiatplr; rpwe;jitahfr; nrhy;yj;jf;fit Ntwpy;iy. (tpid - etpy;njhWk; - fw;ff;fw;f. eak; - ,d;gk;)
4. eFjw; nghUl;ld;W el;ly; kpFjpf;fz;
fy;tp Nkw;nrd;W ,bj;jw; nghUl;L.
el;G vd;gJ rpupj;Jg; Ngrp kfpo;tJ kl;Lkd;W. ez;guplj;Jj;
1. fw;f frlwf; fw;git fw;wgpd; jtW fhZk;NghJ mtiuf; fbe;Jiuj;Jj; jpUj;jp
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf. ey;topg;gLj;jYk; MFk;.
E}y;fisf; Fw;wkwf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;> fw;wgb elf;f Ntz;Lk;. (eFjy; - rpupj;jy;. ,bj;jy; - fbe;Jiuj;jy;)
(frL - Fw;wk;. epw;f - fw;wthW elf;f) 5. GzHr;rp goFjy; Ntz;lh czHr;rpjhd;
2. vz;vd;g Vid vOj;njd;g ,t;tpuz;Lk; el;ghq; fpoik jUk;.
fz;vd;g thOk; capHf;F. ,Utupd; el;gpw;Fr; NrHe;jpUj;jYk; neUq;fpg; goFjYk;
vz;Zk; vOj;Jk; Mfpa ,t;tpuz;Lk; kdpjHfSf;F ,uz;L Njitapy;iy. xj;j kdTzHNt el;Gupikiaf; nfhLf;Fk;.(fpoik
fz;fs; vdf; $WtH. - cupik)
(vz; - vz;fs;> fzpjk;. vOj;J - ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; 6. Kfef el;gJ el;gd;W neQ;rj;J
(tuptbtk;) mfef el;gJ el;G.
3. fz;cilaH vd;gtH fw;NwhH Kfj;jpuz;L Kfk; kyUk;gb el;Gf;nfhs;tJ el;ghfhJ. cs;sk; kfpOk;gb
Gz;cilaH fy;yh jtH. md;ghf el;Gf;nfhs;tNj ey;y el;G.(Kfef - Kfk; kyu. mfk;
- cs;sk;)

2
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
7. moptp ditePf;fp MWa;j;J moptpd;fz; fye;jPik ahy;jpupe; jw;W.
my;yy; cog;gjhk; el;G. gz;gpy;yhjtd; ngw;w ngUQ;nry;tkhdJ> ghj;jpuj;jpd; jd;ikahy;
mopitj;jUk; Jd;gq;fspypUe;J ez;gid tpyf;fp. ey;topapy; ey;y ghy; jpuptJ Nghd;wJ.(jpupe;jw;W - jpuptJ Nghd;wJ)
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mtDf;F mopTNeUk;NghJ cldpUe;J
jhDk; mjpy; gq;Nfw;W> moptpypUe;J kPl;fNtz;Lk;. nghiwAilik
(MW - ey;top. ca;j;J - nrYj;jp. my;yy; - Jd;gk;)
8. cLf;if ,oe;jtd; ifNghy Mq;Nf (gpwH nra;Ak; Jd;gq;fisg; nghWj;jy;)
,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;G. 1. mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk;Nghyj; jk;ik
cLj;jpa Mil eOTk;NghJ if jd;idawpahky; jhNd nrd;W ,fo;thHg; nghWj;jy; jiy.
fhf;Fk;. ez;gd; Jd;GWk;NghJ tpiue;J nrd;W epykhdJ> jd;idj; Njhz;LgtiuAk; jhq;FtJNghy> ek;ik
mj;Jd;gj;jpypUe;J mtidf; fhg;gNj el;G. ,opTgLj;JNthiu ehk; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;tNj rpwe;j gz;G.
(cLf;if - Mil. ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk;. fistJ - (mfo;thiu - Njhz;Lgtiu. ,fo;thH - ,opTgLj;JNthH.
ePf;FtJ) jiy - rpwe;j gz;G)
9. el;gpw;F tPww; pUf;if ahnjdpd; nfhl;gpd;wp 2. nghWj;jy; ,wg;gpid vd;Wk; mjid
xy;Yk;tha; Cd;Wk; epiy. kwj;jy; mjdpDk; ed;W.
el;gpw;F rpwe;j epiy vJntd;why;> vg;NghJk; NtWgLjy; gpwH nra;Ak; Jd;gj;ij xUtH nghWj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; rpwe;jJ.
,y;yhky;> ,aYk;nghOnjy;yhk; cjtp nra;J jhq;Fjy;. mj;Jd;gj;ij kwe;JtpLjy; mjidtplr; rpwe;jJ.
(nfhl;gpd;wp - NtWghL ,y;yhky;. Cd;Wk; - jhq;Fk;) (,wg;gpid - gpwH nra;j Jd;gj;ij)
10. ,idaH ,tHvkf;F ,d;dk;ahk; vd;W 3. ,d;ikAs; ,d;ik tpUe;njhuhy; td;ikAs;
GidapDk; Gy;nyd;Dk; el;G. td;ik klthHg; nghiw.
,tH jkf;F ,j;jifa md;gpdH. ahk; ,tHf;F ,j;Jizr; tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;f ,ayhJ jtpHf;Fk; epiy> tWikAs;
rpwg;GilatH vdg; Gfo;e;Jiuf;ff; $lhJ. mt;thW nfhba tWikahFk;. mJNghy> mwptw;whH nra;Ak; jPqF ; fisg;
Gfo;eJ; iuj;jhy; el;Gr; rpwg;gpof;Fk;.(Gidjy; - Gfo;jy;) nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; typikAs; rpwe;j typikahFk;.
(,d;ik - tWik. Xuhy; - jtpHj;jy;. klthH - mwptpypfs;)
gz;Gilik 4. epiwAilik ePq;fhik Ntz;bd;> nghiwAilik
Nghw;wp xOfg; gLk;.
1. vz;gjj;jhy; va;jy; vspnjd;g ahHkhl;Lk; ew;Fzq;fs; ek;iktpl;L ePq;fhjpUf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;> nghWikia
gz;Gilik vd;Dk; tof;F. ehk; Nghw;wpf; fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.(epiw - rhy;G)
ahuplj;Jk; vspikahfg; gofpdhy; gz;Gilik vd;Dk; 5. xWj;jhiu xd;whf itahNu itg;gH
ed;ndwpia miljy; vspJ.(tof;F - ed;ndwp) nghWj;jhiug; nghd;Nghw; nghjpeJ ; .
2. md;Gilik Md;w Fbg;gpwj;jy; ,t;tpuz;Lk; nghUs;- gpwh; nra;Ak; jPq;fpidg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;shky;
gz;Gilik vd;Dk; tof;F. jz;bg;gtiur; rhd;Nwhh; xU nghUl;lhf kjpff ; khl;lhh;. Mdhy;>
md;Gilatuhfj; jpfo;jy;> caHe;j Fbgpwg;G Mfpa ,t;tpuz;Lk; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;gtiug; nghd;Nghy; kjpj;J kdj;Js; itj;Jg;
gz;ghsupd; ,ay;G. Nghw;Wth;. (xWj;jhiu – jz;bj;jtiu> xd;whf –
(Md;w - caHe;j) xUnghUl;lhf> nghjpeJ ; itg;gh; - kdj;Js; itj;Jf;
3. cWg;nghj;jy; kf;fnshg;G md;why; ntWj;jf;f nfhs;th;)
gz;nghj;jy; xg;gjhk; xg;G. 6. xWj;jhHf;F xUehis ,d;gk; nghWj;jhHf;Fg;
clk;ghy; xj;jpUj;jy; kf;fNshL xg;Gik md;W. nghUe;jj;jf;f nghd;We; JizAk; Gfo;.
gz;ghy; xj;jpUj;jNy kf;fshff; nfhs;sj;jf;f xg;GikahFk;. gpwh; nra;Ak; jPikiag; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;shJ jz;bj;jth;f;F xU
4. eandhL ed;wp Gupe;j gaDilahH ehs; kl;LNk ,d;gk; fpl;Lk;. mjidg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;gth;f;F
gz;Ggh uhl;Lk; cyF. Gfo;> cyfk; cs;stiuf;Fk; epiyj;J epw;Fk;. (nghd;Wk; -
NeHikiaAk; mwj;ijAk; nfhz;L gpwUf;F cjt Ntz;Lk;. cyfk; mopAk;tiu)
mj;jifa gz;ghsiuNa cyfk; Nghw;Wk;. 7. jpwdy;y jw;gpwH nra;apDk; Nehnehe;J
(ead; - NeHik. ed;wp - cjtp) mwdy;y nra;ahik ed;W.
5. eifAs;Sk; ,d;dh jpfo;r;rp gifAs;Sk; nghUs;- nra;aj;jfhj Jd;gr; nray;fisg; gpwh; jdf;Fr;
gz;Gs ghlwpthH khl;L. nra;jhYk;> mjw;fhf tUe;jp mwj;jpw;F khwhd nray;fisr;
tpisahl;lhf xUtiu ,fo;eJ ; NgRjYk; Jd;gj;ij jUk;.
gpwUila ,ay;ig mwpeJ ; elg;gtuplj;jpy; gifikapUg;gpDk; nra;ahjpUj;jy; ey;yJ. (jpwdy;y – nra;aj;jfhj> Nehnehe;J –
ey;y gz;Gfs; ,Uf;Fk;.(eifAs;Sk; - tpisahl;lhfTk;. Jd;gj;jpw;F tUe;jp)
8. kpFjpahd; kpff; it nra;jhiuj; jhe;jk;
ghlwpthH - newpAilahH)
6. gz;GilahHg; gl;Lz;L cyfk; mJtpdN; wy; jFjpahd; ntd;W tply;.
kz;Gf;F kha;tJ kd;. nrUf;fpdhy; jPik nra;jhiuAk; jkJ nghWikapdhy;
ntw;wpnfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. (kpFjpahd; - kdr;nrUf;fhy;> kpf;fit
cyfk; gz;GilatHfshNy epiyngw;W ,Uf;fpwJ.
,y;iynadpy;> ,t;Tyfk; kz;NzhL kz;zhfp – jPqF; fs;> jFjpahd; - nghWikahy;)
Ngha;tpLk;.(kha;tJ - moptJ) 9. Jwe;jhupd; J}a;ik cilaH ,we;jhHtha;
7. muk;NghYk; $Hika NuDk; kuk;Nghy;tH ,d;dhr;nrhy; Nehw;fpw; gtH.
kf;fl;gz;(G) ,y;yh jtH. tuk;Gfle;J NgRNthhpd; nfhba nrhw;fisAk; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;gth;
muk; Nghd;w $Hikahd mwpTilahuhf ,Ug;gpDk;> kf;fSf;Fupa gw;ww;w JwtpahpDk; Nkyhdth;. (Jwe;jhh; - gw;ww;wth;> ,we;jhh;
gz;G ,y;yhjtH XuwpTila kukhfNt fUjg;gLthH. - newpiaf; fle;jth;> ,d;dh – jPa> Nehw;fpw;gth; - nghWg;gth;)
(muk; - thisf; $Hikahf;Fk; fUtp) 10. cz;zhJ Nehw;ghH ngupaH gpwHnrhy;Yk;
8. ez;ghw;wh uhfp eakpy nra;thHf;Fk; ,d;dhr;nrhy; Nehw;ghupd; gpd.;
gz;ghw;wh uhjy; fil. cz;zhNehd;G ,Uf;Fk; nghpath;fistplj; jk;ik ,fo;Nthhpd;
el;Gf;nfhs;s ,ayhjtuha;j; jPik nra;gtuplj;jpYk; nrhw;fisg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;gth; Nkyhdth; Mthh;. (Nehw;ghh; -
gz;Gilatuha;g; gof ,ayhjJ ,opthd nrayhFk;. Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;gth;> ,d;dhr;nrhy; - ,dpikaw;w nrhy;)
(ez;G - el;G. eak;,y - jPqF ; > ,dpikaw;w. fil - gOJ)
9. efy;ty;yH my;yhHf;F khapU Qhyk; Nfs;tp
gfYk;ghw; gl;ld; wpUs;.
gpwNuhL gofpg;Ngrp kfpo ,ayhjtUf;F kpfg;ngupa ,t;Tyfk; 1. nry;tj;Js; nry;tk; nrtpr;nry;tk; mr;nry;tk;
gfypYk; ,UshfNt Njhd;Wk;. nry;tj;Js; nsy;yhe; jiy.
(efy;ty;yH - rpupj;J kfpo;gtH. khapU Qhyk; - kpfg;ngupa nry;tq;fSs; rpwe;jJ Nfs;tpr; nry;tk;. mJNt nry;tq;fs;
cyfk;) midj;jpYk; Kjd;ikahdJ.(nrtpr;nry;tk; - Nfs;tpr;nry;tk;>
10. gz;gpyhd; ngw;w ngUQ;nry;tk; ed;ghy; jiy – Kjd;ik)

3
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
2. nrTf;Fz tpy;yhj Ngho;J rpwpJ jhq;Fk; J}z;fs;. (ehz;-ehzk;> xg;GuT-cjTjy;>
tapw;Wf;Fk; <ag; gLk;. fz;Nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J ,uf;fk;> tha;ik –cz;ik)
nrtpfF ; zthfpa ey;ywpT fpilf;fhjnghOjpy; tapwW
; f;Fk; 4. nfhy;yh eyj;jJ Nehd;ik gpwHjPik
rpwpjsT czT mspf;fg;gLk;. (Ngho;J-nghOJ><ag;gLk;- nrhy;yh eyj;jJ rhy;G.
mspf;fg;gLk;) nghUs;- jtnkd;gJ gpw caph;fisf; nfhy;yhikNa. rhy;G
3. nrtpAztpw; Nfs;tp AilahH mtpAztpd;
Md;whNuh nlhg;gH epyj;J. vd;gJ gpwh; Fiwfisr; nrhy;yhikNa. (rhy;G – rhd;whz;ik)
5. Mw;WthH Mw;wy; gzpjy; mJrhd;NwhH
nrtp czthfpa Nfs;tpapid cilath; ,t;Tyfpy; tho;e;jhYk;>
mtp czitf; nfhs;Sk; Njth;fSs; epfuhth; (mtp czT- khw;whiu khw;Wk; gil.
Njth;fSf;F Nts;tpapdn ; ghOJ nfhLf;fg;gLk; czT. Md;Nwhh;- nghUs;- xU nraiyr; nra;gth;f;F typik jUtJ gzpTld;
elj;jNy. mJNt rhd;Nwhh;f;Fj; jk;giftiug; gifikapypUe;J
fy;tp> Nfs;tp> gz;G Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;Njhh;> xg;gh;-epfuhth;)
4. fw;wpy dhapDq; Nfl;f m/njhUtw;F khw;wp el;ghf;Ftjw;F Vw;w fUtp. (Mw;Wthh;-nray; nra;gth;>
xw;fj;jpd; Cw;whe; Jiz. Mw;wy;-typik> khw;whh; - gifth;)
6. rhy;gpw;Ff; fl;lis ahnjdpd; Njhy;tp
xUtd; fw;f tha;g;G ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk; fw;whhplk; Nfl;lwpa
Ntz;Lk;. tho;f;ifapy; jsh;r;rpAWk;NghJ mf;Nfs;tpawpT Jiyay;yhH fz;Zk; nfhsy;.
mtDf;F Cd;WNfhy;Nghyj; Jizahf epw;Fk;. (xw;fk; - nghUs;- jk;iktpl Mw;wy; Fiwe;jthplj;J Vw;gl;l
Njhy;tpiaAk; xg;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mg;gz;Ng xUthpd;
jsh;r;rp> Cw;W-Cd;WNfhy;)
5. ,Of;fy; cilAop Cw;Wf;Nfhy; mw;Nw rhd;whz;ikia mse;jwptjw;fhd ciufy; MFk;. (Jiyay;yhh;
xOf;f KilahHtha;r; nrhy;. -Mw;wypy; Fiwe;jth;> fl;lis – ciufy;)
tOf;Ffpd;w epyj;jpy; Cd;WNfhy; cjTtJNghy> ey;nyhOf;fk; 7. ,d;dhnra; jhHf;Fk; ,dpaNt nra;ahf;fhy;
kpf;f nghpNahhpd; tha;r;nrhw;fs; tho;f;iff;F vd;Wk; cjTk;. vd;d gaj;jNjh rhy;G.
(Cw;Wf;Nfhy;-Cd;WNfhy;> mw;Nw – Nghd;wNj) nghUs;- jPq;F ,ioj;jth;f;F ed;ikNa nra;aNtz;Lk;.
mt;thW nra;ahkw; Nghdhy; rhy;ngd;Dk; jFjpahy; vg;gaDk;
6. vidj;jhDk; ey;yit Nfl;f midj;jhDk;
Md;w ngUik jUk;. ,y;iy. (,d;dh – jPq;F> ,dpa-ed;ik> nra;ahf;fhy;-
vtUk; mwpQhpd; ey;Yiufisf; Nfl;fNtz;Lk;. me;ey;Yiu nra;ahtplj;J)
vt;tsT rpwpNjahapDk; mjidg; gpdg; w;WtUf;F epiwe;j 8. ,d;ik xUtw;F ,dptd;W rhy;ngd;Dk;
ngUikia mJ Njbj; jUk;. (vidj;jhDk;-vt;tsT jpzi ; kcz; lhfg; ngwpd.;
rpwpjhapDk;> midj;jhDk; - Nfl;l mj;Jiz mstpYk;> Md;w nghUs;- rhy;ngd;Dk; kdcWjp cz;lhfg; ngWkhdhy;
xUtDf;Fg; nghUs; ,y;yhjjhy; Vw;gLk; tWik xU
– epiwe;j)
7. gpioj;JzHe;Jk; Ngijik nrhy;yh upioj;JzHe; FiwahfhJ. (,d;ik-tWik> ,sptd;W-,opthdjd;W>
jPz;ba Nfs;tp atH. jpz;ik-typik)
9. Cop ngaupDk; jhk;ngauhH rhd;whz;ikf;F
El;gkhf Ma;ej; wpe;j Nfs;tp mwpTilNahh;> jtwhf
czh;ej ; pUe;jhYk; xUnghOJk; ,opnrhw;fisf; $wkhl;lhh;. Mop vdg;gL thH.
nghUs;- rhd;whz;ik vd;Dk; gz;gpw;Ff; flnyd;W
(gpioj;Jzh;eJ ; k; - jtWfis czh;e;jnghOJk;> Ngijik – Gfog;gLgth; cyfNk mopAk; Copf;fhyk; te;jhYk; jk; epiyapy;
mwpahikapdg; hw;gl;l ,opnrhw;fs;> ,ioj;Jzh;e;J – El;gkhf NtWglhky; ,Ug;gh;. Mop-fly;.
Muha;e;J><z;ba – Ma;e;jwpej ; ) 10. rhd;wtH rhd;whz;ik Fd;wpd; ,Uepye;jhd;
8. Nfl;gpDq; Nfshj; jifaNt Nfs;tpahy; jhq;fhJ kd;Ndh nghiw.
Njhl;fg; glhj nrtp. nghUs;- rhd;Nwhh;fspd; rhd;whz;ikf; Fzj;jpy; FiwT
Nfs;tpahy; Jisf;fg;glhj nrtpfSf;Ff; Nfl;Fk; jd;ik Vw;gLkhdhy;> ,t;TyfKk; nghWik vd;Dk; jd;ghuj;ijj;
jhq;fhJ. (,Uepyk; - nghpa epyk;> nghiw - Rik)
,Ug;gpDk; Nfshj nrtpfshfNt fUjg;gLk;. (jifaNt –
jd;ikaNj> Njhl;fg;glhj – Jisf;fg;glhj) xOf;fKilik
9. Ezq;fpa Nfs;tpa uy;yhH tzq;fpa
thapd uhjy; mupJ. 1. xOf;fk; tpOg;ge; juyhd; xOf;fk;
El;gkhfpa Nfs;tpawpT ,y;yhjth; gzpthd nrhw;fisg; capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;.
NgRtjpy;iy. (Ezq;fpa – El;gkhfpa> tzq;fpa – gzpthd> xUtw;F midj;Jr; rpwg;GfisAk; jUtJ xOf;fNk. Mjyhy;>
thapduhjy; - nkhopapid cilath;) mt;nthOf;fj;ij caphpDk; Nkyhdjhff; fUjpf; fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
10. nrtpapw; RitAzuh thAzHtpd; khf;fs; (tpOg;gk;-rpwg;G> Xk;gg;gLk; - fhj;jy;Ntz;Lk;)
mtpapDk; thopDk; vd;. 2. gupe;Njhk;gpf; fhf;f xOf;fk; njupe;Njhk;gpj;
nghUs;- Nfs;tpapd; thapyhfr; nrtpr;Rit czuhJ> cztpd; NjupDk; m/Nj Jiz.
thapyhf tha;r;Rit kl;LNk czUk; kf;fs; ,we;jhYk; vd;d? vk;Kiwapy; Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhYk; xOf;fNk ey;y Jiz MFk;.
tho;e;jhYk; vd;d? (thAzh;tpd; khf;fs; - czTr;Rit kl;Lk; xOf;fj;ij fhg;gJ fbdkhdhYk; vg;ghLgl;lhtJ mjid
mwpeN; jhh;> mtpapDk; - ,we;jhYk;) tpUk;gpf; fhj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. (ghpe;J-tpUk;gp> NjhpDk; - Muha;eJ
;
ghh;j;jhYk;)
rhd;whz;ik 3. xOf;fk; cilik Fbik ,Of;fk;
,opej ; gpwg;gha; tpLk;.
1. fld;vd;g ey;yit vy;yhk; fld;mwpe;J xOf;fk; cs;stNu cah;Fbapdh;. mt;nthOf;fk; ,y;yhjth; ,op
rhd;whz;ik Nkw;nfhs; gtHf;F. Fbapdh;. (Fbik-cah;Fb> ,Of;fk;-xOf;fk; ,y;yhjth;)
nghUs;- ey;y Fzq;fshy; epiwe;J thOk; rhd;Nwhh;fs; 4. kwg;gpDk; Xj;Jf; nfhsyhFk; ghHg;ghd;
ey;ytw;iwnay;yhk; jk; fliknad Nkw;nfhz;L tho;th;.(fld; - gpwg;nghOf;fq; Fd;wf; nfLk;.
flik) xUtd;> jhd; fw;w fy;tpia kwe;jhYk; mjid kPz;Lk;
2. Fzeyk; rhd;NwhH eyNd gpweyk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s ,aYk;. Mdhy;> xOf;fk; Fiwe;jhy;> mtDila
ve;eyj;J cs;sJ}ck; md;W. Fbg;gpwg;gpd; rpwg;G mope;JNghFk;.
nghUs;- ew;Fzq;fshy; rpwe;jpUj;jNy rhd;Nwhhpd; ngUik. 5. mOf;fh Wilahd;fz; Mf;fk;Nghd;W ,y;iy
mjid tpLj;j gpw eyd;fs; vt;tifapYk; ngUik Nrh;ff ; hJ. xOf;f kpyhd;fz; caHT.
(rhd;Nwhh; - ey;y Fzq;fs; epiwe;jth;) nghwhik cilatdplk; nry;tk; epiyf;fhJ. mJNghy. xOf;fk;
3. md;Gehz; xg;GuT fz;Nzhl;lk; tha;iknahL ,y;yhjtdplk; cah;T ,Uf;fhJ. (mOf;fhW-nghwhik> Mf;fk;
Ie;Jrhy; Cd;wpa J}z;. - nry;tk;)
nghUs;- md;Gilik> ehzk;> gpwh;f;F cjTjy;> caph;fsplj;J 6. xOf;fj;jpd; xy;fhH cuNthH ,Of;fj;jpd;
,uf;fk;> cz;ik NgRjy; Mfpa Ie;Jk; rhd;whz;ikiaj; Vjk; gLghf; fwpeJ ; .

4
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
xOf;fk; jtWjyhy; Vw;gLk; Fw;wq;fis ed;Fzh;e;j kdtypik Fj;njhf;f rPHj;j ,lj;J.
kpfN; fhh;> mt;nthOf;f newpapypUe;J rpwpJk; tpyf khl;lhh;. tha;g;gw;w fhyj;jpy; nfhf;ifg;Nghy; mikjpahff;
(xy;fhh;-tpyfkhl;lhh;> cuNthh;- kd typikAilNahh;> Vjk; - fhj;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. chpa fhyk; tha;j;jJk; nfhf;ifg;Nghy;
Fw;wk;.) tpiue;J nraiyr; nra;J Kbj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. ($k;Gk;-tha;g;gw;w>
7. xOf;fj;jpd; va;JtH Nkd;ik ,Of;fj;jpd; rPhj
; ;j ,lk; - chpa fhyk;)
va;JtH va;jhg; gop.
xOf;fKilNahh; Nkd;ik milth;. xOf;fk; ,y;yhjth; milaf; ngupahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly;
$lhj gopia milth;. (va;Jth; - milth;)
8. ed;wpfF
; tpj;jhFk; ey;nyhOf;fk; jPnahOf;fk; 1. mwdwpe;J %j;j mwpTilahH Nfz;ik
vd;Wk; ,Lk;ig jUk;. jpwdwpeJ; NjHe;J nfhsy;.
ey;nyhOf;fk; vd;gJ ed;ik vd;Dk; tpisTfisg; ngWtjw;fhd mwnewpia mwpe;J mwptpy; njspe;j Kjph;r;rpAilNahh; el;gpid
tpijahFk;. jPnahOf;fNkh vg;nghOJk; Jd;gj;ijNa tpisthfj; Muha;e;jwpe;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;Ntz;Lk;. (%j;j-Kjph;ej ; >
jUk;. (,Lk;ig-Jd;gk;) Nfz;ik-el;G> Njh;e;J-Muha;eJ ; )
9. xOf;f KilatHf;F xy;yhNt jPa 2. cw;wNeha; ePf;fp cwhmik Kw;fhf;Fk;
tOf;fpAk; thahw; nrhyy;. ngw;wpahHg; Ngzpf; nfhsy;.
ey;nyhOf;fk; cilNahuhy; jtwpAk; jk; thahy; jPikjUk; jkf;F te;Js;s Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;fp ,dp> NkYk; Jd;gk;
nrhw;fisr; nrhy;y ,ayhJ. (xy;yhNt-,ayhNt) tuhjthW Kd;djhfNt fhf;Fk; jd;ikAilahiug; Nghw;wp
10. cyfj;NjhL xl;l xOfy; gyfw;Wk; el;ghf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. (Neha;-Jd;gk;> cwhmik-
fy;yhH mwptpyh jhH. Jd;gk; tuhky;> ngw;wpahh;-ngUikAilahh;)
cah;e;jhNuhL nghUe;jp thOk; fy;tpiaf; fy;yhjth;> vt;tsTjhd; 3. mupatw;W nsy;yhk; mupNj ngupahiug;
fw;wpUe;jhYk; mwptpy;yhjtNu Mthh;. (cyfk;-cah;eN; jhh;> Ngzpj; jkuhf; nfhsy;.
xl;l-nghUj;j> xOFjy;-elj;jy;> tho;jy;.) mwpte;j nghpNahiug; Nghw;wp cwthff; nfhs;SjNy> xUth;
ngwNtz;ba mhpa NgWfSs; vy;yhk; mhpa NgwhFk;.
fhykwpjy; (Ngzp-Nghw;wp> jkh; - cwtpdh;)
4. jk;kpw; ngupahH jkuh xOFjy;
1. gfy;nty;Yk; $ifiaf; fhf;if ,fy;nty;Yk; td;ikA nsy;yhe; jiy.
Nte;jHf;F Ntz;Lk; nghOJ. jk;ikf; fhl;bYk; mwptpy; rpwe;j nghpNahiu cwtpduha; Vw;W
gfw;nghOjpy; jd;dpYk; typa Nfhl;lhidf; fhf;if ntd;WtpLk;. elj;jNy typikfSnsy;yhk; rpwe;jjhk;. (td;ik-typik>
mJNghyg; gifia nty;yf; fUk;Nte;jh;> fhyk; mwpeJ ; xOFjy;-Vw;W elj;jy;> jiy – rpwg;G)
nray;glNtz;Lk;. ($if-Nfhl;lhd;> ,fy;-gif) 5. #o;thHfz; zhf xOfyhd; kd;dtd;
2. gUtj;NjhL xl;l xOfy; jpUtpidj; #o;thiur; #o;e;J nfhsy;.
jPuhik MHf;Fq; fapW. jf;f topfis Muha;e;J $Wk; mwpQh;fisNa cyfk;
fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jpa nraiy Nkw;nfhs;tNj nry;tj;ij ePq;fhky; fz;zhff; nfhz;L elj;jyhy;> kd;dDk; mj;jifNahiu
epwF; khW fl;Lk; fapwhFk;. (jpU-nry;tk;> jPuhik – ePqf ; hik) Muha;e;J el;ghf;fpf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. (#o;thh;-mwpTilahh;>
3. mUtpid nad;g csNth fUtpahd; #o;e;Jnfhsy;-el;ghf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.)
fhyk; mwpe;J nrapd;. 6. jf;fh updj;jdha;j; jhndhOf ty;yhidr;
jFe;j fUtpfNshL Vw;w fhykwpeJ ; nray;gl;lhy;> nra;jw;fhpa nrw;whH nraf;fple;j jpy;.
nray;fs; vitAkpy;iy. (mUtpid-nra;jw;fhpa nray;) mwptpw; rpwe;j nghpNahiur; rhh;eJ ; elf;f ty;yhUf; Fg; gifth;
4. Qhyk; fUjpDq; if$Lq; fhyk; nra;af;$ba jPqF ; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iy.(jf;fhh;-jFjpAila
fUjp ,lj;jhw; nrapd.; nghpNahh;> nrw;whh;-gifth;> ,y;-,y;iy)
fhykwpe;J> ,lj;NjhL nghUe;jr; nray;gl;lhy; cyfj;ijNa 7. ,bf;Fe; Jizahiu ahs;thiu ahNu
mila tpUk;gpDk; if$Lk;. (Qhyk;-cyfk;) nfLf;Fe; jifik atH.
5. fhyk; fUjp ,Ug;gH fyq;fhJ jPadtw;iwf; fz;lhy; ,bj;Jj; jpUj;Jk; nghpNahiuj;
Qhyk; fUJ gtH. Jizahff; nfhz;L tho;gtiuf; nfLf;Fk; typikAilath;
cyfk; KOijAk; Msf; fUJgth;> mjw;Fhpa fhyj;ij vtUkpyh;. (,bf;Fk; - fbe;Jiuf;Fk;> jifik-jd;ik)
vjph;ghh;j;Jf; fyq;fhky; fhj;jpUg;gh;. 8. ,bg;ghiu ,y;yhj Vkuh kd;dd;
6. Cf;f Kilahd; xLf;fk; nghUjfH nfLg;gh upyhDq; nfLk;.
jhf;fw;Fg; NgUe; jifj;J. Fw;wk; fz;l ,lj;J ,bj;Jj; jpUj;Jk; nghpahhpd; ghJfhg;igj;
Cf;fk; cilatd; fhyj;ij vjph;ghh;j;J mlq;fpapUg;gjhdJ> Njbf; nfhs;shj murd;> jd;idf; nfLf;Fk; gifth;fs; ,y;iy
Ml;Lf;flh gifiaj; jhf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;thq;Fk; jd;ikiag; vdpDk; jhNd nfl;lopthd;. (,bg;ghh;-fbe;J mwpTiu $Wk;
Nghd;wJ. (xLf;fk;-mlq;fpapUg;gJ> nghUefh;-Ml;Lf;flh> nghpahh;> Vkuh-ghJfhty; ,y;yhj)
NgUe;jifj;J-gpd thq;Fk; jd;ikaJ) 9. KjypyhHf; $jpa kpy;iy kjiyahQ;
7. nghs;nsd Mq;Nf Gwk;NtuhH fhyk;ghHj;J rhHgpyhHf; fpy;iy epiy.
cs;NtHg;gH xs;sp atH. KjyPL ,y;yhj tzpfh;f;F mjdhy; tUk; Cjpak; xd;Wkpy;iy.
mwpTilahh;> gifth; jPq;F nra;j clNd rpdj;ij ntspg;gLj;j mJNghy;> jk;ikj; jhq;fpf; fhg;ghw;Wk; nghpNahh;
khl;lhh;. mtiu nty;Yk; fhyk; tUk;tiu> mr;rpdj;ij Jizapy;yhjth;f;F epiyj;j jd;ik ,y;iy. (kjiy-Jiz)
kdj;jpDs; kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gh;. (nghs;nsd-clNd> Gwk;Ntuhh; 10. gy;yhH gifnfhsypw; gj;jLj;j jPikj;Nj
- ntspg;gLj;j khl;lhh;> cs;Nth;g;gh; - kdj;jpDs; kiwj;J ey;yhH njhlHif tply;.
itj;jpUg;gh;> xs;spath;-mwpTilahh;). ey;yth; xUthpd; el;igf; iftpLtJ> gyiug; gifj;Jf;
8. nrWeiuf; fhzpd; Rkf;f ,Wtiu nfhs;tij tplg; gd;klq;F jPik cilajhFk;. (gj;jLj;j –
fhzpd; fpof;fhk; jiy. gj;Jklq;F)
giftiuf; fhZk;NghJ gzpthf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mg;gifth;f;F
KbTfhyk; tUk;NghJ> mth; epiyik jiyfPoha; khWk;. nghUs;nray;tif
(nrWeh;-gifth;> Rkf;f-gzpf> ,Wtiu-KbTfhyk;>
fpof;fhe;jiy-jiyfPo;(khw;wk;)) 1. nghUsy; ytiug; nghUshfr; nra;Ak;
9. va;jw; fupaJ ,iae;jf;fhy; me;epiyNa nghUsy;yJ ,y;iy nghUs;.
nra;jw; fupa nray;. xUnghUl;lhf kjpff ; j;jfhjtiuAk; gpwh; kjpf;FkhW nra;tjpy;
fpilj;jw;F mhpa tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jnghOJ mt;tha;g;igg; nghUSf;F ,izahdJ Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy. (nghUsy;yth;-
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mg;NghNj nra;jw;fhpa nray;fisr; jFjpaw;wth;> nghUs; - nry;tk;)
nra;Jtply; Ntz;Lk;. (va;jw;F-fpilj;jw;F> ,iae;jf;fhy;- 2. ,y;yhiu vy;yhUk; vs;StH nry;tiu
fpilj;jnghOJ) vy;yhUk; nra;tH rpwg;G.
10. nfhf;nfhf;f $k;Gk; gUtj;J kw;wjd;

5
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
nry;tk; mw;wtiu vy;yhUk; ,fo;th;. nry;tiu vy;yhUk; MtJ-gpd;dh; tuf;$baJ mwpfy;yhjth; - mwpakhl;lhjhh;.
rpwg;gpg;gh;. (vs;Sth; - ,fo;th;) 8. mQ;Rt jQ;rhik Ngijik mQ;Rt
3. nghUnsd;Dk; ngha;ah tpsf;fk; ,UsWf;Fk; jQ;ry; mwpthH njhopy;.
vz;zpa Njaj;Jr; nrd;W.
nry;tk; vd;Dk; mizah tpsf;F mjid cilath; epidj;j Ngijik-mwpT,d;ik mwpthh;-mwpTilath;  mQ;ry;-
,lq;fSf;nfy;yhk; nrd;W gifik vd;Dk; ,Uisg; Nghf;Fk;. vz;zpg; ghh;j;J mjidr; nra;ahJ tpLjy;. nra;ag; gag;gLjy;
(ngha;ah tpsf;fk; - mizah tpsf;F> ,Us; - gif) (xd;widr; nra;ag; gag;gLjiy mQ;ry; vd;gh;)
4. mwd;<Dk; ,d;gKk; <Dk; jpwdwpeJ ; 9. vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhHf; fpy;iy
jPjpd;wp te;j nghUs;. mjpu tUtNjhH Neha;.
gpwUf;Fj; jPq;fpdw; p ey;topapy; <l;banghUs;> mwj;ijAk; vjpuJ-vjph;fhyj;jpy; Neuf;$baJ mjpu – eLq;Fk;gb Neha;-
nfhLf;Fk; ,d;gj;ijAk; jUk;. (<Dk;-jUk;> jPjpdw; p Jd;gk;.
(jPJ+,d;wp) – jPqf ; pdw; p ) 10. mwpTilahH vy;yh KilahH mwptpyhH
5. mUnshLk; md;nghLk; thuhg; nghUshf;fk; vd;Dila NuD kpyH.
Gy;yhH Gus tply;. vd;DilaNuDk; - vy;yhk; cilauhapDk;  ,yh;-,y;yhjth;.
mUSk; md;Gk; nghUe;jhky; gpwtopapy; tUk; nry;tj;ijg;
gw;whky; ePf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. (Gy;yhh;-gw;whh;) mlf;fKilik
6. cWnghUSk; cy;F nghUSk;jd; xd;dhHj;
njWnghUSk; Nte;jd; nghUs;. 1. mlf;fk; mkuUs; ca;f;Fk; mlq;fhik
muRhpikahy; te;j nghUSk;> kf;fs; thpahfj; jUk; nghUSk;> MupUs; ca;j;J tpLk;.
giftiu ntd;Wnfhz;l jpiwg;nghUSk; murDf;Fhpa mlf;fk;-kdk; nkhop nka;fs; jPatopfspw; nry;yhJ mlq;Fjy; 
nghUs;fshk;. (cWnghUs;-muR chpikahy; tUnghUs;>
cy;FnghUs;-thpahf tUk;nghUs;> njW-gif) mkuUs;-Njth; cyfk; (Rth;f;fk;) ca;f;Fk; -nrYj;Jk;
7. mUnsd;Dk; md;gPd; Fotp nghUnsd;Dk; MhpUs;-eufk;„ca;j;JtpLk;‟ vd;gij xU nrhy;yhff; nfhs;f.
nry;tr; nrtpypahy; cz;L. 2. fhf;f nghUsh mlf;fj;ij Mf;fk;
md;G vd;Dk; jha; ngw;w mUs; vd;Dk; Foe;ij> nghUs; vd;Dk; mjdpD}cq; fpy;iy capHf;F.
tsh;g;Gj; jhahy; Ngzg;gLk;. (Fotp-Foe;ij> nrtpyp- nghUsh- cah;e;j nghUshff; fUjp fhf;f – filg;gpbj;J
tsh;g;Gjha;)
8. Fd;Nwwp ahidg; NghH fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;njhd;W xOFf mjdpd; Cq;F – mt; mlf;fj;ijtplTk;.
cz;lhfr; nra;thd; tpid. 3. nrwptwpeJ; rPHik gaf;Fk; mwptwpeJ ;
jd; ifg;nghUs;nfhz;L xUtd; nra;Ak; nrayhdJ Fd;wpd;Nky; Mw;wpd; mlq;fg; ngwpd;.
,Ue;Jnfhz;L ahidg;Nghiuf; fhz;gjw;F xg;ghdJ. (Fd;W - nrwpT-mlf;fk;  rPhi ; k-tpOg;gk;> rpwg;G mwptwpeJ ; -
kiy> ifj;njhd;W-ifg;nghUs;) mlq;fpapUj;jNy mwpthtJ vd;wwpe;J Mw;wpd;-Nehpatopapy;
9. nra;f nghUisr; nrWeH nrUf;fWf;Fk; 4. epiyapd; jpupahJ mlq;fpahd; Njhw;wk;
v/fjdpw; $upa jpy;. kiyapDk; khzg; ngupJ.
nghUisj; Njbr; Nrh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ gifthpd;nrWf;if
mWf;Fk; cWjpahd gilf;fyk;. mjidtplf; $h;ikahd fUtp epiyapd; - (,y;ywnewpahfpa) epiyapd; epdW ;  jphpahJ -
Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy. (nrUf;F-,Wkhg;G> v/F-cWjpahd) epiygpwohJ Njhw;wk; - cah;T khz-kpfTk;.
10. xz;nghUs; fho;g;g ,aw;wpahHf;F vz;nghUs; 5. vy;yhHf;Fk; ed;whk; gzpjy; mtUs;Sk;
Vid ,uz;Lk; xUq;F. nry;tHf;Nf nry;tk; jifj;J.
rpwe;j nghUis ey;topapy; kpFjpahf <l;bath;f;F> kw;iwa ed;W Mk; - ed;ikjUtNj Mk; gzpjy;-mlq;Fjy; 
mwDk; ,d;gKk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xUNruf; if$Lk; vspa
nghUs;fNs. (xz;nghUs;-rpwe;j nghUs;> vz;nghUs;- nry;te;jifj;J – nry;tk; vdj;jFk; rpwg;gpidAilj;J
,ay;gha;f; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;> ,uz;Lk;-mwDk; ,d;gKk;) 6. xUikAs; MikNghy; Ie;jlf;fy; Mw;wpd;
vOikAk; Vkhg; Gilj;J.
mwpTilik Ie;J-Ik;nghwpfs; xUik-xUgpwg;G vOik-VO gpwg;G
Vkhg;G – ghJfhg;G
1. mwptw;wq; fhf;Fq; fUtp nrWthHf;Fk; 7. ahfhth uhapDk; ehfhf;f fhthf;fhy;
cs;sopff ; yhfh muz;. Nrhfhg;gH nrhy;ypOf;Fg; gl;L.
mw;wk;-mopT> ,Wjp nrWthh;fF ; -gifth;f;F muz;- ah –vtw;iw(vy;yhtw;iwAk;)> Nrhfhg;gh;-Jd;GWth;.
Nfhl;il nrhy;,Of;F-nrhw;Fw;wk; Nrhfhg;gh; vd;gJ xU nrhy;.
2. nrd;w ,lj;jhw; nrytplh jPnjhuP, 8. xd;whDe; jPr;nrhy; nghUl;gad; cz;lhapd;
ed;wpdg; h Ya;g;g jwpT. ed;whfh jhfp tpLk;.
XhP, - ePf;fp ca;g;gJ – nrYj;JtJ tplh-tplhky; xd;whDk; - (vz; mstpy;) xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; nghUl;gad; -
3. vg;nghUs; ahHahHtha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT. nghUshy; tpistJ (nghUshy; tUk; Jd;gk;) cz;lhapd; -
nka;g;nghUs; - cz;ikg;nghUs;  fhz;gJ-(fhZjy;) cz;lhtJ Mapd; ed;whfhJ MfptpLk; - jPjhfptpLk;
fhzty;yJ> mwpT. 9. jPapdhw; Rl;lGz; cs;shWk; MwhNj
4. vz;nghUs thfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd;gpwHtha; ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL.
Ez;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT. cs;MWk;(clk;gpy; Gz;zhf epwg; pDk;) cs;sj;Nj MwptpLk; 
vz;nghUsthf-vspanghUs; MkhW Ez;nghUs; - El;gkhd ehtpdhy;-fLQ;nrhw;fshy; tL-jOk;G Ntw;Wikazp.
nghUs; nryr; nrhy; - kdq;nfhs;sr; nrhy;. MwptpLk; jd;ikaJ Mjyhy; jPapdhw; Rl;ljidg; Gz; vd;Wk;
5. cyfe; joP,a njhl;gk; kyHjYq; MwhJ neQ;rpDs;Ns fplj;jypd; ehtpdhw; Rl;ljid tL vd;Wk;
$k;gY kpy;y jwpT. $wpdhh;.
10. fjq;fhj;Jf; fw;wlq;fy; Mw;Wthd; nrt;tp
joP,aJ-el;ghf;FtJ xl;gk;-mwpTilik $k;gy; - mwk;ghHf;Fk; Mw;wpd; Eioe;J.
Ftpjy;  Kfk; thLjy;  kyh;jy; - tphpjy;  Kfk; kyh;jy; fjk;-rpdk;  fhj;J – mlf;fp nrt;tp-jFe;j fhyk; mwk;-
6. vt;t Jiwt Jyf Kyfj;Njh
lt;t Jiwt jwpT. mwf;flTs; Mw;wpd;-milAk; topapy;
ciwtJ - xOFtJ
7. mwpTilahH Mt jwpthH mwptpyhH
m/jwp fy;yh jtH.

6
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
typawpjy; khhpkhl;L vd;dhw;Wq; nfhy;Nyh cyF vd;w rpwg;Gg;nghUs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhy; Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzp vdyhk;)
1. tpidtypAe; jd;typAk; khw;whd; typAk; 2. jhshw;wpj; je;j nghUnsy;yhe; jf;fhHf;F
JiztypAe; J}f;fpr; nray;. Ntshz;ik nra;jw; nghUl;L.
tpidtyp-jhd; nra;af;fUjpa nraypd; typik. khw;whd;- jhshw;wp-kpff; Kaw;rp nra;J je;j-<l;ba jf;fhh;f;F-
gifth; Jiz-jdf;Fk; gifth;f;Fk; Jizahapdhh;  jFe;jth;f;F Ntshz;ik-cjtp
J}f;fp-rPh; J}f;fp nray; - nraw;gLf. 3. Gj;Nj Syfj;Jk; <z;Lk; ngwyupNj
2. xy;t jwpt jwpej ; jd; fz;jq;fpr; xg;Gutpd; ey;y gpw.
nry;thHf;Fr; nry;yhj jpy;. Gj;Njs; cyfk; - (,d;gr; nropg;Gilajhff; fUjg;gLk;) Njth;
xy;tJ-jk;khypad;wJ mwptJ-mwpa Ntz;ba typik cyfj;Jk; <z;Lk; - ,t;Tyfj;Jk;> xg;Gutpd;-xg;Guitf;
mjd;fz; jq;fp- mr;nra;jpfs; fz; kdk; nkhopfis Kw;Wkhf fhl;bYk;  ey;ygpw – ey;ydtha gpwnray;fs;.
<LgLj;jp nry;thh;f;F – gifNkw;nry;thh;f;F 4. xj;j jwpthd; capHtho;thd; kw;iwahd;
3. cilj;jk; typawpahH Cf;fj;jpd; Cf;fp nrj;jhUs; itf;fg; gLk;.
,ilf;fz; Kupej ; hH gyH. xj;jJ-cyfeilawpe;J mjw;fpirar; nra;tJ
cilj;jk;-jk;Kila ,ilf;fz;-eLtpNyNa. Cf;fk; - kd nrj;jhUs;itf;fg;gLk; - ,we;jhUs; xUtdhff; fUjg;gLthd;.
vOr;rp Cf;fp – nraiyj; njhlq;fp> Khpe;jhh;- 5. CUzp ePHepiwe; jw;Nw cyfthk;
mope;jth;(Njhw;wth;) Nguwp thsd; jpU.
4. mike;jhq; nfhOfhd; mstwpahd; jd;id CUzp – Ch; kf;fs; cz;ZePh;f;Fsk;  cyFmthk; - cyf
tpae;jhd; tpiue;J nfLk;. eilia tpUk;gpr; nra;Ak;  jpU-nry;tk;  mw;W-NghYk; 
Mq;F mike;J xOfhd;-may; Nte;jNuhL nghUe;jp xOfhJ gad;kuk; - gad;gLk;kuk;  cs;.h; - Ch;eLNt
mstwpahd; - jd; typikapd; msit mwpahJ
jd;idtpae;jhd;- jhNd jd;id cah;thff; fUjpr; 6. gad;kuk; cs;s Hg; gOj;jw;why; nry;tk;
nrUf;FWgtd;. eaDil ahd;fz; gbd;.
5. gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lQ; eaDilahd; - ey;y cs;sKilatd; (xg;Guthsd;)
rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;. 7. kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; nry;tk;
ngUe;jif ahd;fz; gbd;.
gPyp-kapy;Njhif rhfhL-tz;b ,Wk;-KhpAk;> ngapd;-
Vw;wpdhy;. gpwpJ nkhopjyzp. EtyhEtw;rp> xl;lzp vdpDk; mJ. kUe;jhfp-kUe;jha; jg;gh – jg;ghj kuj;jw;W-kuj;ij xg;gJ.
xUtd; jd; giftiu typikaw;wtnud;W ,fo;jy; MfhJ. 8. ,ldpy; gUtj;Jk; xg;Gutpw; nfhy;fhH
typikaw;wtNuahapDk; kpfg;gyuhf xd;W $bf; nfhs;thuhapd; fldwp fhl;rp atH.
typikAs;s murDk; mth;fis xU nghUl;lhf kjpahJ ,lk; - nry;tk;  ,ldpy;gUtk;-tWikAw;wfhyk; xy;fhh;-
,fo;e;j fhuzj;jhy; Njhy;tpAw NeUk; vd;gJ ngwg;gl;lJ. jsuhh;  fld;-Kiwik fhl;rpath; - mwpTilahh;.
,t;thW ftpQd;jhd; fUjpa nghUSf;F xj;jjhf Ntnwhd;iwf; 9. eaDilahd; ey;$He;jh dhjy; nrAk;ePu
$wp mg;nghUisg; Gyg;gLj;JtJ gpwpJ nkhopjyhFk;. nra;ah jikfyh thW.
6. Edpfn ; fhk;gH VwpdhH m/jpwe; J}f;fpd; eaDilahd;-xg;Guthsd;> ey;$h;e;jhdhjy; - tWik
capHf;fpWjp Mfp tpLk;.
tha;g;gLjy;. nra;Ak; ePu – nra;Ak; jd;ikaila xg;GuTfis>
nfhk;gh;-,Wjpg;Nghyp Edpfn ; fhk;gh;-fpisapd; Edp m/jpwe;J- nra;ahJ-nra;ag;ngwhJ. nra;aNtz;batw;iwr; nra;ahJ
mt;tstpidf; fle;J. ,JTk; gpwpJ nkhopjy;. Giftiu
nty;yf; fUJgtd; jhd; nry;yj;jf;f vy;iy tiu kl;LNk ,Uj;jNy xg;GuthsDf;F ey;$h;jyhFk;  mtd; Ja;ff ;
nry;yy; Ntz;Lk;. khwhf NkYk; NkYk; nry;thdhapd; jd; Ntz;batw;iwj; Ja;ff ; hkypUg;gJ ey; $h;jy; md;W vd;gjhk;.
capUf;Fk; ,Wjp Njbf; nfhs;gtd; Mthd; vd;gJ ngwg;gl;lJ. 10. xg;Gutp dhy;tUq; Nfnldpd; m/njhUtd;
7. Mw;wpd; mstwpe; jPf mJnghUs; tpw;Wf;Nfhs; jf;f Jilj;J.
Nghw;wp toq;F newp. NfL – nghUs;NfL Nfhs;jf;fJ – nfhs;sj;jf;fJ
MW-newp Mw;wpd- ; nfhLf;Fk; newpapy;  msT mwpe;J-
jkf;Fs;s nghUspd; vy;iyia mwpeJ ; . nra;e;ed;wp mwpjy;
8. Mfh wstpl;b jhapDq; Nfby;iy
Nghfh wfyhf; fil. 1. nra;ahky; nra;j cjtpf;F itafKk;
thdfKk; Mw;wy; mupJ.
MF MW- nghUs; tUk; top ,l;bJ-rpwpaJ NghF
itafk; - kz;Zyfk;  thdfk;-tpz;Zyfk;  Mw;wyhpJ –
MW-nrytopAk; top mfyhf;fil- ngUfhjhapd.;
9. mstwpeJ ; thohjhd; tho;f;if csNghy xj;jyhpJ<lhfh
,y;yhfpj; Njhd;whf; nfLk;. 2. fhyj;jp dhw;nra;j ed;wp rpwpnjdpDk;
csNghy- cs;sd Nghy. Qhyj;jpd; khzg; ngupJ.
10. cstiu J}f;fhj xg;Gu thz;ik Qhyk; - epyTyfk;  ed;wp – ed;ik> cjtp khzg;nghpJ-
tstiu ty;iyf; nfLk;. kpfg;nghpJ
cstiu – jdf;Fs;s nghUspd; msT J}f;fhj-Muha;e;J 3. gad;J}f;fhH nra;j cjtp ead;J}f;fpd;
ed;ik flypd; ngupJ.
; hj ty;iy-tpiutpy;  tstiu-nry;tj;jpd; vy;iy.
ghh;ff J}f;fhh;-Muha;j-yuha;> (gad; Nehf;fhh;) ead;-cjtpahfpa
xg;Gutwpjy; <uKilik J}f;fpd; - Muhapd.;
4. jpidj;Jiz ed;wp nrapDk; gidj;Jizahf;
1. ifk;khW Ntz;lh flg;ghL khupkhl; nfhs;tH gad;njup thH.
nld;dhw;Wq; nfhy;Nyh cyF. jpid-kpfr; rpwpa msT (jpid-rpwpa mstpdjha jhdpa tif
ifk;khW-vjph;ghh;j;Jr; nra;Ak; cjtp flg;ghL-flikaha;f; gid – xU NgusT.)
5. cjtp tiuj;jd;W cjtp cjtp
nfhz;L nray;gly; khhp- kioiaj; jUk; Nkfk;  (gad; nrag;gl;lhH rhy;gpd; tiuj;J.
fUjhJ nga;Ak; kiof;F cyfk; vd;d ifk;khW nra;fpdw; J?
MfNt njhz;Ls;sq; nfhz;lth; nra;Ak; cjtpfSk; gaid tiuj;J- msitAilaJ rhy;G – epiwgz;G jFjp.
vjph;ghh;g;gjpy;iy. vdNt Ntw;Wg;nghUs;itg;gzp kiwe;J 6. kwtw;f khrw;whH Nfz;ik Jwtw;f
te;jJ. ifk;khW Ntz;lhf; flg;ghL vd;Dk; nghJg; nghUis Jd;gj;Js; Jg;ghahH el;G.
khrw;whh; - Fw;wkw;wth;  Nfz;ik – el;G

7
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
7. vOik vOgpwg;Gk; cs;StH jq;fz; ehybahh;
tpOke; Jilj;jtH el;G.
cs;Sth; - epidg;gh;  tpOkk;-Jd;gk;  Jilj;jth; - eha;f;fhy; rpWtpuy;Nghy; ed;fzpa uhapDk;
ePff; pdth;. <f;fhy; JizAk; cjthjhh; el;ngd;dhk;
8. ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;yJ Nra;j;jhDk; nrd;W nfhsy;Ntz;Lk; nra;tpisf;Fk;
md;Nw kwg;gJ ed;W.
tha;f;fhy; midahh; njhlh;G.
ed;W – ed;ik(mwd;) MFk;  ed;wd;W – mwkhfhJ. -rkzKdpth;
9. nfhd;wd;d ,d;dh nrapDk; mtHnra;j
xd;Wed;W cs;sf; nfLk;. ghly; nghUs;- ehapd; fhy;tpuy;fs; neUq;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
mijg;Nghyr; rpyh; ek;NkhL neUf;fkhf ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Mdhy;>
,d;dh – jPq;Ffs;  cs;s – epidf;f nfLk; -
mth;fs; <apd; fhy; msTf;F $l ekf;F cjt khl;lhh;fs;.
,y;iyahFk;(nfLk;)
10. ve;ed;wp nfhd;whHf;Fk; ca;Tz;lhk; ca;tpy;iy mg;gbg;gl;lth; el;ghy; ekf;F vd;d gad;? tha;f;fhy;>
nra;e;ed;wp nfhd;w kfw;F. J}uj;jpypUe;J ePiuf; nfhz;LtUk;. nfhz;Lte;J taYf;Fg;
ed;wp – mwk;  ca;T – ePq;Fk; thapy; (gpuhar;rpj;jk;)  nfhd;w – gha;r;rp tay; tpisa cjTk;. tha;ff ; hiyg;Nghy cjTk; kdpjh;fs;
rpijj;j. ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. vt;tsT J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYK; mth;fs; el;ig
ehk; Njbf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
tpidj;jpl;gk; nrhw;nghUs;- eha;ff ; hy;-ehapd; fhy;. <f;fhy; - <apd; fhy;.
1. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;g njhUtd; kdj;jpl;gk; ed;fzpah; - ed;F+mzpah;. mzpah;-neUq;fp ,Ug;gth;. vd;dhk;
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw. - vd;d gad;?. Nra;-J}uk;. nra;-tay;. midahh; - Nghd;whh;.
jpl;gk;-typik kw;wit-xope;jit gpw-jpz;iknad;W
nrhy;yg;glh tpidj;jpl;gk;-nray; nra;tjw;fhd kdtypik - Mrphpah;fs; - rkz Kdpth;fs;> njhFj;jth; -
2. Cnwhuhy; cw;wgpd; xy;fhik ,t;tpuz;bd; gJkdhh;> (ghz;ba ehl;by; tho;e;jth;fs;)
Mnwd;gH Ma;e;jtH Nfhs;. - %d;W gFjpfshFk; (Kg;ghy; - mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;)
CW-gOJgLk; tpid Xuhy; - nra;ahik xy;fhik- - flTs; thoj;J ghbath; - gJkdhh;
jsuhik MW-newp Nfhs;-JzpG - [p.A. Nghg; - Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;g;G
3. filf;nfhl;fr; nra;jf;f jhz;ik ,ilf;nfhl;fpd; - NtWngah;fs; - ehyb ehD}W> Ntshz; Ntjk;;
vw;wh tpOke; jUk;. - 400 ghly;fs;
fil-,Wjpapy;  nfhl;f –Gyg;gLk;gb vw;wh – ePq;fhj
tpOkk;-Jd;gk;  ,ilf;nfhl;fpd; - ,ilNa ntspg;gLkhapd; ehd;kzpf;fbif
4. nrhy;Yjy; ahHf;Fk; vspa mupathk;
nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray;. kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths;. klths;
nray; - nra;jy; jdf;Fj; jifrhy; Gjy;th;. kdf;fpdpa
5. tPnwa;jp khz;lhH tpidj;jpl;gk; Nte;jd;fz; fhjy; Gjy;th;f;Ff; fy;tpNa. fy;tpf;Fk;
Cnwa;jp cs;sg; gLk;.
Xjpd; Gfo;rhy; czh;T. -tpsk;gpehfdhh;.
tPW-rpwg;G va;jp-ngw;W khz;lhh;-khl;rpikg;gl;l mikr;rh; ghly;nghUs;- FLk;gj;jpd; tpsf;Fg; ngz;zhths;.
cs;sg;gLk; - ed;F kjpff ; g;gLk;  CW va;jp – ey;y tpisit mg;ngz;Zf;F tpsf;fpidg; Nghd;wth;fs; mts;ngw;w gz;gpy;
va;J tpj;jyhy;. rpwe;j gpsi
; sfs;. kdj;jpw;fpdpa md;Gkpff
; mg;gps;isfSf;F
6. vz;zpa vz;zpahq; nfa;Jg vz;zpahH
jpzz ; paH Mfg; ngwpd.; tpsf;fpidg; Nghd;wJ fy;tp. mf;fy;tpf;F tpsf;fhf tpsq;FtJ
vJntd;why;> mth;fsplKs;s ey;nyz;zq;fNs.
vz;zpa – vz;zg;gl;lit va;Jg-milth;  jpz;zpah;-
typah; nrhw;nghUs;- klths;-ngz;. jifrhy; - gz;gpy; rpwe;j.
7. cUTfz; nls;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;NjHf; kdf;fpdpa – kdj;Jf;F ,dpa. fhjy; Gjy;th;- md;G kf;fs;.
fr;rhzp ad;dhH cilj;J. Xjpd; - vJntd;W nrhy;Yk;NghJ. Gfo;rhy; - Gfioj;jUk;.
cUTfz;L-tbtpd; rpWik Nehf;fp vs;shik-,fohjpUj;jy; czh;T – ey;nyz;zk;.
8. fyq;fhJ fz;l tpidf;fz; Jsq;fhJ
J}f;fq; fbe;J nray;.
- Mrphpah;-tpsk;gp ehfdhh; (itzt Kdpth;)
fyq;fhJ-kde;njspe;J fz;ltpid-Jzpe;j tpidaplj;J - ehd;F tifahd kzpfshy; Nfhh;f;fg;gl;l xU tif
Jsq;fhJ- Nrhk;gypd;wp J}f;fk;-ePl;bj;jy;  fope;J –xope;J mzpfyidg; Nghy ghly; NjhWk; ehd;F ejpfisf;
nray;-nra;f. nfhz;l 104 ntz;ghf;fshy; Md E}y;
9. Jd;gk; cwtupDk; nra;f Jzpthw;wp
,d;gk; gaf;Fk; tpid. gonkhop ehD}W
cwthpd;-kpFe;J tUkhapDk; Jzpthw;wp – Jzpit
newpahff; nfhz;L nra;f – nra;aNtz;Lk;  gaf;Fk; - fy;tpapd; rpwg;G-
cz;lhf;Fk; Mw;wTk; fw;whh; mwpTilahh;- m/Jilahh;
10. vidj;jpl;g nka;jpaf; fz;Zk; tpidj;jpl;gk;
Ntz;lhiu Ntz;lh JyF. ehw;wpirAk; nry;yhj ehby;iy- me;ehL
Ntz;lhiu – nfhs;shj mikr;riu Ntz;lhJ – tpUk;ghJ Ntw;WehL Mfh. jkNtahk;. Mapdhy;
Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ ,y;. -Kd;Wiw miuadhh;
c\F Ntz;lhJ – cah;e;Njhh; ed;F kjpahh;
ghly;nghUs;- Nghjpa E}y;fis epiwthff; fw;wth; mwpTilahh;
Mthh;. mtUila Gfo; ehd;F jpirfspYk; guTk;. mtUila
Gfo; guthj ehL ,y;iy. me;j ehLfs; vy;yhk; NtW ehLfs;
,y;iy> mwpTilahh; ehLfNs. vdNt> me;ehLfSf;Fr;
nry;Yk;NghJ topeil czit mth; vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;ba
Njit ,y;iy.

8
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
nrhw;nghUs;- Mw;wTk; - epiwthf. ehw;wpir – ehd;F + jpir.
jkNtahk; - jk;Kila ehNl MFk;. Mw;Wzh – MW+czh.
MW – top. czh – czT. Topeil czT. ,jidf;
„fl;Lr; NrhW‟ vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrhy;Nthk;. ve;ehL nrd;whYk;
me;ehl;by; fw;Nwhiu tuNtw;W cztspg;gh; vd;gJ ghly;
czh;j;Jk; fUj;J.
 Mrphpah;-Kd;Wiwaiuadhh;
 njhy;fhg;gpau; Rl;ba „KJnrhy;‟– gonkhop
 xt;nthu; ghlypYk; xU gonkhop ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ
 Ex--„Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ ,y;‟ vd;gJ fw;wtDf;Fr;
fl;Lr;NrhW Ntz;lhk; vd;W nghUs;.
 Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk; fhzg;gLk;;
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp
(rpwe;jnjdf; $wg;gLk; gj;Jg; nghUisj; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;bUg;gJ rpwe;j gj;J.)
1. Mh;fyp cyfj;J kf;fl; nfy;yhk; Xjypy;
rpwe;jd;(W) xOf;fk; cilik.
2. fhjypy; rpwe;jd;W fz;zQ;rg; gLjy;.
3. Nkijapy; rpwe;jd;W fw;wJ kwthik.
4. tz;ikapy; rpwe;jd;W tha;ik Ailik.
5. ,sikapy; rpwe;jd;W nka;gpzp ,d;ik.
6. eyDil ikapd; ehZr; rpwe;jd;W.
7. FyDil ikapd; fw;Gr; rpwe;jd;W.
8. fw;wypd; fw;whiu topgLjy; rpwe;jd;W.
9. nrw;whiur; nrWj;jypy; jw;nra;if rpwe;jd;W.
10. Kd;ngU fypd;gpd; rpWfhik rpwe;jd;W.
-kJiuf; $lY}h;fpohh;
nghUs;-
1. fly;#o;ej ; ,t;Tyf kf;fs; midth;f;Fk; fw;wiytpl
xOf;fKilikNa rpwe;jJ.
2. gpwh;f;F md;Gfhl;LtjpYk; nray;fshy; mth;Nghw;Wk;gb
elj;jNy NkyhdJ.
3. mwpTEl;gj;jpDk; fw;wnghUis kwthik
Nkd;ikahdJ.
4. tskhd tho;fi ; fiaf;fhl;bYk; tha;ik cilatuhf
tho;tJ cah;e;jJ.
5. ,sikiaf; fhl;bYk; Nehaw;w tho;Nt rpwe;jJ.
6. moFilatuhf ,Ug;gjpDk; ehzKilatuhf ,Ug;gNj
NkyhdJ.
7. Fyg;ngUikiatpl xOf;fKilikNa rpwe;jJ.
8. rpwe;j E}y;fisf; fw;wiytplTk; fw;wwpej ; nghpahiug;
gpdg; w;wp nahOFjy; rpwg;ghdJ.
9. giftiug; jz;bg;gijtpl> mtUf;F ed;iknra;jy;
rpwe;jJ.
10. Kw;fhyj;Jg; ngUfpa nry;tj;ijg; gpdd; h;f;
FiwTglhky; fhj;jNy rpwe;jJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- Mh;fyp – epiwe;j XirAila fly;. fhjy; -
md;G> tpUg;gk;. Nkij – mwpT El;gk;. tz;ik - <if>
nfhil. gpzp – Neha;. nka; - clk;G. ehzk; - nra;aj;
jfhjdtw;wpdf ; z; cs;snkhLq;Fjy;. rpwe;jd;W – rpwe;jJ.
topgLjy; - Nghw;wp tzq;Fjy;. jw;nra;if – jd;idr; nry;tk;
Kjypatw;wpy; Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.
KJnkhopff
; hQ;rp NtW ngah; - mwTiuf;Nfhit
- fhQ;rpj;jpizapd; JiwfSs; xd;W
- xt;Nthh; mjpfhuKk; „Mh;fypAfj;J‟ vdj;
njhlq;FfpwJ.
- cyfpy; cz;ikfis njspthf vLj;J ,ak;Gk;
- 10 mjpfhuk; 100 ghly;fs;;
- kJiuf; $lY}h;fpohh; CH- $lY}H
- rpwg;G- ,tHjk; ghly;fis er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH Kjypa
ey;YiuahrpupaHfs; NkHNfhs;fshf ifahz;Ls;shHfs;
- rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; tho;e;jtH.
jphpfLfk; - ey;yhjdhh;
J}ath; nray;fs;
cz;nghOJ ePuhb cz;lYk; vd;ngwpDk;
ghy;gw;wpr; nrhy;yh tpLjYk; - Njhy;tw;wpr;
rhapDk; rhd;whz;ik Fd;whik ,k;%d;Wk;
J}cak; vd;ghh; njhopy;.
nghUs;- ePuhba gpd; cz;Zjy;> ngUk;gad; fpilj;jhYk;
ngha;r;rhl;rp nrhy;yhky; ,Uj;jy;> cly;thbj; jsh;e;jNghJk; mwpT
xOf;fq;fspy; Fd;whJ ,Uj;jy; mfpa ,k;%d;Wk; kdk;> nkhop>
nka;fshy; J}a;ik cilathpd; nra;iffshk;.
nrhw;nghUs;- cz;nghOJ – cz;Zk;nghOJ. ngwpDk; -
ngw;whYk;. ghy;gw;wp – xUgf;fr; rhh;G (eLTepiyikapy; ,Ue;J
khWjy;). Njhy;tw;wp – Njhy;RUq;fp. rhapDk; - mopapDk;.
rhd;whz;ik – mwpT xOf;fq;fspy; epiyj;J epww; y;. Fd;whik –
FiwahJ ,Uj;jy;. J}cak; - J}a;ik cilNahh;).
mwTzh;T cilahhplj;J cs;sit
,y;yhh;f;nfhd; wPAk; cilikAk;> ,t;Tyfpy;
epy;yhik As;Sk; newpg;ghLk; - vt;Taph;f;Fk;
Jd;GWt nra;ahj J}a;ikAk; ,k;%d;Wk;
ed;wwpAk; khe;jh;f; Fs.
nghUs;- twpath;f;Fg; nghUis mspj;jy;> ,t;Tyfj;Jg;
nghUs;fspd; epiyahikia mwpeJ ; ey;top epw;wy;> vt;TapiuAk;
Jd;GWj;jhj epiyapy; tho;jy; vd;Dk; ,k;%d;Wk; mwtopapy;
elf;Fk; kf;fSf;Nf vd;Wk; cz;L.
nrhw;nghUs;- <Ak; - mspf;Fk;. epy;yhik – epiyahik. newp
– top. J}a;ik – J}a jd;ik. khe;jh; - kf;fs;.
Gjhpy; tpijj;j tpij
Kiwnra;ahd; ngw;w jiyikAk; neq;rpy;
epiwapyhd; nfhz;l jtKk; - epiwxOf;fk;
Njw;whjhd; ngw;w tdg;Gk; ,it%d;Wk;
J}w;wpd;fz; J}tpa tpj;J.
nghUs;- mwk; jtwhJ nray;gLk; Mw;wy; ,y;yhjtd; ngw;w
jiyik> xOf;fk; ,y;yhjtd; Nkw;nfhz;l jtk;> Nkyhd
xOf;fj;ijg; filg; gpbf;fhjtd; ngw;w mof mfpa ,k;%d;Wk;
Gjhpy; tpijj;j tpijNghd;W gadw;witNa.
nrhw;nghUs;- epiw xOf;fk; - Nkyhd xOf;fk;. Njw;whjhd; -
filg;gpbf;fhjtd;. tdg;G–moF. J}W–Gjh;. tpj;J–tpij.
 Mrphpah; - ey;yhjdhh;(CH-jpUj;J(jpUney;Ntyp)
 ,tiur;>“nrUmLNjhs; ey;yhjd;" vdg; ghapuk; Fwpg;gpLtjhy;>
NghHtPuuhf ,Ue;jpUg;ghH vd fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 jphp(%d;W) + fLfk; (fhukhd nghUs;)
 Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp Mfpa 3-k; Nrh;e;j kUe;J
 ,k;%d;W kUe;Jk; clypd; Nehia khw;wp eyj;ijj; jUtJ
Nghy; xt;nthU ghl;bYk; mike;Js;s Kk;%d;W nghUSk;
cs;Nehahfpa mwpahik Kjypatw;iw Nghf;fp ,d;gk; jUtJ.
 100 ntz;ghf;fs; nfhz;lJ.
9
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
 rkak; - itztk;
,dpait ehw;gJ – g+jQ;Nre;jdhh;
Fotp gpzpapd;wp tho;jy; ,dpNj
foWk; mitaQ;rhd; fy;tp ,dpNj
kahpf sy;yuha; khz;Gilahh;r; NrUk;
jpUTe;jPh; tpd;Nwy; ,dpJ.
nghUs;- Foe;ij Nehapdw; p tho;jy; ,dpaJ. mitf;F
mQ;rhjtdpd; fy;tp ,dpaJ. kaf;fkw;w ngUikkpf;fthplk;
NrUk; nry;tk; mtiutpl;L ePq;fhJ epiyj;jpUg;gpd; ,dpaJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- Fotp – Foe;ij. gpzp – Neha;. kahp – kaf;fk;.
foWk; - NgRk;.
rytiur; rhuh tpLjy; ,dpNj
Gyth;jk; tha;nkhop Nghw;wy; ,dpNj
kyh;jiy Qhyj;J kd;Daph;f; nfy;yhk;
jFjpahy; tho;jy; ,dpJ.
nghUs;- tQ;rfiur; Nruhky; tpypfpapUj;jy; ,dpaJ.
mwpTilahhpd; tha;r; nrhw;fisg; gpdg; w;wp xOFjy; ,dpJ.
cyfpy; thOk; caph;fnsy;yhk; chpikg;gl tho;jy; ,dpaJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- ryth; - tQ;rfh;. kd;Daph; - epiyngw;w caph;.
 Mrphpah; - (kJiu jkpohrpupaH kfd;)g+jQ;Nre;jdhh;
 2-k; E}w;whz;L.
 ed;ik jUk; ,dpa fUj;Jf;fis 40 ghly;fspy; njhFj;Jf;
$wpAs;shh;.
 flTs; tho;j;J - 3 flTs;fisAk; gw;wpaJ
(rptd;>khy;>gpukd;)
rpWgQ;r%yk;
fz;tdg;Gf; fz;Nzhl;lk;> fhy;tdg;Gr; nry;yhik>
vz;tdg;G ,j;Jizahk; vd;Wiuj;jy; - gz;tdg;Gf;
Nfl;lhh;ed; nwd;wy;> fpsh;Nte;jd; jd;dhL
thl;lhd; nwd;wy; tdg;G. - fhhpahrhd;
nghUs;- fz;Zf;F moF ,uf;fk; nfhs;sy;. fhYf;F moF
gpwhplk; ,ue;J nry;yhik. Muha;r;rpf;F moF jkJ Kbitj;
JzpeJ ; iuj;jy;. ,irf;F moF mjidf; Nfl;Nghh; ed;nwdg;
Gfo;jy;. murDf;F moF> Fbkf;fis tUj;jhky; fhg;gtd;
vd;W> gpwh; mtidg; Gfo;e;J ciuj;jy;.
nrhw;nghUs;- fz;Nzhl;lk; - ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy;. vz;tdg;G
– Muha;r;rpfF
; moF. tdg;G – moF. fpsh;Nte;jd; - GfOf;F
chpa murd;. thl;lhd; - tUj;j khl;lhd;.
,yf;fzFwpg;G- fz;Nzhl;lk;> nry;yhik> ciuj;jy;> vd;wy;
- njhopw;ngah;fs;. Nfl;lhh;> thl;lhd; - tpidahyizAk;
ngah;fs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Nfl;lhh; - Nfs;(l;) +l;+Mh;.
ghy;Nehf;fp tho;thd; gopapy;yh kd;ddha;
E}y;Nehf;fp tho;thd; Edpj;J. - fzpNkjhtpahh;
nghUs;- gpwh;f;Fg; gzpe;Jk;> ey;topapy; ele;Jk;> khz;Gila
rhd;Nwhh; mwpTiufisg; gpdg; w;wpAk;> Ez;zwpT E}y;fis
Muha;e;Jk;> mit etpYk;tz;zk; thOk; gopapyh kd;dd;
E}y;fnsy;yhk; Nghw;Wk;gb tho;thd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- tzq;fp – gzpe;J. khz;lhh; - khz;Gila
rhd;Nwhh;. Ezq;fpa E}y; - Ez;zwpT E}y;fs;. Nehf;fp –
Muha;e;J.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- E}y;Nehf;fp - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
gopapy;yh kd;dd; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Nehf;fp – Nehf;F + ,> tho;thd; -
tho; + t; + Md;> Edpj;J – Edp + j; + j; + c
gpupj;jwpjy;- topnahOfp - top + xOfp.
 Vyhjp-- (Vyk;+Mjp)
 rpwg;Gg; ghapuk;> jw;rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; cl;gl 81 ntz;ghf;fisf;
nfhz;lJ.
 4 mbfspy; 6 fUj;Jfs;. ,e;E}y; jkpoUf;F mUkUe;J.
 rkz rkak;
 Vyj;ij Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L ,ytq;fk;> rpWehtw;g+> Rf;F>
kpsF> jpg;gpyp vDk; 6 nghUs;fs; kf;fSila kdNehahfpa
mwpahikiag; Nghf;fp njspit ju ty;yd.
 „czT nfhLg;gij cah;thd mwk;‟ vd;fpwJ Vyhjp
 Mrphpah; - fzpNkjhtpahh;(fzpNkijaH)
 khf;fhadhhpd; khzth;. N[hjplj;jpy; ty;yth;
 jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ> Vyhjp – Mrphpah;
 ,tH Vyhjpapy; rkz rkaj;jpw;Nf cupa nfhy;yhik Kjypa
mwfUj;Jf;fis typAWj;JfpwhH.
 fhyk;- filr;rq;f fhyk;
,d;dh ehw;gJ
 Mrphpah; - fgpyh;
 ,d;dJ ,d;dJ Jd;gk; jUtJ vd;W $Wtjhy; ,g;ngah;
ngw;wJ –„me;jzh; tho;T gw;wp‟ $WfpwJ.
 njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; „mk;ik‟ tdg;igr; Nrhh;e;jJ.
 41 ntz;gh + 164 ,d;dhj nghUl;fisf; fgpyh;
vLj;Jiuf;fpdw; hh;.

 Mrphpah; - fhhpahrhd;.
 kJiuj; jkpohrpupaH khf;fhadhupd; khztH vdr; rpwg;Gg;ghapuk;
$WfpwJ.
 ,tUk; fzpNkjhtpahUk; xUrhiy khzhf;fuhtH.
 fz;lq;fj;jphp> rpWtOJiz> rpWky;yp> ngUky;yp> neUQ;rp
Mfpa 5 %ypifAk; cly; Nehiaj; jPhg; ;gdmNj Nghd;W
xt;nthU ghlypYk; cs;s 5 fUj;Jf;fSk; kf;fs;
kdNehiag; Nghf;Ftd
 rkz rkak;
 flTs; tho;j;Jld; 97 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd.

Vyhjp
tzq;fp topnahOfp khz;lhh;nrhy; nfhz;L
Ezq;fpE}y; Nehf;fp Eioah - ,zq;fpa

10
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
fk;guhkhazk;
 jkpopy; vOjpath; - fk;gh;
 tlnkhop ,uhkhazj;ij vOjpath; - thy;kPfp
 6 fhz;lq;fs; (ghy> mNahj;ah> fpl;fpej ; h> Re;ju> Aj;j> cj;u
fhz;lk;)
 fk;gh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ> ruRtjp
me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk;> rpiynaOgJ.
 fk;gh; rpwg;Gfs;-- ftpr;rf;futHj;jp
 fy;tpapy; nghpath; fk;gh;
 fk;gd; tPl;L fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;
 tpUj;jnkDk; xz;ghtpy; cah;fk;gd;
 fk;guhkhazk; rpwg;Gg;ngah;fs;- ,uhk fhij> Mjpfhtpak;
 fk;gH - Nrho ehl;Lj; jpUtOe;J}upy; gpwe;jtH.
 tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp.12-k; E}w;whz;lhFk;>
 fk;giuj; jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}H rilag;g ts;sy; vd;ghH
Mjupj;J te;jhH.
 GfNoe;jpg;GytH. Xl;lf;$j;jH. XsitahH - fk;gH fhyj;jpy;
tho;e;j GytH ngUkf;fs;.
 jpUf;FwSk; fk;guhkhazKk; “jkpOf;F fjp”
vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 fk;giug; ghujpahh; “ahkwpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg; Nghy; ahtUk;
,y;iy” vd Gfo;e;Js;shh;.
jhJF Nrhiy NjhWk; rz;gff; fhL NjhWk;
Nghjtpo; ngha;if NjhWk; GJkzj; jlq;fs; NjhWk;
khjtp Ntypg; g+f tde;njhWk; tay;fs; NjhWk;
Xjpa clk;G NjhWk; capnud cyha jd;Nw.
nghUs;- ruA MW kfue;jg;nghbfisr; rpe;Jk; Nrhiyfis
tsg;gLj;jpAk;> rz;gf tdq;fisf; fle;Jk;> mUk;Gfs;
tphpej
; pUf;fpdw; Fsq;fis epug;gpAk;> GJkzy;kpf;f ePh;epiyfs;
topahfTk;> FUf;fj;jp Ntypapl;l fKfe;Njhl;lq;fspy; gha;e;Jk;>
tay;fisr; nropf;fr; nra;Jk; gha;eJ ; nry;tJ> clypDs;
caph;GFe;J guTtijg; Nghd;W tpsq;FfpwJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- jhJ – kfue;jk;. NghJ – kyh;. ngha;if – Fsk;.
g+fk; - fKfk; (ghf;F kuk;).
mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;
Ffg; glyk;- Kd;fijr; RUf;fk; -
mNahj;jp ehl;L kd;dd; jrujDf;F kf;fs; ehy;th;.
jrujd;> jd; %j;j kfd; ,uhkDf;F Kb#l;l tpioe;jhd;. jrujd;
kidtp ifNfap. mts; Njhop ke;jiu> ,uhkd; Kb#Ltjid
tpUk;gtpy;iy. vdNt> ifNfapapd; kdj;ij ke;jiu tQ;rf
ciufshy; khw;wpdhs;. kdk; khwpa ifNfap> jrujdplk; jhd;ngw;w
,U tuq;ifsg; gad;gLj;jp> ,uhkd; fhL nry;yTk;> jd;kfd;
gujd; ehlhsTk; Ntz;Lnkdf; $wpdhs;.kzpKb #lg; Gwg;gl;L
te;j ,uhkdplk; ifNfap>“eP gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; fhL
nry;yNtz;Lk;. ,J kd;dd; Miz” vd;whs;. mjid ,uhkd;
gzpTld; Vw;whd;. jd; kidtp rPijAlDk; jk;gp ,yf;FtDlDk;
fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;whd;. nry;Yk; topapy; fq;iff;fiuia mile;jhd;.
mq;Nf md;Ng tbthd Ntl;Ltj; jiytd; Ffd;> ,uhkidr;
re;jpj;jhd;.
Ffdpd; tUif
Ma fhiyapd; Mapuk; mk;gpf;F
eha fd;Nghh;f; Ffd;vDk; ehkj;jhd;
J}a fq;ifj; JiwtpLk; njhd;ikahd;
fhAk; tpy;ypdd; fy;jpus; Njhspdhd;.
nghUs;- Nghh;fF
; zk; kpff; Ffdhdtd; Mapuk; glFfSf;Fj;
jiytd;. fq;ifahw;Wj; Njhzpj;Jiwf;Fj; njhd;Wnjhl;L
chpikAilatd;. gifth;fis mopfF ; k; tpy;yhw;wy; ngw;wtd;.
kiyNghd;w jpuz;l Njhs;fis cilatd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Mafhiy – me;jNeuj;jpy;. mk;gp – glF. ehafd;
- jiytd;. ehkk; - ngah;. Jiw – Njhzpj;Jiw. njhd;ik
– njhd;Wnjhl;L. fy; - kiy. jpus; - jpul;rp. fhAk; tpy;ypdd;
- gifth;fis mopf;Fk; tpy;yhw;wy; ngw;wtd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- Nghh;f;Ffd; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif. fy;jpus; - ctikj;njhif.
Ffdpd; Njhw;wk;
1. Jbad;> ehapdd;> Njhy;nrUg;G Mh;j;jNgh;
mbad;> my;nrwpj; jd;d epwj;jpdhd;>
neba jhid neUq;fypd; ePh;Kfpy;
,bap NdhLvOe; jhyd;d <l;bdhd;.
nghUs;- Ffd; Jbnad;Dk; giw cilatd;. Ntl;il
eha;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gtd;. Njhy; nrUg;gzpe;j ngUq;fhy;fis
cilatd;. ,Us; Nghd;w fhpa epwj;ijAilatd;. fhpa Nkff;
$l;lk; jpuz;L te;jhw;Nghd;w kpFjpahd gilgyk; cilatd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Jb – giw. my; - ,Us;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ePhK ; fpy; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- <l;bdhd; - <l;L + ,d; + Md;.
Ffd; ,uhkidf; fhz tUjy;
2. rpUq;fp Nguk; vdj;jpiuf; fq;ifapd;
kUq;F Njhd;Wk; efUiw tho;f;ifad;
xUq;F NjndhL kPd;cg fhuj;jd;
,Ue;j ts;siyf; fhzte; nja;jpdhd;.
nghUs;- miyfisAila fq;iff;fiuapd; gf;fj;jpYs;s
rpUq;fpNguk; vd;Dk; efhpy; thOk; jiytd; Ffd;. ,td;>
Kdpth;jk; jtr;rhiyapYs;s ts;sy; ,uhkidf; fhzj;
NjDk;kPDk; nfhz;Lnrd;whd;. (murd;> FU> nja;tk; MfpNahiuf;
fhzr; nry;Yk;NghJ ntWq;ifNahL nry;yyhfhJ vd;gJ
jkpo;kuG.)
nrhw;nghUs;- rpUq;fpNguk; - fq;iff;fiuNahu efuk;. jpiu –
miy. kUq;F – gf;fk;. cgfhuj;jd; - gad;fUjhJ cjTgtd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- jpiuf;fq;if (miyfis cila fq;if) -
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif.
,Ue;jts;sy; - nganur;rk;. te;Jva;jpdhd; - tpidnar;rk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- va;jpdhd; - va;J + ,d; + Md;.
,Ue;j - ,U + j; (e;) + j; + m
3. $th Kd;dk; ,isNahd; FWfpeP
Mthd; ahh;vd md;gpd; ,iwQ;rpdhd;
Njth epd;foy; Nrtpf;f te;jndd;
ehtha; Ntl;Ltd; eha;mbNad; vd;whd;.
nghUs;- ,uhkd;> Ffid miof;Fk; Kd;dh;. ,isatdhfpa
,yf;Ftd; mtid neUq;fp> ahh; eP? vd tpdtpdhd;. Ffd;>
,uhkid md;NghL tzq;fp>“Njth> fq;ifahw;wpy; ehtha;fis
,af;Ffpd;wtDk; ehapDk; mbatdhfpa Ntl;Ltd; ahd;> jq;fspd;
jpUtbfis tzq;f te;Js;Nsd;” vd;W $wpdhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- $th Kd;dh; - miof;Fk; Kd;dh;. FWfp –
neUq;fp. ,iwQ;rp – tzq;fp. Nrtpff
; – tzq;f. ehtha; -
glF.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- $th - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;.
FWfp> Nrtpf;f – tpidnar;rq;fs;. Njth – tpsp. foy; -
jhdpahFngah;. te;jndd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- ,iwQ;rpdhd; - ,iwQ;R+,d; +Md;
11
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
te;jndd; - th (t) + j; (e;) + j; + md; + vd;
Ffidf;Fwpj;J ,uhkdplk; ,yf;Ftd; $wpaJ
epw;wp <z;L vd;WGf;F nebatd; njhOJ jk;gp
nfhw;wt! epd;idf; fhzf; FWfpdd; epkph;e;j $l;lr;
Rw;wKk;> jhDk;. cs;sk; J}atd;. jhapd; ey;yhd;.
Vw;WePh;f; fq;if ehtha;f;F ,iw.Ffd; xUtd; vd;whd;.
nghUs;- ,yf;Ftd; ,uhkidj; njhOJ>„ntw;wp nghUe;jpa
jiytNd! J}a cs;sk; cilatd;. jhapDk; rpwe;j md;gpdd;.
fq;if ahw;wpy; nry;Yk; ehtha;fSf;Fj; jiytd;. Ffd; vd;Dk;
ngahpdd;. jd; cwtpdUld; epd;idf; fhz te;Js;shd;‟ vd;whd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- nebatd; - cah;e;jtdhfpa ,uhkd;. FWfpdd;
- te;Js;shd;. ehtha; - glF. ,iw – jiytd;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- FWfpdd; - FWF + ,d; + md;
,uhkd; ,yf;Ftdplk; Ffid mioj;Jtug; gzpj;jYk;>
te;j Ffd; gzpjYk;
mz;zYk; tpUk;gp vd;ghy; mioj;jpeP mtid vd;whd;
gz;ztd; tUf vd;dg; ghptpdd; tpiutpy; Gf;fhd;
fz;zidf; fz;zpd; Nehf;fpj; fdpe;jdd; ,Uz;l
FQ;rp
kz;Zwg; gzpe;J Nkdp tisj;Jtha; Gijj;J epd;whd;.
nghUs;- ,uhkd; tpUg;gj;Jld;>“md;dtid vd;dplk; mioj;J
tUtha;” vd;whd;. ,yf;Ftd; Ffid>„tUf‟ vd;wTld;> Ffd;
tpiue;J te;J ,uhkidj; jd; fz;fshy; fz;L fspj;jhd;.
,Us;Nghd;w ePz;lKbAila jiy> kz;zpy; gbaf; fPNo
tpOe;J tzq;fpdhd;. gpd; vOe;J> thiaf; ifahy; nghj;jp>
cliy tisj;J mlf;fkhf epdw; hd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- gz;ztd; - ew;Fzq;fs; gy cila
,yf;Ftd;. ghpT - ,uf;fk;. FQ;rp – jiyKb. Nkdp – cly;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- mioj;jp (miog;gha;) Kd;dpiy xUik
tpidKw;W. tUf – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W. gzpe;J> tisj;J>
Gijj;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Gf;fhd; - GF (Gf;F) + Md;.
NjDk; kPDk; tpUg;gj;Jld; nfhz;L te;jjhff; Ffd;
$Wjy;
,Uj;jp <z;L vd;dNyhLk; ,Ue;jpyd;> vy;iy ePj;j
mUj;jpad;> NjDk; kPDk; mKjpDf;F mikt jhfj;
jpUj;jpdd; nfhzh;e;Njd; vd;nfhy; jpUTsk; vd;d tPud;
tpUj;jkh jtiu Nehf;fp KWtyd; tpsk;g Yw;whd;.
nghUs;- ,uhkd;>„,q;Nf cl;fhh;‟ vdr; nrhd;dJk;> ,uhkdpd;
ngUik fUjpa Ffd; cl;fhutpy;iy> mstpy;yhj Ngud;gpddhfpa
Ffd;> NjthPh;f;F ey;Yzthf mikAk;gb “NjidAk; kPidAk;
gf;Ftg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Lte;Js;Nsd; ,jid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
Fwpj;Jj; jq;fs; fUj;J ahNjh‟ vd;whd;. ,uhkd; mUfpypUe;j
Kdpth;fis Nehf;fp> nky;yg; Gd;KWty; g+j;Jr; nrhy;yj;
njhlq;fpdhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- mUj;jpad; - md;G cilatd;. khjth; -
Kdpth;. KWty; - Gd;dif. tpsk;gy; - $Wjy;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ,Uj;jp – Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W>
NjDk; kPDk; - vz;Zk;ik. khjth; (kh + jth;) –
chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;-- nfhzh;e;Njd; - nfhzh; + j;(e;)
+j;+Vd;.
,uhkd; Ffidg; ghuhl;ly;
mhpajhk; ctg;g cs;sj; jd;gpdhy; mike;j fhjy;
njhpjuf; nfhzh;e;j vd;why; mkpo;jpDk; rPh;j;j td;Nw
ghptpdpy; joP,a vd;dpy; gtpj;jpuk; vk;k Ndhh;f;Fk;
chpad ,dpjpd; ehKk; cz;lndk; md;Nwh vd;whd;.
nghUs;- cs;sj;J md;G Kjph;tpdhy; vOe;j ghptpd; fhuzkhff;
Ffd; nfhz;L te;j ,g;nghUs;fs; fpilj;jw;fhpad.
mKjj;ijtplr; rpwe;jd. ,it vj;jifadtha; ,Ug;gpDk;> md;G
fye;jnjdpy; J}a;ikahditNa! vk; Nghd;Nwhh;f;Fk; chpad.
Mifahy; ,dpikahd ,it> ehq;fs; tpUk;gp cz;ljw;fk; rkk;.
nrhw;nghUs;- rPhj; ;j – rpwe;j. gtpj;jpuk; - J}a;ikahdJ.
,dpjpd; - ,dpikahdJ. cz;lndk; - cz;Nlhk; vd;gjw;Fr;
rkkhdJ. joP,a – fye;j.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- mike;j fhjy; - nganur;rk;. rPhj ; ;j –
xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W. joP,a (jOtpa) – nrhy;ypir msngil.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- rPhj ; ;j – rPh; + j; + j; + m.
cz;lndk; - cz; + l; + md; + vk;.
Ffd; Ntz;LNfhs;
fhh;Fyhk; epwj;jhd; $wf; fhjyd; czh;e;J thd;,g;
ghh;Fyhk; nry;t epd;id ,q;qdk; ghh;j;j fz;iz
<h;fpyhf; fs;t Ndd;ahd; ,d;dypd; ,Uf;if Nehf;fpj;
jPh;fpNyd; Md ija nra;Fntd; mbik vd;whd;.
nghUs;- fUKfpy; tz;zdhfpa ,uhkd; $wpaijf; Nfl;l
Ffd;>„,t;TyF midj;jpw;Fk; nry;tk; Nghd;wtNd! jq;fis
,j;jtf; Nfhyj;jpy; ghh;j;j vd;dpU fz;fis vLf;f Kbahj
epiyapy; cs;s fs;td; ehd;. ,k; kdj;JaNuhL vd;dpUg;gplk;
nry;yj; JzpNad;. IaNd> jq;fSf;F Ntz;ba njhz;L
nra;Ntd;‟ vd;whd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- fhh;Fyhk; - Nkff;$l;lk;. ghh;Fyhk; - cyfk;
KOJk;. ,d;dy; - Jd;gk;. <h;fpyh – vLf;f ,ayhj. jPhf ; pNyd;
- ePq;fkhl;Nld;. mbiknra;Fntd; - gzpnra;Ntd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- fhh;Fyhk; (fhuJ Fyhk;) – Mwhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif. czh;j;Jthd; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;.
ghh;j;jfz;iz – nganur;rk;. jPhf ; pNyd;> nra;Fntd;- jd;ik
xUik tpidKw;Wfs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- czh;j;Jthd; - czh;j;J+t; +Md;
Ffidj; jd;Dld; ,Uf;f ,uhkd; mDkjpaspj;jy;
Nfhijtpy; Fhprpy; md;dhd; $wpa nfhs;if Nfl;lhd;
rPijia Nehf;fpj; jk;gp jpUKfk; Nehf;fpj; jPuhf;
fhjy dhFk; vd;W fUizapd; kyh;e;j fz;zd;
ahjpDk; ,dpa ez;g ,Uj;jp<z;L vk;nkh nld;whd;.
nghUs;- Nfhjz;lk; vd;Dk; tpy;Nye;jpa> Mlthpy; ey;ytdhfpa
,uhkgpuhd;> Ffd; $wpa fUj;ijf; Nfl;lhd;. rPijapd;
jpUKfj;ijg; ghh;j;Jk;> jk;gp ,yf;Ftd; jpUKfj;ijg;
ghh;j;Jk;>„,td; ek;kplj;J ePqf
; hj md;G cilatd;‟
vd;Wiuj;jhd;. mUs; epiwe;j ghh;itAila ,uhkd; Ffid
Nehf;fp>„vy;yhtw;wpDk; ,dpa ez;gNd! ,t;tplj;jpy; vk;NkhL
,Ug;ghahf!‟ vd;whd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Fhprpy; - jiytd;. ,Uj;jp - ,Ug;ghahf.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- jPuhf; fhjyd; - <Wnfl;l
vjph;kiwg;nganur;rk;. kyh;ej ; fz;zd; - nganur;rk;. ,dpa
ez;g – Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Nfl;lhd; - Nfs; (l;) + l; + Md;.
Nehf;fp – Nehf;F + ,
12
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
Ffd; nfhz;Lte;j glfpy; %tUk; Gwg;gly; tUe;j Ntz;lh. Kd;dh;> ehq;fs; cld;gpwe;Njhh; ehy;tuha;
rpe;jid czh;fpw;ghd; nrd;wdd; tpiuNthLk; ,Ue;Njhk;. tphpe;j md;gpdhy; ,dp cd;ndhL ItuhNdhk;.
je;jdd; neLehtha; jhkiu eadj;jhd; nrhw;nghUs;- Jd;G – Jd;gk;. cd;Ndy; - epidf;fhNj.
me;jzh; jiknay;yhk; mUSjph; tpilvd;dh
,e;Jtpd; EjyhNshL ,stnyh bdpNjwh. Re;jufhz;lk;
,uhkhazj;Js; Ie;jhq;fhz;lkhf tpsq;FtJ
nghUs;- ,uhkdpd; kdf;Fwpg;ig mwpej ; Ffd; kpftpiuthfr; Re;juf;fhz;lk;. ,f;fhz;lNk fhg;gpaj;jpd; Kbkzpahf
nrd;whd;. nghpaNjhh; gliff; nfhz;Lte;jhd;. jhkiukyh;Nghd;w tpsq;FfpwJ vd;gh;. ,g;gFjp KOtJk; rpwpa jpUtbahfpa
fz;fis cila ,uhkd; me;jzh;fsplk; tpilngw;W> gpiwepyT mDkdpd; nray;fNs nrhy;yg;gLfpdw; d. mDkDf;Fr; Re;jud;
Nghd;w new;wpia cila rPijAlDk; jk;gp ,yf;FtDlDk; vd;Dk; ngaUk; cz;L vd;gjhy; mDkdpd; jiyikg; gz;Gfs;
glfpy; ,dpjhf Vwpdhd;. tPW ngw;W tpsq;Fk; ,f;fhz;lk; Re;ju fhz;lk; vdyhapwW ;
nrhw;nghUs;- eadk; - fz;fs;. ,e;J – epyT. Ejy; - vd;gh;.
new;wp. fliyj;jhz;b ,yq;ifapw; Gf;f mDkd; rPij
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- neLehtha; - gz;Gj;njhif. jhkiu eadk; ,Uf;Fkplj;ijj; Njbj;JUtpaJk; mNrhftdj;ijaile;J
- ctikj;njhif. rPijiaf; fz;lJk; mq;Nf rPijaplk; ,uhtzd; te;J
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- 1) nrd;wdd; - nry;(d;) +w; + md; + ciuahbaJk; rPij mtidf;fbe;Jiuj;J> xJf;fpaJk; rPijf;F
md;. 2) je;jdd; - jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md; ey;ynkhop nrhy;yp ,zq;Ftpf;FkhW muf;fpaiu Vtp ,uhtzd;
mfd;wJk; rPij kde;jsh;e;jJk; capiu tplj; Jzpej ; Jk; ,uhk
J}jd; ahd; vd mDkd; rPijKd; Njhd;wpaJk; ,uhkdpd;
Ffd; glifr; nrYj;Jjy;
milahs nkhopfisf; $wpaJk; fizahopiaj; je;jJk; rPij
tpLedp fbnjd;whd; nka;caph; midahDk;
mjdhy; kfpo;ej
; Jk; mDkdplk; #lhkzpia toq;fp
KLfpdd; neLehtha; Khpjpiu neLePh;tha;f;
tutpLj;jJk; ,uhkDf;Fr; nrhd;d nra;jpfSk; mDkd; gyNuhL
fbjpdpy; klmd;df; fjpaJ nryepd;whh;
nghUJ ,yq;ifia vhpa+l;b mq;fpUe;J ,uhkdplk; te;jJk;
,lw;cw kiwNahUk; vhpAW nkOfhdhh;.
,uhkidf; fz;L mbnjhOJ epd;W epfo;e;jtw;iw epuy;glr;
nrhy;YjYk; Mfpa nra;jpfis ,g;gFjpapw; fhzyhk;. rPijiaf;
nghUs;- tpiue;J glfpidr; nrYj;JkhW FfDf;F ,uhkd;
fz;L te;j mDkd; $wpa nra;jpfs; ,g;gFjpapy; mDkd;
fl;lisapl;lhd;. caphpd; VtYf;F nka; nray;gLtJNghyf;
$w;whfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
FfDk; glfpid tpiuthfr; nrYj;jpdhd;. klq;fptpOk;
miyfisAila fq;ifahw;wpy ,sk; md;dk; tpiue;J
nry;tjidg; Nghyg; glF nrd;wJ. mth;fspd; gphpthy; mdy;gl;l
nkOFNghy; Jd;gKw;W me;jzh;fs; kdKUfp epd;whh;fs;.
nrhw;nghUs;- fbJ – tpiuthf. KLfpdd; - nrYj;jpdd;.
Khpjpiu – klq;fptpOk; miy. ,lh; - Jd;gk;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- edpfbJ – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;. neLehtha;>
neLePh; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- KLfpdd; - KLF + ,d; + md;.
epd;whh; - epy; (d;) + w; + Mh;

FfDk; cld;tUtjhf etpd;wNghJ ,uhkd; $w;W

md;dtd; ciuNfsh mkyDk; ciuNeh;thd;
vd;Daph; midaha;eP> ,sty;cd; ,isahd;> ,e;
ed;Dj yts;epd;Nfs;> esph;fly; epynky;yhk;
cd;Dil aJ> ehd;cd; njhopy;chp ikapd;cs;Nsd;.

nghUs;- Ffd; $wpaijf; Nfl;l Fw;wkw;wtdhfpa ,uhkd;> vd;

caph;Nghd;wtd; eP. ,yf;Ftd; cd;jk;gp. rPij cd; nfhOe;jp. ePh;
#o;e;j ,e;epyTyfk; KOJk; cd;DilaJ. ehd; cdJ
MSiff;Fhpatd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- mkyd;-Fw;wkw;wtd;. Ejy;-new;wp. ,sty;-
jk;gp.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- vd;Daph; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
ed;Djy; - gz;Gj;njhif. epd;Nfs; - ehd;fhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Neh;thd; - Neh; + t; + Md;.

Jd;Gs njdpd; md;Nwh RfKsJ mJtd;wpg;

gpd;Gs jpilkd;Dk; gphpTsnjd cd;Ndy;
Kd;Gnsk; xUehy;Ntk; KbTs njd cd;dh
md;Gs ,dpehk;Xh; Ith;fs; csuhNdhk;.

nghUs;- Jd;gk; cz;lhapd; mjidaLj;J ,d;gKk;

Njhd;WtJ ,aw;if. ,g;gphpT ,ilf;fhyj;jNj. mjid epidj;J

13
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
GwehD}W
 Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W = GwehD}W.
 mftw;ghyhy; ghlg;ngw;wJ
 mjpfk; Gyth;fshy; ghlg;ngw;w E}y;
 xsitahh; - mjpfk; ghbAs;shh;
 NtWngah; - ee;jh tpsf;fk;
 jkpoh;fspd; tuyhw;Wf; fsQ;rpak;
 FWepy kd;dh;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwptpfF ; k; Mtzk;
 njhFj;jth;> njhFg;gpj;jth; ngah; njhpatpyi; y
 rq;ffhyj; jkpoh;fspd; fy;tp> tPuk;> ntw;wp> Ml;rpKiw> mwk;>
nfhil> xOf;fk; gz;ghL> gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wp $Wk;
tuyhw;Wg;ngl;lfk;
 ,e;E}iyg; Gwg;ghl;L vdTk; Gwk; vdTk; toq;Fth;.
 ntl;rp> fue;ij> tQ;rp> fhQ;rp> nehr;rp> copiQ> Jk;ig>
thif> ghlhz;> nghJtpay;> iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz Mfpa
Gwj;jpizfSf;Fhpa Jiwg;nghUs;fs; mike;j
ghly;fis ,e;E}y; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; GwehD}W vd;W ngah;
ngw;wJ.
 ,e;E}ypd; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghujk; ghba
ngUe;Njtdhh; ghbAs;shh;.
 KbAil %Nte;jh;fs;> rpw;wurh;fs;> mikr;rh;fs;> Nridj;
jiyth;fs;> tPuh;fs;> filnaO ts;sy;fs;> filr;rq;fg;
Gyth;fs; vdg; gyUila tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;GfisAk; mf;fhy
kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw Kjypatw;iwAk; GwehD}w;wpd;fz; 11
Gwe;jpizfSk; 65 JiwfSk; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd.
 [p.A.Nghg; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iw Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;.
 jkpohpd; cahpa tho;tpay; rpej ; idfisf; fUt+ykhff;
nfhz;L tpsq;FtJ.
ehlhF xd;Nwh. fhlhF xd;Nwh.
mtyhF xd;Nwh. kpirahF xd;Nwh.
vt;top ey;yth; Mlth;
mt;top ey;iy. thopa epyNd! -xsitahh;
epyNk! eP ehlhf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d? fhlhf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d?
gs;skhf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d? Nklhf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d? vq;Nf
Mz;fs; ey;yth;fshf ,Uf;fpwhh;fNsh mq;F ePAk; ey;yjhf
,Uf;fpwha;> epyNk! eP tho;f!
nrhw;nghUs;- xd;Nwh – njhlUk; nrhy;. ehlhF xd;Nwh –
ehlhf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d my;yJ ….. vdj; njhlUk;. mty; -
gs;sk;. kpir – NkL. ey;iy – ed;whf ,Ug;gha;. Mlth; -
Mz;fs;. ,q;F kdpjh;fisg; nghJthff; Fwpj;jJ.
ney;Yk; capud;Nw. ePUk;cap ud;Nw.
kd;dd; caph;j;Nj kyh;jiy cyfk;.
mjdhy; ahd;caph; vd;gJ mwpif
Ntd;kpF jhid Nte;jw;Ff; flNd. -NkhrpfPudhh;
nghUs;- ,t;Tyfj;jhh;f;F ney;Yk; ePUk; capuhfh. Kiwnra;J
fhj;jypdhy; kd;dtNd capuhthd;. Ntw;gil cila Nte;jdpd;
flik ehl;ilg; Ngzpf; fhg;gNj MFk;.
nrhw;nghUs;- mwpif – mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. jhid – gil.
flNd – flik.
njz;fly; tshfk; nghJik ,d;wp
ntz;Fil epow;wpa xUik Nahh;f;Fk;
eLehs; ahkj;Jk; gfYk; JQ;rhd;
fLkhg; ghh;f;Fk; fy;yh xUtw;Fk;
cz;gJ ehop cLg;git ,uz;Nl
gpwTk; vy;yhk; Xh;xf; Fk;Nk
nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy;
Ja;g;Ngk; vdpNd jg;Ge gyNt.
- kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh; ef;fPudhh;.
-
nghUs;- ,t;Tyfk;> njspe;j fly;euP hy; #og;gl;lJ. ,t;Tyfk;
KOtjidak; nghJtpd;wpf; jdjhf;fp xU Filapd;fPo; Ml;rp
nra;gtd; kd;dd;. mtDf;Fk;> es;sputpYk; gfypYk; cwq;fhJ
tpiue;NjhLk; tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahb tPo;j;j vz;Zfpdw;
fy;tpawptw;w xUtDf;Fk;> cz;zj; Njitg;gLk; nghUs;
ehopasNt. cLj;Jk; cil NkyhilAk; ,Lg;ghilAk; Mfpa
,uz;Nl. kw;wit vy;yhKk; ,t;thwhfNt mikAk;. MfNt>
xUtd; jdJ nry;tj;jpdhy; ngWk; gad;> mjid kw;wth;f;Fk;
nfhLj;jyhFk;. mt;thwd;wpf; jhNk Efh;Nthk; vd vz;zpdhy;>
gytw;iw mtd; ,of;f NehpLk;.
nrhw;nghUs;- epow;wpa – epoy; nra;j. eLehs; ahkk; -
es;spuT- JQ;rhd; - Japyhd;. kh – tpyq;F. fy;yh –
400 fy;tpawptpy;yhj. ehop – msTg;ngah;. <jy; - nfhLj;jy;. Ja;g;Ngk;
- Efh;Nthk;. jg;Ge - ,of;f
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ntz;Fil – gz;Gj;njhif. fy;yh
xUtw;Fk; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;. ehop – Mfngah;.
<jy; - njhopw;ngah;. Ja;g;Ngk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;-
JQ;rhd; - JQ;R+(M) +Md;. <jy; - <+jy;. Ja;g;Ngk; -
Ja; +g; +g; +Vk;.
nghd;Dk; JfpUk; Kj;Jk; kd;dpa
khkiy gae;j fhkU kzpAk;
,ilg;glr; Nra MapDk; njhil Gzh;e;J
mUtpiy ed;fyk; mikf;Fk; fhiy
xUtopj; Njhd;wp ahq;F vd;Wk; rhd;Nwhh;
rhd;Nwhh; ghyh; Mg
rhyhh; rhyhh; ghyh; MFgNt. -fz;zfdhh;
nghUs;- nghd;Dk; gtsKk; Kj;Jk; epiyj;j ngUkiyapy;
gpwf;Fk; khzpff ; Kk;> Njhd;Wk; ,lq;fshy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
njhiytpy; ,Ug;gpDk;> khiyahff; Nfhj;J kjpg;Gkpff
;
mzpfydhf mikf;Fk;NghJ> jk;Ks; xUq;F NrUk;. mJNghy
rhd;Nwhh; vd;Wk; rhd;Nwhh; gf;fNk ,Ug;gh;. rhd;whz;ik ,y;yhjth;
jPath; gf;fNk Nrh;th;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Jfph; - gtsk;> kd;dpa – epiyngw;w> Nra –
njhiyT> njhil – khiy> fyk; - mzp.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nghd;Dk; JfpUk; Kj;Jk; gtsKk; kzpAk;
- vz;Zk;ikfs;. khkiy – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;. mUtpiy>
ed;fyk; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
mWFsj; JFj;J kfy;taw; nghope;Jk;
cWkplj; Jjth Jth;epy %l;bAk;
tiuah kugpd; khhp Nghyf;
flhm ahidf; fow;fhy; Ngfd;
nfhilklk; gLj yy;yJ
gilklk; glhd;gpwh; gilkaf; FwpNd -guzh;
jpiztpsf;fk;- ghlhz; jpiz
xU kd;ddJ Gfo;> typik> ts;sd;ik> mUs; Kjyhdtw;iw
Ma;e;J $WtJ ghlhz; jpizahFk;. ghlg;gLfpd;w Mz;kfdJ
XOfyhw;iwf; $WtJ ,j;jpizapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Jiwtpsf;fk;- ,ad;nkhop.
xU Nte;jndjph;nrd;W mtd; jd;ikiaf; $wpg; Gfo;tJ
,ad;nkhop tho;j;J vd;Dk; JiwahFk;. xUtdpd; ,ay;igg;
Gfo;eJ
; $wp tho;j;JtJ ,j;Jiwapd; caph;g;ghFk;.
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;- mWFsk; - ePh; tw;wpa Fsk;. cFj;Jk;
- nga;Jk;. cWkplj;J cjthJ – Fsk;> tay; Mfpa
nghUj;jkhd ,lj;Jg; nga;ahJ. cth;epyk; - fsh;epyk;. Cl;bAk;
14
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
- rhyg; nga;Jk;. tiuahkuG- vy;iyaplhj Kiwik. khhp – Xk;Gkpd; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W. Xk;G+kpd;. Xk;G – gFjp.
kio. flhm ahid – kjf;fspW. fow;fhy; - tPuf;foy; mzpej ; kpd; - Vty; gd;ik tpFjp.
fhy;fs;. nfhilklk; - tiuaiwapdw; pf; nfhLj;jyhfpa ,ay;G.
gilklk; - Nghh; newpfF ; khWgl;Lg; Nghh; Ghpjyhfpa ,ay;G. mfehD}W
glhd; - (Nghh;) nra;ahd;. gilkaf;FWjy; - gilfs; xd;NwhL  (mfk; + ehd;F + E}W)
xd;W fyj;jy;. ghtif – Nehpir Mrphpag;gh.  neLe;njhif – kpFjpahd mbfis cila ePz;l
nfhilklk;- ,y;yhjth;f;Fk;> cs;sth;fF ; k;> ,ue;jth;f;Fk;> ghly;fisg; ngw;Ws;sikahy;
,uthjth;ff; k; ghFghbd;wp tiuahJ nfhLj;jy;.
gilklk;- tPuh; my;yhjhh; NkYk;> KJfpl;lhh; NkYk;> Gz;gl;lhh;  njhFj;jth; cUj;jpu rd;kdhh; (cg;g+hpf;Fbf;fpohh; kfdhh;)
NkYk;> %j;jhh; ,isahh; NkYk; nry;Yjy;.  njhFg;gpj;jth; cf;fpug; ngUtOjp
,yf;fzk;  FWepy kd;dh;fs; gw;wpAk;> FlNthiy Kiw gw;wpAk;
mWFsk;> mfy;tay; - tpidj;njhiffs;. tiuah kuG - jfty;fs; cs;sd.
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;. flhm - ,irepiwasngil.  5 jpizf;Fhpa ghly;fs; cs;sd.
fow;fhy; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;  3 ngUk;gFjpfshy; gphpff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ
cld;njhf;fnjhif.
1.fspw;wpahid epiu – 120 ghly;fs;
gy;rhd; wPNu gy;rhd; wPNu 2.kzpkpilg; gtsk; - 180 ghly;fs;
fad;Ks; sd;d eiuKjph; jpiufTl; 3.epj;jpyh; Nfhit – 100 ghly;fs;
gadpd; %g;gpw; gy;rhd; wPNu
ghiy
fzpr;rpf; $h;k;gilf; fLe;jpw nyhUtd; Xq;Fkiyr; rpyk;gpy; gplTld; kyh;e;j
gpzpf;Fq; fhiy apuq;Ftph; khNjh Ntq;if ntwpj;jio NtWtFj; jd;d
ey;yJ nra;j yhw;wP uhapDk; Cd;nghjp mtpohf; Nfhl;Lfph;f; FUis
my;yJ nra;j Nyhk;Gkp dJjhd; %d;Wld; <d;w Klq;fh; epoj;j
vy;yhU Ktg;g jd;wpAk; JWfy; tpluisg; gpzTg;grp $h;e;njdg;
ey;yhw;Wg; g^c newpAkh uJNt. -ehpnt&cj; jiyahh; nghwpfpsh; cOitg; Ngho;tha; Vw;iw
mWNfhl;L ciokhd; Mz;Fuy; Xh;f;Fk;
newpgL ftiy epuk;gh ePspil
jpiz- nghJtpay; nts;sp tPjpiag; Nghy ed;WQ;
Jiw- nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rp nrytah;e; jprpdhy; ahNd gyGye;J
jpiz tpsf;fk;- cz;zh caf;fnkhL caph;nryr; rhma;j;
ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; ,Wjpahfj; njhy;fhg;gpadhh; $Wk; NjhSk; njhy;ftpd; njhiya ehSk;
Gwj;jpizfSs; $wg;glhj nra;jpfisAk;> mj;jpizfSf;Fg; gphpe;Njhh; ngah;Tf; fpuq;fp
nghJthd nra;jpfisAk; $WtJ nghJtpay; jpizahFk;. kUe;Jgpwp jpd;ikapd; ,Ue;Jtpid ,yNd
Jiw tpsf;fk;- - xsitahh;
jpiz- ghiy
Jwtpauhfpa nka;Azh;e;Njhh; fz;l nghUs; „,Jntd mjd; Jiw- nryTzh;j;jpa Njhopf;Fj; jiykfs; nrhy;ypaJ.
,ay;ig czh;j;jpaJ nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rp‟ vd;Dk; mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;- Xq;Fkiy – cah;e;jkiy. rpyk;G –
JiwahFk;. kiyr;rhuk;> Ntq;if gplT – kiyepyj;Nj tsUk; kuq;fs;.
gpltk;g+ Ntq;ifg; g+Tld; xU Nruj; Njhd;Wk; fhl;rp
Gypf;FUisfl;F ctikahapw;W. rpWnghwpfisAila
„vhpe;jp yq;F rilKb Kdpth; gpltk;g+Tk; kQ;rs; epwj;Jld; cs;s Ntq;ifg;g+Tk; mlh;ej ;
Ghpe;J fz;l nghUs;nkhope; jd;W‟ jiofSld;lNjhd;Wk; NghJ fz;tpopf;fhj Gdpw;wpsk;
- Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy Gypf;FUisfspd; tbNthL xg;gj; Njhd;Wk;.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G-
ehpnt&cj; jiyahuhy; ghlg;gl;Nlhd; Nrukhd; Cd;nghjpatpohf; Nfhl;Lfph; - jirg;gFjpapdpdW ; ntsptuhj
efq;fs; (Gypf;F efq;fs; fhy; jirf;Fw;Ns nghjpe;jpUf;Fk;.
fUt+Nuwpa xs;thl; Nfhg;ngUQ;NruypUk;nghiw Mthd;. ,th; ,iuNkw;ghAk; nghOJ mit ntspte;J ,iuiaf;fpopf;Fk;.
,aw;wpa ghly;fs; FWe;njhifapYk; jpUts;StkhiyapYk; ,q;Nf Gypapd; FUisfs; mg;nghOJjhd; gpwe;jitahjyhy;
cs;sd. mtw;wpd; efq;fs; jirg;gFjpapdpd;W ntsptuhJ nghjpe;jpUe;jd
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs; vd;wthW) epfo;j;j – typikaw;W Xa;e;j. grp$h;e;jd – grp
gy;rhd;wPNu – gyuhfpa rhd;NwhNu. fad;Ks; - kPd;Ks;. jpiufTs; kpFe;jjhf. cOit – Mz;G. Klq;fh; - KLf;fhd ,lk;.
- RUf;fq;fSila fd;dk;. fzpr;rp – kOthAjk;. $h;k;gil - Xh;f;Fk; - cw;Wf; Nfl;Fk; ftiy – (,uz;lhfg; gpsTgl;l)
$hpa MAjk;. fLe;jpwy; - fLikahd t-ik. xUtd; - fpistop. cz;zh caf;fk; - czTk; cz;zhj tUj;jk;.
akd;. gpzpf;Fk; - fl;bf;nfhz;L NghFk;. ey;yhW – ed;ndwp. rhma; - nkypTw;W> ngah;T – ePff ; k; (ePq;Fjy;) kUe;J gpwpJ
Mw;wPuhapDk; - ,ayhNjhuhapDk;. newpAk; - topAk;. Xk;Gkpd; ,d;ik – NtW kUe;njhd;Wk; ,d;ikahd;. tpidapNyd; -
nrayw;Wg; NghapNdd;.
- jtph;j;JtpLtPh.;
ghtif- Nehpir Mrphpag;gh ,yf;fzk;- Xq;Fkiy – tpidj;njhif. mtpohf; Nfhl;Lfph; -
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;. epuk;gh ePspil - <Wnfl;l
,yf;fzk;-
fad;Ks; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif. jpiufTs; - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;. ePspil – tpidj;njhif. cz;zh
caf;fk; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;. rh ma; -
tpidj;njhif. $h;k;gil> fLe;jpwy; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;. Mw;whP ; ,irepiwasngil. njhy;ftpd; - gz;Gj;njhif. gphpe;Njhh; -
- Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik vjph;kiw tpidKw;W. g^ck; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;.
,irepiwasngil (nra;Aspirsngil)
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Mw;wPh; - Mw;W+M+<h;. Mw;W – Ky;iy
gFjp. M – vjph;kiw ,ilepiy Gzh;e;J nfl;lJ.<h; - girgL gr;ir nea;Njha;j; jd;d
Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp. NrAah; rpida khr;rpiwg; gwit
gfYiw KJkuk; Gyk;gg; Nghfp

15
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
Kiftha; jpwe;j eiftha; Ky;iy  ,e;E}y; rq;ffhyg; Gyth; gyuhy; gy;NtW fhyj;jpy; ghlg;ngw;w
fbkfs; fJg;gpd; ehwpf; nfhbkpir ehD}W mftw;ghf;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
tz;bde; jtph;f;Fe; jz;gjf; fhiy  ew;wpizapy; cs;s ghf;fs; xd;gjbr; rpWikAk; gd;dpuz;lbg;
thpDk; thuh uhapDk; Mz;lth;f;F ngUikAk; nfhz;lit.
,dpJnfhy; thop Njhop nadj;jd;
 mit mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa ghly;fs; vdpDk; mtw;Ws;
gy;-jo; kiof;fz; ey;yfk; rptg;g
Gwg;nghUs; nra;jpfSk; jkpof tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;GfSk;
mUe;Ja Uilas; mtnsd tpUk;gpg;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
ghzd; te;jdd; J}Nj. ePAk;
Gy;yhh; Gutp ty;tpiue;J g+l;b  flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghbath; ghujk; ghba
neLe;Njh; Ch;kjp tyt ngUe;Njtdhh;
Kbe;jd;W mk;kehk; Kd;dpa tpidNa.- kJiu ks;sdhh;
jpiz- Ky;iy (Njhop> jiykfdplk; $wpaJ)
Jiw- tpid Kw;wpa jiykfd; Njh;g;ghfw;Fr; nrhy;-aJ mhpfhy; khwpa mq;fz; mfy;tay;
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs; kWfhy; cOj <ur; nrWtpd;
tpj;njhL nrd;w tl;b gw;gy
gir – xl;Lk; gir (<uk;) . gr;ir – Njhy;. nea; Njha;j;jd;d –
kPndhL ngaUk; ahzh; Cu
vz;nzapy; eidj;J vLj;jJ Nghd;w. khr;rpiwg; gwit – fhpa neba nkhopjYk; fba Ch;jYk;
rpwFfisAila ntsthy;. Nra;cah; - kpf cah;e;j. rpida – nry;tk; md;Wjd; nra;tpidg; gaNd
fpisfisAila. KJkuk; - gioakuk;. Gyk;g – jdpj;jpl. rhd;Nwhh; nry;tk; vd;gJ Nrh;e;Njhh;
Kif – nkhl;L. Kiftha; jpwe;j – nkhl;ltpo;ej ; . eiftha; Gd;fz; mQ;Rk; gz;gpd;
nkd;fz; nry;tk; nry;tnkd; gJNt.
Ky;iy – xspnghUe;jpa Ky;iy kyh;fs;. fbkfs; - kzkfs;. - kpisfpohd; ey;Ntl;ldhh;
fJg;G - $e;jy;. jz;gjk; - Fsph;gjk;. kiof;fz; - Fsph;ej ;
fz;. ey;yfk; - ey;y cl;Gwk;. Gy;yhh; - Gy;iy epuk;gj;jpdw; . nghUs;- coth;> new;fjph;fis mWtil nra;j gpdd ; h;> mfd;w
Gutp – Fjpiu. tyt – Njh;g;ghfNd. Kd;dpa – fUjp te;j. mofpa taiy kWgbAk; gaphn ; ra;a cOjdh;. gidNahiyg;
tpid – nray;. Ch;kjp – nrYj;Jthahf. ngl;bapy; tpij nfhz;Lnrd;W <uKs;s me;epyj;jpy; tpijj;jdh;.
KbG- gpdd; h;> mth;fs; mq;Fs;s ePh;epiyfspy; gy;tif kPd;fisg;
„Njhop! jz;gjf;fhiy ek; fhjyh; thpDk; thuhuhapDk; Mz;L gpbj;J mg;ngl;bapy; nfhz;L tUfpd;w GJtUthapid cila
kUj epyj;jiytNd!
mth;f;F ,dpJnfhy;‟ vd;W $wpj; jd; fz; rptg;g> murhy; rpwg;Gr; nra;ag; ngWjYk;> ahid> Njh;> Fjpiu Kjypa
mUe;JaUilahs; epd; jiytp> vd;W ghzd; J}Jte;jdd;. Ch;jpfspy; mt;turh; Kd;dpiyapy; tpiue;J nry;YjYk; nry;tr;
Tyt! tpidAk; Kbe;jd;W. ePAk; Njh; tpiue;J Ch;kjp. rpwg;gd;W. m/J> mtuth;jk; Kd;tpidg; gaNd. jd;ghy; Gfyplk;
tpsf;fk;- Njbte;j vspNahiuf; iftplhky; fhf;Fk; nkd;ikahd gz;Ng
ntsthyhdJ jhd; gf-y; jq;fpapUe;j kuj;ijj; jdpNa nry;tnkdr; rhd;Nwhh; $Wth;.
thltpl;L khiyapNy gphpe;J Ngha;tpLk;. mJNghyj; jiytd; jhd;
$bapUe;j ,y;iy tpl;Lg; gphpe;J mjid tUj;jKwr; nra;jdd;. nrhw;nghUs;- mhp – new;fjph;. nrW – tay;. ahzh; -
Ky;iyg;g+Tk; tz;bdj;ijj; jd;idtpl;Lg; gphpe;J fhjyidg; GJtUtha;. tl;b – gidNahiyg; ngl;b. neba nkhopjy; -
gphpeJ
; s;shs;. (khiyf; fhyj;Jj; jiytd; tUifia vjph;ghh;j;Jj; murhplk; rpwg;Gg; ngWjy;.
jiytp tPl;by; jdpj;Jj; JaUld; Mw;wpapUf;fpwhs;. mjdhy; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nrd;w tl;b – nganur;rk;. nra;tpid –
tpiue;J Njiur; nrYj;Jf vd;whd;) tpidj;njhif. Gd;fz;> nkd;fz; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
,yf;fzk; Cu(CuNd) – tpspj;njhlh;.
cah;rpid – tpidj;njhif. rpiwg;gwit - ,uz;lhk; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- nrd;w – nry; (d;) + w; + m
Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif. gfYiw – Vohk; Nrh;eN; jhh; - Nrh; + j; (e;) + j; + Xh;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif. KJkuk; - gz;Gj;njhif. fbkfs;
ed;ik+jpiz – ey; +jpiz – ew;wpiz
chpr;nrhy; njhlh;. jz;gjk;> ey;yfk;> mUe;Jah;> neLe;Njh; -
gz;Gj; njhiffs;. Gy;yhh; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif.
,wTg;Gwj; jd;d gpzh;gL jlTKjw;
ty;tpiue;J – xU nghUl;gd;nkhop. Ch;kjp – Kd;dpiy xUik RwTf;Nfhl; ld;d Ks;spiyj; jhio
tpidKw;W. ngUq;fspw;W kUg;gpd; md;d tUk;GKjph;G
te;jdd; - th+j;(e;) +j; +md;+md;. th-gFjp „t‟ vdf; ed;kh Dioapd; NtWglj; Njhd;wp
FWfpaJ tpfhuk;. j; - re;jp. „e;‟ vdj; jphpe;jJ tpfhuk; j; - tpoTf;fsq; fkOk; cuTePh;r; Nrh;g;g!
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> md; - rhhpia> md; - Mz;ghy; ,dkzp neLe;Njh; ghf dpaf;fr;
tpidKw;W tpFjp. nryP ,a Nrwp ahapd; ,tNs
tUit ahfpa rpd;dhs;
ew;wpiz thoh shjy;ew; fwpe;jid nrd;Nk -
 ew;wpiz ehD}W ef;fz;izahh;
 njhFj;jth; - ngah; njhpatpy;iy
 njhFg;gpj;jth; - gd;dhL je;j ghz;bad; khwd; tOjp jpiz- nea;jy;
Jiw- ,J Gzh;e;J ePq;fpa jiytidj; Njhop tiuT
 njhz;b> nfhw;if efuq;fisg;; gw;wp mwpayhk;
flhaJ.
 flTs; tho;j;J – ngUe;Njtdhh; (jpUkhiyg;gw;wp) Jiw tpsf;fk;-
 vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; Kjyhtjhf mikag;ngw;wJ gfw;Fwpapy; jiytd; jiytpiar; re;jpj;Jr; nry;fpd;whd;.
ew;wpiz.
mg;nghOJ Njhop jiytid Nehf;fp>„,t;thW nry;thahdhy;

16
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
kPz;Lk; eP tUtjw;Fs; jiytp ,we;J tpLths;. Mjyhy; mjw;F - NjtFyj;jhh;.
vw;wJ nra;‟ vd tiuT (kzQ;nra;Jnfhs;tJ) Njhd;wf;
$WtJ tiuT flhjyhFk;. nghUs;- kiyg;gFjpapYs;s FwpQ;rpapd; fhpa nfhk;Gfspy;
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G- FwpQ;rpg;g+f;fs; g+j;jpUf;fpdw; d. mg;g+f;fspypUe;J tz;Lfs;
,g;ghl-d; Mrphpah; ef;fz;izahh;. ,th; ngz;ghw;Gyth; Mthh;. Njidj; jpul;Ltjw;F ,lkhfpa ehl;il cilatd; jiytd;.
„ngUq;Nfhop eha;fd; kfs; ef;fz;iz‟ nadTk; $wg;gLthh;. mj;jiytNdhL “ahd;nfhz;l el;ghdJ epyj;ijtplg; nghpaJ.
ciwA+h; tPiu Ntz;khd; ntspad; jpj;jd; vd;Dk; Nrho thdj;ijtpl cah;e;jJ. fliytpl MokhdJ” vdj; jiytp
kd;ddpd; kfd; Nghuitf; Nfhg; ngUew;fpss ; p Mthd;.mtd; jd; $Wfpwhs;.
je;ijnahL gifj;Jf; nfhz;L ehboe;J> tWikapy; Gy;yhprpf; nrhw;nghUs;- ePh; - fly;. fUq;Nfhy; - fUik epwKila
$Oz;L tUe;jpapUe;jhd;. me;epiyapYk; M%h; ky;yd; nfhk;G. cah;ej ; d;W – cah;e;jJ. mstpdW ; – mstpidAilaJ.
vd;ghidg; Nghhpy; ntw;wp nfhs;fpd;whd;. mtd; tPuj;ijf; fz;l ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- epyj;jpDk;> thdpDk;> ePhpDk; -
ef;fz;izahh; mt;turidj; jhk; kze;J nfhs;s tpUk;gpajhf cah;Tr;rpwg;Gk;ikfs;. fUq;Nfhy;> ngUe;Njd; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
mth; ghba GwehD}w;W 83> 84> 85 Mk; ghly;fs; %yk; mwpfpNwhk;.
gphpj;jwpjy;- MusT = mUik+msT. fUq;Nfhy; = fUik+
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;- ,wT - ,whkPd.; ,wTg;Gwk; - ,whkPdpd;
Gwk;. Kjy; - (jhioapd); mb. gpzh; - rUr;riu (nrhu Nfhs;. ngUe;Njd; = ngUik+Njd;
nrhug;G). jlT – ngUik. RwT – RwhkPd;. RwTf;NfhL –
ahU kpy;iy jhNd fs;td;
RwhkPdpd; Kfj;jpy; ePz;Ls;s nfhk;G Nghd;w Ks;. fspW – jhdJ ngha;g;gpd; ahndtd; nra;Nfh
Mz;ahid. kUg;G – je;jk;. cio – ngz;khd;. tpoTf;fsk; - jpidj;jh sd;d rpWgRq; fhy
tpoh epfOkplk;. cuT – t-ik. cuT ePh; - t-ikAila xOFeP uhuy; ghh;f;Fk;
fly; ePh.; Nrh;g;g – nea;jy; epyj; jiytNd. ,dkzp – kzpfspd; FUF Kz;Ljhd; kze;j Qhd;Nw -fgpyh;
njhFjp. ,af;f – nrYj;j. nryP,a – nry;Yk; nghUl;L. rpdd ; hs; jpiz- FwpQ;rp
- rpy ehs;. nrd;Nk – nry;thahf. Jiw- tiuT ePl;bj;jtplj;Jj; jiykfs; Njhopf;Fr;
cs;Siw- nrhy;ypaJ.
„mUk;G Kjph;G – ed;khDioapd; NtWglj; Njhd;wp – tpsf;fk;- jiytd; neLq;fhyk; jiytpiaj; jpUkzk;
tpoTf;fsq; fkOk;‟– vd;wJ jiytp jiytd; kPJ nfhz;l nra;J nfhs;shky; fhye;jho;j;j tUe;jpa jiytp „jiyth;
fhjy; Kjph;e;J> jd; Rw;wj;jhhplkpUe;J NtWgl;Lj; jiytDld; fUiznfhz;L vd;idj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhyd;wp
mtd; ,y;yj;jpy; ,y;ywk; epfo;j;Jk; nrt;tpapidg; ngw;W vdf;F cjtpahfr; rhd;W $Wthh; NtW xUtUk; ,yh; ‟ vd;W
tpl;lhs; vd;gJ cs;Siw ctkk;. ,jdhy; jiytd; jiytpia Njhopaplk; $wpaJ.
tpiue;J kzk; nra;J nfhs;sy; ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gJ mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;- jhNd – jiytd; xUtNd (,Ue;jdd;)
Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jhd; „mJ‟ ngha;g;gpd; - „mJ‟ vd;wJ jiytd; jiytpaplk;
,yf;fzk;
$wpa #Siuiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. („ehd; cd;idg; ghpakhl;Nld;.
,wTg;Gwk;> RwTf; NfhL> fspw;W kUg;G – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;
gphpej
; hy; Mw;wpapUf;fkhl;Nld;> tpiutpy; cd;id kzQ;nra;J
njhiffs;. Ks;spiy - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhif. ngUq;fspW> ed;khd;> neLe;Njh; - nfhs;Ntd;‟ vd;gd Nghd;wit jiytd; $wpa #SiuahFk;) fhy
gz;Gj;njhiffs;. nryP,a – nrhy;ypirasngil. Nrh;g;g – – fhy;fisAila. xOFePh; - XLfpdw; ePh;. Muy; - Muy; kPd;.
mz;ik tpsp. ghh;fF; k; - $h;e;J Nehf;Fk;. FUF – ehiu.
jiytd; kze;j Qhd;W ahUkpy;iy- jhNd. jhd;
FWe;njhif „mJ‟ ngha;g;gpd; vtd; nra;Ntd;! FUFk; cz;L vd Kbf;f.
 Kjypy; njhFf;fg;gl;l E}y; gpwh; mwpahjthW te;J jd; eyj;ijf; fth;e;J nfhz;L
 njhFj;jth; - cg;g+hpf;Fbf; fpohh; nrd;wtdhjd; jiytidj; jiytp „fs;td;‟ vd;W
 njhFg;gpj;jth; - g+hpfN; fh Fwpg;gpLfpdw; hs;.
 flTs; tho;j;J – ngUe;Njtdhh; (KUfidg;gw;wp)
„jiytd; #Siu $wpanghOJ mjw;Fr; rhd;whthh; xU
 mofpa njhlh;fspy; rpy –mzpyhF Kd;wpyhh;> fhf;ifg; tUk; ,yh;. rhl;rp $Wtjw;F ,ayhj ehiu kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ.
ghbdpahh;> nrk;Gyg;ngay; ePuhh;> kPndwp J}z;byd; xNuUotdhh;>
Fg;igf; Nfhopahh; tpl;l Fjpiuahh;. mJTk; jd; czthd Muy; kPdpd; tUifiaNa $h;e;J
 „jhkiu GiuAk; fhkh; Nrth;‟ vdj; njhlq;Fk; flTs; Nehf;fpapUe;jJ. ehd; vd;nra;Ntd;‟ vd;W jiytp tUe;jpf;
thoj;Jg;ghly; $Wfpdw; hs;.
 ef;fPud; rptngUkhid Nehf;fp „new;wpf; fz;izj; jpwg;gpDk; fUj;J- „jiytd; kze;jnghOJ mjidf; fz;L
Fw;wk; Fw;wNk‟ vd thjpLk; msTf;F thjj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. rhl;rp $Wthh; xUtUkpyh;. mtd; xUtNd rhl;rp. mtd; mij
 nts;sptPjpahh; ghly;fs; cs;sd. ,y;iynad;W kWg;gpd; vd;dhy; vJTk; nra;a ,ayhJ.
 FWik+njhif – FWe;njhif. mf;$l;lj;ij nka;g;gpff ; NtW ve;j rhl;rpaKk; ,y;iy. mtd;
 ,/J vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,d;Dk; kze;J nfhs;shky; cs;shNd‟ vd;W jiytp Njhopaplk;
 ehd;fbr; rpWikAk; vl;lbg; ngUikAk; cila tUe;jpf; $Wfpd;whs;.
Mrphpag;ghf;fshy; Mfpa E}y;. ,yf;fzk;- ahUk; - Kw;Wk;ik. jhNd – Vfhuk;> gphpepiy>
 mfj;jpiz gw;wpaNjahk;. 402 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
nra;Nfh – Xfhuk;> mirepiy. gRq;fhy – gz;Gj;njhif. xOFePh;
epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W - tpidj;njhif. FUFk; - ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik. Qhd;Nw Vfhuk;
ePhpDk; Mus tpd;Nw rhuy; mirepiy.
fUq;Nfhw; FwpQ;rpg; g+f;nfhz;L Mrphpah; Fwpg;G- fgpyh;
ngUe;Njd; ,iof;Fk; ehlndhL el;Ng.  ghz;b ehl;bYs;s jpUthjt+hpy; me;jzh; kugpy; gpwe;jth;.

17
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
 filr;rq;fg; Gyth;fs; guzh;> ,ilf;fhlh;> xsit Jiw- ew;wha; $w;W- ,J cld; Nghfpa jiykfs;
MfpNahhplk; el;G g+z;lth;. kPz;LtUjw; nghUl;Lj; jha; fhfj;jpw;Fg; guha;f;fld; ciuj;jJ.
 filnaO ts;sy;fSs; xUtdhfpa ghhpia caph;j; Njhodhff; Jiw tpsf;fk;- jiytp jiytndhL cld;Nghf;Fr;
nfhz;lth;. ghhpapd; mitf;fsg; GytuhfTk; tpsq;fpath;. nrd;Wtpl;lij mwpe;j gpd;dh;> jiytp kPJ Ngud;G nfhz;l
ew;wha; jd; kfs; jd; fztndhL kPzL ; k; jd; ,y;yj;jpw;Nf
 FwpQ;rpj; jpizg; ghly;fs; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;. „fgpyuJ ghl;L‟ tUjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> mt;thW jpUk;gp te;jhy; mth;fSf;Ff;
vd;Dk; njhlNu ,th; ghl;Lj; jpwDf;Fr; rhd;whFk;. jpUkzk; nra;tpj;Jf; fz;Fspuf; fhzy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
 „tha;nkhopf; fgpyd;‟ vd;W ef;fuP Uk;>„ey;ypirf; fgpyd;‟ vd;W tpUk;Gfpd;whs;. mjdhy; jiytDk; jiytpAk; jpUk;gp tUkhW
ngUq;Fd;W}h;f; fpohUk; „ntWj;j Nfs;tp tpsq;F Gfo;f; ed;dpkpj;jkhf (rFdkhf) f; fiuAk;gb fhf;ifia ,ue;J
fgpyd;‟ vd;W nghUe;jpy; ,sq;fuP dhUk;>„GydOf;fw;w Ntz;Lfpwhs;. mt;thW fiue;jhy; fhf;iff;Fg; „gypf;fld;‟
me;jzhsd;‟„ngha;ah ehtpw; fgpyd;‟ vd khNwhf;fj;J nfhLg;gjhfTk; $Wfpdw; hs;. ,t;thW jhd; Ntz;bait
eg;griyahUk; Gfo;e;Js;sdh;. epiwNtWkhdhy; ,d;dJ gilg;Ngd; vd;W flTsiuNah>
gpwtw;iwNah Ntz;bf;Nfhly; guha;ff ; ld; ciuj;jy; vd;gh;.
Iq;FWE}W fhf;if fiue;jhy; tpUe;jpdNuh> cwtpdNuh tPl;bw;F tUth;
 njhFj;jth; - $lY}h; fpohh; vd;gJ ek; kf;fspilNa cs;s ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G-Me;ijahh; vd;gJ ,th; ,aw;ngah;. XjY}h;
 njhFg;gpj;jth; - ahidf; fl;Nra; khe;ju; NruypUk; nghiw
vd;Dk; Chpduhj-d; Xjyhe;ijahh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
 flTs; thoj;J – ngUe;Njtdhh; (rptidg;gw;wpaJ)
XjY}h; Nkiyf; flw;fiug; gFjpapy; Fl;l ehl;by; cs;sJ. ,th;
 c.Nt. rhkpehju; Kjypy; gjpg;gpj;jth; ghl;Lfspy; ngUk;ghyd ghiyj; jpizg; ghly;fshFk;. Me;ij
 5 jpizf;Fk; ghly;fs; cs;sd vd;gJ Mjd; je;ij vd;gjd; k&c nkhopahFk;.
o kUjk; - Xuk;Nghfpahh;
o nea;jy; - mk;%tdhh; mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;-kW – Fw;wk;. J}tp - ,wf. kuG –
o FwpQ;rp – fgpyh; Kiwik. (mQ;rpNyhjp – mk; +rpy+Xjp) mofpjha rpythfpa
o ghiy – xjyhe;ijahh; $e;jy; (cila jiytp). Xjp - $e;jy;) fpis – Rw;wk;. gr;#d;
o Ky;iy – Ngadhh; - (gRik +Cd;) grpa Cd;. Cd; - jir. ige;epzk; -
(gRik+ epzk;) grpa nfhOg;G. ty;rp – czt. nghyk; -
kUjNkh uk;Nghfp nea;j yk;%td;
fUJq; FwpQ;rp fgpyd; - fUjpa nghd;. fyk; - ghj;jpuk;. tpwy; - t-ik. fhis – jiytd;.
ghiyNahj yhe;ij gdpKy;iy NgaNd
E}iyNah ijq;FW E}W. ,iwr;rpg; nghUs;-
„md;Gil kugpd; epd; fpisNahlhu ty;rp jUFntd;‟
kQ;iQg;gj;J
vhpkUs; Ntq;if apUe;j Njhif vd;Dk; nghUl;Fg; Gwj;Nj> jiytDk; jiytpAk; kPz;L
,ioazp kle;ijapw; Nwhd;W ehl! thpd; ehd; mth;fSf;F vd; ,y;yj;jpd;fz;
,dpJnra; jidah Ee;ij thopah; jpUkz tpoh vLj;J vd; md;gpw;Fhpa Rw;wj;jhUld;
ed;kid tJit aautpts; kfpo;e;jpUg;Ngd; vd;W ew;wha; $Wtjhf
gpd;dpUq; $e;jd; kyuzpj; NjhNa - fgpyh; ,yf;fzk;- fUq;fhf;if> gr;#d;> ige;epzk;> ntQ;rpdk; -
gz;Gj;njhiffs;. nghyk;Gid - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif.
jpiz- FwpQ;rp Gidfyk; - tpidj;njhif. jUFntd; - jd;ik xUik
Jiw- tJit nry;yh epd;Wopj; jiykfw;Fj; Njhop $wpaJ
tpidKw;W. Ntw;fhis - ,uz;lhk;Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;- vhpkUs;Ntq;if – neUg;ignghj;j
cld; njhf;f njhif. fhis – ctikahFngah;. mQ;rpNyhjpia
Ntq;ifkuk;. kUs; - ctkTUG. Njhif – kapy;. kyh;ej ;
Ntq;if nghd;dpiof;Fk; mjd;fz; cs;s Njhif kle;ijf;Fk; tu – gz;Gj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif.
ctikfs;. My; - mirepiy. tJit – jpUkzk;. mau – jUFntd; - jh+F+t; +vd;. jh-gFjp. jU vd;whdJ tpfhuk;
epfo;j;j. gpd;dpUq;$e;jy; - gpdd ; g;gl;l nghpa (fhpa) $e;jy;. F – rhhpia. t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy. vd; - jd;ik xUik
Ee;ij thopah; vd;wJ jiytdpd; ngw;Nwhiu tho;j;jpaJ. ,/J
gae;Njhh;g;gopr;ry; vdg;gLk;. kyuzpeN; jha;! Ee;ij thopah; ,dpJ tpidKw;W tpFjp.
nra;jid vd;wthW. Njhop fsTf; fhyj;Jw;w tUj;jj;jpd;
ePqf
; pdik ciuj;jhs;. fypj;njhif
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ,Ue;jNjhif – nganur;rk;. kUs; -  njhFj;jth; - ey;ye;Jtdhh;
ctkTUG. ,ioazp – tpidj;njhif. ehl – mz;iktpsp.  flTs; tho;j;J – rptidg;gw;wp - ey;ye;Jtdhh;
Ee;ij – Ek;je;ij vd;gjd; k&c nkhop. thopah; - tpaq;Nfhs;  er;rpdhh;fpdpah; ciu tFj;Js;shh;
tpidKw;W. ed;kid – gz;Gj;njhif.  rpwg;G „fw;wwpeN; jhh; Vj;Jk; fyp‟
kWjuTg; gj;J- „kWjuTg; gj;J‟ vd;gJ cld; Nghf;F  5 jpizfisg; gw;wp mike;j E}y;
epfo;j;jpa jiytDk; jiytpAk; kPz;L tUjw;fz; epfOk;  fypg;ghthy; mike;j E}y;
$w;iwg; ghL nghUshff; nfhz;l gj;Jg;ghly;fspd; njhFjp
vd;gjhk;. Mw;Wjy; vd;gJxd;W mye;jth;f;F cjTjy;
Nghw;Wjy; vd;gJ Gzh;e;jhiug; gphpahik
kWtpy; J}tpr; rpWfUq; fhf;if
gz;ngdg; gLtJ ghLmwpe;J xOFjy;
md;Gil kugpdpd; fpisNah lhug;
md;ngdg; gLtJ jd;fpis nrwhmik
gr;#d; nga;j ige;epz ty;rp
nghyk;Gid fyj;jpw; wUFntd; khNjh
mwpntdg; gLtJ Ngijahh; nrhy;Nehd;wy;
ntQ;rpd; tpwy;Ntw; fhisnah
nrwpntdg; gLtJ $wpaJ kwhmik
lQ;rp Nyhjpia tuf;fiue; jPNk - Xjyhe;ijahh;
epiwnadg; gLtJ kiwgpwh; mwpahik
jpiz- ghiy Kiwnadg; gLtJ fz;NzhlhJ caph;ntsty;

18
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
nghiwnadg; gLtJ Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
-ey;ye;Jtdhh;
 rpyk;G + mjpfhuk;
nghUs;- ,y;tho;ntd;gJ tUe;jp te;Njhh;f;F cjTjy;.  ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ,aw;wpdhh;
ghJfhg;gnjd;gJ md;GilNahiug; gphpahJ tho;jy;.  Fwpg;G ciu – mUk;gj ciuahrphpah;
gz;ngdg;gLtJ rhd;Nwhh; top mwpeJ ; xOFjy;. md;ngdg;gLtJ  tphpthf ciu – mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;
Rw;wk; jOtp tho;jy;. mwpntdg;gLtJ mwptpyhh; nrhy;  mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vDk; 4 nghUs; gw;wp ghLk;
nghWj;jy;. neUf;fk; vdg;gLtJ nfhLj;j thf;iff; fhj;J Nghhpyf;fpak;
epww; y;. epiwT vdg;gLtJ gpwh;mwpahJ kiwnghUs; fhj;jy;.  3 fhz;lq;fs; 1. Gfhh; (10 fhijfs;)
ePjpKiwik vdg;gLtJ xUghy; NfhlhJ xWj;jy;. nghWik 2. kJiu (13 fhijfs;)
vdg;gLtJ ,fo;thiuAk; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;sy;. 3. tQ;rp (7 fhijfs;)
nrhw;nghUs;- fpis – Rw;wk;. Nehd;wy; - nghWj;jy;  NtWngah;fs;--
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- xOFjy;> Nehd;wy;> nghWj;jy; - ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lil nra;As;> jkpopd; Kjw;
njhopw;ngah;fs;. fhg;gpak;> Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;> ehlff; fhg;gpak;>
xUikg;ghLf;fhg;gpak;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Mw;Wjy; - Mw;W+jy;. Gzh;e;jhh;-  ghujpahh; - „neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk;‟ vdg;
Gzh; +j;(e;) +j;+Mh;. gphpahik – gphp+a; +M+ik. mwpe;J – mwp Gfo;eJ; s;shh;
+j;(e;) +j; +c. xOFjy; - xOF+jy;. mwpahik–mwp+a;  3 cz;ikfs; - ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;eN; jhh;
Vj;Jth;
+M+ik Co;tpid ,Ue;J te;J Cl;Lk;
gphpj;jwpjy;- md;ngdg;gLtJ – md;G+vdg;gLtJ. murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwk;
$w;whFk;
gz;ngdg;gLtJ – gz;G+vdg;gLtJ
kJiuf; fhz;lk; - tof;Fiu fhij
Kd;fijr; RUf;fk;
fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdj;Jg; ngUtzpfd; khrhj;Jthdpd; kfd;
Nfhtyd;. ,td;> fiyAzh;Tk; twpNahh;f;F cjTk; ew;gz;Gk;
kpf;ftd;. fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdj;Jg; ngUtzpfd; kheha;fdpd; kfs;
fz;zfp. ,ts;> jpUkfs; Nghd;w moFk; ngz;fs; Nghw;Wk;
ngUq;Fzr; rpwg;Gk; fw;Gj;jpwKk; kpf;fts;. ,t;tpUtUk;
kidawk;g+z;L ,d;Gw;W tho;e;jdh;.

thopnak; nfhw;if Nte;Nj thop

njd;dk; nghUg;gpd; jiyt thop
nropa thop njd;d thop
gopnahL gluhg; gQ;rt thop
mlh;j;njO FUjp alq;fhg; gRe;Jzpg;

gplh;j;jiyg; gPlk; Vwpa klf;nfhb

ntw;wpNty; jlf;iff; nfhw;wit my;ys;
mWth;f; fpisa eq;if ,iwtid
Mly;fz; lUspa mzq;F #Uilf;
fhdfk; cfe;j fhsp jhUfd;

NgUuq; fpopj;j ngz;Z ky;ys;

nrw;wds; NghYk; nraph;j;jds; NghYk;
nghw;nwhopw; rpyk;nghd; Nwe;jpa ifas;
fztid ,oe;jhs; filafj; jhNs> vd
tUf kw;wts; jUf <q;nfd

thapy; te;J Nfhapy; fhl;lf;

Nfhapy; kd;didf; FWfpds; nrd;Wop
ePh;thh; fz;iz vk;Kd; te;Njha;
ahiu NaheP klf;nfhb Naha;vdj;
Njuh kd;dh nrg;Gt JilNad;

vs;sW rpwg;gpd; ,ikath; tpag;gg;

Gs;SW Gd;fz; jPh;j;Njhd; md;wpAk;
thapw; filkzp eLeh eLq;f
Mtpd; filkzp cFePh; neQ;RRlj; jhd;jd;
mUk;ngwy; Gjy;tid Mopapd; kbj;Njhd;

ngUk;ngah;g; Gfhnud; gjpNa mt;t+h;

Vrhr; rpwg;gpd; ,irtpsq;F ngUq;Fb

19
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
khrhj;J thzpfd; kfid ahfp
tho;jy; Ntz;b Co;tpid Jug;gr;
#o;foy; kd;dh epd;dfh;g; GFe;jPq;
nfd;fhw; rpyk;Ggfh;jy; Ntz;b epd;ghw;
nfhiyf;fsg; gl;l Nfhtyd; kidtp
fz;zfp nad;gnjd; ngaNunadg;>
ngz;zzq;Nf
fs;tidf; Nfhwy; fLq;Nfh yd;W
nts;Ntw; nfhw;wq; fhz;vd xs;spio
ew;wpwk; gluhf; nfhw;if Nte;Nj
vd;fhw; rpyk;G kzpAil mhpNa> vdj;
Njnkhop Aiuj;jJ nrt;it ed;nkhop
ahKilr; rpyk;G Kj;Jil mhpNa
jUnfdj; je;J jhd;Kd; itg;gf;
fz;zfp mzpkzpf; fhw;rpyk; Gilg;g
kd;dtd; tha;Kjy; njwpj;jJ kzpNa> kzpfz;L
jho;e;j Filad; jsh;e;jnrq; Nfhyd;
nghd;nra; nfhy;yd; jd;nrhy; Nfl;l
ahNdh murd; ahNd fs;td;
kd;gij fhf;Fe; njd;Gyq; fhty;
vd;Kjw; gpioj;jJ nfLfntd; MAnsd
kd;dtd; kaq;fptPo;e; jdNd njd;dtd;
Nfhg;ngUe; Njtp Fiye;jds; eLq;fpf;
fztid ,oe;Njhh;f;Ff; fhl;Lt jpy;nyd;W
,izab njhOJtPo;e; jdNs klnkhop.
-,sq;Nfhtbfs;
nghUs;- nfhw;if vd;Dk; JiwKfj;ij cila ghz;ba
kd;dNd tho;thahf! njw;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s nghjpakiyf;Fj;
jiytNd tho;f! nropaNd tho;f! jkpo;ehl;bd; njd;gFjpj;
jiytNd tho;f! ,Jtiu gopr;nrhw;fs; Nruhj gQ;rtNd tho;f!
ntw;wpjUk; Ntypidj; jd;nghpa ifapy; Ve;jp>„gPwpl;L
vOk; FUjp xOFk; gplh;j;jiy gPlj;jpy; Vwpa ,sq;nfhbahfpa
nfhw;witAk; my;ys;. fd;dpah; vOtUs; ,isatshfpa gplhhpAk;
my;ys;. ,iwtid eldkhlr; nra;j gj;ufhspAk; my;ys;.
mr;rk;jUk; fhl;ilj; jhd; tpUk;Gk; ,lkhff; nfhz;l fhspAk;
my;ys;. jhUfd; vd;w mRudpd; gue;j khh;igg; gpse;j Jh;f;ifAk;
my;ys;. jd; cs;sj;jpy; fWT nfhz;lhs; NghyTk;> kpf;f rpdk;
nfhz;lhs; NghyTk;> tpsq;Ffpd;whs;. Ntiyg; ghlike;j
nghw;rpyk;G xd;iwf; ifapy; Ve;jpatsha; ,Uf;fpdw; hs;. fztid
,oe;j mts;> ek; thapypd; Kd;Nd epw;fpd;whs; ‟> vd;W
thapw;fhtyd; mwptpj;jhd;. mj;jifatis mioj;J tUf vd;W
murd; $wpdhs;.
thapw;fhtyd; fz;zfpiag; ghz;ba kd;ddplk; mioj;Jr;
nrd;whd;. kd;dd; fz;zfpia Nehf;fp>„,sikahd nfhb
Nghd;wtNs! ePnuhOFk; fz;fSld; vk;Kd; te;J epw;Fk; eP>
ahh;?” vd tpdtpdhd;. fz;zfp kd;did Nehf;fp>“Muha;eJ ; njhopw;ngah;. vd;fhy;> vd;ngah;> epd;dfh;> vd;gjp – Mwhk;
mwpeJ ; ePjp toq;fhj kd;dNd! cd;dplk; $WtJ xd;Wz;L”
vd ciuf;fj; njhlq;fpdhs;.
„Gwhtpd; Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;fpa rpgp kd;dDk;> jd;
muz;kid kzp xypj;jijf; Nfl;Lg; gRtpd; Jaiu mwpe;J> jd;
xg;gw;w kfidNa Njh;r; rf;fuj;jpypl;Lf; nfhd;w kDePjpr;NrhoDk;
tho;e;j> ngUk;GfOila Gfhh; efuNk ahd; gpwe;j Ch;. mg;Gfhh;
efhpy; gopapy;yhj rpwg;gpidAila Gfo;kpff ; Fbapy; Njhd;wpa
khrhj;Jthd; kfid kzk;GhpeN; jd;. tPuf;foyzpe;j kd;dNd!
Co;tpidg; gadhy;> tho;tjw;fhf epd; kJiu efuj;Jf;F te;J>
vd; fhw;rpyk;gpid tpw;f Kad;W> cd;dhy; nfhiynra;ag;gl;l
Nfhtyd; kidtp ehd;> fz;zfp vd;gJ vd; ngah;‟ vd;W
$wpdhs;.
ghz;ba kd;dd; fz;zfpaplk;>“fs;tidf; nfhiy
nra;jy; nfhLq;Nfhyd;W. mJNt mur ePjp” vd;W $wpdhd;.
mjw;Ff; fz;zfp>“mwnewpapy; nry;yhj murNd! vd; fhw;rpyk;G
khzpff ; g; guy;fisf; nfhz;lJ” vd;whs;.
mjw;F murd;>“eP $wpaJ ey;yNj! vk;Kilr; rpyk;gpd;
guy;fs; Kj;JfNs” vd;whd;. NfhtydplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpa
rpyk;igf; nfhz;Ltur; nra;J> mts; Kd; itj;jhd;. itj;j
mr;rpyk;gpidf; fz;zfp vLj;J Xq;fp cilj;jhs;. mjpypUe;J
ntspg;gl;l khzpf;fg;guy; xd;W ghz;ba kd;ddpd; cjl;by;gl;Lj;
njwpj;jJ.
mk;khzpf;fg; guy;fisf; fz;l ghz;ba kd;dd;
jho;Tw;w Filadha;> Nrhh;Tw;w nrq;Nfhydha;>“nghd;njhopy; nra;Ak;
nfhy;ydpd; ngha;Aiu Nfl;L> mwnewp jtwpa> ehNdh murd;! ehNd
fs;td;. mwe;jtwhJ Fbkf;fisf; fhf;Fk; njhd;ikahl;rp
vd;Kjy; jtwpaJ. vd; tho;ehs; mopal;Lk;” vd;wthNw kaq;fp
tPo;e;jhd;.
kd;ddpd; kidtp Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp cs;sq;fyq;fp> cly;
eLq;fp>„fztid ,oe;j kfsph;f;F> vt;tpjj;jpYk; MWjy; $W
,ayhJ‟ vd;W $wpj;> jd; fztdpd; jpUtbfis tzq;fp
epyj;jpy; tPo;e;J ,we;jhs;.
nrhw;nghUs;- nfhw;if – ghz;ba ehl;bd; JiwKfk;. njd;dk;
nghUg;G – njd; gFjpapy; cs;s nghjpifkiy. gopnahL gluh –
kwnewpapy; nry;yhj. mlh;j;JvO FUjp – ntl;Lg;gl;l
,lj;jpdpdW ; k; gPwpl;L vOk; nre;ehP ;. gRe;Jzp – grpa Jz;lk;.
jlf;if – ePzl ; iffs;. mWth;f;F ,isa eq;if – VO
fd;dpaUs; ,isatshfpa gplhhp. ,iwtid Mly; fz;lUspa
mzq;F - ,iwtid eldkhlr; nra;j fhsp. #Uil fhdfk;
- mr;rk; jUk; fhL. cfe;j – tpUk;gpa. jhUfd; - muf;fd;.
Ngh;cuk; fpopj;j ngz; - mfd;w khh;gpidg; gpse;j Jh;f;if.
nrw;wk; - fWT. nraphj ; ;jds; - rpdKw;wts;. nghw;nwhopy; rpyk;G
– Ntiyg;ghLkpff ; nghw;rpyk;G. filafj;jhs; - thapypd;
Kd;dplj;jhs;. ePh;thh;fz; - ePnuhOFk; fz;fs;. Njuh – Muhahj.
vs;sW - ,fo;r;rp ,y;yhj. ,ikath; - Njth;. Gs; - gwit
(Gwh). Gd;fz; - Jd;gk;. filkzp – muz;kid thapykzp.
Mop – Njh;r;rf;fuk;. Vrh – gopapy;yh. Nfhwy; - nfhy;Yjy;.
nfhw;wk; - mur ePjp. ew;wpwk; - mwnewp. gluh – nry;yhj.
tha;Kjy; - (thapd; Kjyhfpa) cjL.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- klf;nfhb-md;nkhopj;njhif. gluhg; gQ;rt>
mlq;fhg; gRe;Jzp> Njuh kd;dh> Vrhr; rpwg;gpd; - <Wnfl;l
vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;. jlf;if – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;. Gd;fz;>
ngUk;ngah;> mUk;ngwy;> ngUq;Fb> fLq;Nfhy;> nrq;Nfhyd;>
ed;nkhop – gz;Gj;njhiffs;. cFePh>; #o;foy;> nra;nfhy;yd; -
tpidj;njhiffs;. mt;t+h; - Nra;ikr;Rl;L. tho;jy; -
Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;. GFe;J – tpidnar;rk;. jho;ej ; > jsh;e;j –
nganur;rq;fs;. tUf> tUf> nfLf – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wfs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- tUf – th (tU) + f
te;Njha; - th (t) + j; (e;) + j; + Xa;
jPh;j;Njhd; - jPh; + j; + j; + Xd;
ciuj;jJ – ciu + j; + j; + m + J
Nfl;l – Nfs; (l;) + l; + m
tPo;e;jds; - tPo; + j; (e;) + j; + md; + ms;
gphpj;jwpjy;- vs;sW – vs; + mW > Gs;SW – Gs; + cW
20

mt;t+h; - m + Ch;
kzpNkfiy
-„kzpNkfiyapd; JwT‟ tho;fi ; fiaf; $Wk; E}y;
- jkpopd; Kjy; rkaf; fhg;gpak;
- NtW ngah;fs; - kzpNkfiyj; JsT
rPh;jpUj;jf; fhg;gpak;
kUj;jtf; fhg;gpak;
-„mjpiu gpr;irapl;l fhij‟– 16tJ fhij
- c.Nt. rhkpehjh; ciuFwpg;GfSld; gjpg;gpj;jth;
- ciu e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh;
- ,sq;Nfhtbfs; rhj;jdhiu jz;lkpo; Mrhd;> rhj;jd; ed;D}w;
Gytd; vdg; Gfo;e;Js;shh;
- ,e;jputpoh gw;wpa Fwpg;G cz;L
MGj;jpud; ehL mile;j fhij
Kd;fijr; RUf;fk;-
NfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j kfs; kzpNkfiy.
Kw;gpwg;gpd; tpidg;gad; fhuzkhf murFkhudhfpa cjaFkud;>
kzpNkfiyia kzk;Ghpa tpUk;Gfpwhd;. kyh;tdj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w
mtisg; gpdn ; jhlh;fpwhd;. kzpNkfiy mq;Fs;s gspf;fiwapy;
nrd;W kiwe;Jnfhs;fpwhs;. mq;fpUe;j mtis kzpNkfyh
nja;tk;> kzpgy;ytj; jPtw;F thd;topNa J}f;fpr; nry;fpwJ.
mq;Fj; jdJ gok;gpwg;ig czh;fpwhs; kzpNkfiy. NkYk;
kzpNkfyh nja;tk;> mtSf;Fg; grpaw;wpUf;fTk; tpUk;Gk;
cUtk; vLf;fTk; thd;topr; nry;yTk; Njitahd %d;W
ke;jpuq;fisj; njhptpj;J kiwfpwj. jPtjpyifapd; cjtpahy;>
mKjRugpiag; ngw;Wg; Gfhh; efiu milfpwhs;. mq;F>
mwtztbfspd; mwpTiug;gb Mjpiuaplk; Kjd;Kjypy;
gpr;irNaw;whs;. mjd;%yk; mKjRugpapy; ms;s ms;sf; Fiwahj
md;dk; ngUfpaJ. mjidf;nfhz;L grpg;gpzp
mwg;gzpia Nkw;nfhs;fpwhs;. mKjRugp> Kw;gpwg;gpy; MGj;jpudplk;
,Ue;jJ vd;gij mwpe;j kzpNkfiy mtidf; fhZk;
nghUl;L MGj;jpud; ehl;bw;Fr; nry;tJ> ,q;Fg; ghlg;gFjpahf
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
mwtz mbfs; tUif
NjtpAk; MaKk; rpj;jpuh gjpAk;
khjtp kfSk; khjth;f; fhz;lYk;
vOe;njjph; nrd;whq;F ,iztisf; ifahy;
njhOe;jif khjtd; Jizab tzq;f
mwpTz; lhfntd; whq;ftd; $wYk;.
nghUs;- mwtz mbfisf; fz;l mstpy; murkhNjtpAk;
Njhopah; $l;lKk; rpj;jpuhgjpAk; kzpNkfiyAk; vOe;J> mth;
vjpNu nrd;wdh;. tzq;Fk; jFjpAila mwtzhpd;
,Ughjq;fisj; jk; ,UiffshYk; njhl;L tzq;fpdh;. mbfs;
„mwpTz;lhFf‟ vd mth;fis tho;j;jpdhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Mak; - Njhopah; $l;lk;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- NjtpAk; MaKk; - vz;Zk;ik
gphpj;jwpjy;- vOe;njjph; - vOe;J + vjph;. mwpTz;lhf –
mwpT + cz;lhf
jpUtb tpsf;fy;
,iztis ey;yhs; ,uhrkh Njtp
mUe;jth;f; fike;j Mrdk; fhl;bj;
jpUe;jb tpsf;fpr; rpwg;Gr; nra;jgpd;
ahz;Lgy Gf;fEk; kpizab tUe;jvd;
fhz;lF ey;tpid Ek;ikaPq;F mioj;jJ
nghUs;- tisay;fs; mzpej ; iffisAila murkhNjtp>
jtKdptuhd mwtz mbfis chpa ,Uf;ifapy; cl;fhur;
nra;jhs;. mtuJ jpUtbfisf; fOtpr; rpwg;Gr; nra;jhs;. “vdJ
ey;tpidapd; gad;jhd;> ehd; fhZjw;fhfj; jq;fs; ,izab
jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
tUe;JkhW ,j;Jizj; njhiyT jq;fis ele;Jtur; nra;jJ”
vd;whs;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Mrdk; - ,Uf;if.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- mUe;jth;> ey;tpid – gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
tuNtw;Giu
ehj;njhiy tpy;iy ahapDk; jsh;e;J
%j;jtpt; ahf;if tho;fgy; yhz;nldj;
Njtp Nfsha; nra;jt ahf;ifapd;
NktpNd dhapDk; tPo;fjph; Nghd;Nwd;
gpwe;jhh; %j;jhh; gpzpNeh Aw;Nwhh;
,we;jhh; vd;if ,ay;Ng ,JNfs;
nghUs;- jq;fsJ nrhy;ypy; Nrhh;tpy;iy. vdpDk;> %g;gpdhy;
jsh;Tw;W nkype;j jq;fsJ clypy; gd;ndLehs; tho;tjhFf vd
tho;j;jpdhs;> murkhNjtp. Mwtz mbfs;>“murkhNjtpNa! ,ijf;
Nfl;ghahf. jtk; nra;Ak; cliyf; nfhz;Ls;Nsd;. MapDk;>
ehs;NjhWk; Njhd;wpkiwAk; fjputidg; Nghd;wtd;jhd; ehDk;.
Cyfpy; gpwe;Njhh; midtUk; %g;gpdhYk; gpzpapdhYk; xUehs;
,we;JNghth; vd;gJ ,aw;ifNa vd;whh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- ehj;njhiytpy;iy – nrhy; Nrhh;tpd
; ;ik. ahf;if –
clk;G. gpzpNeha; - ePq;fh Neha;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- tho;f – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W. nra;jtk;>
tPo;fjph; - tpidj; njhiffs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- gpwe;jhh; - gpw + j;(e;) + j; +Mh;
jhdk; mwpe;Njhh;
Ngijik nra;if czh;Nt mUTU
thapy; CNw Efh;Nt Ntl;if
ePf;Fk; gw;Nw gtNk Njhw;wk; tpidg;gad;
,w;nwd tFj;j ,ay;gP uhWk;
gpwe;Njh uwpapd; ngUk;NgW mwpFth;
mwpah uhapd; Mo;euF mwpFth;.
nghUs;- mwpahik> fd;kk;> czh;T> mUtcUtk;> Ik;nghwpfs;>
nghwpfspd; ,ay;G> ,d;g Jd;g Efh;r;rp> tpUg;gk;> Gyd;fspd; gw;W>
gad; jU Kiwiar; rhh;jy;> gpwj;jy;> tpidg;gad; Mfpa
gd;dpuz;L ,ay;GfisAk; kf;fsha;g; gpwe;Njhh; mwptuhapd;
ngUk;NgW ngw;wtuhth;. mjid mwpahjth; Jd;gk; epiwe;j
eufj;ijNa milth;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Ngijik – mwpahik. nra;if - ,Utpid.
czh;T – mwptpay; rpe;jid. mU – cUtkw;wJ. cU –
tbtk;. thapy; - Ik;nghwpfs;. CW – Gyd;fspd; ,ay;G. Efh;T
- ,d;g Jd;g Efh;r;rp. Ntl;if – tpUg;gk;. gtk; - gad;
Nehf;fpa nray;. Njhw;wk; - gpwg;G.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G- ngUk;NgW – gz;Gj;njhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; - mwpFth; - mwp + F + t; + mh;.
gphpj;jwpjy;- ,ay;gPuhW - ,ay;G + ,uz;L + MW
Ngijik
Ngijik nad;gJ ahnjd tpdtpd;
Xjpa ,tw;iw czuhj kaq;fp
,aw;gL nghUshy; fz;lJ kwe;J
Ka;wNfh Lz;nldf; Nfl;lJ njspjy;
nghUs;- Ngijik vdg;gLtJ mwpahik. mjhtJ> Kw;$wpa
,ay;Gfis mwpahky; mwpT kaq;Fjy;. ,aw;ifaha;j; Njhd;Wk;
nghUs;fspYk; jhk; fz;lij kwe;J> KaYf;Ff; nfhk;Gz;L vdg;
gpwh; $Wk; ngha;ia nka;nad ek;Gjy; Nghd;wJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- ngUk;NgW – tPLNgW. NfhL – nfhk;G
21
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- Mo;euF – tpidj;njhif. njspjy; -
njhopw;ngah;. ey;tpidg;gad;
ey;tpid nad;gJ ahnjd tpdtpd;
gpwg;Gk; tpidAk; nrhy;ypa gj;jpd; njhFjpapd; ePq;fpr;
cyfk; %d;wpDk; capuhk; cyfk; rPyk; jhq;fpj; jhdk; jiyepd;W
myfpy gy;Yaph; mWtifj; jhFk; Nknyd tFj;j xU%d;W jpwj;Jj;
kf;fSk; NjtUk; gpukUk; eufUk; NjtUk; kf;fSk; gpukU khfp
njhf;f tpyq;Fk; NgAk; vd;Nw Nktpa kfpo;r;rp tpidg;gad; cz;Fth;.
ey;tpid jPtpid vd;wpU tifahw;
nrhy;yg; gl;l fUtpDs; Njhd;wp nghUs;- ey;tpidg; gad; vJntdpd>; gj;Jtiff;
tpidg;gad; tpisAq; fhiy caph;fl;F Fw;wq;fspypUe;Jk; ePq;fp xOf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJk; gpwUf;Ff;
kdg;Ng hpd;gKk; ftiyAk; fhl;Lk;. nfhilaspg;gJk; MFk;. mj;jifNahh; cah;Tila caph;fs; vd
tFf;fg;gl;l Njth;> kf;fs;> gpukh; Mfpa %tifapduhfg; gpwe;J
nghUs;- %TyfpYk; vz;zw;w caph;fs; tho;fpdw; d. mt;Taph;fs; jhk; nra;j ey;tpidg; gaid Efh;th;.
kf;fs;> Njth;> gpukh;> eufh;> tpyq;Fj;njhFjp> Nga; vd;Dk; nrhw;nghUs;- rPyk; - xOf;fk;. jhdk; - nfhil
mWtifj;jhFk;. mit jhk; nra;j ey;tpid> jPtpidahy; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- cz;Fth; - cz; + F + t; + mh;
mWtifg;gl;l caph;fSs; xd;whfg; gpwf;fpdw; d. mt;tpidg;
gad;fs; cz;lhFk;NghJ Nghpd;gq;fisAk; Jd;gq;fisAk; mit ey;ywk; Nghw;Wf
milfpd;wd. miurd; Njtpnah lhapio ey;yPh;
nrhw;nghUs;- myfpy – mstw;w. njhf;f tpyq;F – GiujPh; ey;ywk; Nghw;wpf; Nfz;kpd;
tpyq;Fj;njhFjp. kWgpwg; Gzh;e;j kzpNk fiyeP
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- gy;Yaph;> ey;tpid> jPtpid> Nghpd;gk; - gpwtwq; Nfl;l gpd;dhs; te;Jdf;F
gz;Gj;njhiffs;. ,j;jpwk; gyTk; ,tw;wpd; gFjpAk;
Kj;Njh; eifaha; Kd;Dwf; $Wty;
gj;Jf; Fw;wq;fs; vd;wtd; vOjYk; ,sq;nfhb vOe;J
jPtpid nad;gJ ahnjd tpdtpd;
Ma;njhb ey;yha; Mq;fJ Nfsha; nghUs;- murkhNjtpAld; ,Uf;Fk; eq;ifaNu! Ehd; $Wk;>
nfhiyNa fsNt fhkj; jPtpioT Fw;wk; ePq;fpa ey;ywj;ijg; Nghw;wpf; NfSq;fs;! vdf; $wpa
ciyah clk;gpy; Njhd;Wt %d;Wk; mwtz mbfs;> kzpNkfiyia Nehf;fp>“Kj;Jr;rphpg;gpidAila
ngha;Na Fwis fLQ;nrhy; gadpy; kzpNkfiyia! eP cdJ Kw;gpwg;gpid czh;ej ; pUf;fpwha;.
nrhy;nydr; nrhy;ypy; Njhd;Wt ehd;Fk; NkYk;> gpwrkaq;fs; $Wk; mwq;fisAk; eP Nfl;lwpe;J nfhs;.
mjd; gpdd ; h;> xU ehs; kPzL ; k; te;J cdf;Fg; gy;NtW
nghUs;- Muha;e;njLj;j mofpa tisay;fis mzpe;j mwq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gFjpfisAk; $WNtd;” vd;whh;.
eq;ifNa> Nfl;ghahf. jPtpid vd;gJ vd;dntdpy; nfhiy> fsT> nrhw;nghUs;- GiujPh; - Fw;wk; jPhe; ;j. Nfz;kpd; - NfSq;fs;.
fhknkDk; nfhba tpUg;gk; Mfpa clypy; Njhd;Wk; %d;Wk;.
Kj;Njh; eif – Kj;Jr; rphpg;G
ngha;NgRjy;> Gwq;$Wjy;> fLQ;nrhy;> gadw;wnrhy; vdr; nrhy;ypy;
Njhd;Wk; ehd;Fk;.
kzpNkfiyapd; mwptpg;G
nrhw;nghUs;- fsT – jpUl;L. fhkj;jP – fhknkDk; nfhba ed;wwp khjtd; ey;yb tzq;fpj;
tpUg;gk;. ciyah clk;G – jsuhj cly;. Fwis – Gwk;NgRjy;. NjtpAk; MaKk; rpj;jpuh gjpAk;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G- Ma;njhb ey;yha; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik khjth; ed;nkhop kwth Ja;k;kpd;
cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif. fhkj;jP – cUtfk;. ,e;efh; kUq;fpd;ah DiwNtd; Mapd;
fLQ;nrhy; - gz;Gj;njhif. kd;dtd; kfw;fpts; tUq;$w;W vd;Fth;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Njhd;Wth; - Njhd;W + t; + mh;. MGj; jpudh lile;jjw; gpd;dhs;
khrpy; kzpgy; ytk;njhO Njj;jp
tQ;rpAl; Gf;F khgj; jpdpjdf;F
nt/fy; ntFsy; nghy;yhf; fhl;rpnad;W
vQ;rh ey;ywk; ahq;fZQ; nra;Fty;
cs;se; jd;dpd; cUg;gd; %d;Wnkdg;
vdf;fplh; cz;nld;W ,uq;fy; Ntz;lh
gj;J tifahy; gad;njhp Gyth;
kdf;fpdp aPh;
,j;jpwk; gluhh; glh;Fth; Mapd;
tpyq;Fk; NgAk; eufUk; Mfpf;
fyq;fpa cs;sf; ftiyapy; Njhd;Wth;. nghUs;- kzpNkfiy vOe;J>„Njtpah;fSk; MakfspUk;
rpj;jpuhgjpAkhfpa ePq;fs; mwtzhpd; ey;y nkhopfisg; Nghw;wp
nghUs;- Nguth> fLQ;rpdq;nfhs;Sjy;> njsptpyh mwpT vd ew;fjpailAq;fs;. ,e;efhpy; ehd; jq;fpdhy;> kd;dtd; kfDf;F
cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; %d;Wk; Mfpa gj;Jf; Fw;wq;fSkhk;. te;j $w;Wtd; vd;W vd;idg; gyUk; $Wth;. Mifahy;> ehd;
,j;jPtpidg;gaid mwpe;j mwpQh;> ,j;jF newpapy; nry;yhh;. MGj;jpud; ehl;il mile;J> gpdd ; h; mq;fpUe;J Fw;wkw;w
jPnewpapy; nry;Nthh; tpyq;fhfTk; NgahfTk; eufuhfTk; gpwe;J kzpgy;ytj; jPtpw;Fr; nrd;W ghjgPbifia tzq;FNtd;.
ftiyf;F cl;gLth;. tQ;rpkhefUf;Fr; nrd;W gj;jpdpj; nja;tkhfpa fz;zfpf;Ff;
nrhw;nghUs;- nt/fy; - tpUk;Gjy;. ntFsy; - rpdj;jy;. Fiwtw;w ey;ywj;jpidr; nra;Jnfhz;bUg;Ngd;. vd; kdj;jpw;F
,dpath;fNs> vdf;F ,d;dy; cz;lhFnkd;W ahUk; tUe;j
nghy;yhf; fhl;rp – khaj; Njhw;wk;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nghy;yhf; fhl;rp - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; Ntz;lhk;‟ vd;W $wpdhs;.
nganur;rk;. gad; njhpGyth; - tpidj;njhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- glh;Fth; - glh; + F+ t; + mh;.

22
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
nrhw;nghUs;- ca;k;kpd; - Nghw;Wq;fs;> ew;fjpailAq;fs;. nghpa Guhzk; (nghpa + Guhzk;)
ciwjy; - jq;Fjy;. $w;W – vkd;. khrpy; - Fw;wkw;w.
njhOJ – tzq;fp. Gf;F – Gfe;J. ,lh; - ,d;dy;.  rptdbahh;fspd; tuyhw;iwf; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y;
 jdpabahh; (mWgj;J %th;) njhifabahh;
gphpj;jwpjy;- ed;nkhop – ed;ik + nkhop. vdf;fplh; - vdf;F (xd;gjpd;khh;)
+ ,lh;. njhONjj;jp – njhOJ + Vj;jp. cz;nld;W – cz;L tuyhWk; cs;sd
+ vd;W. ey;ywk; - ed;ik + mwk;  Mrphpah; - Nrf;fpohh; (,aw;ngah; - mUz;nkhoj;Njth;)
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- miurd; - ,ilg;Nghyp. ey;ywk; -  Nrf;fpohh; ,e;E}Yf;F ,l;lngah; - „jpUf;nfhz;lh;
gz;Gj;njhif. Guhzk;‟
 Re;ju %h;j;jp ehadhhpd; „jpUf;nfhz;lj;njhif‟iaAk;
rPtfrpe;jhkzp  ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gpapd; „jpUf;njhz;lh;
 Mrphpah; - jpUj;jf;fNjth; jpUte;jhjpiaAk;‟ Kjy; E}yhff; nfhz;L
 NtWngah; - kzE}y; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhy; ,J topE}yhFk;.
 [p.A. Nghg; ,e;E}iy jkpo;nkhopapy; ,ypgl;Lk;> xbrpAk;  meghar; Nrhod; „nghpa Guhzj;ij‟ gl;lj;J ahid
,JNt vdg; Gfo;e;Js;shh; Nky; itj;J gtdp tur;nra;J rpwg;gpj;jhd;
 ciu er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;  gpwnkhopr; rhh;gpd;w ghlg;ngw;w Kjy; rka fhg;gpak;
 2 fhz;lq;fs;> 13 rUf;fq;fs;> 4281 tpUj;jg;ghf;fs;
 rkz rka E}y; - jiytd; - rPtfd;
 fhg;gpaj; jiyth; - Re;juh;
 ehp tpUj;jk; - jkpopy; tpUj;jg;ghthy; mike;j Kjy;
fhg;gpak;  rpwg;Gg;ngah; - „gps;is ghjp> Guhzk; ghjp‟

tPo;e;J ntz;kio jtOk; tpz;ZW ngUtiu ngUk;ghk;G mg;g+jpabfs; Guhzk;

Co;e;J NjhYhpg; gdNghy; xj;j kw;wtw; wUtp
jho;e;J tPo;e;jit Kotpd; jJk;gpd; kJfuk; ghlr;
#o;e;J khkap yhb ehlfk; Jsf;FWj; jdNt.
nghUs;- kiyapd;kPJ ntz;Nkfq;fs; jto;e;J nry;fpdw; d.
mt;thW kiyiatpl;L ntz;Nkfk; efh;tJ ghk;G NjhYhpg;gijg;
Nghd;W ,Uf;fpwJ. Nkfk; efh;e;Jtpl;lgpd>; mk; kiyahdJ
NjhYhpf;fg;gl;l ghk;GNghy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mq;Nf tPo;fpdw; mUtpapd;
xyp> kj;jsk;Nghd;W xypff ; pdw; J. tz;Lfs; ghLfpd;wd. kapy;fs;
MLfpdw; d. Mifahy;> ,f;fhl;rp xU ehlfk; elg;gJ Nghd;W
,Uf;fpwJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- tpz; - thdk;. tiu – kiy. KoT – kj;jsk;.
kJfuk; - Njd; cz;Zk; tz;L.
mg;g+jpabfs; jpq;fShpy; Njhd;wpath;. Fw;wkw;wth;. rptgf;jp kpf;fth;.
jpUehTf;furhplk; Ngud;Gilath;. mt;td;Gf;F mwpFwpahfj;
jk;kf;fs;> msit> epiwNfhy;> gR> jhk; itj;j jz;zhP ;g;ge;jy;
Mfpa midj;jpw;Fk; jpUehTf;fuR vd;Dk; ngaiuNa #l;b
kfpo;e;jth;. jpq;fSh; te;j jpUehTf;furh;> mq;Ff; fz;l jz;zPh;g;
ge;jYf;Fj; jk; ngah; ,Ug;gjidf; fz;L tpag;Gw;whh;. mg;ngah;
itj;jtuhd mg;g+jpabfspd; md;igf; Nfl;lwpe;J> mtuJ ,y;yk;
nrd;whh;. te;jth;f;Fj; jpUtKJ gilg;gjw;fhf thiof;FUj;J
mhpar; nrd;w mg;g+jpabfspd; %j;j kfd;> ghk;G jPz;bajhy;
,we;jhd;. jpUehTf;furUf;Fj; njhpahjthW ,J kiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpUehTf;fuR ,jidawpe;J>„xd;Wnfhyhk;‟ vd;Dk; jpUg;gjpfk;
ghb> ,we;j gpsi ; sia vOg;gpj; jpUtKJ nra;jUspdhh;.

mg;g+jpabfs; jk; kidapYs;s midj;jpw;Fk; jpUehTf;fuR

vd;Dk; ngaiuNa #l;ly;
fsT> ngha;> fhkk;> Nfhgk; Kjypa Fw;wk; fha;e;jhh;
tskpF kidapd; tho;f;if epiyapdhh; kidg;ghy; cs;s
msitfs;> epiwNfhy;> kf;fs;> MnthL Nkjp kw;Wk;
csvyhk; murpd; ehkk; rhw;Wk;mt; nthOf yhw;whh;.
nghUs;- mg;g+jpabfs; fsT> ngha;> fhkk;> rpdk; Kjypa
Fw;wq;fs; ePf;fpath;. tskpF ,y;yw tho;tpdh;. jk;
tPl;bYs;s msitf; fUtpfs;> Jyhf;Nfhy;> kf;fs;>
gRf;fs;> vUikfs;> kw;WKs;s nghUs;fs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk;
jpUehTf;fuR vd;Dk; jpUg;ngaiuNa #l;b thOk;
tof;fKilath;.
nrhw;nghUs;- fha;e;jhh; - ePff
; pdhh;. kid – tPL. M – gR.
Nkjp – vUik. epiwNfhy; - Jyhf;Nfhy; (juhR).
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- fha;e;jhh; - fha; + j; (e;) + j; + Mh;

jpq;fSh; te;j jpUehTf;furh; jz;zPhg; ;ge;jy; fhzy;

1. mstpy;rdk; nrynthopah topff ; iuapy; mUSilahh;
cskida jz;zspj;jha; cWNtdpy; ghptfw;wpf;
Fsk;epiwe;j ePh;j;jlk;Nghy; Fsph;J}q;Fk; gug;gpdjha;
tsk;kUTk; epoy;jUjz; zPhg; ;ge;jh; te;jize;jhh;.
nghUs;- mstw;w kf;fs; ele;Jnry;Yk; topapy;>
Nfhilapd; kpFe;j ntg;gj;jpidg; Nghf;fpaUSk;
fUizkpf;f nghpNahh; cs;sk; Nghd;Wk; ePh;j;jlhfk;
Nghd;Wk; mikf;fg; ngw;w Fsph;r;rp epiwe;j
jz;zPh;g;ge;jiyj; jpUehTf;furh; te;J Nrh;e;jhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- jz;zspj;jha; - Fsph;r;rp epiwe;j. jlk; -
jlhfk;

23
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nrynthopah top - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg;
nganur;rk;. topf;fiu – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
cWNtdpy; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;. ePh;j;jlk; - ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif. ge;jh; -
ge;jy; vd;gjd; filg;Nghyp.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- epiwe;j – epiw + j;(e;) + j; + m
jz;zPhg; ;ge;jypy; jk; ngah; ,Uf;ff; fz;L tpag;GWjy;
3. te;jize;j thfPrh; ke;jkh UjrPjg;
ge;jUld; mKjkhk; jz;zPUk; ghh;j;jUspr;
rpei
; jtpag; GwtUthh; jpUehTf; funrDk;Ngh;
re;jKw tiue;jjid vk;kUq;Fk; jhq;fz;lhh;.
nghUs;- jz;zPh;g;ge;jiy te;jile;j thfPrh;
(jpUehTf;furh;) ,se;njd;wy; fhw;W tPRk; Fsph;r;rpkpf;f
jz;zPh;g;ge;jiyAk; mKjkhfpa jz;zPiuAk; fz;lhh;.
mg;ge;jypy;. jpUehTf;furh; jz;zPh;g; ge;jy; vd;Dk; ngah;
mofhf vOjpapUg;gjidAk; ghh;j;J tpae;jhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- ke;jkhUjrPjk; - Fsph;e;j ,se;njd;wy;
fhw;Wld; $ba Fsph;e;j ePh;. re;jk; - moF
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- mize;j thfPrh; - nganur;rk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; - tUthh; - th + (tU) t; + Mh;
jpUehTf;fuR vdg; ngah; itj;j fhuzk; Nfl;ly;
4. MwzpAk; rilKbahh; mbahh;f;F ePh;itj;j
<wpy;ngUe; jz;zPhg; ;ge; jhpy;Ek;Ngh; vOjhNj
NtnwhUNgh; Kd;ndOj Ntz;bafh uzk;vd;nfhy;
$Wnkd vjph;nkhopej ; hh; Nfhjpy;nkhopf; nfhw;wtdhh;.
nghUs;- mg;g+jpabfsplk; “fq;ifiar; rilKbapy;
jhq;fpa rptngUkhdpd; mbahh;fSf;fhf Cnuy;iyapy;>
ePtph; itj;j jz;zPh;g;ge;jypy; ck;ngah; vOjhky;> NtW
xUth; ngah; vOjpa fhuznkd;d? nrhy;tPuhf” vd;W>
Fw;wkw;wtuhfpa jpUehTf;furh; nkhope;jhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;-<W – vy;iy
mg;g+jpabfshh; jpUehTf;furh; ngUikia ciuj;jy;
5. nghq;Ffly; fy;kpjg;gpw; Nghe;NjWk; mth;ngUik
mq;fzh;jk; Gtdj;jpy; mwpahjhh; ahUsNu
kq;fykhk; jpUNtlj; Jldpdw; pt; tifnkhopej ; Ph;
vq;FiwtPh; ePh;jhk;ahh; ,ak;Gnkd ,ak;gpdhh;.
nghUs;- “fy;NyhL Nrh;j;Jf;fl;bf; flypy; vwpe;jNghJ>
mf;fy;ypidNa njg;gkhff; nfhz;L fiuNawpa
jpUehTf;furhpd; ngUikapid> ,t;Tyfj;jpy; mwpahjhh;
ahUsh;? kq;fykhfpa jpUNtlj;Jld; epd;Wk;> ,t;tif
nkhope;jPh;! ePh; vq;FiwtPh;? ePh;jhk; ahh;? $WtPh;” vd;W
,ak;gpdhh;> mg;g+jpabfs;.
nrhw;nghUs;- fy;kpjg;G – fy;yhfpa njg;gk;. Gtdk; -
cyfk;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nghq;Ffly; - tpidj;njhif
gphpj;jwpjy;- vq;FiwtPh; - vq;F + ciwtPh;
jhNk jpUehTf;furh; vdy;
6. jpUkiwNahh; mJnkhopaj; jpUehTf; furh;mth;
ngUikawpe; Jiunra;thh; gpwJiwap dpd;Nww
mUSngUQ; #iyapdhy; Ml;nfhs;s mile;Ja;e;j
njUSk;czh; tpy;yhj rpWikNad; ahd;vd;whh;.
nghUs;- me;jzuhfpa mg;g+jpabfs; $wpaijf; Nfl;l
jpUehTf;furh;> mbahh;kPJ mth; itj;jpUe;j ngUikapid
mwpe;J>„gpw rka newpapdpd;W tpLgl;L Vw;wk; fhzr; „#iy‟
vd;Dk; ngUNehahy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;Lr; irt rkak;
te;jile;j njsptpy;yhj czh;Tila rpwpatNd ahd;‟
vdf; $wpdhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- #iy – nfhba tapw;WNeha;> njUSk; -
njsptpy;yhj
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ngUikawpe;J-,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif. mwpe;J> mile;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- mwpe;J – mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c
jpUehTf;furiu mg;g+jpabfs; tzq;Fjy;
7. murwpa ciunra;a mg;g+jp mbfs; jhk;
fufkyk; kpirFtpaf; fz;zUtp nghope;jpopa
ciuFowp clk;ngy;yhk; cNuhkGs fk;nghypaj;
jiuapd;kpir tPo;e;jth;jk; ruz fkyk; g+z;lhh;.
nghUs;- jpUehTf;furh;> jk;ik ,d;dhnud;W mwpAk;gb
ciuj;jUs> cz;ik mwpe;Jnfhz;l mg;g+jpabfSila
ifk;kyh;fs; jiyNky; Ftpe;jd. fz;fspypUe;J
Mde;jf;fz;zPh; ngUfp tope;jJ. ciu jLkhwpaJ.
clk;ngy;yhk; kaph;f;$r;nrwpaj; jiuapy; tPo;e;J>
jpUehTf;furUila jpUtbj; jhkiufisj; jiyahy;
tzq;fpdhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- fuk; - if. fkyk; - jhkiu. kpir – Nky;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- fufkyk; - cUtfk;. nghope;jpopa –
tpidnar;rk;.
gphpj;jwpjy;- fz;zUtp – fz; + mUtp. clk;ngy;yhk; -
clk;G + vy;yhk;.
jpUehTf;furh; mKJz;z ,irjy;
8. Mrdj;jpy; g+ridfs; mkh;tpj;J tpUg;gpDld;
thrk;epiw jpUePwW
; f; fhg;Nge;jp kde;jiog;gj;
NjrKa;a te;jtiuf; jpUtKJ nra;tpfF ; k;
NerKw tpz;zg;gk; nramtUk; mJNeh;e;jhh;.
nghUs;- mg;g+jpabfs;> jpUehTf;furiu Xh; ,Uf;ifapy;
cl;fhur; nra;jhh;. tpUg;gKld; g+rpj;J topgl;lhh;. jpUePw;Wf;
fhg;Nge;jp mzpe;jhh;. kdkfpo;Tw;wtuha; ehLa;a te;jtiuj;
jpUtKJ nra;jUs tpz;zg;gk; nra;jhh;. jpUehTf;furUk;
mjw;F ,ire;jhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- jpUePw;Wf;fhg;G – nghpNahh;fshy; tho;j;jp
toq;fg;gLk; jpUePW. Neh;e;jhh; - ,ire;jhh;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- Njrk; - ,lthFngah;. te;jth; -
tpidahyizAk; ngah;.
gphpj;jwpjy;- jpUtKJ – jpU + mKJ> kde;jiog;g –
kdk; + jiog;g
thioapiy mhpeJ ; nfhzu %j;j jpUehTf;fuir mDg;Gjy;
9. J}aew; fwpf shd mWtifr; Ritahy; Mf;fp
Ma,d; dKJk; Mf;fp mKJnra; jUsj; jq;fs;
Nrath; jk;kpy; %j;j jpUehTf; fuir thio
Nkanghw; FUj;Jf; nfhz;L thvd tpiue;J tpl;lhh;.
nghUs;- mg;g+jpabfs;> jpUehTf;furUf;Fg; gilf;fj;
J}a;ikahd ey;y fha;fwpfisf;nfhz;L> mWRitAld;
,dpa mKjhf;fpr; nra;jhh;. gpd;dh;mth;> jq;fspd;
Foe;ijfSs; %j;j jpUehTf;fuir mioj;J> kpf
,sikahd thiof;FUj;ij tpiuthfr; nrd;W mhpe;J
tUkhW $wpdhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- jq;fs; Nrath; - jq;fspd; Foe;ijfs;.
nghw;FUj;J – kpf ,sikahd thiof;FUj;J.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ew;fwpfs;> ,d;dKjk; -
gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Mf;fp – Mf;F + ,
%j;j jpUehTf;fuR thiof;FUj;J mhpAk;NghJ ghk;G jPz;ly;
10. ey;yjha; je;ijVt ehdpJ nrag;ngw; Nwndd;W
xy;iyapy; tpiue;J Njhl;lj; Js;Gf;Fg; nghpathio
ky;yyk; FUj;ij <Uk; nghOjpdpy; ths uhnthd;W
24
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
my;yYw; wOq;fpr; Nrhu mq;ifapy; jPz;bw; wd;Nw.
nghUs;- „ey;y jhAk; je;ijAk; Vt> mjd;gb ehd;
,g;gzpnra;Ak; NgW ngw;Nwd;‟ vd;W> %j;j jpUehTf;fuR
kdkfpo;e;J tpiue;J Njhl;lj;jpDs; Eioe;jhd;. nghpa
thioapd; tskhd ,sq;FUj;jpid mhpAk;NghJ>
ghk;nghd;W kpf tUe;Jk; tifapy; $hpa gw;fshy;> mtd;
cs;sq;ifapy; jPz;baJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- xy;iy – tpiuT. ky;yy; - tskhd. mk; -
mofpa. ths; - $hpa. muh – ghk;G. my;yy; - Jd;gk;.
mOq;fp – kpf tUe;jp. mq;if – cs;sq;if.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- jha;je;ij – ck;ikj;njhif.
ky;yyk; FUj;J – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;. jPz;bw;W –
xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- ngw;Nwd; - ngW (ngw;W) + Vd;
jPz;bw;W – jPz;L + ,d; (w;) + W
khz;l kfid kiwj;Jj; jpUtKJ gilj;jplj; jpUehTf;fuir
mioj;jy;
11. jsh;e;JtPo; kfidf; fz;L jhaUk; je;ij ahUk;
csk;gijj;J cw;W Nehf;fp cjpuk;Nrh; tbTk; Nkdp
tpsq;fpa FwpAk; fz;L tplj;jpdhy; tPe;jhd; vd;W
Jsq;Fjy; ,d;wpj; njhz;lh; mKJnra; tjw;Fr; #o;thh;.
nghUs;- kaq;fp tPo;e;j %j;j kfid> mg;g+jpabfSk; mth;
kidtpahUk; cs;sg; gijg;Gld; cw;WNehf;fpdhh;.
ifapdpy; FUjp topAk; tLitAk; clw;FwpiaAk;
fz;L>„tplk; Vwpajhy;> ,we;jhd;‟ vd mwpe;Jnfhz;ldh;.
mwpe;Jk;> kdtUj;jk; rpwpJkpd;wpj; jpUehTf;furh;>
jpUtKJ nra;tjw;fhpa (czT cz;gjw;fhpa) #oiy
vz;zpdhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- cjpuk; - FUjp> Nkdp – cly;> tPe;jhd; -
,we;jhd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- Jsq;Fjy; - njhopw;ngah;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- jsh;e;J – jsh; +j;(e;) + j; + c
jpUePW mzpar; nra;a %j;j jpUehTf;fuR vq;Nf vd;W thfPrh;
Nfl;lYk;> mg;g+jpabfs; $wpa tpilAk;
12. Mjpehd; kiwE}y; tha;ik mg;g+jp ahiu Nehf;fpf;
fhjyh; ,th;f;F %j;j NriaAk; fhl;Lk; Kd;Nd
NkjF g+jp rhj;j vd;wYk; tpise;j jd;ik
ahJk;xd; Wiuahh; ,g;NghJ ,q;ftd; cjthd; vd;whh;.
nghUs;- ehd;kiw fw;W tha;ik jtwhj mg;g +jpahiu
Nehf;fp>“md;Gila cq;fs; %j;j gps;isiaAk; jpUePW
mzpar; nra;jtw;Ff; fhl;LtPuhf” vd;whh;. mjidf; Nfl;l
mg;g+jpabfs;> epfo;e;j nray; xd;widAk;
$whky;>“,g;NghJ> ,q;Fmtd; cjthd;” vd;whh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- kiwE}y; - ehd;kiw. Nra; - Foe;ij. g+j –
jpUePW
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- g+jp rhj;j - ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- ciuahh; - ciu + a; + (M) + Mh;
epfo;e;jJ ahJ vd;W tpdTjy;
mt;Tiu Nfl;l NghNj mq;fzh; mUshy; md;gh;
nrt;tpa jpUTs; sj;Njhh; jLkhw;wQ; Nru Nehf;fp
,t;Tiu nghwhnjd; cs;sk;> vd;nra;jhd; ,jw;nfhd; Wz;lhy;
nka;tphpj; JiuAk; vd;d tpsk;Gthh; tpjph;g;Gw; wQ;rp.
nghUs;- mg;g+jpabfshh; $wpaijf; Nfl;lTld;> ,iwtd;
jpUtUshy;> nrk;ik kpFe;j jpUehTf;furhpd;
jpUTs;sj;jpy; xU jLkhw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. mg;g+jpabfis
Nehf;fpj; jhq;fs; $wpa fUj;jpid vd;Ds;sk;
Vw;ftpy;iy. ck; kfDf;F epfo;e;jJ ahJ? cz;ik
tphpj;J ciuAk; vd;W nkhopa> mg;g+jpabfSk; ele;j
epfo;it tpsk;gYw;whh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- mq;fzh; - mofpa new;wpf;fz;izAila
rptd;. nghwhJ – Vw;fhJ. nka; - cz;ik.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- mq;fzh; - md;nkhopj;njhif. Nehf;fp
– tpidnar;rk;.
gphpj;jwpjy;- tpjph;g;Gw;wQ;rp – tpjph;g;G + cw;W + mQ;rp
jpUehTf;furh; gjpfk;ghb %j;j jpUehTf;fuir caph;g;gpj;jy;
14. ehtpDf; furh; Nfsh ed;WePh; Ghpej
; tz;zk;
ahthpj; jd;ik nra;thh; vd;WKd; vOe;J nrd;Nw
MtpjPh; rtj;ij Nehf;fp mz;zyhh; mUSk; tz;zk;
ghtpirg; gjpfk; ghbg; gzptplk; ghw;W tpj;jhh;.
nghUs;- mJ Nfl;l jpUehTf;furh;>“ePh; nra;j tz;zk;
ed;W. ,t;thW nra;gth;> ,t;Tyfpy; ahth; cs;shh;?” vd;W
$wp> Kd;Nd vOe;J nrd;W> caph; epq;fpa mg;gps;isapd;
cliyf; nfhz;Ltur; nra;jhh;. rptngUkhid mUSk;gb
Ntz;b>„xd;Wnfhyhk;‟ vdj; njhlq;Fk; jpUg;gjpfk; ghbg;>
ghk;gpd; tplj;ijg; Nghf;fpaUspdhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- gzptplk; - ghk;gpd; eQ;R. rtk; - gpzk;.
ghw;Wtpj;jhh; - Nghf;Ftpj;jhh;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- vOe;J> nrd;W – tpidnar;rq;fs;.
gzptplk; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif. Nfsh – nra;ah
vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Ghpej ; – Ghp + j; (e;) + j; + m
jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;
 Mrphpah; - guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;
 rptdpd; 64 jpUtpisahly;fis 3 fhz;lq;fspy;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
 kJiuf; fhz;lk;> $lw;fhz;lk;> jpUthyha;fhz;lk;
 ciu – e.K. Ntq;flrhkp.
 njhil eaKk;. gf;jp RitAk; kpf;f E}y;
 guQ;Nrhjp Kdpthpd; NtW E}y;fs; - kJiug;
gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp> jpUtpisahlw; Nghw;wpf; fypntz;gh>
Ntjhuzpa Guhzk;
jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; (jUkpf;Fg; nghw;fpop mspj;j glyk;)
Kd;fijr; RUf;fk;- ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; nghJthf ,Ug;gjdhy;>
njd;dhl;by; jdJ mUs; tpisahliy epfo;j;jpath;
njd;dhLila rptngUkhd;. jkpo;g;Gyth;fs; ,iwtDf;Fk;
jkpOf;Fk; cs;s gpizg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jNt jpUtpisahly;
Guhzk; Kjypa Guhzq;fis ,aw;wpajhff; nfhs;syhk;.
Gyth;jk; Gyikj; jpwj;ij mwpa ,iwtid Ntz;br;
rq;fg;gyifiag; ngw;wdh;. rq;fg;Gyth; ehw;gj;njz;khpd;
fUj;Jg;Nghiuj; jPhf
; ;f ,iwtNd jiyikg;Gytuha;
vOe;jUspdhh;. mtiuAk; Nrh;j;Jr; rq;fg;Gyth; ehw;gj;njhd;gjpdk ; h;
Mapdh;. ,r;rkaj;jpy; tq;fpa Nrfughz;badpd; kfd; tq;fpa
#lhkzpghz;bad; kJiuapd; murhl;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;whd;.
mtd;> ,iwtDf;Fr; rz;gfkhiy rhj;jp topglf;fUjpr; rz;gf
ee;jtdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. ,jdhy;> #lhkzp ghz;baDf;Fr;
rz;gfg; ghz;bad; vd;Dk; ngah; toq;fyhapw;W. mtd; xU
rkak;> jd; fhjy; kidtpAld; rz;gftdj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whd;.
mt;Ntisapy; nky;nydg; GFe;j ,se;njd;wy; GJkzj;ij
tPrpaJ. mg;gbnahU kzj;ij ,Jtiu Efh;e;jpuhj ghz;badpd;
kdj;jpy; Xh; Iak; vOe;jJ. mJ jPhe; ;jjh vd;gjid tpsf;FtNj
ek; ghlg;gFjpahFk;.
,iwtdplk; jUkp Ntz;ly;
1. Ia ahitAk; mwpjp Nanfhyhk;
itia ehltd; kdf;f Uj;Jzh;e;(J)
25
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
ca;a Nthh;ftp Aiuj;nj df;fUs;
nra;a Ntz;Lnkd; wpue;J nrg;gpdhd;.
nghUs;- jUkp ,iwtdplk;>„vy;yhtw;iwAk; mwpe;j
,iwtNd! ePq;fs;> ghz;bad; Iaj;ij ePf;Fk; fUj;ijf;
ftpahfg; ghbaspj;J mUs;Ghpa Ntz;Lk; ‟ vd
Ntz;bdhd;.
nrhw;nghUs; - itia ehltd; - ghz;bad;. ca;a –
gpiof;f. ,ue;J nrg;gpdhd; - gzpe;J Ntz;bdhd;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G- ciuj;J> ,ue;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- ,ue;J ,u + j; (e;) +j;+ c.
,iwtd; jUkpfF; g; ghly; mUsy;
2. njd;d td;Fy nja;t khfpa
kd;dh; nfhq;FNjh; tho;f;if „apd;jkpo;
nrhd;d yk;ngwr; nrhy;yp ey;fpdhh;
,d;dy; jPhe; ;jtd; ,iwQ;rp thq;fpdhd;.
nghUs;- ghz;bah; Fyj; nja;tkhfpa nrhf;fehjh;
nfhq;FNjh; tho;f;if vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliyr;
nrhy;ypdpik Njhd;w ,aw;wpj; jUkpf;F toq;fpdhh;. jUkp>
jd;kdj;Jah; ePq;fp> mjidg; gzpTld; ngw;Wr; nrd;whd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- njd;dtd; Fynja;tk; - nrhf;fehjd; (m)
Re;jughz;bad;. ,d;dy; - Jz;gk;. ey;fpdhh; - mspj;jhh;.
,iwQ;rp – gzpe;J.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nrhy;yp> ,iwQ;rp – tpidnar;rq;fs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; - ey;fpdhh; - ey;F + ,d; + Mh;
ghz;bad; fsp$h;jy;
3. msf;fpy; Nfs;tpahh; murd; Kd;GNgha;
tpsf;fp mf;ftp tpsk;gp dhh;fld;
csf;f Uj;JNeh; xj;j yhy;rpue;
Jsf;fp kPdtd; kfpo;r;rp J}q;fpdhd;.
nghUs; - mstpy;yhj E}ywpTila rq;fg; Gyth;fs;
ghz;badplk; nrd;W> mg;ghlypd; nghUis tpsf;fpdhh;fs;.
kPd;nfhbia cila ghz;badpd; fUj;jpw;Nfw;wthW
mt;tpsf;fk; nghUe;jp te;jikahy;> mtd; kdkfpo;e;jhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- msf;fpy; Nfs;tpahh; - mstw;w
Nfs;tpawptpdh;. rpuk; Jsf;fp – jiyairj;J. kPdtd; -
kPd;nfhbia cila ghz;bad;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- tpsf;fp> rpwe;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;.
kfpo;r;rp – njhopw;ngah;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- tpsf;fp – tpsf;F+,.
ef;fPud; jUkpia tpyf;Fjy;
4. Nte;jd; Vtyhy; tpGjh; jk;nkhLk;
Nghe;J kPz;litg; Gwk;G J}q;fpa
Ma;e;j nghw;fpop mWf;Fk; ek;gpia
Neh;e;J fPudpy; nydtp yf;fpdhd;.
nghUs;- ghz;badpd; Vtyhy;> GytNuhLk; jpUk;gpr;nrd;W>
fofj;jpd; ntspapy; njhq;fpa rpwe;j nghd; Kbg;gpid
mWj;njLf;Fk; jUkpiaf; fPud; vjph;g;gl;L „epy;‟ vdj;
jLj;jhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- tpGjh; - Gyth;. J}q;fpa – njhq;fpa. nghw;fpop
– nghd;Kbg;G. ek;gp – jUkp. Gwk;G – ntspapy;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G- Ma;e;j nghw;fpop – nganur;rk;
jUkp ,iwtdplk; KiwapLjy;
5. nra;As; nfhz;LNgha;j; jpUKd; itj;Jsg;
igAs; nfhz;lmg; gdtd; vd;ideP
ikAz; fz;l,t; tOT ghliyf;
ifAs; ey;fpdha; fjpap Nyw;nfdh.
nghUs;- jUkp> ,iwtd; mspj;j ghliy mtd; jpUKd;
itj;J>„ePyepwf; fOj;jpid cila ,iwtNd! Fw;wKs;s
ghliy eP vdf;F mspj;jJ Vd;?‟ vd kdtUj;jj;Jld;
Nfl;lhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;;- igAs; - tUj;jk;. gdtd; - me;jzd;.
fz;lk; - fOj;J. tOT ghly; - Fw;wKs;s ghly;.
,iwadhUk; ef;fPuUk;
6. Muit FWfp Neh;epd; wq;fpUe; jtiu Nehf;fp
ahiuek; ftpf;Ff; Fw;wk; ,ak;gpdhh; vd;dh Kd;dk;
fPudQ; rhJ ehNd fpsj;jpNdd; vd;whd; epd;w
rPuzp Gytd; Fw;wk; ahnjdj; Njuhf; fPud;.
nghUs;- Gyth;fs; epiwe;j mitapy; Eioe;j ,iwtd;>
mitapdiu Nehf;fp>“vd; ghlypy; Fw;wk; $wpath; ahh;”?
vdf; Nfl;lhh;. mt;thW mth; Nfl;L Kbg;gjw;Fs;>“ehNd
Fw;wk; $wpNdd;” vd ef;fPud;> mQ;rhJ vOe;J $wpdhd;.
Fw;wk; ahnjd ,iwtd; Nfl;lhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Mh;mit – (Gyth;fs;) epiwe;j mit.
fpsj;jpNdd; - nrhd;Ndd;. rPuzp – Gfo; tha;e;j
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G - Nehf;fp – tpidnar;rk;. fpsj;jpNdd; -
jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W. Njuhf; fPud; - <Wnfl;l
vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;.
nrhw;Fw;wk; ,d;W NtW nghUl;Fw;wk; vd;whd; J}a
nghw;Fw;w Ntzp mz;zy; nghUl;Fw;wk; vd;id?
vd;whd;
jw;Fw;wk; tUtJ Xuhd; Gidkyh;r; rhh;ghy; md;wp
mw;Fw;w Fow;F ehw;wk; ,y;iyNa vd;whd; Iad;.
nghUs;- ghlypy; “nrhy; Fw;wk; ,y;iy. nghUs; Fw;wk;
cs;sJ‟ vd;whd; ef;fPud;. nghd;dpwj;jd;d rilapid
cila ,iwtd;>“nghUs; Fw;wk; vd;d?” vdf; Nfl;lhh;.
mjw;F>“kyh;fs; Kjypatw;why; rhUk; kzk; md;wp>
,Uisnahj;j $e;jYf;F ,aw;ifapy; kzk; ,y;iy”
vd;whd;> ef;fPud;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Ntzp – nrQ;ril. Xuhd; - czuhd;.
mw;Fw;w (my;F + cw;w) - ,Uisnahj;j. ehw;wk; -
eWkzk;. Foy; - $e;jy;. my;F - ,uT.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- Gidkyh; - tpidj;njhif
gutpeP topgl;L Vj;Jk; guQ;Rlh; jpUf;fh sj;jp
muTePh;r; rilahh; ghfj;J mkh;e;jQh dg;g+q; Nfhij
,utpdPhq
; ; FoYk; mw;Nwh vdm/Jk; mw;Nw vd;dh
ntUtpyhd; ryNk Kw;wr; rhjpj;jhd; tpisT Nehf;fhd;.
nghUs;- ef;fPuid Nehf;fp>„eP topgLk; guQ;Nrhjpahfpa
,iwtd;> jpUf;fhsj;jpapy; Nfhtpy; nfhz;ltd;.
ghk;igAk; fq;ifiaAk; mzpe;j rilapid cilatd;.
mtdJ ,lg;ghfj;jpy; vOe;jUspa Qhdg;g+q;Nfhijahfpa
,iwtpapd;
Fsph;e;j fUq;$e;jYf;Fk; ,Nj jd;ik jhNdh?‟ vd
,iwtd; tpdtpdhh;. mjw;F ef;fPud;> vjph;tUtjid
vz;zpr; rpwpJk; mQ;rhky;>„mf;$e;jYk;
mj;jd;ikAilaNj‟ vdg; gjpypWj;jhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Vj;Jk;-tzq;Fk;. Qhdg;g+q;Nfhij–
cikak;ik
26
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

new;wpff
; z; fhl;bDk; Fw;wk; Fw;wNk nghUs;- kPd;fs; ePeJ
; fpd;w tay;fs; #o;e;j
fw;iwthh; rilahd; new;wpf; fz;zpidr; rpwpNj fhl;lg; tpj;Jtf;Nfhl;by; cs;s ngUkhNd! eP vdf;Fj; jpUtUs;
gw;Wthd; ,d;Dk; mQ;rhd; ck;guhh; gjpNghy; Mfk; Ghpatpy;iy vd;whYk;> cd;idNa milf;fykhfg;
Kw;WePh; fz;zh dhYk; nkhopej ; Ek; ghly; Fw;wk; GFNtNdad;wp> vdf;F NtW xU gw;wpy;iy. kd;dtd;
Fw;wNk nad;whd; jd;ghy; Mfpa Fw;wk; Njuhd; xUtd; nrq;Nfhy; Kiw jtwpj; Jd;GWj;jpdhYk;>
mtDila Ml;rpiaNa vjph;Nehf;fp tho;fpd;w
nghUs;- mlh;e;j ePz;l rilia cila ,iwtd;> Fbkf;fisg;Nghy> ehd; cd; jpUtbfisNa
new;wpf;fz;izj; rpwpjsT fhl;l> mjdhy; Jd;Gw;wNghJk; vz;zpf;nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;!
mQ;rhjtdha;>„,e;jpud;Nghy; cly; KOtJk; fz;fis nrhw;nghUs;- kPd;Nehf;Fk; - kPd;fs; thOk;. vd;ghy; -
cilatuhapDk;> ckJ ghly; Fw;wKilaNj‟ vd;W vd;dplk;. jhh;Nte;jd; - khiyazpe;j murd;.
$wpdhd; ef;fPud;. Nfhy;Nehf;fp – nrq;Nfhy; nra;Ak; muridNehf;fp.
nrhw;nghUs;- fw;iwthh; rilahd; - rptngUkhd;. ck;guhh; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- Nehf;fha; - Kd;dpiy xUik
gjp – Njth;jiytd; (,e;jpud;). tpidKw;W. Nfhy;Nehf;fp - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- gw;Wthd;> mQ;rhd; - jhh;Nte;jd; (jhiu mzpe;j murd;) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;. Fw;wk; - njhopw;ngah;. cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif. thOk;Fb –
nganur;rk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; - gw;Wthd; - gw;W + t; +Md;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- gw;wpy;Nyd; - gw;W+,y;+Vd;
Njuhd; - Njh; + M + Md;.
gphpj;jwpjy;- gw;wpy;Nyd; - gw;W+,y;Nyd;. Nghd;wpUe;Njd; -
new;wpff
; z; ntg;gj;jhy; ef;fPud; tUe;jYk; ,iwtd; kiwjYk; Nghd;W+,Ue;Njd;.
7. Nja;e;j ehz;kjpf; fz;zpahy; Ejy;tpopr; nre;jPg;
gha;e;j ntk;ikapy; nghwhJnghw; gq;faj; jlj;Js;
Ma;e;j ehtyd; Ngha;tpOe; jho;e;jdd; mtidf;
Njk;ghtzp- (Njk; +gh+mzp)
fha;e;j ehtyd; ,k;nkdj; jpUTUf; fue;jhd;.
 thlhj khiy vd;gJ nghUs;
 Njd; Nghd;w ghf;fis mzpahf cilaJ
nghUs;- gpiw epiyitj; jiyapy; #batd; ,iwtd;.
 Mrphpah; - tPukhKdpth;
mtdJ> new;wpf;fz;zpy; ,Ue;J te;j jPg;nghwpapd; ntg;gk;
 ,NaRtpd; je;ijahfpa #irag;giu ghl;Lilj;
jhshJ ef;fPud; nghw;whkiuf; Fsj;jpy; %o;fpdhd;. Gyth; jiytuhff; nfhz;lJ.
tbtpy; te;j NrhkRe;juf; flTs; tpiue;J jdJ  „fpwpj;jtr; rkaj;jhhpd; fiyf; fsQ;rpak;‟
jpUTUtj;ij kiwj;J mUspdhh;.  3 fhz;lq;fs;> 36 glyq;fs;
nrhw;nghUs;- Ejy;tpop – new;wpf;fz;. nghw;gq;faj;jlk; -
nghw;whkiuf; Fsk;. ehtyd; - Gyth;. fue;jhd; - eifnra; jd;ikap dk;ngoP ,j; jha;Jfs;
kiwe;jhd;. gifnra; neQ;rKk; gw;wY nkhd;Ww
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- Nja;e;j> gha;e;j. Ma;e;j. fha;e;j – Kifnra; Nkdp jOtpKj; jpl;lYq;
nganur;rq;fs;. tpOe;J – tpidnar;rk;. nre;jP> ntk;ik – Fifnra; apd;ngof; Nfhykpl; nlhj;jNj. -tPukhKdpth;
gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
nghUs;- Foe;ij ,NaR Gd;dif g+j;jhh;. mjidf;fz;l
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Nja;e;j – Nja; + j; (e;) + j; + m jha; khpahspd; kdj;jpy; kfpo;r;rp nghq;fp vOe;jJ.
jPtpidiag; gifj;j jd;neQ;rj;jpy; Mh;tKk; kfpo;r;rpAk;
fye;J> g+g;Nghd;w NkdpAila jpUkfid mizj;J
ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jk; (ehyhapu +jpt;tpak;+gpuge;jk;) Kj;jkpl;lhs;. ,f;fhl;rp md;G Nkyplf; Fifnahd;W
Fdpe;J Nfhykpl;lJ NghypUe;jJ.
 12 Mo;thh;fspd; ghly;fspd; njhFg;G nrhw;nghUs;- eif – Gd;dif. Kif – nkhl;L. Nkdp –
cly;.
 NtW ngah; - „mUspr;nray;‟&ghRuk; jpuhtplNtjk;
 njhFj;jth; - ehjKdpfs;
 nja;tk; gw;wpa (m) nja;tPf E}y;fspd; njhFg;G
 kly;> me;jhjp> khiy> gs;sp vOr;rp Nghd;w
gpuge;jq;fspd; njhFg;G rPwhg;Guhzk;
 ehd;fhfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ  Mrphpah; - ckWg;Gyth;
 Kjyhapuk;  „rPwj;‟ muGr;nrhy; - tuyhW vd;gJ nghUs;
 nghpa jpUnkhop  egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tho;f;if tuyhW
 ,aw;gh ,irg;ghj;njhFjpfs;  3 fhz;lq;fspy; (tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;> EGt;tj;J>
 jpUtha;nkhop `p[;wj;J)
 ek;kho;thh;> jpUkq;ifaho;thh; ghly;fs; mjpfk;  nra;F mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy;
cs;sd rPjf;fhjpapd; Ntz;LNfhshy; ,e;E}iy vOjpdhh;
 gd;dpU Mo;thh;fspy; Kjyho;thh;fs;-
ngha;ifaho;thh;,g+jj;jho;thh;, Ngaho;thh; tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk; - Gyp trdpj;j glyk;
o ,k;%thpd; ghly;fSf;F „jpUte;jhjp‟ vd;W ngah;. Kd;fijr; RUf;fk;- mlh;e;j fhl;by; thOk; Gypnahd;W> mq;F
thOk; rpq;fk; jtph;j;j kw;w tpyq;FfSf;Fk; mt;topNa tUk;
kPd;Nehf;Fk; ePs;tay;#o; tpj;Jtf;Nfhl; lk;khvd; kf;fSf;Fk; ngUe;njhy;iy nfhLj;J te;jJ. mg;Gypiaf; fz;L
ghNdhf;fh ahfpYKd; gw;wy;yhy; gw;wpy;Nyd; kf;fSk; mQ;rpdh;. tpyq;FfSk; mQ;rpd. ,r;nra;jpia Kfk;kJegp
jhNdhf;fh njj;Jauk; nra;jpbDk; jhh;Nte;jd; Nfl;lwpe;jhh;. GypapUf;Fk; ,lkwpe;J> mq;Nf nrd;W Gypiaf;
NfhNdhf;fp thOq; FbNghd; wpUe;NjNd -FyNrfu Mo;thh;

27
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
fz;L ,iwaUs; Ghpe;jhh;. Kfk;kJ egpiag; Gyp tzq;fp> mth;
$wpagb NtW tdj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;lJ.
xUtd; Kfk;kJegpia tzq;fpf; $wpa nra;jp
1. glh;e;j njz;biug; ngUf;nfLj; njwpejpg; gug;igf;
fle;J fhd;gy fle;jU newpnrYq; fhiy
nfhLe;j lf;fhpj; jpunsDk; FOtpDs; xUtd;
mile;J rPuF kjpdb njhOjiw Ftdhy;.
nghUs;- gutpa njspe;j miyfs; ngUf;nfLj;J XLk; MW.
mt;thw;wpdJ gug;igAk;> nfhLik tha;e;j nghpa ahidf;
$l;lq;fs; nry;fpd;w gy fhLfisAk; fle;Jte;j kdpjd;
xUtd;> rpwg;gpidAila mfkJ vd;Dk; jpUg;ngah; ngw;w
egpKfk;kJtpd; jpUtbfis tzq;fpr; rpytw;iwr;
nrhy;yj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- njz;biu – njspe;j miyfs;. fhd; - fhL.
jlf;fhp – nghpa ahid. jpus; - $l;lk;. miwFtd; -
nrhy;Ythd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- glh;e;j njz;biu – nganur;rk;.
ejpg;gug;G – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif. njhOJ
miwFtd; - tpidnar;rk;. jlf;fhp – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- glh;e;j – glh; + j; (e;) + j; + m
miwFtd; - miw + F + t; + md;
gphpj;jwpjy;- njz;biu – njz;ik + jpiu. ngUf;nfLj;J
– ngUf;F + vLj;J
Gyp ,Uf;Fkplk; njhptpj;jy;
2. epfOe; jhiuapy; fhtjj; Js;Siw neLePh;
mfop Nghd;wNthh; XilAz; ljdpDf; fzpj;jha;g;
GfY jw;fhp jltpAz; lt;topg; nghUe;jp
cfS khq;nfhU ghjff; nfhLthp cOit
nghUs;- ehq;fs; elf;fpd;w ,g;ghijapdplj;J>
xUfhjtopj; njhiytpy; neba mfop Nghd;w Xilnahd;W
cz;L. mjdUNf mlh;e;j kuq;fisAila fhl;by;
nfhba thpfisAila gha;fpd;w Gypnahd;W cz;L.
nrhw;nghUs;- jhiu – top. mzpj;jha; - mz;ikapy;.
mltp – fhL. cOit – Gyp.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- neLePh; - gz;Gj;njhif> nghUe;jp –
tpidnar;rk;. thp cOit (thpfisf;nfhz;l Gyp) -
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- nghUe;jp – nghUe;J + ,
gphpj;jwpjy;- cs;Siw – cs; + ciw. neLePh; -
neLik+ePh;
mt;top – m+top
Gypapd; Njhw;wk;
3. ePz;l thy;epyk; Gilj;jplf; fple;Jly; epkph;e;J
$z;l fhy;kbj; jpUtpop fdy;fs; nfhg;gspg;gg;
G+z;l nts;nsap wpyq;fpl tha;Gyhy; fko
tPz;L Kl;nrwp tdj;jpil rpdj;njhLk; ,Uf;Fk;.
nghUs;- jdJ ePz;l thypdhy; jiuapy; mbj;J> cly;
epkph;e;J> ehd;F fhy;fisAk; kbj;Jj; jiuapd;Nky; gLj;J>
,uz;L fz;fSk; neUg;Gg; nghwpfisf; ff;f> ntz;gw;fs;
xsptpl> thapy; Gyhy; ehw;wk; tPr> Ks; neUq;fpa fhl;by;
rpdj;NjhL mg;Gyp ,Uf;Fk;.
nrhw;nghUs;- $z;l – Nrh;e;j. fdy; - neUg;G.
nts;nsapW – ntz;zpwg; gw;fs;. Gyhy; - ,iwr;rp. tdk; -
fhL.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- Gilj;J> epkph;e;J> fple;J> kbj;j –
tpidnar;rq;fs;. fhy; kbj;J - ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif> nts;nsapW – gz;Gj;njhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;;- epkph;e;J – epkph; +j; (e;) + j; + c
g+z;l – g+z; + l; + m
gphpj;jwpjy;- ,Utpop - ,uz;L + tpop> nts;nsapW –
ntz;ik + vapW
Gypapd; ntwpr;nray;
4. epuk;Gk; ts;Sfph; klq;fypd; ,dq;fspy; epzKz;
bUk;g idf;ifKk; kjfhpf; Nfhl;bid aPo;j;jpl;
Luk;gp se;Jjp uq;fis khe;jpepd; Wwq;fh
jUk;ng Uq;fphp gpjph;e;jpl TUkpDk; myWk;.
nghUs;- mg;GypahdJ> $h;ikahd efq;fisAila
rpq;ff; $l;lq;fsd;wp> kw;w tpyq;Ffspd; ,iwr;rpia
cz;Zk;. nghpa gidNghYk; Jk;gpf;ifapidAk; %d;W
kjq;fisAKila ahidfspd; nfhk;Gfisg; gpbj;J
,Oj;J> mtw;wpd; khh;gpidf; fPwpf; FUjpapidf; Fbj;J
cwq;fhJ epd;W> nghpa mhpa kiyfSk; mjpUkhW ,biaf;
fhl;bYk; mjpfkhf Koq;Fk;.
nghUs;- ts;Sfph; - $h;ikahd efk;> klq;fy; - rpq;fk;.
epzk; - nfhOg;G (,iwr;rp). kjfhp – kjk; nghUe;jpa
ahid. NfhL – je;jk;. fphp – kiy. ,Uk;gid – nghpa
gid. cUk; - ,b. myWk; - Koq;Fk;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ngUq;fphp – gz;Gj;njhif.
5. mjph;e;jp Le;njhdp nrtpAw mltpapy; mile;j
Kjph;e;j NkjpAk; fitabf; NfoYk; KOJk;
nghjpej; nka;kap nuz;fpdq; fSkiug; Nghj;Jk;
gjpej
; fhy;jL khwpl tPo;e;Jly; gijf;Fk;.
nghUs;- Gyp Koq;fpLk; Xirapidf; Nfl;l mstpy; nghpa
fhl;nlUikfSk;> gpse;j ghjq;fisAila gd;wpfSk;>
mlh;e;j Kbfs; epuk;gpa fubfSk;> fiykhd;fSk;>
epyj;jpy; gjpag;ngw;w jq;fs; fhy;fs; jLkhw;wKw;W tpOe;J
cly; eLf;fkilAk;.
nrhw;nghUs;- njhdp – Xir. Nkjp – vUik. fit –
gpse;j. Nfoy; - gd;wp. vz;F – fub. kiu – khd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- Kjph;e;jNkjp> nghjpe;jnka; -
nganur;rq;fs;. fitabf;Nfoy; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- mile;j – mil+j;(e;) + j; + m
gphpj;jwpjy;- vz;fpdq;fs; - vz;F+,dq;fs;. tPo;e;Jly; -
tPo;e;J+cly;
Kfk;kJegp GypapUf;Fkplk; Nfl;ly;
6. vd;w thrfk; nrtpGf vopypU GaKk;
Fd;W NghYw tPq;fpd KWty;nfhz; bluha;
epd;w Ntq;ifnat; Topnad epfo;j;jpdh; mtDk;
ntd;wp thsu Nrazpj; njdtpsk; gpdNd.
nghUs;- fhl;by; caphpdk; Gypf;F mQ;rp thOk; nra;jpfs;
midj;ijAk; Kfk;kJ egpfs; Nfl;lwpe;jTld;> mtuJ
mofpa ,UNjhs;fSk; kiyfisg;Nghyg; gUj;jd.
mt;thW $wpa kdpjidg; Gd;rphpg;Gld; ghh;j;Jj; njhy;iy
jUk; mg;GypahdJ> ,Uf;Fkplk; vt;tplk; vd;W Nfl;lhh;.
mjw;f> mk;kdpjd; ntw;wpiaj; jUk; ths;gil jhq;fpa
Nte;jNu! mUfpy;jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W nrhd;dhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- vopy; - moF. Gak; - Njhs;. KWty; -
Gd;rphpg;G. ,lh; - Jd;gk;. Ntq;if – Gyp. ntd;wp – ntw;wp.
mzpj;J – mUfpy;. tpsk;gpdhd; - nrhd;dhd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nrtpGf – Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
epd;w Ntq;if – nganur;rk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- epfo;j;jpdh; - epfo;j;J+,d; +mh;.
tpsk;gpdd; - tpsk;G+,d; +md;
28
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
Kfk;kJegp tUtijg; Gyp ghh;j;jYk; tzq;FjYk;
7. khjp uj;Jiw Nfrhp epfh;Kfk; kJjk;
G+j ug;Gak; mirjug; Gsfpjj; NjhLk;
fhJ nrq;fjph; Nty;tyf; fuj;jpil ftpd
tPjp tha;tuf; fz;lJ ngUthp Ntq;if
nghUs;- kiyfspy; thOk; rpq;fj;jpw;F xg;ghfpa
egpKfk;kJ> jkJ kiyNghd;w Njhs;fs;
mirAk;gb>$h;ikahd xsptpLk; Ntw;gilapid
tyf;ifapy; moFld; Ve;jpathW ghijapy; kfpo;r;rpAld;
ele;J tUtij> mt;thpg;Gyp ghh;j;jJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- khjpuk; - kiy. Nfrhp – rpq;fk;. Gsfpjk; -
kfpo;r;rp. fhJ – nfhy;Yjy;. ftpd; - moF. g+juk; - kiy.
tPjptha;tu – ghijapy; tu.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nrq;fjph;> ngUthp – gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
g+jug;Gak; - ctikj;njhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- fz;lJ – fhz;(fz;) +l; +m+J
gphpj;jwpjy;- khjpuj;Jiw – khjpuj;J + ciw. nrq;fjph; -
nrk;ik+fjph;. ngUthp – ngUik+thp
8. fz;l Nghjpdpy; thy;Fioj; jhpanka; fyq;fpf;
nfhz;L nkd;nky ele;Jjd; ngUQ;rpuq; Fdpj;Jj;
jz;l sph;g;gjj; njhpridf; nfdr;ryhk; ciuj;Jj;
njz;ld; ,l;lJ ts;Sfph; jpzb ; wy; GypNa.
nghUs;- egpKfk;kJ tUtjidg; ghh;j;jnghOJ> $h;ik
nghUe;jpa efj;jpidAk; jpz;zpa typikapidAk; c-
ila mg;GypahdJ> jdJ thiy tisj;J mhpa cly;
eLf;fKw;Wg; igag; iga ele;J te;J> Fsph;r;rp jq;fpa
jsph;NghYk; jpUtbf; fhl;rp fpilj;jnjd;W> jd; jiyiaj;
jho;j;jpg; gzpe;J tzq;fpaJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- ngUQ;rpuk; - nghpajiy. njz;ldpl;lJ –
tzq;fpaJ. ts;Sfph; - $h;ikahd efk;. njhprdk; -
fhl;rp. ryhk; - tzf;fk;. jpz;jpwy; - cWjpahd typik
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- thy;Fioj;J - ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif. ngUQ;rpuk;> jz;lsp> jpz;bwy; -
gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
gphpj;jwpjy;- ngUQ;rpuk; - ngUik+rpuk;. jz;lsph;g;gjk; -
jz;ik+jsph; +gjk;. jpz;bwy; - jpz;ik+jpwy;
10. ,d;W njhl;btz; newpapdpy; caphn; rFj; jpLt
jd;W NtnwhU fhl;bdpw; GFfntd; wiwe;j
kd;wy; cd;wpa Kfk;kjpd; kyub tzq;fp
ed;W ed;nwdg; Nghw;wpNa ele;jJ Ntq;if.
nghUs;- Kfk;kJegp> Gypia Nehf;fp>“eP> ,d;WKjy;
caph;tij nra;tjid tpLj;J> ,t;tplj;jpypUe;J mfd;W
NtnwhU fhl;bw;Fg; GFthahf” vd;W mUspdhh;.
mg;GypahdJ> Kfk;kJegpapd; kzk; nghUe;jpa jhkiug;
g+g;Nghd;w mbfis tzq;fp> ey;yJ ey;yJ vd;W nrhy;ypg;
Gfo;e;jthNw mt;tplj;jpidtpl;L ele;J nrd;wJ.
nrhw;nghUs;- ,tz;newpapy; - ,t;topapy;. nrFj;jpLtJ –
caph;tij nra;tJ. miwe;j – nrhd;d.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- caph;nrFj;J - ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif. GFf – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W> kyub
– ctikj;njhif. ed;W ed;W – mLf;Fj;njhlh;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- GFf – GF + f. ele;jJ –
el+j;(e;) +j; +m+J
Kfk;kJegpapd; nraiyf;fz;Nlhh; tpae;JNghw;Wjy;
11. gLnfh iyg;Gyp nka;Awg; gzpe;jpth; ghjj;J
mbt zq;fpa fhuz tjprak; mjdhy;
cila td;jpUj; J}jNu cz;iknad; Wd;dpj;
jpdK ilj;jneQ; rhapdh; mwptpdpy; njspe;Njhh;.
nghUs;- kpFe;j nfhiyj; njhopiyAila mg;GypahdJ>
cly; kz;zpy; nghUe;Jk;gb Kfk;kJegpapd; jpUtbfspy;
tPo;e;J tzq;fpa mw;Gjj;jpdhy; mth; „,iwj;J}jh;‟ vd;w
cz;ikia czh;e;J cWjpnfhz;l cs;sk;
cilath;fshapdh; mwptpy; njspe;Njhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- mjprak; - tpag;G> cd;dp – epidj;J.
njspe;jhh; - njspT ngw;whh;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G- nfhiyg;Gyp (nfhiyia tpUk;Gk; Gyp)
– ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;fnjhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- njspe;Njhh; - njsp+j;(e;) +j; +Xh;
gphpj;jwpjy;- gzpe;jpth; - gzpe;J+,th;

Kfk;kJegp> jd; fuj;jpdhy; Gypiaj; jlTjy;

9. te;J njz;ldpl; nlOe;Jtha; Gijj;Jw tzq;fpg;
Ge;jp $h;jug; Nghw;wpa ts;Sfph;g; Gypia
ke;j uhry Kfk;kJ edpkdk; kfpo;e;J
re;j nkd;kzpf; fuj;jpdhy; rpuKfk; jltp

nghUs;- jk;Kd;dhy; te;J njz;ldpl;L tha;nghj;jp

kpfj;jho;e;J mwpTkpFk;gb Jjpj;j> $h;ikahd
efj;jpidAila mg;Gypia> ke;jpukiyf;F xg;ghfpa
Kfk;kJegp kpFe;j kdk; kfpo;e;J mofpa kzpf;fuj;jpdhy;
jiyiaAk; Kfj;ijAk; jltpaUspdhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Ge;jp – mwpT. ke;juhryk; - ke;jukiy.
re;jk; - mofpa. rpuk; - jiy.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- vOe;J> Gijj;J> tzq;fp –
tpidnar;rq;fs;. ts;Sfph;g;Gyp ($h;ikahd efj;ij
cila Gyp) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;
njhf;f njhif. edpkdk; - chpr;nrhy;njhlh;. rpuKfk;
(rpuKk; KfKk;) – ck;ikj;njhif.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- vOe;J – vO + j;(e;) + j; + c

Kfk;kJegpiag; Gyp tzq;fpg; Gwg;gLjy;

29
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp cFGdYk; gdpAk; mk;kh!
nghUs;- fUNkfKk; ntz;zpyTk; ghiy epyj;ij
 Mrphpah; jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah; nky;yf; fle;J nrd;wd. mg;nghOJ ntg;gk; kpFjpahf
 Fwj;jp jd; ehl;L tsj;ijg; ghLk; ghly; MFk; ,Ue;jJ. mt;ntg;gj;ijj; jhq;fhky;> mit tpiue;J
 Fwpnrhy;yj; njhlq;Fk; Kd; jd; Fyj;nja;tj;ij Xbd. XLk;nghOJ mtw;wpd; cly; fisj;J tpah;j;Jf;
tzq;fp Fyg;ngUikia $Wths;. nfhl;ba tpah;it ePiuNa> fUNkfk; kioahfTk;>
 ghl;Lilj; jiytd; - jpUf;Fw;why ehjh; ntz;zpyT gdpahfTk; nghope;jd.
nrhw;nghUs;- Kfpy; - Nkfk;. kjp – epyT. cF – nrhhpe;j
Fw;why kiyapd; tsk;
(nghope;j). Gdy; - ePh;.
thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- fUKfpYk; ntz;kjpAk; - vz;Zk;ik>
ke;jprpeJ
; fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
fUKfpy;> ntz;kjp – gz;Gj;njhiffs;. flf;f> Xb>
fhdth;fs; tpopvwpeJ
; thdtiu miog;ghh;
,isj;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;. tpah;j;j tpah;td;Nwh –
fkdrpj;jh; te;J te;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghh;
nganur;rk;.
NjdUtpj; jpiu vOk;gp thdpdt ; op xOFk;
nrq;fjpNuhd; ghpff
; hYk; Njh;f;fhYk; tOFk; gphpj;jwpjy;- fhbjid – fhL + ,jid. fUKfpy; -
$dy; ,sk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzp myq;fhuh; fUik + Kfpy;. ntz;kjp – ntz;ik + kjp.
Fw;whyj; jphp$l kiy vq;fs; kiyNa!
tiuf;f-q;fh; jikr;Nru khir naw;wp
Xlf; fhz;gJ g+k;Gdy; nts;sk; td;J}W gwpj;jkaph;f; FiwAk; thq;fp
miuf;f-q;fk; chpg;Gz;l f-q;f nuy;yhk;
XLq;ff; fhz;gJ Nahfpah; cs;sk; mkznudg; gpioj;jhUk; mNef uhq;Nf! -
thlf; fhz;gJ kpd;dhh; kUq;F
tUe;jf; fhz;gJ #y;cisr; rq;F Ntlj;jhy; FiwahJ Ke;E}y; Mf
Nghlf; fhz;gJ g+kpapy; tpj;J ntQ;rpiy ehz; kbj;jpl;L tpjpahw; fq;if
Gyk;gf; fhz;gJ fpz;fpzpf; nfhj;J Mlg;Nghe; jfg;gl;Nlk; fue;Njk; vd;Nw
Njlf; fhz;gJ ey;ywk; fPh;j;jp mhpjidtpl; Laph;gpioj;jhh; mNef uhq;Nf! -
jpUf;Fw; whyh; njd; Mhpa ehNl!
Nridkb fsq;fz;Nlhk; jpifj;J epd;Nwhk;
-jphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhah; njYq;fNuk; vd;W rpy f-q;fh; jq;fs;
Midkzp apidj;jhsk; gpbj;Jf; Fk;gpl;
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp lbg;ghzh; vdg; gpioj;jhh; mNef uhq;Nf! -

 ghbath; - nraq;nfhz;lhh; (guzp ghLtjpy; ty;yth;) ,th;fs;Nky; ,dpnahUth; gpioj;jh; hpy;iy

 Nkw;Nfhs; - „guzpf;Nfhh; n[aq;nfhz;lhd;‟ vOf-q;fj; Njhtpah;fs; vOjp itj;j
 fypq;f ehl;il Mz;L te;j Mde;j th;k Nrhlq;fd; Rth;fs;Nky; clyd;wp Aly;fs; vq;Fk;
kPJ Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhod; Nghh;j;njhLj;J ntw;wp njhlh;e;Jgpbj; jWj;jhh;Kd; mila thq;Nf! –
ngw;wij ghuhl;b vOe;j E}y;.
 tuhyhw;W Muha;r;rpf;Fj; Jiz GhpAk; xsp tpsf;F flw;f-q;fk; vwpe;Jraj; jk;gk; ehl;b
flf;fhpAk; takhTe; jdKq; nfhz;L
 599 jkpopirfs; ,e;E}ypy; cs;sd. 50f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Rlh;g;gilths; mgadb mUsp NdhLk;
re;j tiffs;. #bdhd; tz;ilah; Nfhd; njhz;il khNd! - nraq;nfhz;lhh;
 xl;lf;$j;jh; ,e;E}iy „njd;jkpo; nja;tg;guzp‟ vdg;
Gfo;e;Js;shh;. mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
1. tiu – kiy. Nru – Kw;Wk;. khir – gopg;ig. vw;wp –
1. jPapd; thapdPh; ngwpD Kz;gNjhh; cz;lhf;fp. td;J}W – t-a Gjh;fs;. Fiw – vQ;rpAs;s
rpe;ij $utha; nte;J yh;e;Jnre; midj;J kapiuAk;. miu - ,Lg;G. f-q;fk; - Mil. f-
ehapd; thapdPh; jd;id ePnudh q;fh; - f-q;f tPuh;fs; (f-q;fk; ,d;iwa xhprh khepykhk;).
et;tp ehtpdhy; ef;fp tpfF
; Nk. chpg;Gz;l – fisag;gl;l. mkzh; - rkzh;.

nghUs;- ghiy epyj;jpy; fLk; ntg;gk; epytpaJ. mjdhy;> 2. Ke;E}y; - Kg;Ghp E}yhd g+Z}y;. rpiy – tpy;. ehz; -
(tpy; Kidapy; fl;lg;gLk;) fapW. ,l;L – jhpj;J. fue;Njk;
khdpd; tha; nte;J cyh;e;jJ. neUg;gpypUe;J ePh; - kiwe;Njhk;. mhpjid – gifik. mNefh; - gyh;
fpilj;jhYk; Fbj;Jtplyhk; vd;w vz;zk;
Njhd;Wkstpw;Fj; jhfj;jhy; jtpj;jJ. nre;ehapd; 3. kb - ,we;j. fsk; - Nghh;f;fsk; - f-q;fh; - f-q; tPuh;fs;.
thapypUe;J tbAk; ckpo;ePiuf;$lf; Fbf;f Kad;W ef;fp> Fk;gpl;L mb – mbfspy; tPo;e;J tzq;fp. ghzh; - Mbg;ghb
tpf;fp epd;wJ. (nre;eha;f;F khd; mQ;rp XLk; vdpDk;)> thOk; ,ir thzh;fs;.
ghiy epy ntk;ik kpfjpahy; jj;jk; ,ay;G kwe;J
fisj;jpUe;jdthk;.) 4. ,th;fs; Nky; - ,th;fisj; jtpu. vO f-q;fk; - VO
gphpTfisf; nfhz;l f-q;f ehL. md;wp – my;yhky;.
nrhw;nghUs;- jPapd;tha; - neUg;gpy;. rpe;ij – vz;zk;. mila – KOikAk;.
$u – kpf. et;tp – khd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nte;J> cyh;e;J. vdh> $u – 5. vwpe;J – mopj;J. raj;jk;gk; - ntw;wpj;J}z;.A ehl;b –
tpidnar;rq;fs;. nre;eha; - gz;Gj;njhif. epWj;jp. flfhp – kjahid. takh – Fjpiu. mgad; -
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- cyh;e;J – cyh; + j;(e;) + j; + c. Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod;. mUspNdhLk; - mUshYk;.
tz;ilah; Nfhd; - fUzhfuj; njhz;ilkhd;. f-
gphpj;jwpjy;- thapdPh; - thapd; + ePh;. nte;Jyh;e;J – nte;J + q;fg;Nghhpd; ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhd jsgjp.
cyh;e;J
2. fhbjidf; flj;Jk;vdf; fUKfpYk; ,yf;fzk;
ntz;kjpAk; flf;fmg;ghy; khir vw;wp - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik tphp. td;J}W –
Xb,isj;J cly;tpah;j;j tpah;td;Nwh gz;Gj;njhif. ntQ;rpiy – gz;Gj;njhif. Nghe;J –

30

tpidnar;rk;. fsk; fz;Nlhk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;
njhif. Fk;gpl;L> vwpe;J> ehl;b> nfhz;L
tpidnar;rq;fs;. flw;f-q;fk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fnjhif. mUspNdhLk; - cUG
kaf;fk;. jik - ,ilf;Fiw. gwpj;jkaph; - nganur;rk;.
Kj;njhs;shapuk;
 Mrphpah; - njhpatpy;iy
 %Nte;jh;fisg;gw;wpa %d;W njhs;shapuk; ghly;fisf;
nfhz;lJ.
 Gsj;jpul;L vDk; E}y; thapyhf ,it fpilj;Js;sd.
 %Nte;jh;fspd; Ml;rpr;rpwg;G> gilr;rpwg;G> Nghh;j;jpwd;>
nfhil Mfpa nra;jpfis ,g;ghly;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
Nrud;
gy;ahid kd;dPh; gLjpiw je;Ja;k;kpd;
ky;yy; neLkjpy; thq;Ftpy; g+l;Lkpd;
ts;spjo; thlhj thNdhUk; thdtd;
tpy;nyOjp tho;thh; tpRk;G
nghUs;- gy ahidfisf; nfhz;Ls;s murh;fNs!
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; nghUisr; Nru kd;dDf;Fj;
jpiwahf mspj;Jg; gpioj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. cq;fspd;
tskpf;f neba kjpy;fs;kPJ tpy; rpd;dj;ijg; nghwpj;J
itAq;fs;. Vnddpy;> thlhj khiyazpe;j thdth;fSk;
Nrudpd; tpy; tbtj;ij vOjp itj;Nj thDyfpy;
tho;fpd;wdh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- ca;k;kpd; - gpioj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. ky;yy; -
tsik. ts; - neUf;fk;. tpRk;G – thdk;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ky;yy; neLkjpy; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;.
neLkjpy; - gz;Gj;njhif. thq;Ftpy; - tpidj;njhif
gphpj;jwpjy;- je;Ja;k;kpd; - je;J+ca;k;kpd;. tpy;nyOjp –
tpy; +vOjp. g+l;Lkpd; - g+l;L + kpd;.
Nrhod;
Nrh;e;j Gwtpd; epiwjd; jpUNkdp
<h;j;jpl; Lah;Jiyjhd; Vwpdhd; - Neh;e;j
nfhiltPu Nkhnka;e; epiwFiwah td;fl;
giltPu Nkhnrd;dp gz;G.
nghUs;- Nrho kd;dd;> jd;dplk; milf;fykhd
Gwhtpidf; fhf;f> jd; jiria mWj;Jf;nfhLj;jhd;.
mj;jir <lhfhj fhuzj;jhy;> jhNd Jyhf;Nfhypy;
Vwpdhd;. ,g;gbr; nra;aj; Jzpe;jikf;F mtdJ nfhil
tPuNkh nka;nahOf;fk; Fiwahj giltPuNkh fhuzk;
md;W. mJ Nrhodpd; ew;gz;G.
nrhw;nghUs;- GwT – Gwh. epiw – vil. <h;j;J – mWj;J.
Jiy – Jyhf;Nfhy; (juhR). epiw – xOf;fk;. td;fz; -
tPuj;jd;ik. Nkdp – cly;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- cah;Jiy – tpidj;njhif. Fiwah
td;fz; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;.
ghz;bad;
kUg;g+rp ahf kwq;fdy;Nty; kd;dh;
cUj;jF khh;Nghiy ahfj; - jpUj;jf;f
itaf nky;yh nkknjd; nwOJNk
nkha;apiyNty; khwd; fspW.
nghUs;- neUq;fp mike;j ,iyNghd;w tbtpyhd Ntiy
cilatd; ghz;ba kd;dd;. mk;kd;ddpd; ahid> jd;
je;jq;fis vOj;jhzpahfTk; tPuk; nrwpe;j
Ntw;giliaAila gif kd;dhpd; mfd;w khh;Gfis
jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
XiyfshfTk; nfhz;L nry;tk; epiyj;j cyfnky;yhk;
– vk; ghz;baUf;FhpaJ vd vOJk;.
nrhw;nghUs;- kUg;G – je;jk;. Crp – vOj;jhzp. kwk; -
tPuk;. fdy; - neUg;G. jpUj;jf;f – nry;tk; epiyj;j.
itafk; - cyfk;. nkha;apiy – neUq;fpaike;j ,iy.
khwd; - ghz;ba kd;dd;. fspW – Mz; ahid.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ,iyNty; - ctikj;njhif. kUg;g+rp>
khh;Nghiy – cUtfq;fs;. khwd;fspW – Mwhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
gphpj;jwpjy;- kUg;g+rp – kUg;G + Crp. khh;Nghiy – khh;G +
Xiy. vknjd;W – vkJ + vd;W. nkha;apiy – nkha; +
,iy.
jkpo;tpL J}J
 Mrphpah; njhpatpy;iy
 kJiuapy; Nfhapy; nfhz;Ls;s nrhf;fehjhplk; jkpioj;
J}J tpLjy;.
 rpwg;ghd J}J ,yf;fpak;.
mhpah rdKdf;Nf ahdhy; cdf;Fr;
rhpahUk; cz;Nlh jkpNo – tphpthh;
jpfo;gh xUehd;FQ; nra;As;tuk; ghfg;
Gfo;gh tpdq;fs;kilg; Nghf;fh – epfoNt
ey;Nyhp dhy;nra;As; ehw;fuzj; Njh;g+l;br;
nrhy;Nyh; coth; njhFj;jPz;b – ey;ynewp
ehNy tpijah edptpijj;J ehw;nghUSk;
NkNy gyd;ngwr;nra; tpfF
; ehs; - NkNyhhpy;
ghj;jdjhf; nfhz;lgpsi
; sg; ghz;bad; tpy;ypxl;lf;
$j;jdpth; fy;yhJ Nfhl;bnfhSk; - rPj;ijaiuf;
Fl;br; nrtpaWj;Jf; $l;bj; jiyfnsy;yhk;
ntl;bf; fisgwpff; Nkyha;j;J}h; - fl;b
tsh;e;jid ghy;Ke;jphpif thiof; fdpaha;f;
fpsh;e;jfUk; gha;ehsp Nfuj;J - ,sq;fdpaha;j;
jpj;jpfF
; e; njs;sKjha;j; njs;sKjpd; Nkyhd
Kj;jpf; fdpNavd; Kj;jkpNo – Gj;jpfF ; s;
cz;zg; gLe;NjNd cd;Ndh Lte;Jiuf;Fk;
tpzz
; g;gk; cz;L tpsk;gf;Nfs;.
ghlw;nghUs;- jkpNo! ckf;Fj; jiyikg; NgW mspj;jhy;>
ckf;F xg;ghth; xUtUkpyh;. ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh>
tQ;rpg;gh vd;Dk; ehy;tifg; ghf;fSk; taypd;
tug;GfshfTk;> Jiw> jhopir> tpUj;jk; vd;Dk;
ghtpdq;fs; kilfshfTk> kdk;> Gj;jp> rpj;jk;> mfq;fhuk;
vd;Dk; ehw;fuzq;fisAk; ey;y Vh;fshfTk; nfhz;L
nrhy;NyUoth; coT nra;a> itjUg;gk;> nfslk;.
ghQ;rhyk;> khfjk; Mfpa nra;As; ed;ndwpfNs tpijfshf
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL Mfpad tpisnghUs;fshapd.
,g;gaph;fspd; ,ilNa tsUk; fisfshfpa
Nghypg;Gyth;fs; $l;lk; ngUfhky; Fl;Ltjw;F mjptPuuhk
ghz;baDk;> nrtpia mWg;gjw;F tpy;ypGj;J}uDk;
jiyia ntl;Ltjw;F xl;lf;$j;jDk; ,Ue;jikahy;>
jkpNo eP fpisj;Jr; nropj;J tsh;e;jha;.
31
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
jkpNo! ghy;> Ke;jphp> thio> fUk;G> ,sePh;Nghy;
gy;tifahd RitfisAk; jUfpd;wha;. njspe;j
mKjkhfTk;> Nkd;ikahd tPLNgw;iw mspf;Fk;
fdpahfTk;> mwptpdhy; cz;zg;gLk; NjdhfTk; tpsq;Fk;
jkpNo! ck;kplj;J kfpo;e;J ciuf;Fk; xU tpz;zg;gk;
cz;L. Nfl;ghahf.
nrhw;nghUs;- mhpahrdk; - rpq;fhjdk;. gh xU ehd;F –
ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh. tuk;G – tug;G. Vh; -
moF. ehw;fuzk; - kdk;> Gj;jp> rpj;jk;> mfq;fhuk;.
newpehY – itjUg;gk; (MRftp)> nfslk; (kJuftp)>
ghQ;rhyk; (rpj;jpuftp) khfjk; (tpj;jhuftp) Mfpa nra;As;
newpfs;. ,it tpijaha; cUtfk; nra;ag;gl;ld.
ehw;nghUs; - mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL. ,it taypd;
tpisthf cUtfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. Nfhl;bnfhSk; -
$l;lkhff; $Lk;. rPj;ijah; - fPohdth;> Nghypg;Gyth;.
J}h;fl;b – gaph; mb gUj;J tsh;jy;. ehspNfuk; - njd;id
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nrtpaWj;J(nrtpia mWj;J)
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
gphpj;jwpjy;- ehw;fuzk; - ehd;F + fuzk;. fuzj;Njh; -
fuzj;J + Vh;. ehw;nghUs; - ehd;F + nghUs;. nrtpaWj;J
– nrtp + mWj;J. ,sq;fdp - ,sik+fdp.
tpz;zg;gKz;L – tpz;zg;gk; + cz;L
ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;
 fyk;gfk; - gy;tif cWg;Gk;> gytifg;nghUSk;
 (fyk; +gfk;) gy;tifr; nra;Ashy; fye;J ghlg;ngWk;
 fyk; 12 + gfk; 6 = 18 cWg;Gfs;
(Gak;> jtk;> tz;L> mk;khid> Cry;> Ch;> ghz;>
kjq;F> klf;F> iff;fpis> rpe;J> fpsp> kwk;> fhyk;>
jio> ,uq;fy;> rk;gpujk;> J}J)
 18 cWg;GfSk; kUl;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh
Mfpa ghf;fSk;> jhopir Jiw tpUj;jk; vd;w
ghtpdq;fSk; 10 nra;Al;fspy; tu> me;jhjpj; njhil
mikag; ghlg;gLtjhFk;.
 flTs; kPJ ghlg;ngw;wit – jpy;iyf;fyk;gfk;>
kJiuf;fyk;gfk;.
 mbahh; kPJ ghlg;ngw;wit – Msilagps;isahh;
fyk;gfk;
 murd; kPJ ghlg;ngw;wit – ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;
 jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; fyk;gfk; ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; (fp.gp.
9-k; E}w;whz;L)
 ee;jpth;kd; III (gy;yt kd;dd;) – ghl;Lilj; jiytd;
 ee;jpth;kdpd; jkpo;Ntl;ifiaf; $Wk; E}y;
 Mrphpah; njhpatpy;iy.
 fyk;gfk; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;fs; -„,ul;ilah;fs;‟
(kJ#hpah;> ,sQ;#hpah;)
ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;-ee;jpkd;dd; tPuk;
gjpnjhW Gay;nghop jUkzp gizjU
gUkzp gfuhnew;
fjph;njhF tUGdy; fiunghU jpopjU
fhtphp tsehlh
epjpjU ftpifAk; epykfs; chpikAk;
,itapit Ailee;jp
kjpapyp murh;epd; kyub gzpfpyh;
thdfk; Ms;thNu.
nghUs;- Ch;NjhWk; Nkfq;fs; nrhhpfpd;w kzpfisAk;>
%q;fpy;fs; je;j nghpa Kj;JfisAk; nfhLj;J>
mt;t+h;fspy; cs;s new;fjpiuj; njhFj;Jf;nfhz;L
tUfpd;w ePh;> fiuNahL Nkhjp topAk; fhtphpapd; tsk;
nghUe;jpa ehl;ilAilatNd! nry;tj;ijj; jUfpd;w
FilAk;> epykfs; chpikAk; Mfpa ,tw;iwAila
ee;jpkd;dNd! mwptpy;yhjtuhd murh;> cd;Dila
jhkiu kyh;Nghd;w jpUtbfis tzq;fhjtuhfpj; Njth;
cyfj;ij Ms;gtuhth;.
nrhw;nghUs;- Gay; - Nkfk;. giz - %q;fpy;. gfuh –
nfhLj;J. nghUJ – Nkhjp. epjp – nry;tk;. Gdy; - ePh;.
ftpif – Fil. thdfk; - NjtUyfk;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- nghopjUkzp> gizjUgUkzp>
tUGdy;> epjpjUftpif – tpidj;njhiffs;. ,it
,it – mLf;Fj;njhlh;.
jpiz- ,g;ghly;> ee;jpth;kdpd; tPur;nraiyg; Gfo;e;J
$Wtjhy; ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
tpf;fpukNrhod; cyh
Nkf;Fauf;nfhs;Sk; Flff; Ft^ lWj;jpopaj;
- js;Sk; jpiug;nghd;dp je;NjhDk; - njs;sUtpr;
nrd;dpg; GypNa wpUj;jpf; fphpjphpj;Jg;
nghd;dpf; fiufz;l g+gjpAk; - ,d;dUspd;
Nkjf;f ngha;if ftpnfhz;L tpy;ytidg;
ghjj; jistpl;l ghh;j;jptDk; - kPnjyhk;
vz;nfhz;l njhz;Z}w;wpd; NkYk; ,U%d;W
Gz;nfhz;l ntd;wpg; GutyDk; - fz;nfhz;l
Nfhjpyhj; Njwy; Fdpf;Fk; jpUkd;wk;
fhjyhy; nghd;Nta;e;j fhtyDk; - J}jw;fhg;
gz;L gfnyhd;wpy; <nuhd; gJRuKk;
nfhz;L kiyehL nfhz;NlhDk; - jz;Nltpf;
fq;fh ejpAk; flhuKk; iff;nfhz;L
rpq;fh jdj;jpUe;j nrk;gpaDk; - tq;fj;ij
Kw;W Kuzlf;fp Kk;KbNgha;f; fy;ahzp
Nrw;w jdpahz;ikr; NrtfDk; - gw;wyiu
ntg;gj; jLfsj;J Ntoq;fs; MapuKk;
nfhg;gj; njhUfspw;why; nfhz;NlhDk; - mg;goE}y;
ghlutj; njd;duq;f Nkahw;Fg; gd;kzpahy;
Mlutg; ghay; mikj;NjhDk;. -xl;lf;$j;jh;
nghUs;- FlF kiyia ClWj;J miyNkhJk;
fhtphpiaj; je;jtd; fNtud;. Njspe;j mUtpia cila
NkU kiyapd; cr;rpapy; Gypf;nfhb ehl;b> nghd;dpahfpa
fhtphpapd; ,UfiufisAk; cah;j;jpf; fl;batd; Nrhod;
fhpfhyd;. ngha;ifahhpd; fstop ehw;gJ ghlYf;Fg;
ghprhfr; Nrukhd; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwiar; rpiwtPL
nra;jtd; Nrhod; nrq;fzhd;. Nghhpy; ngUikahf
vz;zj;jf;f tpOg;Gz;fs; njhz;Z}w;whWk; ngw;wtd;
Nrhod; tprahyad;.
rptngUkhd; Mlyuruha;f; fhl;rpjUk; jpy;iyf;Fg;
nghd;Nta;e;jtd; Nrhod; Kjy; guhe;jfd;. gjpndl;Lr;
rpw;W}h;fisAk; ifg;gw;wp kiyehL ntd;wtd; Nrhod; Kjy;
,uhruhrd;. tlf;Nf gilnaLj;Jf; fq;ifAk; fpof;fpy;
flhuKk; ntd;W iff;nfhz;ltd;> Nruu; fg;gw;gil
KOtijAk; mopj;jtd; Nrhod; ,uhNre;jpud;.
rhSf;fpah;fspd; jiyefuhd fy;ahzGuj;jpd;kPJ
gilnaLj;J Kk;Kiw Nghhpl;L ntd;wtd; Nrhod;
,uhrhjpuhrd;. nfhg;gj;Jg; Nghhpy; Mapuk; ahidfis
ntd;wtd; Nrhod; ,uhNre;jpud;. jpUtuq;fj;jpy;
gs;spnfhz;l ngUkhSf;F kzpfs; gytw;why;
ghk;gizmikj;jtd; Nrhod; ,uhrkNfe;jpud;.
nrhw;nghUs;- FtL – kiy. nghd;dp – fhtphp. NfhJ –
Fw;wk;. mutk; - ghk;G.
32
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
Kf;$lw;gs;S fhaf; fz;lJ #hpa fhe;jp.
fyq;ff; fz;lJ ntz;japh;f; fz;lk;.
khaf; fz;lJ ehopif thuk;.
 Mrphpah; njhpatpyi
; y kWff; fz;lJ thd;Rop nts;sk;.
 ehlf tbt Mrphpah; - vz;zhapdhg; Gyth; rhaf; fz;lJ fha;f;Fiyr; nre;ney;.
 jpUney;Ntypf;F tlf;fpy; jhkpuguzp (nghUie)> rpw;whh;> jdpg;gf; fz;lJ jhgjh; cs;sk;.
Nfhjz;luhk ejpAk; fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s ,lk; - Njaf; fz;lJ ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk;.
Kf;$ly;. rPty kq;ifj; njd;fiu ehNl.
 mq;F Nfhapy; nfhz;l „Kf;$ly; mofh;‟ kPJ ghlg;ngw;wJ mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
Kf;$lw;gs;S MFk;. japh;f;fz;lk; - japh;f; fl;bfs;. kWFjy; - RoYjy;.
 irt itztq;fis ,izf;Fk; E}y; thd;Rop nts;sk; - mjpfkhd Ropj;jYld; XbtUk;
 150 ney; tiffs;> 7 khL tiffs;> 120 kPd; tiffs; ngUnts;sk;.
,e;E}ypy; cs;sd. ntapy; fhAk;. tapW fhahJ. japh; fyq;Fk;. kf;fs;
 „Mw;W nts;sk; ehistuj; Njhd;WNj Fwp vdj; njhlq;Fk; kdq;fyq;fhh;. ehopif thuk; khAk;> kf;fs; grpahy; khahh;.
ghly; - rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ. kWfp XLtJ nts;sk;. kf;fs; kWfp thlhh;. jiy rha;j;J
 „gs;‟ vd;gJ gs;skhd ed;nra; epyq;fisAk; mq;Fr; epw;gJ nre;ney;. kf;fs; jiy Fdpahh; jhgjh; jdpj;jpUg;gh;.
nra;ag;gLk; cotpidAk; Fwpf;Fk;. gs;S cothpd; ghl;Lf;Fg;
ngauhf te;jJ. fztd; kidtpah; jdpj;jpuhh;. Nja;tJ re;jdNk> md;wp
nra;Aspy; nghUs; Nja;T ,uhJ vd;W nghUs; nfhs;f.
“Nrhp nkhopahw; nrt;tpjpw; fpse;J ,yf;fzk;
Njh;jy; Ntz;lhJ Fwpj;jJ Njhd;wpw; ntz;japh; - gz;Gj;njhif. fha> kha – nganur;rq;fs;.
ehopif thuk; - ck;ikj; njhif. ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk; -
Gyndd nkhopg GyDzh;e; NjhNuh” nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk;. jhgjh; cs;sk; -
Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif. nre;ney; - gz;Gj;njhif. Rop
vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; vl;L tifg;gphptpy; nts;sk; - tpidj;njhif.
xd;whd Gyd; vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tif „gs;S tif‟
,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;. fhtbr;rpe;J
 coth;fspd; tho;fi ; f epfo;r;rpfisr; Rit ngwr; nrhy;Yk;
Gs;spf; fyhgkapw; ghfd; - rf;jp
rpw;wpyf;fpak; gs;S. Gjy;t dhdfd Nahfd; - kiy
 %j;jgs;sp> ,isag;gs;sp FLk;gd; tuNthL mtd; ngUik Nghyj; jhd;jpuz;l
$wy;> ehl;Ltsd;> FwpNfl;ly;> kio Ntz;b topgly;> Nfhyg; gd;dpuz;L thfd;
kiof;FwpNahh;jy;> Mw;wpy; ePh; tuT Kjyhd gy cWg;Gfisg; ey;tp Ntfd;.
ngw;wJ gs;S ,yf;fpakhFk;.
ts;spf; fpire;jKU Nfrd; - mz;zh
 rpeJ; k; tpUj;jKk; gutp tu ,J ghlg;ngWk;. kiyf;ftp uhrd;kfpo; Nerd; - vd;Wk;
 Njhd;wpa fhyj;ijg; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. thOk; fOFkiy
thtp tsk;nrhy;YNtd; khNj
(efh;tsk; - ,isags;sp) Nfs;,g; NghNj. -mz;zhkiyahh;
jj;Jk; gha;Gdy; Kj;jk; milf;Fk;
nghUs;- ngz;Nz! mofpa Gs;spfis cila kapiy
rhiy tha;f;fd;dy; Miy cilf;Fk; cilatd; KUfd;. cikatspd; kfd;. rpwe;j NgW
fj;Jk; Nghpifr; rj;jk; Gilf;Fk; ngw;wtd;. kiyNghd;w jpuz;l mofpa gd;dpU Njhs;fis
fypg;G Ntiy xypg;igj; Jilf;Fk; cilatd;. rPhpa QhdKilatd;. ts;spf;Fg;
epj;jk; rhwah; rpj;uk; gilf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdtd;. mz;zhkiyf; ftpaurdpd; kdk;
epjpnay; yhe;jd; gjpapy; fpilf;Fk; kfpor;nra;Ak; md;gd;. ,j;jifa KUfd;
kj;jk; #Lk; kNjhd;kj;j uhd vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; fOFkiyapy; mike;Js;s
ngha;ifapd; tsj;ijg; ,g;nghONj nrhy;Ntd;>
kUjPrh; kUJ}h; vq;fs; CNu. Nfl;ghahf!
nrhw;nghUs;- fyhgk; - Njhif. tpNtfd; - Qhdp. Nfhy –
nghUs;- Ckj;jk; g+it tpUk;gpr; #Lk; gpj;jdhfpa mofpa. ,ire;j – nghUj;jkhd. thtp – ngha;if. khNj
rptngUkhDf;F chpa Ch; vq;fs; kUJ}h;. ,t;t+h;> – ngz;Nz.
tha;f;fhy;fspy; jj;jpr;nry;Yk ePuhdJ Kj;Jfshy;
,ilkwpj;J milf;fg;gLk;. rhiy topahfj; nfhzh;e;j
fUg;gq;fopfisf; nrtplhf;Fk;. ,t;t+hpy; cs;Nshh; gyUk; jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp
mbj;Jr; nra;Ak; cNyhf Ntiyfspd; xypNah me;jg;
Nghpiur;riy kiwf;Fk;gbahf kpf;fpUf;Fk;. ehs;NjhWk;  Mrphpah; - gps;isg;ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh;
tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhLthh;Nghy> vq;Fk; moF kpspUk;.  jpUNtq;flj;jpy; Nfhapy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jpUkhypd;
,j;jifa vy;yhr; nry;tq;fSk; ,t;t+hpNyNa fpilf;Fk;. mUis Ntz;bg; ghlg;ngw;w me;jhjp E}y;.
nrhw;nghUs;- jj;Jk; Gdy; - miynawpAk; ePUk;. Kj;jk;
ghj tFg;G
milf;Fk; - Kj;Jfs; kpf;Fg; ngUfp ,ilNa
jpUNtq; flj;J epiyngw;W epdw; d. rpw;wd;idahy;
milj;Jf;nfhz;L fplf;Fk;. fypg;GNtiy – fUkhh;>
jUNtq; flj;Jj; jiuNk dle;jd. jho;gpwg;gpd;
nfhy;yh;> jl;lhh; KjypNahh; nra;Ak; njhopy;fs;. rpj;uk; -
cUNtq; flj;Jf; Fsj;Nj apUe;jd. Tw;wiof;f
rpwg;ghd fhl;rpfs;. kNjhd;kj;jh; - ngUk;gpj;jdhfpa
tUNtq; flj;Jk;gp aQ;rnyd; Nwhbd khy; foNy - 1
rptngUkhd;.
gjp
njd;fiu ehl;L tsk; khiy kjpf;FQ;rp <rDk; NghjDk; thrtDk;

33
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
E}iy kjpf;Fk; KdptUk; NjtUk; Nehf;fpae;jp
fhiy kjpf;Fs;itj; Njj;Jk; jpUkiy> ifk;kiyahy;
Ntiy kjpf;Fk; ngUkhd; ciwjpU Ntq;flNk. - 2
Ntq;fl khiy mtpah kjptpsf; Nfw;wpaq;fk;
Mq;fl khiya khf;fp itj; Njhktd; Nrtbf;
jPq;fl khiyf; ftpGide; Njhk;. ,jpw; rPhpaNj
ahq;fl khiyap uhtj Nkwp apUf;FkNj. - 3
,Uf;fh uzQ;nrhy;Y nkg;nghU spd;gK nkg;nghUl;Fk;
fUf;fh uzKjw; whAew; we;ijAq; fQ;rr; nry;tg;
ngUf;fh uzq;fpd; wiytD khjpg; ngUe;nja;tKk;
kUf;fh uzTk; nghopy;tl Ntq;fl khatNd.-
- gpsi ; s ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh;
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
1. flj;Jk;gp – (fN[e;jpud; vd;Dk;) kjahid. cw;W
(Kjiyahy;) Jd;gkile;J. rpw;wd;id – ifNfap.
jUNtk; flj;J – kuq;fs; Ntfpd;w fhl;by;. cUNtq;fs; -
cUtj;ijAila vq;fs;. jj;Jf;F – Mgj;ij
xopg;gjw;F. foy; - jpUtb.
2. gjp – Ch;. (jpUkhy; ciwAk; jpUj;jyk;). khiykjp –
khiy Neuj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; gpiwkjpiaj; jhpj;j. FQ;rp –
jiykaph;. Nghjd; - gpukd;. thrtd; - ,e;jpud;. E}iy
kjpf;Fk; - rhj;jpuq;fis MuhAk;. me;jp – khiy. kjpf;Fs;
- mwptpy;. Vj;Jk; - Jjpf;Fk;. ifk;kiyahy; - iffshfpa
kiyfshy;. Ntiy – fly; (,q;F. ghw;fly;) kjpf;Fk; -
filAk;.
3. mq;fk; Mk; flk; - clyhfpa fhL. mtpah –
mizahj. kjp tpsf;F- Qhd tpsf;F> jPq;f ml – gpwtpj;
Jaiu mopf;f. flkhy; - kjePhpdhy; kaf;fKila.
Iuhtjk; - ,e;jpudJ ahid. ,jpd; rPhpaNj - ,ijtplr;
rpwe;jNjh?
mq;fkhk; flk; Miyak; Mf;fp> mtpah kjptpsf;F
Vw;wp> Ntq;fl khiy itj;Njhk;. jPq;F ml mtd;
Nrtbf;Nf ftpkhiy Gide;Njhk;. ahk; flkhy; Iuhtjk;
Vwp ,Uf;FkJ ,jpd; rPhpaNj? vd ,iaj;Jf; fw;f.
4. ,Uf;F Muzk; - ,Uf;F Ntjk;. vg;nghUs; - vy;yhg;
nghUs;fspd; fUf;fhuzk; - cw;gj;jpf; fhuzk;. fQ;rk; -
jhkiu kyh;. Mh; nghUe;jpa. mzq;F – jpUkfs;.
kUf;fhh; mzTk; nghopy; - kzKk; NkfKk; nghUe;Jk;
Nrhiy. khatd; - jpUkhy;.
Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpo;
 Mrphpah; FkuFUguh;
 mk;Gypg;gUtj;jpy; nrhy;Nyhtpakhf jpfOk;
 ,J rhk> Ngj> jhd> jz;lk; vd;w 4 topfshy;
ghlg;ngWk;
 ghl;Lilj;jiytd; / jiytp mk;Gypiaj; jd;Dld;
tpisahl miog;gjhfg; ghlg;ngWk;.
tUifg; gUtk;
cyF Fspu vkJ kjpapy; xOFk; mKj fpuzNk
cUFk; mbah; ,ja nefpo czh;tpy; vOey; cjaNk
fiyAk; epiwAk; mwpT Kjpu KjpU kJu ewtNk
fOT Jfsh; KOf neba fUiz ngUF ryjpNa
myfpy; Gtdk; KbAk; ntspapy; mspAk; xspapd; epyaNk
mwpTs; mwpit mwpAk; mtUk; mwpa mhpa gpukNk
kiyapd; kfs;fz; kzpia mida kjiy tUf tUfNt
tsik jOT gUjp Ghpapd; kUT Fkud; tUfNt.
-FkuFUguh;
nghUs;- cyfk; FspUk;gb vkJ mwptpy; xsptPRk;
KOepyNt! mbahh;fspd; cs;sk; nefpo mth; mwptpy;
Njhd;Wk; fjputNd! E}y;fshy; epiwe;j mwpTzh;tk;
KjpUkhW tpise;Js;s ,dpa NjNd! Fw;wkw;w Qhdpah;
tpUk;Gk; fUizf; flNy! Mstpyh cyfq;fs;
midj;Jk; Kbfpd;w ntspaplj;Jj; Njhd;Wk; xspapd;
,Ug;gplNk! mwptpd; cs;Szh;it mwpaty;y QhdpfSk;
mwptjw;F mhpjhd KOKjw; nghUNs! Kiykfspd;
fz;kzpnahj;j Kj;Jf;Fkug; ngUkhNd! tsq;fs;
nghUe;jpa itj;jPRtud; Nfhtpypy; vOe;jUspAs;s Fku
ts;sNy! tUf tUfNt!
nrhw;nghUs;- kjp – mwpT. mKjfpuzk; - Fsph;r;rpahd
xsp. cjak; - fjputd;. kJuk; - ,dpik. ewtk; - Njd;.
fOtpa Jfsh; - Fw;wkw;wth;. ryjp – fly;. myF ,y; -
mstpy;yhj. Gtdk; - cyfk;. kjiy – Foe;ij. gUjpGhp
– fjputd; topgl;l ,lk; (itj;jPRtud; Nfhtpy;).
tpuy; Rit Az;L fdpe;jK J}wpa nky;-jo; GyuhNk
tpk;kpg;nghUkp tpOe;jO jywpAd; nkd;Fuy; fk;khNk
fiuTW kQ;rd Ez;Lsp rpej ; pf; fz;kyh; rptthNk
fYo;fY opg;Gd yUtp gbe;Jly; fUtb Tz;zhNk
cUt kzpr;rpW njhl;b Yije;Jep ndhz;gj NehthNk
xUjh Se;jp naOe;jpU ifAk; xUq;F gjpj;J epkph;e;
jUs; nghop jpUKf kira tire;jpdp jhLf nrq;fPiu
Mjp tapj;jpa ehj Ghpf;Ffd; MLf nrq;fPiu.
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
GyuhNk – twz;L tplhky;> fhahky;. fk;Kjy; - Fuy;
Nja;e;J kq;Fjy;. tpuy; - ngUtpuy;. fk;khNk – fk;kpf;
nfhs;shky;. rptthNk – rptf;fhky;. mQ;rdk; - fz;ik.
fYo;jy; - mOjy;. fYopg;Gdy; - ikiaf; fiuj;J tUk;
fyq;fw; fz;zPh;. jhs; - fhy;. nrq;fPiu – Foe;ij Ngrj;
njhlq;FKd; nra;fpwx – f;Fwpg;Gfs;. tapj;jpaehjGhp –
Gs;spUf;FNtSh; (itj;jPRud; Nfhtpy;)
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
nky;ypjo;> nkd;Fuy; - gz;Gj;njhif. Ez;Lsp –
gz;Gj;njhif. fz;kyh; - cUtfk;. GdyUtp>
mUs;nkhop - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhiffs;. nghop jpUKfk; -
tpidj;njhif. MLf – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W.
ngj;jNyfk; FwtQ;rp
 Mrphpah; - jQ;ir Ntjehafk; rh];jphp
 NtWE}y;fs; - Qhdj;jr;rd;> QhdTyh> ,uzhjpe;jk;
 cyhtUk; kd;dh; ,NaRthfTk;> NjtNkhfpdpahfpa
jiytp rPNahd; kfshfTk;> FwtQ;rp tpRthrkhfTk; Fwp
$Wjy;.
tpRthrf; FwtQ;rp NjtNkhfpdpf;F kiytsk; $Wjy;
thdth;fs; $bte;J Njhj;jpuq;fs; gbg;ghh;
tz;ikAs;s rpj;jnuy;yhk; mUe;jtq;fs; gpbg;ghh;
QhdKld; Ky;iyepyj; jiyth;te;J njhOthh;
el;Nrj;jpur; rh];jphpfs; fhzpf;iffs; jUthh;
jhd jh;kk; Viofl;F ahth;fSq; nfhLg;ghh;
rz;lhsg; ghtnky;yhk; mz;lhJ jLg;ghh;
<dKs;s Nga;f;fzq;fs; kaq;fpaq;Nf Jbg;ghh;
Vfd;kD thdnty;iy naq;fs; kiy ak;Nk –1
Mjpkiy naq;fSf;Nfh Vjd;kiy ak;Nk
Mz;ltdhh; vq;fisj;jhk; mikj;jkiy ak;Nk
ePjpnad;wehy;tuKq; nfhLj;jkiy ak;Nk
epj;jpaKk; rhfhky; epd;wkiy ak;Nk
rhjidaha;g; Nga;gpwF nfLj;j kiy ak;Nk
jw;gudh; vk;ikaq;Nf rgpj;j kiy ak;Nk
Ngjfkha; ehq;fsij tpl;ljw;gpd; dk;Nk
ngj;jyNfk; vq;fSf;Fg; nghpakiy ak;Nk –2
- jQ;ir Ntjehaf rhj;jphpahh;
-
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
1. Njhj;jpuq;fs; - Jjpg;ghly;fs;. Ky;iyepyj; jiyth; -
fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lKkhfpa Ky;iy epyj;J thOk;
Nka;g;gth;fs;. el;Nrj;jpur; rh];jphpfs; - ,NaR ngUkhd;
ngj;yNfk; khl;Lj; njhOtj;jpw; gpwe;jNghJ thdpy; Xhp;
34
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
tpbnts;sp Njhd;wpw;W. me;jtpbnts;spiaf; fz;l
jPh;f;fjhprpfs; cyf kPl;gh; Njhd;wpdhh; vd;W cyFf;F
czh;j;jpdh;. mj; jPh;f;fjhprpfis ciuj;jthW. Vfd; -
,iwtd;. mz;lhJ – neUq;ftplhJ.
2. Mjpkiy – Kjd;Kjyhf tpsq;fpa kiy. Vjd; kiy
– VNjd; Njhl;lj;jpy; tpsq;Fk; VNjd; kiy. jw;gud; -
,iwtd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
mUe;jtk; - gz;Gj;njhif. jhdjh;kk; - ck;ikj;
njhif. Nga;f;fzq;fs; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
mikj;j> nfhLj;j> epd;w> rgpj;j – nganur;rq;fs;.
J}J
 xUth; jkJ fUj;ij kw;nwhUtUf;Fj; njhptpf;f
,ilNa gpwpnjhUtiu mDg;GtJ.
 ,Utif--
mfj;J}J– jiytp jiytdplj;Njh (m) jiytd;
jiytpaplj;Njh J}J.
Gwj;J}J– murd; gifthplj;Njh (m) Gyth;fs;
ts;sy;fsplNkh J}J.Ex- mjpakhdpd; J}juhf xsit
nrd;wijg; GwehD}W $WfpwJ.
 kdpjh;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; capUs;s> capuw;w gpw
nghUs;fisAk; J}J mDg;Gk; gof;fk; cz;L
 ntz;lis tputpa fyp-ntz;ghthy; J}J ghlg;ngWk;
 Kjy; J}J ,yf;fpak; - neQ;RtpL J}J – Mrphpah;
nfhw;wtd; Fb ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh;
 „gapwUq; f- ntz; ghtp dhNy
cah;jpizg; nghUisAk; m/wpizg; nghUisAk;
re;jpapd; tpLj;jy; Ke;JW J}njdg;
ghl;baw; Gyth; ehl;bdh; njspe;Nj‟
vd;W ,yf;fz tpsf;f E}w;gh> J}jpd; ,yf;fzk;
$WfpwJ.
 ntz;lis tputpa fypntz;ghthy; J}J ,yf;fpak;
ghlg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 md;dk;> kapy;> fpsp> Fapy;> tz;L> neQ;rk;> Kfpy;>
njd;wy;> khd;> jkpo; Kj-atw;Ws; ahjhDk; xd;iwj;
J}jhf mDg;Gth;.
 fhg;G ntz;gh xd;iwAk; 239 fz;zpfisAk;
cilaJ. ghl;bd; ,uz;lbfisf; fz;zp vd;gh;.
mofh; fps;istpL J}J
 Mrphpah; gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjgps;is
 md;dk;(jpUkhypUQ;Nrhiy) kiyapy; Nfhapy;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; mofhplj;J gygl;lilr;
nrhf;fehjgps;is vd;w Gyth; fpspiaj; J}JtpLtjhf
mikj;Jg; ghbapUg;gJ.
 fhg;G ntz;gh xd;iwAk;> 239 fz;zpiwAk; cilaJ.
(fz;zp – ghl;bd; ,uz;lb)
 gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehj gps;isapd; NtW rpy E}y;fs;
kJiu> Kk;kzpf;Nfhit. njd;wy;tpLJ}J.
mofh; rpwg;G
mhptbT kha;g;gpd; dud;tbT khfpg;
nghpanjhU J}zpw; gpwe;J – fhpa 1 Mh; mKJ file;j – mhpa mKjj;ijf; file;j Njth;f;Fj;
tiuj; jle; NjhsTzd; td;fhaq; $l;b
miuj; jpLQ; Nrid aUe;jp – cUj;jpudha;g; 2
gz;Ze; njhopiyg; gifj;Jepyf; fhg;Gkzpe;
Jz;Zk; gbnay;yh Kz;lUsp – ntz;nzAld;
3 epidj;J ruj;ij va;J gpd; fz;zgpuhDila ghjnkd;W mwpeJ
G+jid je;jghy; Nghjhk Nygrpj;J
NtjidAk; ngw;W ntspepd;W – ghjtj;ijj; 4
js;Seil apl;Lj; jto;e;J tpisahLk;
gpsi
; sik ePq;fhj ngw;wpahd; - xs;spioahh; 5
nfhy;iyg; ngz;izf; Fjpiuahf;Fe; jpUg;Gaj;jhd;
fy;iyg;ngz; zhf;F kyh;f;fh-dhd;- nrhy;ftpf;F
6
ghu KJfile;j ghayhd; - tpzz
; th;f;fh
Mu KJfile;lj tq;ifahd; - ehhpAld; 7
td;fh dfq;fle;j thl;lj;jhd; Ntl;Ltw;F
nkd;fh dfq;fle;j tPl;bdhd; - vd; fhjy; 8
nts;sj; jkpo;e;jpNdhd; Ntiyf;F Nkd;kpje;Njhd;
cs;sj;Js; shDyFf; fg;ghyhd; - njs;spjpd; 9
ntl;l ntWntspap NyepdW ; e; Njhw;whjhd;
fpl;l tpUe;Jq; fpilahjhd; - jl;lhnjd;
10
vz;zpNy kha ndDk;Nghp dhnyhspg;Nghd;
fz;znzDk; ngauhw; fhz;gpg;Nghd; 11
- gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjgpsi
; s
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
1. fz;zp -1 mhp – rpqf ; k;. mud; - rptd;. eud;
tbTkhfpnadg; gphpj;J> eundd;Dk; mtjhuk; nra;njd;W
nfhs;SjYk; MFk;. ,f;fz;zp eurpq;f mtjhuj;ijr; fl;baJ.
rpqf
; tbTk; kdpjtbTkhd Xh; mtjhuk;. J}zpw; gpwe;jJ.
2. mTzd; -,uzpad;. fhak; - clk;G> czTg;nghUNshL
Nrh;f;Fk; gytifg; nghb. Nrid – irdpak;> Nrid (gpwe;j
Foe;ijf;F Kjd;Kj –y; ehtp – Lk; ,dpg;G). mUe;jp – cz;L.
cUj;jpudha; - epiyngw;wtbit cilatdhfp. cUj;jpud;
vd;wflTshfp.
3. gz;Zk; njhopy; - fhj;jy; njhopy;> epyf;fhg;G – kz;izf;
Fioj;jpl;l nghl;L. epyj;ijf; fhj;jy;. epyj;ijf; fhj;jy;
Foe;ijfSf;F kz;nghl;bLjy; kuG. gbnay;yhk; cz;lUsp –
Copf;fhyj;J cyfj;ijj; jd; thapDs; Nghl;L mfj;J mlf;fpa
nray;. gb – cyfk;. gbahy; - gbahy; msf;fg;gLk; mhprpahy;
Mfpa gpurhjk;. g+jid – fz;zDf;Fg; ghy; nfhLg;gJ Nghy;
eQ;R nfhLj;Jf; fz;zidf; nfhy;yf; fk;rdhy; mDg;gg;gl;lts;.
4. Ntjid – Jd;gj;ij> gpukNjtid. ghjtj;ij – kUj
kuq;fis. ghjtj;ij – Muf;fhy;fisAila rf;fuk; g+l;ba
tz;bia> rflk;.
5. xs;spioahh; - xs;spa Mguzj;ij mzpe;j kfsph;.
1-5 ,t;Tbfspw; Foe;ij gpwj;jYk; NridaUe;jYk;
epyf;fhg;gzpjYk; ghy; Ntz;b mOjYk; jto;jYk; eilapLjYk;
Mfpa gpsi ; sg; gUt epfo;r;rpfs; ,ul;Lw nkhopjyhfr;
nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sd.
6. ngz;iz – gidkuk; (nfhy;iyapYs;s gidiaf;
Fjpiuahf;Fjw;Ff; fhuzkhd) kfsph; klNyWjy;. jpt;a
gpuge;jj;jpy; cs;s nghpa jpUkly; Kj-atw;why; mwpag;gLk.
Gatoiff; fz;L kfsph; klNyWth; vd;gJ fUj;J. ngz; -
mf-if. ftpfF ; – jpUkopiraho;thh; khzhf;fuhd fzpfz;zh;
nghUl;L.
7. ghuk; - gS> Rik. KJF mile;j ghayhd; - ghk;Gg;
gLf;ifiaj; Njhspy; J}f;fpf; fzpfz;zhh;f;Fg; gpdN; d nrd;wtd;.
jpUg;ghw;fl-y; mKJ file;j Guhzr; nra;jp. ehhpNahL –
rPjhgpuhl;bNahL.
8. td;fhdfk; fle;j – t-a jz;lfhuzpaj;ijf; fle;J nrd;w.
Ntl;Ltjw;F – rundd;Dk; NtlDf;F. nkd;fhy; efq;fs; je;j –
nky;-a fhy; efq;fisj; je;j (fz;zgpuhDila fhiy khdhf
;
tUe;jpa mtDf;F tPl;ilAk; mspj;jhh; vd;gJ tuyhW).
klf;fzp.
9. Kjybapy; Kuz; mike;Js;sJ. (mkpo;e;jpNdhd;> kpje;Njhd;)
Ntiy – fly; (ghw;fly;). cs;sj;Js;shd; - kpf mz;ikap-
Ug;gtd;. cyFf;F mg;ghyhd; - kpfr; Nra;ikap-Ug;gtd;
35

(Nrad;> mzpad; vd; rpei ; jas; epd;wkhad; - jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
ghRuk;)
10. khad; - fhpa epwKilatd;> khiaia cilatd;. fz;zd;
- vy;yhh; fz;zpYk; cs;std; (vy;yhh;f;Fk; fz; Nghd;wtd;)
,yf;fzk;
td;fhak; - gz;Gj;njhif. miuj;jpLk; Nrid – vjph;fhyg;
nganur;rk;. je;jghy;> file;j ghayhd; - ,we;jfhyg;
nganur;rq;fs;. kyh;f;fhy; - ctikj;njhif. td;fhdfk; -
gz;Gj;njhif.
cyh (gtdptuy;)
 ghl;Lilj; jiytd; - mwpT> nry;tk;> Mz;ik>
md;G><if> vopy; Nghd;w gz;Gfspy; cah;e;j ,iwtd;
/murd; / jiytd;.
 mth;fs; KbGide;Njh> kzk;Ghpe;Njh> ntw;wp ngw;Nwh
tPjpapy; Njh; kPNj cyh tUk;NghJ.
NgijAk; (5-7 taJ)> kle;ijAk; (14-19 taJ)
ngJk;ig (8-11 taJ)> mwpitAk; (20-25 taJ)
kq;if (12-13 taJ)> njhpit (26-31 taJ)
NghpsKk;(32-40 taJ) fhjy; nfhs;tjhfg; Gyth;
fypntz;gh ahg;gpy; ghLth;.
 njhy;fhg;gpah; ghlhz; jpizapy; cyh tUjiyg; gw;wp
$wpAs;shh;.
 ,J fypntz;ghthy; ,aw;wg;gLk;. ,t;tpyf;fpak;
„cyhg;Gwk;‟ vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;.
xl;lf;$j;jh;-„cyh ghLtjpy; ty;ytd; xl;lf;$j;jh;‟
(NtW ngah; - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp> ftpuhl;rrd;)
 jf;fahfg;guzp> FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj;
Kjypad ,th; ,aw;wpa NtW E}y;fs; MFk;.
 $j;jh; vd;gNj ,th; ,aw;ngah;. Xl;lk; (ge;jak;)
itj;Jg;ghLtjpy; ty;yth; Mjyhy; ,th; xl;lf;$j;jh;
vdg;gl;lhh;.
 fhyk; gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L MFk;.
,uh[uh[ NrhoDyh- xl;lf;$j;jh;
 %tUyh – tpf;fpuk NrhoTyh>,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;f
NrhoDyh>,uz;lhk; uh[uh[ NrhoDyh.
 ,k;%tUyhtpYk;> Nrhoh; Fy kug> ghl;Lilj; jiytd;
ngUik> tPuk;> xg;gid> gl;lj;Jahidapd; gtdp>
Vo;epiy kfsph; cs;sf;fpsh;r;rp mth;jk;
tpisahl;Lf;fs; Mfpatw;iw tphpthf $Wthh;.
thapYk;khspifAk; rhiyA khyaK kz;lgKk;
FspifA nkk;kUq;Fe; NjhuzKk; - rhsuKk;
njw;wpA khlK khluq;FQ; nra;Fd;Wk;
Rw;wpa ghq;fUe; Njhd;whNk – gw;wp - 2
kaq;fp kWfpw; gpzq;fp tzq;fp
caq;fp nahUth;f; nfhUth; - jaq;fpioaPh; - 3
Fohq;fspd; $w;W
jw;Nfhb Nahhpuz;L nfhz;L rjNfhb
fw;Nfhb nrw;w rpiyfhzPh; - Kw;Nfhyp
tl;l kNfhjjp Ntt nthUthsp
tpl;l jpUf;nfhw;w tpw;fhzPh; - ntl;br; - 5
Ropapl;l fhtphpfF
; r; NrhzhL tho
toptpl;l ths;fhz thhPh; - xopa - 6
kjpnawpeJ; ty;Nyw;W thndwpeJ ; J}q;Fk;
gjpnawpej
; nfhw;wths; ghhPh; - cjpah; - 7
jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
,lg;Gz;l NghpQ;rp tQ;rpap ypl;l
flg;g KJKurq; fhzPh; - nfhLg;gj; - 8
jiunfhz;l Ntw;wurh; jQ;nrd;dpg; nghd;dpf;
fiufz;l Nghh; Kurq; fhzPh; - rujg; - 9
gtpj;u tprag; gilg;guR uhkd;
ftpj;j tgpNlfq; fhzPh; - jtpj;Jyfpy; - 10
%ntOfh nyf;Nfhf; fisA Kbj;jtdp
%ntOfhw; nfhz;l KbghhPh; - jhtp - 11
tug;G kiy#o; tuth apuq;fz;
gug;G nkhUNtq;if ghhPh; - Guf;fepd; - 12
W}lk; guklq;f Nthq;fp Aauz;l
$lk; nghUTq; FilghhPh; - $lw; - 13
ngUk;ngUkh nst;Nte;J Kd;Nghjg; gpdG;
tUk; ngUkhs; te;jdd; ghhPh; - 14xl;lf;$j;jh;
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
1. Fspif – epyhKw;wk; (khspifapd; NkNyAs;s ntsp).
Njhuzk; - khtpiy Kj-atw;why; fl;b moFWj;JtJ.
rhsuk; - gyfzp
2. njw;wp – jpz;iz. Mly; muq;fk; - $j;Jg; gapYkplk;.
jkpo; ghq;fUk; - gf;fj;jpYs;s ,lq;fSk;. Njhd;whNk –
mt;tplq;fspy; Njhd;whjgb.
3. gpzq;fp – neUq;fp. caq;fp – kdk; tUe;jp. kWF –
njU. Nrhokd;dd; cyhg;Nghe;jhdhf kfsph; mjidf;
fhZjw;F khspifAk; Mluq;Fk; kz;lgKk; rhsuKk;
nra;Fd;Wk; Kjypa vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; #o;e;J FOkpdh;
vd;f.
4. jw;Nfhb Xhpuz;L – jd;Dila tpy; Kidfs;
,uz;ilAk;. (jd; vd;wJ tpy;iy). Nfhb – tisj;J.
rjNfhb – E}WNfhb (,e;jpud; fy;kio nga;jJ Nghy).
fw;Nfhb – Nfhbahd fw;fs;. Kd;Nfhyp – Kd;Nd
tisj;J.
5. kNfhjjp – fly;. Vt – nrYj;j. thsptpl;lJ – mk;G
va;jJ (,uhkhtjhuj;jpy;). ntl;b – kiyia ntl;b.
,yq;iff;Fr; NrJ miz fl;l tUzd; top tplhjNghJ
rpde;J ,uhkd; mk;G va;jJk; tUzd; tzq;fp top
- 1 tpl;lJk; Nrhod; Nky; Vw;wpr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
6. Ropapl;lfhtphp – Ropj;J nts;sg;ngUf;Fld; te;j fhtphp.
NrhzhL – NrhoehL. NrhoehL tho fhtphpf;F toptpl;l
ths; vd;W ,iaf;f. fhpfhw;NrhoDila ntw;wp
,k;kd;dDf;Fr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
7. kjpnawpe;J-re;jpuid tPrp. ty;Nyw;w thd; - typa ,bia
cila Nkfk;. J}q;Fk;gjp – thdj;jpy;
epiynfhz;liye;j Ch;fs;. mjid xU Nrhod; ntw;wp
nfhz;lhd;. mjdhy; J}q;nfapnywpe;j njhbj;
Njhl;nrk;gpad; vdg;gl;lhd;. mt;ntw;wp ,k;kd;dDf;Fr;
- 4 nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. cjpah; - Nruh;.
8. ,lg;Gz;l – ngah;f;fg;gl;l. NghpQ;rp tQ;rpapy; - nghpa
kjpiyAila tQ;rp vd;Dk; jk; Chpy;. flg;g KJ Kurk; -
flk;g kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l gioa Kurk;. ,katuk;gd;
neLQ;Nruyhjd; fl-w; nrd;W flw;nfhs;is nra;J
njhy;iy nfhLj;j giftuJ fhty; kukhfpa flk;g
kuj;ij ntl;br; nra;j Kurk; ,J. nfhLg;g - ,td;
nfhLj;jyhy;.
9. jiunfhz;l – (,td; nfhLj;jyhy;) jk; ehl;il
kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l (khw;wurh;) jk; nrd;dp – jk;
jiyahy;. nghd;dpf; fiu fz;l – fhtphpf;F kz; Rke;J
36
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
fiu fl;bdh; (mt;thW ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;l Nrhod;)
Nrhodplk; Njhw;w murh; jk; jiykPJ kd; Rke;J fhtphpf;Ff;
fiu fl;bdh; vd;gJ fUj;J.
10. rujk; - tha;ik. gtpj;jpuk; -J}a;ik. ruj gtpj;u tprag;
gil – cz;ikAk; J}a;ikAk; cila ntw;wpiaj; jUk;
kOthfpa MAjg;gil. ftpj;j mgpNlfk; - #l;ba
fphPlj;ij. jtpj;Jyfpy; - jtpj;j cyfpy; vd;wjd; tpfhuk;.
murUila nfhLikahy; cyfk; jtpj;jJ vd;gJ fUj;J.
11. %ntOfhy; - ,Ugj;NjhU jiyKiw.
vf;Nfhf;fisAk; - vt;tsT nghpa murh;fisAk;. guRuhkh;
jhk; ntd;w ehLfisAk; me;ehl;L murh; KbfisAk;
fhrptUf;Ff; nfhLf;f mth; guk;giuapy; te;j NrhoUf;F
mit chpikahapd. guRuhkh; ,Ugj;NjhU jiyKiw
murh;fis ntd;wth;. mtdp – ehLfs;.
12. tug;G kiy – vy;iyahfpa NkUkiy. jhtpr; #o;tu –
jhtpr; Rw;wp tUjw;f. Mapuq;fz; gug;GnkhU Ntq;if
vd;wJ ,e;jpudhfpa G-f; nfhbia. G-nadf; nfhbapy;
,e;jpuid itj;jth;fs; Nrhoh;fs;. epd;W Guf;f –
epiyngw;Wf; fhf;f.
13. CL mk;guk; mlq;f - ,ilNa cs;s Mfhak;
mlq;Fk;gbahf. msht (Mfhak; tiu) nry;y
mz;l$lk; - mz;lq;fs;. nghUTk; - xj;jpUf;Fk;. $ly;
- fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdk;.
14. ngUkhs; - murh;. muriuj; jpUkhy; vdr; nrhy;tJ
kuG. „jpUTil kd;diuf; fhzpy; jpUkhiyf; fz;NlNd‟
vd;gh; - vdNt ngUkhs; vd;gJ Nrho kd;didf;
Fwpj;jJ vd;f. (midtiuAk; Ms;gtuhfpa).
,uhruhrNrhod;. rpw;wurh; - Kd;Nghfg; gpd; tUthd;.
,Uq;fly; - nghpa fly;. cyh te;j muridf; fhZjw;Fr;
#o;e;j ngz;fs; jkf;Fs;Ns tpy;iyg; ghUq;fs;> ths;
ghUq;fs;> Kurk; ghUq;fs;> Kb ghUq;fs;> nfhb ghUq;fs;
vd;W MuthukpLk; mofpidf; fhz;f.
,yf;fzk;
1. thapYk; khspifAk; - vz;Zk;ik. vk;kUq;Fk; -
Kw;Wk;ik.
2. khlKk; Mluq;Fk; - vz;Zk;ik. nra;Fd;W> Mluq;F
– tpidj;njhiffs;. Rw;wpa ghq;fh; - nganur;rk;.
3. kaq;fp> gpzq;fp tzq;fp> caq;fp – tpidnar;rq;fs;.
4. nrw;w rpiy – nganur;rk;. fhzPh; - Vty; tpidKw;W
6. NrhzhL – NrhoehL vd;gjd; k&c nkhop. tpl;lths; -
nganur;rk;.
7. kjpnawpe;J> thndwpe;J - ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;. J}q;Fk; gjp – nra;Ak; vd;Dk;
tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk;.
8. NghpQ;rp> KJ Kurk; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
9. Nghh; Kurk; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gadk; cld;
njhf;f njhif. jiu – MFngah; (Msg;ngWk; ehl;bw;F
Mfpte;jJ)
10. gilg; guRuhkd; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld; njhf;f njhif.
11. nghUTq; Fil> tUk; ngUkhs; - nra;As; vd;Dk;
tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rq;fs;.
12. Xq;fpAah; - xUnghUl; gd;nkhop
13. cauz;lk; - tpidj; njhif.
kNdhd;kzpak;
 Mrphpah; ng. Re;juk; gps;is
 ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;fSs; jiyaha rpwg;gpidAilaJ.
 ebg;Gr; nrt;tpAk; ,yf;fpar; nrt;tpAk; xUq;Nf mikag;
ngw;wJ.
 ,e;ehlfk; ypl;ld; gpuG vd;ghh; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpa
,ufrpa top vd;w E}iyj; jOtp mike;jJ.
 vdpDk; ,J topE}y; vd;dhJ Kjy; E}y; vdNt
nfhs;sg;ngWk; rPh;ikAilaJ.
 Ie;J mq;fq;fisAk; ,UgJ fhl;rpfisAk; nfhz;L
tpsq;FfpwJ.
 ,ilNa rptfhkp rhpjk; vd;Dk; Jizf; fij xd;Wk;
,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
kJiuia Mz;l ghz;ba kd;dd; [Ptfd;. gspq;FNghy; fs;skw;w
csj;jpdd;. MapDk; tQ;rf mikr;rd; Fbydpd; #o;r;rpfSf;F
Ml;gLfpwhd;. Mtdila gok;gjpahfpa kJiuiatpl;Lj;
jpUney;NtypapNy Nfhl;ilaikj;Jj; jq;Ffpwhd;. Gjpa Nfhl;il
t-ikaw;wjhf ,Ug;gjidak; gifth; te;J jhf;Fthuhapd;
tpiutpy; tPo;e;J tpLk; vd;gjidAk; czh;e;j Re;ju Kdpth;
jkf;F Xh; miwia Ntz;bg; ngw;W mjd; topNa Ruq;fg;ghij
xd;W mikf;fpwhh;. [Ptfdpd; xNu kfs; kNdhd;kzp> Nru
ehl;lurd; GUNlhj;jkidf; fdtpy; fz;L fhjy; tag;gLfpwhs;.
mtSila e-tpidf; fz;l Re;juKdpth; kNdhd;kzpf;F
tpiutpy; jpUkzk; epfo;j;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nrukd;dNd
mtSf;F Vw;wtd; vd;Wk; mtDf;Fj; J}JNghf;Ff vd;Wk;
[Ptfidg; gzpff ; pwhh;. FbyDila jiyaPl;bdhy; mtd;kfd;
gyNjtNd Nrudplk; J}J nry;Yfpwhs;. gyNjtDila Kiwaw;w
Ngr;rhy; rpdk; nfhz;l Nrud; ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J
tUfpwhd;. Nghnujph; nfhs;s [Ptfd; jd; giltPuh;fSf;F
ciuf;Fk; tPuTiuNa ekJ ghlg;gFjp.
[Ptfd; tPuTiu
fhyk; - fhiy – gilgapy;fsk;. khe;jh; - [PtftOjp –
tPuh;fs;
[Ptfd;- me;jzh; tsh;f;FQ; nre;joy; jd;dpYk;
ehl;lgp khdKs; %l;ba rpdj;jP
md;Nwh thNdhh;f; nfd;WNk ctg;G!
te;jtpf; fath;EQ; rpe;ijapw; nfhSj;jpa
nte;jow; ftNu ,e;jdk; MFf!
tPuh;fs;- MFf! MFf!
[Ptfd;- ,d;WePh; rpe;Jk; ,uj;jNkhh; JspAk;
epd;Wfk; gyTk; epfo;j;JNk ,e;jg;
ghz;bah; chpik ghuhl;Lk; gz;gpdh;
jPz;ld;kpd; jpUe;jyPh; mth;jk; nrUf;F
Rje;juk; mth;f;Faph;. Rthrkw; wd;W
epidAkpd; ed;wha;f; fdtpD kpjid
vdKu riwANk vj;jpir ahh;f;Fk;!
,j;jdpg; Nghhpy;ePh; Vw;wpLq; fhak;
rpj;jq; fspj;Jr; nrakh Jkf;F
Kj;jkpl; lspj;j Kj;jpiu ahfp
vj;jid jiyKiwf; fpyf;fha; epw;Fk;!
tPuh;fs;- N[!N[!!
[Ptfd;- Nghh;f;Fwpf; fhaNk Gfopd; fhak;
ahh;f;fJ tha;f;Fk; M! M! Nehf;Fkpd;
mde;je; jiyKiwtUe;jdp khf;fs;
jpde;jpde; jhkD gtpf;FQ; Rje;juk;
je;jjk; Kd;Ndhh; nehe;j Gz;nzz;zpr;
rpe;ijad; GUfpr; rpe;Jth; fz;zPh;
vd;wh yg;Gz; ,ue;JNfhl;l lf;fJ
md;Nwh miwtPh; ma;Nah mJTk;
Gz;Nzh Gfopd; fz;Nz vtNu
Gz;glh Jyfpw; GfOlk; gile;jhh;.
GfOlk; gd;wpapt; tpfOlk; Nghnka;
fzq;fze; Njhd;wpf; fzq;fzk; kiwAk;
gpzk;gy ,tnuyhk; gpwe;jh nud;gNth!
-Nguhrphpah; ng. Re;juk;gps;is
37

mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
nre;joy; - Nts;tpapy; %l;LfpwneUg;G. thNdhh; - Njth;fs;
ehl;lgpkdk; - ehl;Lg;gw;W. ,e;jdk; - tpwF. cfk; - aho;.
(Cop) jpUe;jyPh; - gifth;fNs. Rthrk; - %r;Rf;fhw;W.
,q;Nf caph;gpioj;jpUg;gJ. nrakhJ – (tprayl;Rkp)
ntw;wpj;jpUkfs;. ,yf;fha; - Fwpaha;. milahskha;>
Nghh;f;Fwpf;fhak; - Nghhpy; <Lgl;ljd; milahskhfpAs;s
Gz;. Gfopd; fhak; - GfOlk;G. mde;jk; - Kbtw;wJ.
,ue;J Nfhl;lf;fJ – tpUk;gpf; ifNae;jpepd;W ngwj;jf;fJ.
miwtPh; - ciug;gPh;. Gfopd;fz; - Gfopd; milahsk;.
,fOlk;G – (Neha;> tWik Kj-atw;whw; gpzpf;fg;gl;Lj;
Jd;gj;jpw;fhshfp kiwAk;) ,foj;jf;f clk;G.
,yf;fzk;
nre;joy;> nte;joy; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;. MFf –
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W. MFf MFf – mLf;Fj; njhlh;.
jPz;ld;kpd; - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik Vty; tpidKw;W.
Nghh;f;Fwp- Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f
njhif. fzq;fzk; - mLf;Fj;njhlh;. vd;gNth – Xfhuk;
tpdh.
ghQ;rhyp rgjk;
 vOjpath; - ghujpahh;
 ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ,U ghfq;fis nfhz;lJ
 ,f;FWq;fhtpaj;jpy; ghuj;jhiag; ghQ;rhypahf
cUtfg;gLj;jp ,f;fij khe;jh; top ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk;>
tpLjiy Ntl;ifiaAk; Cl;bAs;shh;.
 ,J #o;r;rpr; RUf;fk;> #jhl;lr; RUf;fk;>
mbikr;RUf;fk;> JfpYhpjy; RUf;fk;> rgjr; RUf;fk;
v;dW 5 RUf;fq;fisAk; 412 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
 rpe;J vd;Dk; gh tifapy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhFk;.
Kd;fijr; RUf;fk;-
,e;jpu khefiu Mz;Lte;j ghz;lth;> kz;lgk;
xd;widf; fl;b> mjpy; Nts;tp elj;jpdh;. mt;Nts;tpapy;
fye;Jnfhz;l Nguurh;fSk; rpw;wurh;fSk;
toq;fpajidf; fz;L nghwhiknfhz;lhd; mj;jpdhGu kd;dd;
JHpNahjdd;. NkYk; JhpNahjdd;> ghQ;rhypapd; eifg;Gf;Fk;
Mshdjdhy;> ghz;lth; tho;it vg;gbahtJ mopf;fNtz;Lk;
vd vz;zpdhd;. mjw;fhfj; JhpNahjdd;> jd; khkd; rFdpapd;
cjtpia ehbdhd;. rFdp>“ehKk; xU kz;lgk; mikj;J>
mjidf; fhz;gjw;Fg; ghz;ltiu miog;Nghk;. jUkidr;
#jhlr; nra;J> ehk; epidj;jjid Kbg;Nghk;” vd;whd;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpw;Fj; JhpNahjdpd; je;ij jpUjuhl;bud; Kjypy; xg;Gf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. gpdd
; h;> tpjpapd; typikia
xg;Gf;nfhz;lhd;.
jpl;lj;jpd;gb> jpUjuhl;bud; tpidQh;fis mioj;J
mopfa kz;lgk; xd;wid mikf;fr; nra;jhd;. mk;kz;lgj;ijf;
fhz> ghz;ltiu mioj;J tUkhW jk;gp tpJuidj;
J}Jtpl;lhd;. tpJuidj; J}Jtply;> J}J nrd;w tpJud;
ghz;lthpd; ehl;Ltsq; fz;L kfpo;jy;> ghz;lth; tpJuid
vjph;nfhz;L tuNtw;wy; Mfpa epfo;Tfs; ,g;ghlg; gFjpapy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
tpJuidj; J}Jtply;
1. jk;gp tpJuid kd;d dioj;jhd;.
jf;f ghpRfs; nfhz;bdp Njfp>
vk;gpapd; kf;f spUe;ju rhSk;
,e;jpu khefh; rhh;e;jth; jk;ghy;
“nfhk;gpid nahj;j klg;gpb NahLk;
$bapq; nfa;jp tpUe;J fspf;f
ek;gp aioj;jdd; nfsuth; Nfhkhd;
ey;yNjhh; Ee;ij” nadTiu nra;tha;
jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
nghUs;- kd;dd; jpUjuhl;bud; jd;jk;gp tpJuid
muz;kidf;F mioj;jhd;. ghz;Ltpd; kf;fs;
Ml;rpnra;Ak; ,e;jpu khefUf;Fj; jf;f ghpRfSld; nrd;W.
ghQ;rhypNahL ghz;ltiuj; jhk; tpUe;Jf;F mioj;j
nra;jpia mth;fsplk;$wp> mioj;J tUkhW gzpj;jhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- vk;gp – vd; jk;gp. klg;gpb – ghQ;rhyp. fspf;f
– kfpo. Nfhkhd; - murd; (jpUjuhl;bud;). Ee;ij – Ek;
je;ij.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- khefh; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;. rhh;e;jth; -
tpidahyizAk; ngah;. Ee;ij – Ek; je;ij vd;gjd;
k&c.
2. mz;zdplk; tpilngw;W tpJud; nrd;whd;
mltpkiy ahnwy;yhk; fle;J Nghfpj;
jpzz
; KW jle;NjhSk; csKq; nfhz;L
jpUkypag; ghz;lth;jh kuR nra;Ak;
tz;zKah; kzpefhpd; kUq;F nry;thd;
topapilNa ehl;bDW tsq;f Nzhf;fp
vz;zKw yhfpj;j dpjaj; Js;Ns
apidagy nkhop$wp apuq;F thdhy;.
nghUs;- jd; jikadhfpa jpUjuhl;budplk; tpJud;
tpilngw;whd;. fhL> kiy> MW Mfpatw;iwnay;yhk; fle;J>
typikkpff ; NjhSk; kdTWjpAk; nfhz;l ghz;lth;fs;
Ml;rpGhpAk; nropg;Gkpff
; mofpa efiu Nehf;fpr; nrd;whd;. nry;Yk;
topnay;yhk; ehl;bd; kpFe;j tsq;fisf; fz;L> jd; vz;zj;jpy;
,Uj;jp> cs;sk; nefpo;e;J> me;ehl;bd; vjph;fhyk; fUjp
,uf;fg;gl;lhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- mltp – fhL. jle;Njhs; - typaNjhs;. kzpefh;
- mofpa efuk;. kUq;F – gf;fk;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- mltpkiyahW – ck;ikj;njhif. fle;J –
tpidnar;rk;. jle;Njhs; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- fle;J – fl+j;(e;)+j;+c.
md;gspg;Gfs;
3. ePyKb jhpj;jgy kiyNrh; ehL>
ePuKj nkdg;gha;e;J epuk;G ehL>
NfhyKW gad;kuq;fs; nrwpeJ ; thOq;
Fsph;fhTQ; NrhiyfSq; FyT ehL>
Qhynkyhk; grpapdw; pf; fhj;jy; ty;y
ed;nra;Ak; Gd;nra;Ak; eykpf; Nfhq;fg;
ghyilA eWnea;Ae; NjD Kz;L
gz;zth;Nghy; kf;fnsyhk; gapY ehL.
vz;zp
nghUs;- ePyepw Nkfq;fs; jto;fpd;w gy kiyfisf; nfhz;l
ehL. mk;kiyfspypUe;J tUfpd;w mUtp ePuhdJ mKjkhfg;
gha;eJ
; tsQ; nra;fpdw; ehL. moF kpff ; gad;jU kuq;fs;
epiwe;j Fsph;e;j fhLfSk;> g+f;fs; epiwe;j NrhiyfSk;
fye;jpUf;fpdw; ehL. cyfpy; tho;fpd;w kf;fisg; grpapdw; pf;
fhg;gjw;F Vw;w ed;nra;> Gd;nra;g; gaphf ; s; nropj;J tsk;Nrh;f;fpdw;
ehL. ghyhil> eWkz nea;> Njd; Mfpatw;iw cz;L
Njth;fs;Nghy; kf;fs; kfpo;e;jpUf;fpd;w ehL.
nrhw;nghUs;- NfhyKW – moFkpff ; . nrwpe;J – mlh;eJ
; . fh –
fhL. FyT – tpsq;Fk;. Qhyk; - cyfk;. gz;zth; - Njth;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- ghyhilAk; eWnea;Ak; NjDk; -
vz;Zk;ik. ePyKb> ed;nra;> Gd;nra; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
gha;eJ
; > nrwpeJ; – tpidnar;rq;fs;. Qhynkyhk;> kf;fnsyhk; -
vy;yhk; vd;gjd; njhFj;jy; tpfhuk;. fhj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;.
4. NguwKk; ngUe;njhopYk; gpwq;F ehL
ngz;fnsy;yhk; muk;igah;Ngh nyhspU ehL
tPunkhL nka;QQ
; hde; jtq;fs; fy;tp
Nts;tpnaD kpitnay;yhk; tpsq;F ehL
38

NrhuKjw; Gd;iknaJe; Njhd;wh ehL
njhy;Yyfpd; KbkzpNghy; Njhd;W ehL
ghujh;je; ehl;bNy ehr nka;jg;
ghtpNad; JizGhpAk; ghd;ik nad;Nd!
nghUs;- rpwg;Gkpf;f mwr;nray;fshYk; ngUikkpF njhopy;
tsj;jhYk; rpwg;Gw;w ehL. ngz;fs;> Njtkfsph;Nghy;
xsph;fpd;w ehL. tPuk;> nka;awpT> jtk;> fy;tp> Nts;tp Mfpa
,itaidj;Jk; epiwe;j ehL. newp gpwo;e;j nray;fs;
,e;ehl;by; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; gioikahd ,t;Tyf
kf;fSf;F kzpKbNghy; Njhd;Wfpd;w ehL. ,j;jifa
ghz;lth; ehL mopAk; ghtr;nraYf;F jhDk; JizGhpa
Neh;e;jij vz;zp tpJud; tUe;jpdhd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- muk;igah; - Njtkfsph;. Qhdk; - mwpT.
Gd;ik - ,ope;j jd;ik.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- njhy;YyF – gz;Gj;njhif.
5. tpJud; tUQ;nra;jp jhQ;nrtp Aw;Nw
tPWil iat Uskfpo; g+j;Jr;
rJuq;fr; Nrid Ald;gy ghpRk;
jhsK NksKe; jhq;nfhz;L nrd;Nw
vjph;nfhz; lioj;J kzpKb jho;j;jp>
Ve;jy; tpJud; gjkyh; Nghw;wp
kJu nkhopapw; Fryq;fs; Ngrp
kd;d ndhLe;jpU khspif Nrh;e;jhh;.
nghUs;- tpJud; tUfpd;w nra;jpiaf; Nfl;l ghz;lth;
ItUk; ngUkfpo;r;rp mile;jdh;. ehy;tifg; gilfSld;
gy ghpRfSk; nfhz;L Nksjhsj;Jld; tpJuid
vjph;nfhz;L mioj;J kzpkb jho;j;jpr; rpwg;Gf;Fhpa
mtuJ jpUtb kyh;fis tzq;fpdh;. ,dpa nkhopapy; eyk;
Nfl;ldh;. kd;dh;Fyj; Njhd;wyhd tpJuid
mioj;Jf;nfhz;L jk; muz;kidf;Fr; nrd;wdh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- tPW – typik. rJuq;fr;Nrid – ehy;tifg;
gilfs;. kJunkhop - ,dpa nkhop. Fryq;fs; Ngrp – eyd;
Nfl;ly;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G- jhsKk; NksKk; - vz;Zk;ik.
gjkyh; - cUtfk;.
Fapy; ghl;L - ghujpahh;
ghujpahh;--
 J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;J vl;laGuj;jpy; rpd;drhkp
IaUf;Fk; ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdhfg;
gpwe;jth;.
 mbikg;gl;Lf; fple;j ,e;jpahtpy; tPW nfhz;nlOe;j
tpLjiy Ntl;iff;Fj; jk; ftpijfshy; cuk;
vl;bath;.
 Njrpaftp vd;Wk; kfhftp vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gl;yplth;.
 ,e;jpah> tp[ah vd;w ,jo;fis ntspapl;Lf;
fl;LiufshYk; fUj;Jg; glq;fshYk; Mq;fpNya
Ml;rpahsh;fisj; jpzwr; nra;jth;.
 RNjrkpj;jpud; ,johrphpau;.
fhdg; gwit fyfnyD NkhirapYk;
fhw;W kuq;fspilf; fhl;L kpirapdpYk;
Mw;WeP Nuhir mUtp nahypapdpYk;
ePyg; ngUq;flnye; NeuKNk jhdpirf;Fk;
Xyj; jpilNa AjpfF ; k; ,irapdpYk;
khDlg; ngz;fs; tsUnkhU fhjydhy;
CDUfg; ghLtjpy; CwpLe;Njd; thhpapYk;
Vw;wePh;g; ghl;b dpirapdpYk; ney;ybf;Fk;
Nfhw;nwhbahh; Ff;Fntdf;
,irapdpYk;
Rz;z kpbg;ghh;jk; RitkpFe;j gz;fspYk;
gz;iz klthh; goFgy ghl;bdpYk;
tl;lkpl;Lg; ngz;fs; tisf;fuq;fs; jhnkhf;ff;
jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
nfhl;b apirj;jpLNkhh; $l;lKjg; ghl;bdpYk;
Ntapd; FoNyhL tPiz Kjyhkdpjh;
thapdpYk; ifapdpYk; thrpfF; k; gy;fUtp
ehl;bdpYk; fhl;bdpYk; ehnsy;yhk; ed;nwhf;Fk;
ghl;bdpYk; neQ;irg; gwpnfhLj;Njd;
ghtpNad;….
cyfk; ,irahy; epuk;gpapUf;fpwJ. ,irnad;gJ
muq;Ffspy; ,irf;fg;gLk; nrt;tpay; ,irkl;Lkd;W.
Vl;by; vOjg;glhkYk; fUtpfshy; ,irf;fg;glhkYk;
fhw;W KOJk; fye;jpUg;gJk; ,irjhd;. tha;nkhop
,yf;fpakha; kf;fs; ,yf;fpakha;g; gutpf; fplf;Fk;
,irj;jkpo; njhl;l ,lnky;yhk; jl;Lg;gLtJ cz;L.
me;j ,irapd; cUtfkhf ehk; nfhs;StJ Fapy;.
Fapy;ghl;L vd;wghujpapd; gilg;gpy; ,irapd; ngUik
Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ghujpapd; Fap- ,irkaf;fpNy fl;Lz;L
fple;j gFjp ekJ ghlg; gFjpahfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
thhp – fly;. Nfhw;nwhbahh; - ngz;fs; (cyf;ifiaj;
njhbazpe;j ifapy; nfhz;l ngz;fs;) Ff;Fntd –
(ney;-bf;Fk; ngz;fs; nra;Ak;) x-f;Fwpg;G. gz;iz –
tay;ntsp. Ntapd;Foy; - Gy;yhq;Foy;. gz;fs; -
,irg;ghl;Lfs;.
,yf;fzk;
fhdg;gwit – Vohk; cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f
njhif. tisf;fuq;fs; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif. fyfnyd> Ff;Fntd -
,ul;ilf;fpstp. ePNuhir – Mwd; njhif. ngUq;fly; -
gz;Gj; njhif. ghtpNad; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W.
goF ghl;L – tpidj; njhif. thrpf;Fk; fUtp –
nra;Ankd; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk;.
rpNyil my;yJ ,ul;Lw nkhopjy;
mofpa nrhf;fehjh;
 gpwe;j ,lk;- jpUney;Ntyp – jr;rey;Y}h;
 fhyk; - 19-Mk; E}w;whz;L
 ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;- fhe;jpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;>
fhe;jpak;ik me;jhjp
 rpwg;G tha;e;jJ „rpNyilg; ghly;fs; Kj;JRthkp>
gps;is kPJ fhjy;.‟
 xU nrhy;Nyh njhlNuh ,uz;L nghUs; jUkhW ghLjy;
„,ul;Lu nkhopjy;‟. ,jid „rpNyil‟ vdTk; $Wth;.
kuKk; gioa FilAk;
gpQ;R fplf;Fk; ngUkiof;Fj; jhq;fhJ
kpQ;r mjDs; ntapy;xOFk; - jQ;rk;vd;Nwhh;
Ntl;lJmUs; Kj;JRth kpj;Jiuuh Nre;jpuhNfs;!
Nfhl;Lkuk; gPww; y; Fil -mofpa nrhf;fehjg; Gyth;
fhsNkfg;Gyth; (ftp fhsNkfk;)
 Ch; vz;zhapuk; (tpOg;Guk;)
 ngah;f;fhuzk; - fhh;Nkfk; kio nghoptijg; Nghy;
ftpijfs; ghLk; Mw;wy; ngw;wpUe;jjhy; ,g;ngah;
ngw;whh;.
 ,UnghUs; mika eifr;RitAld; ghLthh;
 rpNyilahfg; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;
 rkak; itztuhf ,Ue;J irtj;jpypUe;J khwpath;
 ,ul;ilg;Gyth;fs; ,tiu „MR ftpah yfpy Tynfq;Fk;
tPRGfo;f; fhsNkfk;‟ vdg; ghuhl;bAs;sdh;.
nfhQ;Rk;
39
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;
 Vl;by; vOjhf; ftpijfs;
 Guhzq;fs;> kuGf;fijfs;> gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;>
ek;gpf;iffs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ghlyfs;> fijg; ghly;fs;> ,ir> eldk;> topghLfs;>
rlq;Ffs;> tpohf;fs;> khake;jpu tpj;ijfs;> gpy;yp
#dpak;> fiyfs;> ifj;njhopy;fs; Mfpatw;iw
Muha;tij ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vdyhk;.
 tha;topahfg; guTjy; (It is oral)
 kuG topg;gLjy; (It is traditional)
 gy;NtWtbtq;fsha;j; jphpgiljy; (It exits in different
versions)
 Mrphpah; ,y;yhik (It is usually anonymous)
 xUtpj tha;g;ghl;Lf;Fs; mlq;Fjy; (It tends to become
formalized)
tpbnts;sp ek;tpsf;F – Iyrh
tphpflNy gs;spf$ ; lk; - Iyrh
mbf;Fk; miyNa ek;Njhod; - Iyrh
mUikNkfk; ekJFil – Iyrh
fhAk; utpr;Rlh; $iu – Iyrh
fl;Lkuk; thOk; tPL – Iyrh
gpd;dy;tiy mhpr;Rtb – Iyrh
gpbf;Fk; kPd;fs; ek;nghUl;fs; - Iyrh
kpd;dy; ,bfhZk; $j;J – Iyrh
ntz;kzNy gQ;Rnkj;ij – Iyrh
KOepyhjhd; fz;zhb – Iyrh
%r;rlf;fp ePe;jy; Nahfk; - Iyrh
njhOk; jiytd; ngUthdk; - Iyrh
njhz;L njhopyhsh; ehq;fs; - Iyrh
nghUs;- kPdth;fshfpa vq;fSf;F tpbnts;spj;jhd;
tpsf;F. gue;j flNy gbf;Fk; gs;spf;$lk;. flyiyNa
vq;fSf;F cw;wNjhod;. kPd;gpb tiyNa ehq;fs; gbf;Fk;
E}y;. fl;LkuNk thOk; tPL. fhAk; fjpNu vq;fs; tPl;Lf;
$iu. Njhd;Wk; NkfNk ey;y Fil. gpbf;Fk; kPd;fNs
vq;fs; nghUs;fs;. ,bAk; kpd;dYk; ghh;f;Fk; $j;J.
ntz;kzNy gLj;Jwq;Fk; gQ;R nkj;ij. KOepyNt Kfk;
ghh;f;Fk; fz;zhb. %r;rlf;fp ePe;JjNy vq;fs; topghL.
ehq;fs; tzq;Fk; jiytd; ngUthdk;. ehq;fs;
mtDf;Fj; njhz;L nra;Ak; njhopyhsh;fs;.
nrhw;nghUs;- tphpfly; - gue;j fly;. fhAk; utpr;Rlh; -
Rl;nlhpf;Fk; #hpaf; fjph;. Nahfk; - topghL.
rpj;jh;fs;
 rpj;Jf;fisr; nra;a ty;yth;fs; rpj;jh;fs;
 rpj;Jf;fs; vl;L tifg;gLk;
,tw;iw ml;lkh rpj;jpfs; vd;gh;
mit-
1. mzpkh- cliyr; rpwpjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk;
2. kfpkh- cliyg; nghpjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk;
3. fphpkh- fphp=kiy Nghd;W cliyj; jplkhf;fpf;
nfhs;Sk; jpwk;
4. ,yfpkh- ,yF=NyrhdJ cliyg; gQ;R Nghy;
,Nyrhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk;.
5. gpuhg;jp- vijAk; epidj;j khj;jpuj;jpy; milAk; jpwk;.
6. gufhkpak;- gu=gpw. gpwh; clypy; GFe;J ntspNaWk;
jpwk;.
7. <rj;Jtk;- xd;wid> my;yJ xU nraiy cUthf;fp
(gilj;jy;) ghJfhj;J (fhj;jy;) epiwT nra;Ak;
(mopf;Fk;) jpwk;.
8. trpj;Jtk;- cyf caph;fisj; jd;tag;gLj;jp jd;
MSifg;gb elf;fr; nra;Ak; jpwk;.
 ml;lkh rpj;JfspYk; ty;y rpj;jh;fSf;Fr; rhjpkj
Ngjkpy;iy.
 Mz;-ngz;> Nky;-fPo; vd;Dk; NtWghLfs; ,y;iy.
 rpj;jh;fs; gjpndz;kh; (18)
 rpj;jh;fSs; jpU%yh; Kjd;ikahdth;.
 jpU%yh;- jpUke;jpuk; ,aw;wpdhh;
 rptthf;fpah;- ,th; ghba ghly;fs; 520 Nahf rpj;jh;.
,tuJ ghly;fs; rpe;jidiaAk; njspitAk; ju
ty;yd.
 Xsitahh;- „Qhdf;Fws; ghbdhh;. tPL NgW gw;wp
$wpdhh;.
 gl;bdj;jhh;- gl;bdj;jhh; epiyahikapid czh;e;j
Nahfp Mthh;
 gj;jpufphpahh;- JSt ehl;L kd;dh; gl;bdj;jhiuf;
fONtw;w Kad;wNghJ Njhw;whh;. gl;bdj;jhh;f;Nf
mbikahfp mur ,d;gq;fisj; Jwe;jhh;. ,tuJ
ghly;fs; gj;jpufphpahh; Gyk;gy; vdg;gLk;
 ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh;- ghk;G tbthf kz;lypj;J cs;s
Fz;lypdp rf;jpia vOg;gp mjd; %yk; Md;k jhprdk;
ngw ,aYk; vd;gJ ,tuJ nfhs;if. ML ghk;Ng vdg;
ghbajhy; ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh; vdg;gl;lhh;. nfhq;F ehl;L
kUjkiyapy; tho;e;jhh; vd;gh;.
 ,ilf;fhl;Lr; rpj;jh;- Nfhdhh; vd toq;fg;gLk;
,ilah;fisAk;> MLkhLfisAk; Kd;dpWj;jpg;
ghbajhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah; vd;gh;. ,ilf;fhL vd;Dk;
Chpdh; Mjyhy; ,g;ngah; vd;Wk; $Wth;. nfhq;fzr;
rpj;jhpd; rPlh;
 mfg;Nga;r; rpj;jh;- miyAk; kdj;ijg; Nga; vd
cUtfpj;jhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah;. Nga;g; kdj;ijg;
ngz;zhf tpspj;Jg;ghLfpwhh;.
 Fjk;igr; rpj;jh;- Fjk;ig vd;gJ fhjzp Fjk;ig
mzpe;j ngz;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpg; ghbajhy;
,tUf;F ,g;ngah;.
 fhLntspr; rpj;jh;- thf;F kdk; fle;j gu ntspiaf;
fhLntsp vdg;ghbajhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah; ghbad 34
fz;zpfs;.
 mofzpr; rpj;jh;- moF + mzp = mofzp. ,tuJ
ghly;fs; moFk; mzpeaKk; kpFe;J fhzg;gLtjhy;
,tUf;F ,g;ngah; ghkuh; ehtpy; mOFzpr; rpj;jh; vd
toq;Ftjhapw;W.
 nfhq;fzr; rpj;jh;- fhyk; fp.gp. 7 nfhq;F ehl;ilr;
Nrh;e;jtuhjyhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah;. ,th; ,uFthjk;>
Nahfk;> kUj;Jtk; gw;wpa E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
 rl;ilKdp- rl;il Kdp Mapuj;J ,U E}W jphpfhz;lk;>
ruf;F itg;G> etuj;jpd itg;G Kjypa E}y;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;.
 mfj;jpah;- mfj;jpah; gyh;. mfj;jpar; rpj;jh;> rpj;j
kUj;Jt Kiwfis tFj;jth;fSs;
Kjd;ikahdtuhff; fUjg;gLfpwhh;.
 Rg;gpukzpa rpj;jh;- ,iwtid KUfdhfNt
fhz;fpwhh;. gy ghly;fspy; KUfid „kapy; tPud;‟ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. Nty; Kidiaj; jpahdk; gz;zpg;
ghatpl> kdjpy; ,Ue;j mRuh; $l;lk; gwe;J Nghapw;W
vd;fpd;whh;.
 Nghfh;- jpU%yhpd; khzhf;fuhd fhyq;fpehjhpd;
khzhf;fh; ,th;. Nghfh; Vohapuk;> Nghfh; jpUke;jpuk;>
epfz;L gjpNdohapuk; Kjyhd E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
 cNuhKdp rpj;jh;- ,tuJ clnyq;Fk; cNuhkk;
kpFe;jpUe;jjhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah; fhz;gh;. cNuhk
Kdp Qhdk;> cNuhk Kdp E}W> cNuhk Kdp Ie;E}W>
Ik;GyE}y; Mfpait ,tuJ gilg;Gfs;.
40
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
 fUT+h;r; rpj;jh;- fUT+hpy; gpwe;jtuhjyhy; ,tUf;F
,g;ngah;. jQ;irapy; ,uhruhrd; fl;ba Nfhapypd;
rptypq;fj;ij ,th; epWtpdhh; vd;gh;.
 Njiuah;- kd;ddpd; jiyf;Fs; ,Ue;j Njiuia
mfw;wpajhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah;. Neha; mZfhtpjp>
gjhh;j;j Fzrpe;jhkzp> itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp> fiy
Qhdk; Kjyhd E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
rpj;jh; ghly;
itNjhiuf; $l itahNj - ,e;j
ita KOJk; ngha;j;jhYk; ngha;ahNj!
nta;a tpidfs; nra;ahNj – fy;iy
tPzpy; gwitfs; kPjpy; va;ahNj!
ghk;gpidg; gw;wp Ml;lhNj – cd;wd;
gj;jpdp khh;fisg; gopj;Jf; fhl;lhNj!
Ntk;gpid cyfpy; Cl;lhNj – cd;wd;
tPwhg;G jd;id tpsq;f ehl;lhNj!
Nghw;Wk; rlq;if ez;zhNj – cd;idg;
Gfo;e;J gyhpy; Gfyy; xz;zhNj!
rhw;Wk;Kd; tho;it vz;zhNj – gpwh;
jhOk;gbf;F eP jho;itg; gz;zhNj!
fs;sNtlk; GidahNj – gy
fq;ifapNy cd;flk; eidahNj!
nfhs;is nfhs;s epidahNj – el;Gf;
nfhz;L gphpe;J eP Nfhs;KidahNj!
-fhLntspr; rpj;jh;
jpUke;jpuk;
clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth;
jplk;gl nka;QQ; hdk; NruTk; khl;lhh;
clk;ig tsh;f;Fk; cghak; mwpe;Nj
clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; capht ; sh;j; NjNd.
-jpU%yh;
nghUs;- Neha; Kjyhd fhuzq;fshy; clk;G
mopAkhapd; capUk; mopAk;. mt;thW mope;jhy;>
cWjpjUk; nka;awpit milaKbahJ. MfNt>
clk;ig tsh;f;Fk; topKiwfis mwpe;J clk;ig
tsh;j;Njd;. mjdhy;> capiu moptpypUe;J fhj;Njd;.
nrhw;nghUs;- jplk; - cWjp. nka;QQ ; hdk; - nka;awpT.
cghak; - toptif.
,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;-vr;.V. fpUl;bddhh;.
,ul;rzpa rhpjg; glyk; - rpYitg; ghL
Kd;fijr; RUf;fk;-
,iw kfdhfpa ,NaRngUkhd; ngj;jyNfkpy;
khpad;idf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. Foe;ij ,NaRit> VNuhJ
kd;ddpd; nfhLikapypUe;J fhg;ghw;Wk; nghUl;Lj;> je;ijahfpa
Nrhrg;Gk; jha; khpad;idAk; Foe;ijNahL vfpg;Jf;Fr; nrd;wdh;.
VNuhJtpd; ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd;dh;> mth;fs; ,RNuYf;Fg; gf;fj;jpYs;s
ehrNuj;jpw;F te;jdh;. ,NaR> a+Nja fhl;bypUe;j Gdpj Nahthdplk;
jpUKOf;Fg; ngw;whh;. mth; gy;NtW GJikfisg; Ghpej ; hh; .
kf;fSf;F Qhdj;ij Cl;bdhh;. mth; gd;dpU rPlh;fisf;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;. gd;dpU rPlh;fSf;Fk; mwpTiuAk; fl;lisAk;
toq;fpdhh;.
,NaRtpd; Gfo; Nkd;NkYk; gutpaJ. Nghwhik
nfhz;lth;fspd; #o;r;rpapy; rpf;fpa a+jhR vd;Dk; rPlh; ,NaRitf;
fhl;bf; nfhLj;jhh;. ,NaR> a+Nja kuGfis kPwpdhh; vdg; ngha;f;
Fw;wQ; rhl;b> gpyhj;J kd;dd; kuzjz;lid tpjpj;jhd;.
nfhiyahspfs; ,NaRtpd; Njhs;fspy; rpYitapidr; Rkj;jpj;
Jd;GWj;jpf; fy;thhpkiyf;Ff; nfhz;L Nrh;j;jdh;.
a+jh;fs; ,NaRehjiur; rpYitapy; miwjy;
<z;bdpahd; Gfy;tnjd;d? vk;ngUkhd; jpUNkdp
jPz;bdhh;. rpYitnahL Nrh;j;jpdh;. nrq;ifapYk;
fhz;lFNr tbapYk;ntt; tpUg;ghzp flhtpdh;.
ePz;lrpY itianaLj;J epWj;jpdhh; epyq;fPz;L.
nghUs;- a+jh;fs;> ,NaRehjhpd; ,UiffspYk; fhy;fspYk;
$h;ikahd ,Uk;ghzpfis itj;Jr; rpYitNahL Nrh;j;J
miwe;jdh;. gpd;dh;> mr;rpYitia epyj;ijj; Njhz;b
epWj;jpdh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- <z;L - ,t;tplk;. Gfy;tJ – nrhy;tJ.
fhz;lF – fhzj;jf;f. ,Ug;ghzp - ,Uk;G Mzp.
flhtpdhh; - mbj;jhh;. fPz;L – Njhz;b
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G- nrq;if> Nrtb> ntt;tpUg;G –
gz;Gj;njhiffs;. ,Ug;G – typj;jy; tpfhuk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- jPz;bdhh; - jPz;L + ,d; + Mh;.
flhtpdhh; - flhT + ,d; + Mh;
Fw;wthspfspd; eLNt ,NaRehjh;
kw;wpuz;L jpUliuAk; tyg;Gwj;Jk; ,lg;Gwj;Jk;
nrw;wnkhL FUNrw;wpf; nfhiykhf;fs; nranyhopar;
nrhw;wkiwj; jpUtrdk; Jyf;fKwr; RUjpKjy;
Fw;wth spfNshL eLepd;whh; FURkpir.
41
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
nghUs;- a+jh;fs; rpdj;NjhL ,U jpUlh;fisr; rpYitapy;
Vw;wpapUe;jdh;. mf;Fw;wthspfspd; eLNt kiw Kjy;tuhfpa
,NaRit epWj;jpdh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- nrw;wk; - rpdk;. FUR – rpYit. nrhw;w –
nrhd;d. Jsf;fk; - tpsf;fk;. RUjpKjy; - kiw
Kjy;tuhfpa ,NaRehjh;.
,d;dh nra;jhh;f;F ,dpaNt nra;jy;
jd;dhpa jpUNkdp rijg;Gz;L jtpg;nga;jpg;
gd;dhpa gyghL gLk;NghJk; ghpen; je;jha;!
,d;dnjd mwpfpy;yhh; jhk;nra;t jpth;gpioia
kd;dpAnkd; nwopw;fdptha; kyh;e;jhh;ek; mUs;ts;sy;.
nghUs;- ,NaRtpd; jpUTliyr; rpYitapy; miwe;jJk;>
mth; cly; nrhy;Yjw;fhpa ngUe;Jd;Gw;wJ> kdNkh
gijgij;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,NaR>“vd; je;ijNa! ,th;fs;>
jhq;fs; nra;tJ ,d;dnjd mwpahky; nra;fpwhh;fs;.
,th;jk; gpioia kd;dpj;jUs;tPuhf! “ vd;W Ntz;bdhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- rijg;Gz;L – rpijf;fg;gl;L. gd;dhpa –
nrhy;Yjw;fhpa. gyghL – gy Jd;gk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G- fdptha; - ctikj;njhif
cz;ikf; fpwpj;jth;
,j;jifa ,Uk;nghiwAk; kdeyKk; ,iae;jtNu
tpj;jfDf; fbj;njhOk;gh; vdj;jFnka;f; fpwp];jth;kw;
wpj;jifa FzkpyUk; fpwp];jtnud; wpirngWjy;
nrj;jtiuj; JQ;rpdth; vdTiuf;Fk; rPh;ikj;jhy;.
nghUs;- jkf;Fj; Jd;gk; nra;jtiuAk; nghWj;jUSk;
ngUq;Fzk; cilatNu Mz;ltdpd; mbahuhth;.
mj;jifNahNu cz;ikf; fpwpj;jtuhth;. ,f;Fzk;
,y;yhNjhh; cz;ikf; fpwpj;jth; Mfhh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- ,Uk;nghiw – ngUk; nghWik. tpj;jfd; -
Mz;ltd;. njhOk;gh; -mbahh;. ,irngWjy; -
Gfo;ngWjy;. JQ;rpdth; - cwq;fpath;.
cyf ,ul;rfh; ,NaRehjh;
fPz;bUg;G KisAliyf; fpopj;JUtp tijg;Gz;L
khz;LgLk; Nghjpth;f;F kd;dpAnkd; Wiuj;jnkhop
<z;btNu cyfpDf;Nfhh; ,ul;rfnud; nwLj;Jiuf;Fk;.
Ntz;LNkh ,dpr;rhd;Wk; ,ijtpLj;J Ntnwhd;Nw?
nghUs;- ,Uk;G Mzpfshy; cliyf; fpopj;Jr;
rpijj;jNghJk;> ,r;nraiyr; nra;Njhiu kd;dpj;jUSk;
Mz;ltNu vd Ntz;ba ,NaRNt cyiff; fhf;f te;j
ngUkhdhthh;. gifth;f;Fk; mUspa ,t;Taphpuf;fg; gz;G
xd;Nw ,th; ,t;Tyiff; fhf;f te;jth; vd;gjw;Fg;
NghJkhd rhd;whFk;.
nrhw;nghUs;- fPz;L – gpse;J. ,Ug;GKis – Mzpapd;
Edp. tijg;Gz;L – Jd;gkile;J. khz;LgLk;NghJ -
,wf;Fk;epiyapy;. ,ul;rfh; - fhg;gth;.
A+jh;fs; ,opnrhw;fisr; rpYitapy; vOJjy;
kd;whLk; mUl;rPt trdj;ij td;kwNthh;
xd;whfg; nghUs;nra;ahh; cilfise;J gq;fpl;lhh;.
Fd;whj erNuad; a+jUf;Ff; FyNte;jd;
vd;whf bakhd vOj;jpl;lhh; rpYitkpir
nghUs;- a+jh;fs; ,NaRtpd; mUs;nkhopfisg;
nghUl;gLj;jhky;>“Fd;whj erNuad; a+jUf;Ff;
FyNte;jd;” vd;Dk; Vsd nkhopfisr; rpYitapy;
vOjpdh;. mjd;gpd;dh; mth;jk; cilfisf; fise;J
gq;fpl;Lf;nfhz;ldh;.
nrhw;nghUs;- kd;whLk; - kpf Ntz;Ljy;. Mfbak; -
Vsdk;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- td;kwNthh; - gz;Gj;njhif
jpUthrfk;
nka;jhd; mUk;gp tpjph;tpjph;j; Jd;tpiu ahh;fow;nfd;
ifjhd; jiyitj;Jf; fz;zPh; jJk;gp ntJk;gpcs;sk;
ngha;jhd; jtph;e;Jd;idg; Nghw;wp rara Nghw;wpvd;Dk;
ifjhd; nefpo tpNld;cil aha;vd;idf; fz;Lnfhs;Ns.
- khzpf;fthrfh;
nghUs;- vy;yhk; cila ngUkhNd! ehd; cd;ghy; Ngud;G
nfhz;ljd; fhuzkhf cly; rpypu;j;Njd;. cs;sk;
eLq;fpNdd;. eWkzk; fkOk; cd; jpUtbfisf;
fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> jiyNky; ifFtpj;J tzq;fpNdd;.
fz;fspy; ePh; ngUFkhW cs;sk; tUe;j cUfpNdd;.
ngha;g;nghUis tpyf;fp nka;g;nghUshfpa cd;idNa
epide;J Jjpj;Njd;. nty;f nty;f vd cd; mUk;ngUk;
nray;fisg; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;Njd;. ,j;jifa xOf;fj;ij
ehd; vd;Wk; iftpNld;. vdNt> cd; mbath;fSs;
xUtdhf vd;idak; Vw;W mUs;Ghpthahf!
nrhw;nghUs;- nka; - cly;. tpjph;tpjph;j;J – cly; rpyph;j;J.
tpiu – kzk;. nefpo – jsu. jJk;gp – ngUfp. foy; -
Mz;fs; fhypy; mzpAk; mzpfyd; (,q;F MFngauha;
,iwtdpd; jpUtbiaf; Fwpj;jJ). rara – nty;f nty;f.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G- tpNld; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;- Nghw;wp – Nghw;W + ,
rptngUkhd;
fw;g fj;jpidf; fdfkhy; tiuiaf;
fhk Nfhgidf; fz;Zj yhidr;
nrhw;g jg;nghUs; ,Us Wj;jpLk;
Ja;a Nrhjpia ntz;nza; ey;Y}hpy;
mw;G jg;go Mtzq; fhl;b
mba dhvd;id MsJ nfhz;l
ew;g jj;ijes; shwid mKij
ehap Ndd;kwe; njd;dpidf; NfNd. - Re;juh;
 Re;juh; Njthuk;> gd;dpUjpUKiw itg;gpy; Vohe;
jpUKiwahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Re;juh; jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; jpUehtY}hpy;
Njhd;wpdhh;.
 ngw;Nwhh; riladhh; - ,ir Qhdpahh;
 ,th;jk; gps;isj; jpUg;ngah; ek;gpah&uh; vd;gjhk;.
 ,th; jpUKidg; ghb ehl;ilahz;l eurpq;f
Kidaiuah; vd;w rpw;wuruhy; kfd;ik nfhz;L
tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;.
 rptngUkhd; ,tiuj; jk; Njhouhff; nfhz;likahy;
„jk;gpuhd; Njhoh;‟ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. me;j
el;gpd; chpikiar; Re;juh; Njthuj;jpy; guf;ff;
fhzyhk;.
 ,th; vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif vd;Dk; E}iyNa
KjD}yhff; nfhz;L Nrf;fpohh; vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lh;
Guhzk; vOe;jJ.
 fhyk; fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp.
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
fw;gfj;jpid – Ntz;Lthh; Ntz;badtw;iw mg;gbNa
toq;Fk; fw;gfkuk; Nghd;wtid. fdf khy;tiu – nghpa
nghd;kiy (Nghd;wtd;). fhkNfhgd; - fhkidf;
fha;e;jtd;. nrhw;gjg; nghUs; ,Us; - nrhy; czh;j;Jk;
nghUs; top cz;lhFk; kaf;fk;. MsJ nfhz;ltd; -
Ml;nfhz;ltd;. Mtzk; - mbikNahiy. ntz;nza;
ey;Y}hpy;… MsJ nfhz;l…. ,t;tbfs; rptngUkhd;
ek;gpah&iuj; jLj;jhl; nfhz;l epfo;r;rpf;F
mfr;rhd;whFk;.
,yf;fzk;
42
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
fz;Zjy;-,yf;fzg; Ngh-. (Kd; gpd;dhfj; njhf;fJ)  ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfj;Js; ,ilapilNa „Njthuk;‟
goMtzk; - gz;Gj;njhif. nrhw;gjk; - vd;Dk; ngahpyike;j ,irg;ghly;fs; neQ;RUfr;
xUnghUl;gd;nkhop. nra;Ak; ePh;ikad.
 „fpwj;Jtf; fk;gh;‟ vd;W nghpNahh; Nghw;Wfpd;wdh;.
jpUkhy; mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
fd;dp- khpad;id. fhrpdp – cyfk;. thd;fjp –
Mdhj nry;tj; juk;igah;fs; jw;#o
Jwf;fk;(tPLNgW). kUt – mila. cghrdh %h;j;jp-
thdhSQ; nry;tKk; kz;zuRk; ahd;Ntz;Nld;
topgL flTs; . mQ;rypj;jy; - fue;J}f;fpf; $g;gpj; njhoy;.
Njdhh;g+Q; Nrhiyj; jpUNtq; flr;Ridapy;
,yf;fzk;- fd;dpghyd; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
kPdha;g; gpwf;Fk; tpjpAilNa dhNtNd.
- FyNrfu Mo;thh; egpfs; ehafk;
 Mo;thh;fs; gd;dpUtuhy; mUsg;gl;lJ
ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; vd;Dk; mUe;jkpo;g; gDty;. ftpah Yiuj;jGfo; ngWthh; kpFj;jftp
 Mo;thh; vd;DQ; nrhy;Yf;F Mo;e;jwpAk; mwpitf; ailthh; fyf;f kwNt
fUtpahf cilath; vd;Dk; vk;ngUkhDila kq;fyf; nrtpahu nka;g;nghUis awpthh; kdj;jpDW
Fzq;fspy; Moq;fhw;gl;lth; vd;Dk; nghUs; $Wth;. nray;Nf lfw;wp tpLthh;
 FyNrfu Mo;thh;- Gtpahu nkha;j;jnewp kiwehyp Df;FnkhU
 Nruehl;Lj; jpUtQ;rpf; fsj;jpy; Njhd;wpath;. Nghwpah Ajpj;j tbthh;
 ,th; vOjpa ghly;fs; „ngUkhs; jpUnkhop‟ (105 etpahh; Rth;f;fgjp eapdhh; gjj;Jizia
eLehtpy; itj;j th;fNs.- ckWg;Gyth;
ghly;fs;);.
(rPwhg;Guhzk;)ckWg;Gyth;
 Mo;thh;fspd; mUspr; nraYf;Fg; nghpa thr;rhd; gps;is
vd;ghh; ciu vOjpAs;shh;.
 J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ehfyhGuk; vd;Dk;
 jpUtha;nkhopf;F tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg; gps;is vd;ghh;
Chpdh;. je;ijahh; nra;FKfkJ mypahh; vd;Dk; NrF
vOjpa <L vd;Dk; NgUiu MoKk; mfyKk;
Kjypahh; Mth;.
cilajhFk;.
mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;  vl;laGuk; kd;dhpd; mitg; Gytuhf tpsq;fpa fbif
Mdhj – FiwT glhj (nflhj) muk;igah;fs; - Kj;Jg; Gythpd; khztuhfTk; mth;kiwtpw;Fg;gpd;
(mofpw;rpwe;j) Njtkhjh;fs;. jw;#o – jd;idr; vl;laGu mitg;GytuhfTk; tpsq;fpath;.
#o;e;jpUf;f.  ,th; fhyk; fp.gp. gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L.
Gzh;r;rp tpjp mwpf-  rPwhg;Guhzk; ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd;
thd; + MSk; - cly;Nky; caph;te;J xd;Wtjpay;Ng. Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;fp vOjg; ngw;wJ.
jd; + #o - zd ty;ypdk; tul;lwTk; MFk;.  E}y; Kw;W Kd;Ng rPjf;fhjp kiwe;jikahy; ts;sy;
mGy; fhrpk; vd;ghh; Gue;jspf;fr; rPwhg;Guhzk; epiwT
kz; + muR – jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;ndhw;W caph; thpd; ,ul;Lk;.
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
g+ Nrhiy – g+g;ngah; Kd; ,d nkd;ikAe; Njhd;Wk;.
Mdhj – vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;. jw;#o - ,uz;lhk;  vdpDk; mz;zyhh; tuyhW KOtJk; rPwhtpy; epiwT
Ntw;Wikj;njhif nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;gJk; gDmFkJ kiuf;fhah;
vd;ghh; vOjp Kbj;jhh; vd;gJk; „mJ rpd;dr; rPwh‟ vd;W
,NaR ngUkhd; toq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJk; Fwpf;fj;jf;fd.
 ckWg;Gyth; KJnkhopkhiy> rPjf;fhjp nehz;b ehlfk;
fd;dp ghydha;f; fhrpdp jdpyt jhpj;J Kjypa E}y;fisAk; vOjpAs;shh;.
kd;D [PtNfh bfnsyhk; thd;fjp kUtj; mUQ;nrhw;nghUs;
jd;D aphpg;ghpj; jpahfKQ; rpYitapw; je;j nghwp – xspg;gpok;G. tbthh; - tbtpidAilahh;.
vd;D ghrdh %h;j;jpia aQ;rypj; jpLthk; etpahh; - egpfs; ehafk;. eLehtpy; - tha; nkhopapy;.
- vr;.v. fpU\;zg;gps;is ,yf;fzk;nka;g;nghUs;> Rth;f;fgjp - ,Unganuhl;Lg;
,NaRngUkhid tho;j;Jk; ,g;ghly; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
vd;Dk; E}ypdpd;Wk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ul;rzpak; vd;gjw;F Md;k <Nlw;wk; vd;gJ nghUs;;.
Md;k <Nlw;wk; tpUk;Gthh; nry;Yk; rpe;jid ahj;jpiu
vd;gJNt ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;gjd; nghUs;.
[hd; gdpad; vd;ghh; vOjpa gpy;fphpk;]; gpuhfpu]; vd;W
E}ypidNa ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd ,e;E}yhrphpah;
gilj;jspj;Js;shh;.
vr;. V. fpU\;zg;gps;is-
 jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; fiuapUg;G vd;Dk; Chpdh;.
 ngw;Nwhh; rq;fu ehuhazg;gps;is nja;tehafpak;ik
 n`d;wp My;gpul; vd;gjd; RUf;fNk vr;.V. vd;gJ
MFk;.
 ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;> Nghw;wpj;
jpUtfty; Kjypa gy E}y;fisAk; ,th; gilj;Js;shh;.

43