rpy;ghNyhf;f Ntiyj;jpl;lk;

fy;tpg; nghJj;juhjug;gj;jpu (cau;ju)g; guPl;ir

ngWNgw;iw mjpfupf;Fk; Ntiyj;jpl;lk; - 2020

,];yhk;
khztu; ifNaL

kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk; - fz;b

I
 khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsupd; nra;jp
gps;isfspd; fw;wy; nraw;ghl;bd; ntw;wpahdJ njhlu;r;rpahdjhf
fhzg;glNtz;Lkhapd;> mtu;fs; Rafw;wypy; <LgLtjd; %yNk rhj;jpakhf mikAk;.
khztu;fspd; milT kl;lj;ij NkYk; mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; Rafw;wypy; <LgLtJ
mj;jpahtrpakhFk;. jk; fw;wy; nraw;ghl;il Kfhik nra;Ak; jpwid tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F> jdpg;gl;l ce;Jjy; mtrpakhtJld; ,e;j etPd cyfpd; Kd;Dupik toq;f
Ntz;ba tplaKk; mJNt MFk;.

nfhNuhdh iturpd; jhf;fk; fhuzkhf 2019 Mk; Mz;bd; ,Wjp fhyhz;bypUe;J

cyf kf;fsJ nraw;ghLfs; gy;NtW rthy;fSf;F cs;shfpAs;sd. vdNt midj;J
khdpl nraw;ghl;ilAk; etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F cs;shfpAs;Nshk;.
me;jtifapy; khztu;fsJ fw;wy; nraw;ghl;ilAk; etPdkag;gLj;jp khw;wpaikf;f
Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;.

me;j tifapy; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpd; f.ngh.j (c/j) khztu;fspd; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghl;il etPdkag;gLj;jp> Xu; cau;e;j milT kl;lj;jpw;F khztu;fis ,l;L
nry;tjw;fhf ,e;j ifNal;Lj; njhFjpahdJ tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;Jld;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mwptWj;jy;fSf;fika cq;fs; fy;tp nraw;ghl;il tbtikj;Jf;
nfhs;tJld;> ,r;nraw;ghl;bw;F gps;isfSf;F Jizg;Guptjw;F khfhzf; fy;tp mikr;R>
khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;> tyaf;fy;tpf; fhupahyak;> Nfhl;lf;fy;tpf; fhupahyak;
kw;Wk; ghlrhiy r%fk; Nghd;Nwhu; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; jahu; epiyapYs;shu;fs; vd;gij
cq;fSf;F kpf kfpo;Tld; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. NkYk; cq;fsJ Rafw;wy;
nraw;ghl;bw;fhf Mrpupau; Fohk;> Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fs;> mjpgu;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tp mjpfhupfs;
MfpNahu; ,J xU Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;G vd;gij mwpe;Js;sJld;
mjw;fhf ve;j Neuj;jpYk; cjTtjw;F jahuhf cs;sdu; vd;gijAk; mwpaj;jUfpd;Nwd;.
NkYk; 2021 Mk; Mz;bd; f.ngh.j (c/j) khztu;fSf;fhf ,f;fw;wy; njhFjpahdJ
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; njhlu;e;J tUk; cq;fsJ rNfhju rNfhjupfSk; gad;gLj;jp
gad;ngw KbAk;.

,e;j fw;wy; njhFjpahdJ> toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy;fSf;fika gad;gLj;Jk;

NghJ cq;fsJ cau;fy;tpf;F cWJizahf mikAk; vd fUJfpd;Nwd;. kj;jpa
khfhzj;jpd; milT kl;l ; j;ij cau;j;Jk; Kd;Dupik Ntiyj;jpl;lkhd “ rpy;ghNyhf;f”
Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,r; nraw;wpl;lkhdJ tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; ,jw;fhf epjpAjtp
toq;fpaJld; MNyhrid topfhl;ly;fisAk; toq;fpa kj;jpa khfhzj;jpd; gpujhd
nrayhsu; kw;Wk; khfhz fy;tp mikr;rpd; nrayhsu;> MfpNahUf;F vkJ kdkhu;e;j
ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. ,e;j fw;wy; njhFjpia tbtikg;gjw;F gy;NtW
tiffspYk; cWJizahf ,Ue;j midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfis
njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. ,Wjpahf kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; rfy
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;.

cq;fsJ vjpu;fhyj;jpd; fdT edthf vdJ ey;yhrpfs;.

E.P.T.K. Vf;fehaf;f>
khfhzf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsu;>
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk;>
fz;b.

II
 Nkyjpf khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsupd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapy; Covid 19 ,d; guty; Muk;gpj;j cld; gps;isfis ,g;ghjpg;gpypUe;J

ghJfhf;Fk; Kfkhf 2020 March 12k; jpfjpastpy; %lg;gl;l ghlrhiyfs; ,d;W tiu jkJ
toikahd nraw;ghLfSf;F jpUk;g Kbahj epiyapNyNa cs;sd.

,e;epiyia XusNtDk; <L nra;Ak; Kfkhf kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tp jpizf;fskhdJ

,izak;, njhiyf;fhl;rp, thndhyp, njhiyNgrp Nghd;w b[pl;ly; jsq;fSlhf fy;tp
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Kaw;rp nra;J tUfpwJ. vdpDk; ,e;j b[pl;ly; tsq;fis mZFk;
re;ju;g;gq;fs; midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; rPuhf my;yJ xNu khjpupahf mikahkypUg;gJ vkf;F
kpfg; ngupa rthyhf cs;sJ.

vdNt 2021y; cau;ju guPl;irf;F Njhw;wtpUf;Fk; khztu;fspd; ed;ik fUjp ,f;fw;wy;

JizNaL rfy ghlq;fSf;Fkhf jahupf;fg;gl;L nkd; gpujpfshf ghlrhiyfSf;F Kjw;fl;lkhf
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Mu;tk;, tplhKaw;rp, ,yf;F Nehf;fpa gazk; vd;gd ekJ r%f vOr;rpf;fhd
mbg;gilahd fy;tp rhu; eltbf;iffshf fUjp ,d;W ehk; vjpu; nfhs;Sk; rthy;fis
ntw;wpfukhf Kfk; nfhLf;f jahuhf Ntz;Lk;.

vdNt vkJ ,e;j Kaw;rpahdJ guPl;irf;F cq;fis jahu; nra;J nfhs;tjpYk; ntw;wpngw
nra;tjpYk; cWJizahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. jtwtplg;gl;l fw;wy;, fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghLfis Rafw;wypd; thapyhf milAk; tifapy; ,f; ifNaL tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. khztr; nry;tq;fs; ,f; ifNal;bid Kiwahf gad;gLj;jp guPl;irapy;
ntw;wpngw tho;j;Jfpd;Nwd;.

,tw;iw jahupj;J tbtikj;J je;J cjtpa Mrpupau;fs;, tsthsu;fs; midtUf;Fk;

kpfg;ngupa ed;wpfisAk; ghuhl;Lf;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

V. Mu;. rj;jpNae;jpuh>
Nkyjpf khfhzf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsu;>
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk;>
fz;b.

III
 K];ypk; ghlrhiyfSf;fhd gpujpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsupd; nra;jp
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;) 2021 khztu;fspd; fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis etPdkag;gLj;jp guPl;ir ngWNgw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy;
,];yhk; ghlj;jpw;fhd ,f;ifNaL jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kj;;jpa khfhzj;jpd;
‘]py;ghNyhf;f’ Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghlhf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jD}lhf
khztu;fspd; milkl;lk; mjpfupf;Fk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpNwd;. 2021 Mk; Mz;Lld;
epiwtilahJ njhlu;e;JtUk; fhyq;fspy; khztut;fs; gadilAk; tifapy; ,f;ifNaL
jahupf;fg;lL
; s;sJ.
,r;nraw;wpl;lk; rpwg;ghf eilngw jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhz;L topfhl;ly;fis toq;fpa
khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu; jpU. E.P.T.K. Vf;fehaf;f mtu;fSf;F kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfis
njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;. NkYk; ,f;ifNaL cupa Kiwapy; khztu;fSf;F rfy
topfspYk; topg;gLj;jpa Nkyjpf khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fshd jpU. A.L.M. ]hUBd;
(mgptpUj;jp)> jpUkjp. C.T.G. khahJd;Nd (epu;thfk;)> jpU P.P.E.S. gj;jpuNf (epjp)
mtu;fSf;Fk; gpujpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu; jpU. N.myff;Nfhd; (mgptpUj;jp) mtu;fSf;fk;
vdJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpf;fpNwd;.
NkYk;> ,f;ifNal;bid khztu;fSf;F NjitahdthW ,yFtpy; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; kpf EZf;fkhfTk; mofhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; jahupj;j Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fs;
kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;.

A.L.M. `pahd;
gpujpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;
fz;b.

IV
 fz;fhzpg;Gk; Nkw;ghu;itAk;

E.P.T.K Vf;fehaf;f
khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk;

A.R rj;jpNae;jpuh
Nkyjpf khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk;

A.L.M.rhUBd;
Nkyjpf khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk;

topfhl;ly;

A.L.M. `pahd;
gpujpf;fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu; (K];ypk; gpupT)
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk;

V.mKjty;yp
cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu; (Muk;gg;gpupT)
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk;

P. tpf;Nd];tud;
cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;
kj;jpa khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk;

E}yhf;ff; FO

vk;. V. e`Pk; Mrpupa MNyhhrfu;> fl;Lf];Njhl;il fy;tp tyak;

V.vy;.vk;. up];tp Mrpupa MNyhhrfu;> fk;gis fy;tp tyak;
vk;.v]; upah]; K`k;kj; Mrpupau;> ]h`puh Njrpa ghlrhiy> fk;gis
V.Mu;. %]h fyPk; Mrpupau;> njy;/cb];gj;Jt K.k.tp.> cb];gj;Jt
Uit]h kd;]_u; Mrpupau;> kh/Fupty `kPjpah fy;Y}up> cFnty.
vk;.I.vg;. e];updh Mrpupau;> kh/Fupty `kPjpah fy;Y}up> cFnty.
gP.vg;. `yPkh Mrpupau;> ]h`puh Njrpa ghlrhiy> fk;gis

ruit ghu;j;jy; vk;.v]; upah]; K`k;kj;

Mrpupau;> ]h`puh Njrpa ghlrhiy> fk;gis

V.Mu;. %]h fyPk;

Mrpupau;> njy;/cb];gj;Jt K.k.tp.> cb];gj;Jt

ml;ilg;glk;> fzpzp tbtikg;G vk;.Mu;. g];Uy; myp

Mrpupau;> ]h`puh Njrpa ghlrhiy> fk;gis

vk;.vg;. gu;]hdh
Mrpupau;> ]h`puh Njrpa ghlrhiy> fk;gis
gjpg;G 2020> kj;jpakhfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;> fz;b

V
,f;ifNaL njhlu;ghd topfhl;ly;fs;

 ,f;ifNaL f.ngh.j. (cau;ju) khztu;fSf;F ngWNgw;iw mjpfupf;Fk; Nkyjpf

Jizr; rhjdkhFk;.
 juk; 12 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.
 juk; 12 ghlg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; 5 Nju;r;rpfSs; gpujhd Nju;r;rpfs;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 xt;nthU ghlj;jpYk; vjpu;ghu;f;if tpdhf;fs; tpilfSld; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghl cs;slf;fk; gf;fk;

1. ,];yhk; G+uz tho;f;if Kiw 01
 ,];yhk; mwpKfk;
 ,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
o ug;ghdpa;ah
o \_%ypa;ah
o thfp,a;ah
o t]jpa;ah / jth]_d;
o ]ghj; ty; K&dh
o Mykpa;ah

2. gpugQ;Qk; kdpj tho;T gw;wpa ,];yhkpa Nehf;F 06

 ,];yhkpa Nehf;fpy; gpugQ;rk;
 kdpjd;
 kdpj tho;T gw;wpa Nehf;F

3. ,];yhkpa mbg;gil ek;gpf;iffs; 13

 my;yh`;
 kyf;Ffs;
 EG+t;tj;> up]hyj;> `pjhaj;
o fj;Ke;EG+tj;
o k`g;gJu; u]_y; (]y;)
 kWik ehs;
 foh fj;u;

4. <khDf;Fk; m`;yhf;Ff;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G 35

 <khDf;Fk; mkYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
 <khDf;Fk; mf;yhf;fpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
 mkYf;Fk; mf;yhf;Ff;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
 <khDf;Fk; mkYf;Fk; mf;yhf;Ff;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G

5. m`;Y];]_d;dh ty;[khMtpd; mfPjh 39

 njs`PJf;F Kuzhdit
o \pu;f;
o Fg;u;

VI
 o epghf;
o upj;jj;
o ,y;`hj;
 <khdpy; Kuz;gl;l nfhs;if
o \PM
o fthup[;
o K/j]pyh
o t`;jJy; t[_j;

6. ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gil flikfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; 58

 ,ghjj; vz;zf;fU tpsf;fk;
o tiffs;
 mbg;gil flikfs;
o njhOif
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 gad;fs;
 mbg;gil flikfs;
o m];]yhj;
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 gad;fs;
o ]fhj;
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 nraw;gLj;jy;
 gad;fs;
o m];]t;k;
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 gad;fs;
o my;`[;
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 gad;fs;
o `_$Fy; ,ghj;
 jdf;Fupa flikfs;
 gpwUf;Fupa flikfs;
 Vidatw;wpw;Fupa flikfs;

VII
 01. ,];yhk; G+uz tho;f;if Kiw
 ,];yhk; mwpKfk;
 ,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
o ug;ghdpa;ah
o \_%ypa;ah
o thfp,a;ah
o t]jpa;ah / jth]_d;
o ]ghj; ty; K&dh
o Mykpa;ah

tpdh – 01
,];yhk; vDk; gjj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp mJ vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;FKupaJ vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
 nkhopf; fUj;J:
‘,];yhk;’ - ‘]py;k;’ vd;w mwGr; nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
,r;nrhy; rhe;jp> rkhjhdk;> mikjp> gupRj;jk;> gzpT> ghJfhg;G> ruziljy;>
fl;Lg;gLjy; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 gupghi\f; fUj;J:
,Wjpj; J}ju; K`k;kj; (]y;) mtu;fs; nfhz;Lte;j midj;J mk;rq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpa tho;f;if Kiwiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
‘,];yhk;’ vd;w nrhy;> my;yh`;tpdhy; toq;fg;gl;ljhFk;@ mtdplj;jpy;
mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;l khu;f;fk; ,];yhkhFk;.
“epr;rakhf (jPDy;) ,];yhk; jhd; my;yh`;tplj;jpy; (xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l)
khu;ff; khFk;” (03:19)
 egp (]y;) mtu;fSf;F 40 MtJ tajpy; mUsg;gl;l ‘t`pNa’ ,];yhkhFk;.
 ,];yhk; tof;fpy; xU kjkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; KOikahd tho;f;if Kiw.
 vy;yh egpkhu;fSk; ,];yhj;ijNa Nghjpj;jik.
o “(egpNa!) ckf;F Kd;du; ehk; mDg;gpa xt;nthU J}juplKk;: “epr;rakhf
vd;idj; jtpu NtW flTs; ,y;iy. vdNt> vd;idNa tzq;Fq;fs;”
vd;W ehk; t`P mwptpf;fhkypy;iy”. (my;md;gpah : 25)
o E}`; egp jd; r%fj;ij Nehf;fp “ehd; mtDf;F (Kw;wpYk; topg;gl;l)
K];ypk;fspy; (xUtdhf) ,Uf;FkhNw; Vtg;gl;Ls;Nsd;” (vd;W $wpdhu;)”.
(A+D]; : 72)
o ,g;wh`pk;> a/$g; (miy) $wpajhf my;Fu;Md; $WfpwJ> “vd;
Fkhuu;fNs! my;yh`; cq;fSf;Fr; rd;khu;f;fj;ij (,];yhik)
Nju;e;njLj;Js;shd;. ePq;fs; K];ypk;fshf md;wp kuzpf;fhjPu;fs;.”
(my;gfuh : 132)
o %]h (miy) : “vd; r%fj;jhNu! ePq;fs; my;yh`;tpd; kPJ <khd;
nfhz;L> nka;ahfNt mtid topgLgtu;fshf (K];ypk;fshf) ,Ue;jhy;
mtidNa G+uzkhf ek;gp (cq;fs; fhupaq;fis xg;gilj;J) tpLq;fs;”
vd;W $wpdhu;”. (A+D]; : 84)

1
 o <]h (miy) aplk; `thupa;A+d;fs; : “epr;rakhf ehq;fs; my;yh`;tpd;
kPJ <khd; nfhz;Ls;Nshk;.; jplkhf ehq;fs; (mtDf;F Kw;wpYk;
topg;gl;l) K];ypk;fshf ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;> vd;W ePq;fs; rhl;rp nrhy;Yq;fs;”
vdf; $wpdu;”. (My ,k;uhd; : 52)

tpdh – 02
,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; Ie;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;Ws; ,uz;il tpsf;Ff.
cyfpy; Njhd;wpa vy;yhr; rkaq;fs;> nfhs;iffis tpl ,];yhk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w
rpwg;Gf;fspd; fhuzkhfNt Vidatw;wpypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wJ.

,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:
1. nja;tPfj; jd;ik nfhz;bUj;jy; (ug;ghdpah)
2. rkdpiyj; jd;ik nfhz;bUj;jy; (jth]_d;)
3. eLepiy NgZk; khu;f;fkhf ,Uj;jy; (t]jpa;ah)
4. khDlg;gz;G nfhz;bUj;jy; (,d;]hdpa;ah)
5. g+uzj;Jtk; nfhz;bUj;jy; (\_%ypa;ah)
6. eilKiw rhj;jpakhd khu;ff ; khf ,Uj;jy;. (thfp,a;ah)
7. ru;tNjrkakhd khu;ff ; k; (Mykpa;ah)
8. njspthd khu;ff ; khf ,Uj;jy; (T*`;)
9. vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;Fk; ,lq;fSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;
10. vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; nghJthdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
11. nefpOk;> nefpohj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
12. Md;kfP j;Jf;Fk; nys`Pfj;Jf;Fkhd topfhl;ly;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
13. jdpj;Jtkhd Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
14. r%f khu;f;fkhf ,Uj;jy;.

tpdh – 03
“,];yhk; nja;tPfj; jd;ikahdJ” - (ug;ghdpa;ah) vdd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 ‘ug;Gd;’ (ٌّ‫ )رب‬- ‘UG+gpa;ah’ - ‘ug;ghdP’ - ‘ug;ghdpa;ah’.
‘ug;ghdpa;ah’ vd;gJ> ,iwtNdhL njhlu;ghdJ my;yJ gilj;J> fhj;J>
gupghypf;Fk; ,ul;rgid rhu;e;jJ vDk; fUj;ijj; jUfpd;wJ.
 ug;ghdpa;ah vDk; gz;G ,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ.
 cyf rkaq;fspw; rpy> jdp egu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit. ngsj;jk; - rkzk;
- rPf;fpak; - nrhuh];lupak;…
 ,iwtopfhl;ly; %yKk; egpnahUtupd; t`p %ykhf ngwg;gl;l mwpitAk;>
topfhl;liyAk; nfhz;L cUthfpait :- a+jk;> fpwp];jtk;> Nghd;wd.
 my;Fu;MDf;F Kd;dhy; mUsg;gl;l Ntjq;fs; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; jpupgile;jd.
mJNghd;w mopTfs;> jpupGfs;> ,ilr; nrUfy;fs;> rpijTfs; my;Fh;MDf;F
Vw;gltpy;iy.
 vdNt> E}W tpfpjk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,iwtid rhu;e;j xNu khu;f;fk;
,];yhkhFk;.
 ,];yhk; Xupiwf; nfhs;iff;F topfhl;Lk; khu;f;fk;
 ,];yhk; kdpjDf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid tsu;f;fpd;wJ.

2
  ,];yhk; topfhl;lypYk;> mbg;gilfspYk;> Nehf;fj;jpYk; kw;Wk; ,yl;rpaj;jpYk;
ug;ghfpa my;yh`;itr; rhu;;e;jpUf;Fk; gz;gpid ngw;Ws;sJ.
 Xu; mbahd;> jdJ rpe;jidapYk;> nraypYk; ‘ug;ghdPahf’ tho;jy; mtrpak;.
 my;yh`;tpd; jpUg;jpiag; ngWtjw;fhfNt thOjy; vd;gJ xU ug;ghdpapd;
gz;Gfspy; xd;whFk;.
 my;yh`;it VfdhfTk;> tzf;fj;jpw;F cupatdhfTk;> rl;lkpaw;Wk;
mjpfhuKilatdhfTk;> topfhl;L gtdhfTk; Vw;fpd;w ,];yhk;
my;yh`;Tldhd njhlu;ig vg;NghJk; tsu;f;fpd;wJ.
“md;wpAk;> (mtdpd;) gplup euk;ig tpl ehk; mtDf;F rkPgkhfNt
,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;” (50:16)
“ePq;fs; Ntjj;ijf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;Jf;nfhz;Lk;> m(t;Ntjj;)ij ePq;fs; Xjpf;
nfhz;Lk; ,Ug;gjdhy; ‘ug;ghdP’ (,iwtid tzq;fp mtidNa
rhu;e;jpUg;Nghu;)fshfp tpLq;fs;” (03:79)
 Xu; mbahd; jdJ KO tho;itAk; tzf;fkhf khw;Wtjd; Clhf
‘ug;ghdPahf’ thOjy;. mjw;Fwpa topKiwfshf>
1) ,iwtdplk; cjtp NjLjy; (JM).
2) tzf;f topghLfs; - fpupiafs;.
3) ,iw rl;lq;fSf;F mbgzpjy;.

tpdh – 03
‘,];yhk; gupG+uzj; jd;ikahdJ’ vd;w $w;iw tpsf;Ff.
 ,];yhk; vt;tpj FiwghLfSk; mw;w gupG+uzj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
 ,];yhj;jpd; KOikj; jd;ikia my;-Fu;MDk;> my;-`jP]{k; cWjp
nra;fpd;wJ.
“,d;iwa jpdk; cq;fSf;fhf cq;fs; khu;f;fj;ij gupG+uzkhf;fp tpl;Nld;...”
(05:03).
“,t;Ntjj;ij xt;nthU nghUisAk; njspthf;Ffpwjhf ck;kJ P ehk; ,wf;fp
itj;jpUf;fpNwhk;”. (me;e`;y; : 89)
“vdf;Fk; Vida egpkhu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s njhlu;Gf;F cjhuzk;>...”
(G`hup> K];ypk;).
 vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;Fkhd JhJ – Mjk; (miy) njhlf;fk; ,Wjpj;J}ju;
tiuahdJ.
 cyfk; KbAk; tiu nghUe;jf; $ba gupG+uz tho;f;ifj; jpl;lk;
 kdpj tho;f;iff;fhd G+uzkhd topfhl;liyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 mtdJ tho;tpd; midj;Jf; fl;lq;fSf;Fkhd topfhl;ly; (fUtpy; ,Ue;J
– fg;U tiu)
 tho;tpd; midj;Jj; JiwfSf;Fk; G+uz topfhl;liy Kd;itf;Fk;
khu;ff
; khFk;.
 Md;kf
P j;ijAk;> nysfPfj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa G+uzj;Jtkhd khu;f;fkhFk;.
 ,];yhk; KO r%fj;jpw;Fkhd G+uzkhd khu;f;fkhFk;. “kdpju;fNs! nka;ahf
ehd; cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; my;yh`;tpd; J}juhf ,Uf;fpNwd;”. (my;m/uhg;
- 158)
 ,];yhk; KOikahd flTs; nfhs;ifia (njs`Pij) Kd;itj;Js;sJ.
 ,];yhk; G+uzj;Jtk; tha;e;j xOf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.

3
  ,];yhk; mwptpy; G+uzj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

tpdh – 04
“,];yhk; rh;tNjrkakhdJ” - (my;-Mykpa;ah) vdd;gij tpsf;Ff
 ,iwtid ‘ug;Gy; MykPd;’ (cyfj;jhupd; ,iwtd;) vd mwpKfk;
nra;fpd;wik> “Gfo; midj;Jk; cyfj;jhupd; ,ur;rfk; my;yh`;Tf;Nf”.
(my;ghjp`h :1)
 mjd; J}jiu ‘fhg;gjd; ypd;dh];’ (kdpj Fyk; KOtjw;FKupatu;) vd
my;Fu;Md; mwpKfk; nra;fpd;wik> “(egpNa!) ehk; ck;ik kdpj Fyk;
KOikf;FkhfNtad;wp mDg;gtpy;iy”. (]g/ : 28)
 my;Fu;Mdpd; topfhl;ly;fis ‘`{jy; ypd;dh];’ (KO kdpjFyj;Jf;Fkhd
Neu;topfhl;b) vd mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wik> “kdpju;fSf;F KOikahd
topfhl;bahfTk; my; Fu;Md; ,wf;fpaUsg; ngw;wJ”. (my;gfuh : 185)
 midj;J ehl;ltUf;Fk;> r%fj;jtUf;Fk;> ,dj;jtu;fSf;Fk; nghUe;jf;
$baJ.
 kdpju;fis ,dk;> Njrpak;> epwk;> nkhop> jha; ehL vd;nwy;yhk; NtWghLj;jpg;
ghu;f;ftpy;iy> “cq;fspy; vtu; kpfTk; gagf;jpAilatuhf ,Uf;fpd;whNuh>
mtu;jhk; my;yh`;tplj;jpy;> epr;rakhf kpf;f fz;zpakhdtu;. (my`_[uh; :
13)
 midtUk; xU jha;> je;ijf;Fg; gpwe;jtu;fNs vd;w ru;tNjr rkj;Jtj;ij
Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.
“kdpju;fNs epr;rakhf ehk; cq;fis xNu MzpypUe;Jk; xNu
ngz;zpypUe;Jk; gilj;Njhk;” (49:13)
 ,];yhk; toq;fpAs;s flikfSk;> cupikfSk; cyf kf;fs;
midtUf;Fk; nghJthdit.

tpdh – 05
m];-]ghj; ty;-K&dh -,];yhk; nefpOk; nefpohj; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gij
tpsf;Ff.
 m];-]ghj;’ vd;gJ> epiyahdJ my;yJ khwhj; jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

 ‘K&dh’ vd;gJ> fhyq;fs; - ,lq;fs; - #oy;fs; - re;ju;g;gq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;iwg; nghWj;J khw;wkilAk; gz;igf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ. $wpAs;sJ.
 nefpohj; jd;ik ,e;ehfupfj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;ijf; fhf;fpd;wJ@ nefpOk; jd;ik
fhy khw;wj;jhy; mbj;Jr; nry;yhky; epiyj;jpUf;fj; Jiz nra;fpd;wJ.
 my;Fu;Mdpy; :
o “K/kpd;fs;> K/kpd;fisad;wp fh/gpu;fisj; jk; cw;w Jiztu;fshf
vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;;” vd;W nefpohj tpjpiaf; $wp>
“mtu;fsplkpUe;J jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf md;wp”
(my,k;uhd; : 28) vd;W nefpOk; mikg;ig $wpAs;sJ.

4
 o “thu;j;ijfspy; jPatw;iw gfpuq;fkhff; $Wtij my;yh`;
tpUk;gtpy;iy” vd;W $wpa my;yh`;> “mepahak;
nra;ag;gl;ltu;fisj; jtpu” (me;ep]h : 148) vd nefpOk; tpjpia
$wpAs;shd;.
o jLf;fg;gl;l czT tiffisf; $wpa my;Fu;Md;> “tuk;G kPwhky;
(,tw;iw cz;z) epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lhy; mtu; kPJ Fw;wkpy;iy”.
(my;gfuh : 173) vd;W nefpOk; tpjpia $wpAs;sJ.
o “vdJ kfs; ghjpkh fsntLj;jhYk; ifia ntl;LNtd;” (G`hup>
K];ypk;) vdf; $wpa egpatu;fs;> “Nghu;f; fhyq;fspy; ifia ntl;l
Ntz;lhk;” (m`;kj;) vdj; jLj;jpUe;jhu;fs;
 my;Fu;Md;> ]_d;dh jpl;ltl;lkhf $Wk; rl;lq;fspy; nefpo;r;rpf;F ,lkpy;iy.
Mdhy;> ,[;jp`hJf;F cl;gl;l tplaq;fspy; nefpo;r;rpf;F ,lkspj;Js;sJ.
 cjhuzkhf> mt;uj;ij kiwj;jy; vd;gJ nefpohky; epw;f> kiwf;Fk;
nghUs;> Kiw vd;gd fhyj;Jf;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;
nefpo;e;J nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

tpdh – 06
,];yhk; ‘t]jpa;ah’ vDk; eLepiyj; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 my;Fu;Md; ,];yhkpa r%fj;ij eLepiy r%fk; vd tpsf;fpd;wik> “ehk;
cq;fis xU eL epiyAs;s ck;kj;jhf (rKjhakhf) Mf;fpAs;Nshk;”. (my;gfuh
: 143)
 ‘t]jpa;ah’ vd;gjw;F ‘,];jpfhkh’ vd;w nrhy;Yk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. jpdKk;
INtis njhOifapy;> “,iwth vk;ik Neuhd topapy; (,];jpfhkj;)
nrYj;Jthahf”
 kdpjd; g+kpapy; my;yh`;tpd; gpujpepjpahf mku;j;jg;gl;Ls;sik. gFj;jwpT> t`papd;
mwpT vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapy; rkepiy fhZk; khh;f;fk;.
 ,ghjj;> ,khuj;> fpyhgj; vd;w gzpfspy; eLepiy NgZfpd;wik.
 `{$Fy; ,ghj;> `_$Fy;yh`; vDk; gFjpfspy; eLepiy NgZfpd;wik.
 jdp kdpjd; - r%fk; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; rkepiy Ngzy;.
 ,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fspy; vjpu;kiwfSf;fpilNaAs;s Kuz;ghLfis
cld;ghlhf mikj;jpUg;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;.
o Mz;- ngz;> jdpkdpjd; - r%fk;> t`p - gFj;jwpT> nefpo;T - nefpohik>
tho;it Ja;j;jy; - Jwj;jy;> K];ypk; - fhgpu;> ,k;ik- kWik> Md;kfP k; -
cyfpay;> ,yl;rpathjk;- ajhu;j;j thjk;> nja;tPfj; jd;ik- khDlj; jd;ik
vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W gpupe;J tplhky; eLepiyahd Nghf;if
tpje;Jiuj;Js;sJ.
 vq;Fk;> vg;NghJk;> vjidAk; rkepiyj; jd;ikNahL Nehf;fTk;> nra;aTk;>
J}z;Lfpd;wJ. mjpy; ug;ghdpaj; vd;w nja;tPfj; jd;ikAk;> ,d;]hdpa;aj; vd;w
khDlj; jd;ikAk; Kuz;glhky; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. jPtputhjk; kpjthjk;
vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; t]jpa;ah vd;w eLepiyg; Nghf;iff; ifahSfpd;wJ.
 vdNt> ,];yhk; vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;Fk;> vy;yh ,lj;jpw;Fk; Vw;wJ.

5
tpdh – 07
,];yhk; - thf;fp,a;ah - eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhd epue;ju JhJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
 K];ypk;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOfpd;w ehLfSf;Fk;> rpWghd;ikahf
thOfpd;w ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fk;> JUtg; gFjpfspy; trpf;Fk;
kdpju;fSk; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F Vw;w xU khu;f;fkhfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
 ,];yhk; Kd;itf;Fk; mfPjh> ,ghjj;> mf;yhf;> Fw;wtpay; rl;lq;fs;> `yhy;
- `uhk; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs;> FLk;gtpay; rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; eilKiw
rhj;jpakhdjhfTk; vf;fhyj;Jf;Fk; vt;tplj;Jf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; mikg;gpYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

epue;juj; J}J - fhypjh

 ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gil %yhjhuk; my;Fu;MDk;> ]{d;dhTkhFk;.
 my;Fu;MDf;F Kd;dhy;> mUsg;gl;l Ntjq;fs; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; jpupgile;jd.
 ,];yhk; vd;Dk; ,k;khu;f;fk; cyfk; mopAk; tiu epue;jukhf capu;thOk;
jd;ik nfhz;lJ.

gpugQ;Qk; kdpj tho;T gw;wpa ,];yhkpa Nehf;F

 ,];yhkpa Nehf;fpy; gpugQ;rk;
 kdpjd;
 kdpj tho;T gw;wpa Nehf;F

tpdh – 01
gpugQ;rk; gw;wpa ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid Muha;f.
gpugQ;rk; gw;wpa ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lk;

 kdpj gFj;jwpTf;F mg;ghw;gl;L kpfg;gue;Jk; tphpe;Jk; tpahgpj;J epw;Fk;

mz;lg;ngUntspiaAk; mjDs; mlq;Fk; rfy $WfisAk; Fwpf;Fk; thh;j;ij
gpugQ;rkhFk;. mjhtJ> my;yh`;itAk; mtdJ mu;i\Ak; jtpu;e;j midj;ijAk;
Fwpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
gpugQ;rk; njhh;ghd fUj;Jf;fs; :

2. ghpzhk tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL :

 gpugQ;rk; jhdhf Njhd;wp gbg;gbahf tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.
 fp.K. 5 Mk; Ehw;whz;L Kjy; fpNuf;fhpilNa nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jJ.
 fpNuf;f rpe;jidahsh;fs; ,jd; Kd;Ndhbfs;.
 fp.gp. 15 Mk; Ehw;whz;L INuhg;ghtpd; mwptpay; Gul;rp ,f;nfhs;ifapy; Gjpa
vz;zf;fUf;fs; Njhd;w fhuzkhapd.

6
  lhh;tpd; Nghd;NwhuJ rpe;jidfs; ,jd; nry;thf;Ff;F fhuzkhfpaik.

2. gilj;jy; Nfhl;ghL :
1. kjr;rhh;ghd rpe;jidfs; ,f;Nfl;ghl;bid Kd;itj;jd.
2. ,r;rpe;jidapd;gb gpugQ;rj;jpd; xt;nthU $Wk; jdpj;jdpahf gilf;fg;gl;lik.
ghpzhkj;Jf;F vt;tpj rhd;Wk; ,y;iy vd;gJ ,j;Jiw rhh;e;Njhhpd; fUj;J.

,];yhj;jpd; epiyg;ghL :
 t`papd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdJ.
 xd;Wkpy;yhj epiyapy; my;yh`;jhd; ,jidg; gilj;jhd;. vdNt> ,jw;F Xh;
Muk;gk; cz;L. ‘thdq;fs; G+kpiag;gilj;J mjpy; ,UisAk; xspiaAk;
cz;lhf;fpa my;yh`;Tf;Nf Gfoidj;Jk;” (my;Fu;Md;)
‘mtNd thdq;fisAk; G+kpiaAk; MW ehl;fspy; gilj;jhd;. ,uitAk;
gfiyAk;> #hpaidAk; re;jpuidAk; gilj;jhd;”. (my;Fu;Md;)
 gilj;jJ khj;jpukd;wp xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; xU tpjpiaAk; eph;zaj;ijAk;
tpjpj;jhd;. ‘midj;ijAk; gilj;j mtd; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; xU tpjpiaAk;
gpukhzj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpdhd;” (my;Fu;Md;)
 gpugQ;rj;ij tPzhfg; gilf;ftpy;iy. ‘thdq;fisAk; G+kpiaAk; ehk;
rj;jpaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gilj;Js;Nshk;” (my;Fu;Md;)
 gpugQ;rj;jpd; ,af;fk; FUl;Lj;jdkhdjy;y. “#hpad; mjw;Fhpa tpjpapy;
Rod;Wnfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,JNt mjw;F ,iwtd; tpjpj;j tpjpahFk; ’
 fpwp];jtk; Nghd;w rpy kjq;fSk;> etPd tpQ;QhdKk; gpugQ;rj;ij
,af;Ftpf;Fk; rf;jp ,Ug;gij Vw;fpd;wd. me;jtifapy; me;j rf;jpNa
my;yh`; vd ,];yhk; mwpKfg;gLj;jp> gpugQ;rj;jpy; mtdJ epiy Fwpj;J
njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
 gpugQ;rKk; mjpy; cs;sitfSk; my;yh`;tpd; ehl;lg;gb xU ehs; mopAk;.
 gpugQ;rk; my;yh`;tpd; Mw;wypd; ntspg;ghL vd;gijf; $Wk; my;Fh;Md;
my;yh`;it vt;thW mwpayhk; vd;gij njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
 ,iwtdpd; ajhh;j;jj;jpid tpsq;f Kbahtpl;lhYk; mtdJ gilg;Gf;fspy;
mtdJ Mw;wy;> tpNtfk;> khl;rpik Kjyhd mk;rq;fs; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
 vdNtjhd; my;Fh;Md; gilg;gpdq;fs; Fwpj;J rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;LfpwJ.

tpdh – 02
kdpjd; gw;wpa ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid Muha;f.
kdpjd; gw;wpa gpw kjq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;

 Kw;gpwtpapy; nra;j fUk tpidfis mDgtpf;f kdpjd; gpwf;fpd;whd;. – ngsj;j

kjk;
 Mjk; Vthypd; ghtj;ij Rke;jtdhf kdpjd; gpwf;fpd;whd; - fpwp];jt rkak;
7
 kdpjd; NgRk; Fuq;F – lhtpdp]k;
 kdpjd; xU nghUshjhug; gpuhzp – fhy;khu;f;];
 kdpjd; xU r%fg; gpuhzp – r%ftpay;

kdpjd; gw;wpa ,];yhkpa Nehf;F

 kdpj Njhw;wk;
 “epr;rpakhf (Muk;gj;jpy; Kjy;) kdpjiuf; fspkz;zpd; rj;jpypUe;J
rpU\;bj;Njhk;” (23:12)
 ,uj;jf;fl;lbapypUe;J gilj;Js;shd;> xU Mz;> xU ngz;zpypUe;J
gilj;Js;shd;
 kdpjd; my;yh`;thy; mwpT+l;lg;gl;l epiyapNyNa cyFf;F mDg;gg;gl;Ls;shd;
“gpd;G (Mjikg; gilj;J) MjKf;F(g; G+kpapYs;s) vy;yhg; (nghUl;fspd;)
ngau;fisAk; (mtw;wpad; jd;ikfisAk;) fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhd;” (2:31)
 kdpjd; my;yh`;tpd; gpujpepjp (fyPgh)
o “ehd; G+kpapy; vdJ gpujpepjpiag; gilf;fg;Nghfpd;Nwd;” (my;Fu;Md;)
 kdpjd; ,iw fz;zpaj;ij Rke;jtd;
o “ehk; Mjkpd; re;jjpia fz;zpag;gLj;jpAs;Nshk;” (my;Fu;Md;)
 ,iw Md;kh Cjg;gl;l cau;e;j rpU\;b kdpjd; : “epr;rpakhf ehk; kdpjid
kpf mofpa mikg;gpy; gilj;Js;Nshk;” (my;Fu;Md;)
 kdpj cly;> mwpT> Md;kh Mfpa %d;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;shd;.
 kdpjDf;F Neu;top fhl;Lk; nghWg;ig my;yh`; Vw;Ws;shd;
o “epr;rpakhf vd;Dila Neu;top cq;fsplk; tUk;. Vtu; vd;Dila
Neu;topiag; gpd;gw;Wfpd;whNuh mtu; top jtwkhl;lhu;. El;lkilaTk;
khl;lhu;” (2:38)
 kdpjd; nghWg;Gf;fSf;F tiff; $w flikg;gl;ltd;
 “ePq;fs; xt;nthUtUk; nka;g;ghsu;fs;. Ntutu; nghWg;G gw;wp tprhupf;fg;gLtPu;fs;”
(K];ypk;)
 Rje;jpuj; njupT nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

kdpjdpd; flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;

1. ,ghjj; - (tzq;fptopgly;)
“ehd; kdpj tu;f;fj;ijAk; [pd; tu;f;fj;ijAk; vd;id tzq;Ftjw;fhfNtad;wp
gilf;ftpy;iy” (my;Fu;Md;)

2. ,khuj; (G+kpia tsg;gLj;jy;)

“mtd; jhd; cq;fis g+kpapypUe;J gilj;J mjid tsg;gLj;JkhW Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;lhd;” (my;Fu;Md;)

3. fpyhgj; (Ml;rp epu;tfpg;G)

“mtd; cq;fis G+kpapypUe;J gilj;jhd;. Me;jg;G+kpia epu;tfpf;Fk; gb
cq;fisg; gzpj;jhd;” (my;Fu;Md;)

8
tpdh – 03
kdpj tho;T gw;wpa ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid Muha;f.
 tho;T vd;gJ> kdpjd; kdpjdJ gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,wg;gpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
,lk;ngWk; nraw;ghLfshFk;.
 gpugQ;rk; kdpjDf;fhf gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mjid czh;e;J gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
 cyf tho;it rkepiyahf mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 ,t;tho;T Nrhjid.
 ,jpy; g+uz $yp ngw KbahJ.
 ,e;j tho;it gad;gLj;jp kWikia Njl Ntz;Lk;.
 ,t;Tyfk; kWikapd; tpisepyk; (my;`jP];)

gFjp i
kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpilia njupT nra;f.

01 my;yh`;tpd; gpujpepjp vd;w tifapy; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba ,ghjj;> fpyhgj;>

,khuj;> gzpfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; fpyhgj; gzpfis cs;slf;fpa
njhFjp>
A fhLfis mopahJ ghJfhj;jy;
B ,iw rl;lq;fis cyfpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
C flikfis epiwNtw;wy;
D kdpj cupikifs epiwNtw;wy;
E Rw;whliy Rj;jkhf itj;jpUj;jy;
F ngw;nwhUf;Fupa flikfis epiwNtw;wy;
I AB II BD III BF IV CD V DE

02 xU K];ypk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba gzpfSs; “fpyhgj;” vd;gJ>

I G+kpia tsg;gLj;JtJ IV cyif Ml;rp nra;tJ
II my;yh`;it tzq;FtJ V Ik;ngUk; flikfis
epiwNtw;WtJ
III my;yh`;tpd; gpujpepjpahf njhopw;gLtJ

03 ahTk; ,aw;if vy;yhk; jw;nray; vd;gij Fwpg;gpLgtu;fs;>

I Md;kf P thjpfs; IV eh];jpfthjpfs;
II fpwp];jtu;fs; V ,e;Jf;fs;
III ngsj;ju;fs;

04 gpugQ;r tsq;fis cupa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp kdpj eyDf;fhf ciog;gijf;

typAWj;JtJ>
I ,ghjj; II fpyhgj; III tpyhaj; IV `pkhaj; V ,khuj;

9
 05 ,];yhj;jpd; jdpg;gz;GfSs; gpujhdkhdJ>
I ,d;]hdpa;ah IV mu;ug;ghdpa;ah
II m\;-\_%y; V my;yhfp,a;ah
III my;t]jpa;ah

06 `]h,]_y; ,];yhk; vd;gJ>

I ,];yhj;jpd; Ik;ngUk; flikfs; IV ,];yhj;jpd; rl;lq;fs;
II ,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; V ,];yhj;jpd; Nghjidfs;
III ,];yhj;jpd; %yhjhuq;fs;

07 ,];yhk; njhlu;ghd rpy fUj;Jf;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd

A ,];yhk; nefpOk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ
B ,];yhk; KO kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; cupaJ
C cyf tho;it mDgtpf;f kdpjDf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
D ,];yhk; tho;tpd; rpy JiwfSf;F kl;Lk; topfhl;Lfpd;wJ
E ,];yhk; kdpj rpe;jidapyd;wp midj;ijAk; nghjpe;j ,iwtdpd; ehl;lj;jpy;
cUthdJ
F my;yh`;tpd; mUs; K];ypk;fSf;F kl;Lk; cupaJ
I ABC II ADF III BCE IV CEF V DEF

08 ,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; njhFjp>

A my;yh`;tplkpUe;J fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ
B mwgpfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
C tho;f;iff;fhd Nghjidfs; midj;ijAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ
D K];ypk;fisAk; VidNahu;fisAk; my;yh`;tpd; gilg;G vd;fpd;wJ
E thshYk; Nghuhl;lj;jhYk; tsu;e;j khu;ff ; k;
F cyf tho;f;ifiaAk; mDgtpf;fyhk; vdf; $WfpwJ
I CDEF II ACDE III ABCD IV ABCE V ACDF

09 ,];yhj;jpd; jdpg;gz;GfSs; m\;\_%y;> my;t]jpa;ah> my;thfp,a;ah>

my;,d;]hdpa;ah vd;gtwpwpd; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Fk; njhFjpfspy; KiwNa
rupahdJ>
I G+uzj;Jtk;> ajhu;j;j epiy> khDlg; gz;G> nja;tPfg; gz;G
II G+uzj;Jtk;> eLepiyik> ajhu;j;j epiy> khDlg; gz;G
III G+uzj;Jtk;> eLepiyik> ajhu;j;j epiy> nja;tPfg; gz;G
IV khDlg; gz;G> ajhu;j;j epiy> eLepiyik>G+uzj;Jtk;>
V ajhu;j;j epiy> eLepiyik>G+uzj;Jtk;> khDlg; gz;G

10 “cyfk; mopag; NghdpwJ vd;w rpiy Njhd;wpdhYk; ifapypUf;Fk; gapiu el;L

tply; Ntz;Lk;” vd;w njhlu; hpf;dUtdtw;Ws; vjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ?
I fpyhgj; II ,ghjj; III ,khuj; IV e]P`j; V mkhdj;

11 my;yh`;tpd; gpujpepjp vd;w tifapy; kdpjd; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba ,ghj;> ,khuj;>

fpyhgj; gzpfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
A kuq;fs; mopahJ ghJfhj;jy;
B cyfpy; ,iw rl;lq;fis epiy ehl;ly;

10
C njhOif Kjyhd flikfis rupahf epiwNtw;wy;
D kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
E Rw;whly; khRglhky; ghJfhj;jy;
,tW;Ws; ,khuj; gzpfis khj;jpuk; cs;slf;Fk; njhFjp>
I AB II AE III BC IV BD V CD

12 Rw;whly; ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jk; ,];yhkpaf; Nfhl;ghL>

I ,ghjj; II fpyhgj; III ,`;]hd; IV K]huM V ,khuj;

13 ,e;j cyfk; ,aw;ifahfNt Njhd;wpajhFk;. mJ vtuhYk; rpU\bf;fg;gltpy;iy”

vDk; gpugQ;rk; gw;wpa rpe;jid nfhz;Nlhu;>
I Guhjd ghurPfu; IV ngsj;j kjj;jpdu;
II Guhjd rPdu; V fpwp];jt kjj;jpdu;
III eh];jpfu;fs;

14 ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfis cs;slf;fpa njhFjp>

I njs`Pj;> up]hyj;> kMj; IV mfPjh> \uPM> KMkyhj;
II my;Fu;Md;> `jP]; V ,[;kh> fpah];
III fypkh> njhOif> Nehd;G> ]fhj;> `[;

15 ve;jnthU fhupaj;ijAk; G+uzj;JtkhfTk; epGzj;Jtj;JlDk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;

vd;w fUj;ij typAUj;Jk; ,];yhkpa Nfhl;ghL
I fpyhgj; IV ,ghjj;
II ,khuj; V m];]k;c tj;jhM
III ,`;]hd;

16 kdpjd; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba fpyhgj;> ,ghjj;> ,khuj; gzpfs; rpytUkhW>

A gpujhd flikfis epiwNtw;wy;
B ehl;Lf;F tpRthrkhf elj;jy;
C Vida r%fq;fSld; ,zf;fkhf elj;jy;
D Rw;whliy ghJfhj;jy;
E ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
,tw;Ws; ,aw;if tsq;fSld; njhlu;ghd mk;rq;fisj; njupT nra;f.
I BC I CE III AB IV DE V BE
I

17 kdpjd; gw;wpa ,];yhkpa Nehf;FfSs; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ>

I MW ehl;fspy; gilf;fg;gly;
II khdf;Nflhd nray;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gilg;gpdk;
III kWikapy; Rtu;f;fk; nry;yf;$ba ghf;fpak; ngw;wtd;
IV ,ghjj;. ,khuj;> fpyhgj; Nghd;w nghWg;Gf;fisr; Rke;jpUg;gtd;
V ,g;yP]_f;F ,yFtpy; trg;glf;$ba cs mikg;igg; ngw;wtd;

18 “ug;ghdpa;ah”> “\_%ypa;ah”> “t]jpa;ah” Mfpa gjq;fs; jUk; nghUj;jkhd njhFjp>

I G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;fJ> kj;jpkkhdJ> ru;tNjr kakhdJ
II ru;tNjr kakhdJ> G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;fJ> kj;jpkkhdJ>

11
III nja;tPfj; jd;ik tha;e;jJ> kj;jpkkhdJ> G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;fJ
IV G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;fJ> nja;tPfj; jd;ik tha;e;jJ> kj;jpkkhdJ
V nja;tPfj; jd;ik tha;e;jJ> G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;fJ> kj;jpkkhdJ>

19 Gtpapy; tptrha eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJk;> Gtp khrilahky; fhg;gJk;

mtrpak; vd;gij czu;j;Jk; Nfhl;ghL>
I ,ghjj; II ,khuj; III fpyhgj; IV `pkhaj; V ]puhmj;

20 fPOs;s A,B,C $w;Wf;fis thrpj;J tpil jUf.

A gu;S fpghah vd;why; vy;Nyhu; kPJk; flikahd nghJ tplaq;fshFk;
B `_$Fy;yh`;> `_$Fy; ,ghjj; rhu;e;j flikfs; midj;Jk; gu;S Id; MFk;
C mbahd; my;yh`;Tf;F nrYj;j Ntz;bait `_$Fy;yh`; vdg;gLfpwJ
I A,B,C, %d;Wk; rupahdit
II A,B rupahf ,Ug;gJld; C jtwhdJ
III A,B,C, %d;Wk; jtwhdit
IV B rupahf ,Ug;gJld; A,C jtwhdit
V BAk; CAk; rupah ,Ug;gJld; A jtwhdJ

gFjp ii
vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil vOJf
(1) I ,];yhk; vDk; gjj;ij tiuypyf;fzg;gLj;Jf? (2 Gs;spfs;)

II ,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; ehd;iff; Fwpg;gpLf? (4 Gs;spfs;)

III gpugQ;rk; njhlu;ghd ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij (6 Gs;spfs;)

tpsf;Ff?
IV kdpjd; njhlu;ghd ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij Vida rka>
rpe;jidfspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; xg;GNehf;Ff? (10 Gs;spfs;)
(2) gpugQ;rk; gw;wpa ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;ij Vida Nfhl;ghLfSld;
xg;gpl;L Muha;f? (20 Gs;spfs;)
(3) ,];yhk; vd;why; vd;d? ,];yhj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis tpupthf Muha;f?
(20 Gs;spfs;)

12
,];yhkpa mbg;gil ek;gpf;iffs;
 my;yh`;
 kyf;Ffs;
 EG+t;tj;> up]hyj;> `pjhaj;
o fj;Ke;EG+tj;
o k`g;gJu; u]_y; (]y;)
 kWik ehs;
 foh fj;u;

tpdh – 01
,iwtd; xUtd; vd;gij t`p> gFj;jwpT> gilg;Gf;fs; vd;gd rhu;e;j Mjhuq;fs; Clhf
tpsf;Ff.

Ntjq;fs; / t`p fhl;Lk; Mjhuk;

 cyf tuyhw;wpd; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspYk; jhk; egpnad $wpa rfyhUk;
my;yh`; xUtd; vd;w Nfh\k; Kd;itj;jik
 t`p %ykhd my;Fh;Md; my;yh`; xUtd; vd;gjw;Fwpa gFj;jwpT hPjpahd
Mjhuq;fis Kd;itf;fpwJ.
o 'tdq;fspYk;> G+kpapYk; my;yh`;itj;jtpu NtW flTs;fs; ,Ue;jpUg;gpd; mit
rPh;Fioe;J NghapUf;Fk;”. (my;md;gpah : 21-22)
o 'my;yh`; gps;isfis vLj;Jf;nfhs;sTkpy;iy mtNdhL NtW flTSkpy;iy.
mt;thW ,Ue;jpUg;gpd;... (my;K/kpDhd; - 91)
o 'mtd; my;yhJ NtW flTsh;fis mth;fs; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;fsh? cq;fsJ
Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L thUq;fs; vd egpNa ePh; Nfl;gPuhf.”(my;md;gpah-24)
o 'ehDk; vdf;F Kd; te;j egpkhh;fSk; $wpa cah;e;j thh;j;ij> 'yh,yh`
,y;yy;yh`;” vd;gjhFk;.

gFj;jwpT fhl;Lk; Mjhuq;fs;

 ,g;ghhpa gpugQ;rj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa nghp gilg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; jhdhf
cUthdJ vd $WtJ...
 Ntfkhf tPRk; fhw;wpd; %yk; jl;lr;R...
 kuk; jhdhf tpOe;J gyiffshf fpope;J...
 Gif fpok;gpdhy; mjw;Fg;gpd; neUg;G ,Ug;gij...
 gpugQ;rj;jpd; ,af;fj;ij gFj;jwpT nfhz;L Muha;e;jhy;...
 #hpaDk;> re;jpuDk; Xh; xOq;fpd; mbg;gilapy; XLfpd;wd.”
 #hpad; re;jpuid mile;J nfhs;s khl;lhJ. midj;Jk; mjw;Fhpa ghijapy;
ePe;jp tUfpd;wd

gilg;gpdq;fs; fhl;Lk; Mjhuk;

 ,g;gpugQ;rj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpf;fyhd rpwpa nghpa gilg;gpdq;fSf;fp

gpd;dzpapy; xU gilg;ghsd; ,Ug;gij rpe;jpf;Fk; NghJ Gwpayhk;. (3:190)>
(6:185)> (10:101)
 gilg;Gf;fs; ahTk; Nrhbfshf gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sik...
 kuq;fspy; cUthFk; fha;> fzpfs; gilg;ghsd; ,Ug;gjw;F rhd;W
 gilg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; #oYf;Nfw;w cUthf;fk;...

13
  xd;Nuhnlhd;W Kuz;glhj gilg;Gfs;...
 ,it gilg;ghsd; ,Ug;gjw;F rhd;W.

tpdh – 02
njhs`Pjpd; tiffspy; gpd;tUtd Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
(i) UG+gpa;ah (ii) cY}`pa;ah (iii) my; m];kh t];]pghj; (iv) my;yh`;tpd;
jhj;Jk; ]pgj;Jk;

(i) njs`Pj; UG+gpa;ah :

 ug;G vd;w nrhy;ypd; tpsf;fk; : guhkhpg;gtd;> tsh;g;gtd;> Njitfis
epiwNtw;Wgtd;> nghWg;ghsd;> fz;fhdpg;gtd;> rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;gtd;> fPo;gg
; ba
itg;gtd;> jiytd;> mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltd;> fl;lisapLgtd;> Mjpf;fj;ij
jd;trk; itj;Jf; nfhz;ltd;> Kjd;ikahdtd;> mjpgjp> v[khd;.
 ek;gpf;if mwpT rhh;e;j njs`Pj;
 tuyhw;wpy; kdpjh;fs; gytw;iw ug;ghf Vw;Ws;sdh;. my;yh`; mth;fis
eph;%ykhf;fpdhd;. c.k; : gph;mt;d;> mg;u`h > egpkhh;fsJ rKfq;fs;.
 eh];jpfh;fisj; jtpu mjpfkhdth;fs; ,g;gphpit Vw;fp;d;wdh;.
 EG+tj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; njs`Pjpd; ,g;gphpit Vw;wpUe;jik.
o 'egpNa $WtPuhf! G+kpAk; mjpy; ,Ug;gitfSk; ahUf;F nrhe;jk; vd ePh;
Nfl;lhy; epr;rakhf my;yh`;Tf;F nrhe;jkhdJ vd mth;fs;
$Wthh;fs;”
o 7 thdq;fSf;Fk; nrhe;jf;fhud; ahh; vd;W Nfl;lhy; my;yh`;jhd; vd;W
$Wthh;fs;... (K/kpDhd;-84-88)

(ii) njs`Pj; cYh`pa;ah :

 ,yh`; vd;w nrhy;ypd; tpsf;fk; : Njitfis epiwNtw;Wgtd;>
mgakspg;gtd;> mikjpaspg;gtd;> mjpfhuKs;std;> tzq;fp topglj;
jFjpahdtd;> Njitfis epiwNtw;Wgtd;> rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk;
cs;std;> nghWg;G rhl;lj; jFjpahdtd;...
 elj;ij rhh;e;j njs`Pj;.
 my;yh`; gw;wp nfhz;Ls;s ek;gpf;iff;F nray;tbtk; nfhLg;gJ.
 njs`Pjpd; Kf;fpa gFjp ,J. ,g;gFjpia epiy ehl;lNt ,iwj; Jhjh;fs;
tUif. 'kf;fNs! yh,yh` ,y;yy;yh`; vd gpufldg;gLj;Jq;fs;
ntw;wpailtPh;fs;" (`jP]);
 vy;yhf; fhyq;fspYk; njs`Pjpd; ,g;gphpit kf;fs; Gwf;fdpj;J te;jdh;.
 \ph;f;> Fg;h;> epghf;> ,y;`hj; Vw;gLj;Jtd cYh`pa;ahit ghjpf;Fk;
mk;rq;fs; ;

(iii) m];kh t]pghj;

 my;yh`;Tf;F mofpa jpUehkq;fSk; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;GfSk; cs;sd. mitNa
m];kh (ngau;fs;)> ]pghj; (gz;Gfs;) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 gilg;gpdq;fspd; gz;GfSf;F Kw;wpYk; Kuzhdit.
 my;yh`;Tf;F 99 jpUehkq;fs; ,Ug;gjhf `jP]f
; spy; te;Js;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy
my;Fu;MdpYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;thNw my;yh`;tpd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpAk; mit
$wpAs;sd.

14
 “my;yh`;Tf;F mofpa jpUehkq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd; mtw;iwf; nfhz;Nl ePq;fs;
mtidg; gpuhu;j;jpAq;fs;” (m/uhg;- 180)
 mwpQu;fs; my;yh`;tpd; gz;Gfis 3 Mf tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
1. th[pghdit (fl;lhakhd gz;Gfs;)
2. K];j`Pyhdit (rhj;jpakw;w gz;Gfs;)
3. [hap]hdJ (my;yh`;Tf;F ,Uf;fTk; KbAkhd my;yJ ,y;yhjpUf;fTk;
KbAkhd gz;G)
my;yh`; jhd; ehbaijr; nra;thd; my;yJ ehlhjij nra;ahky; tpl;L tpLthd;
vDk; gz;G.

(iv). my;yh`;tpd; jhj;Jk; ]pgj;Jk;

 “jhj;” vd;gJ xd;wpd; ntspAUtkhFk;. ntspAUtj;ijAila xt;nthU
nghUSf;Fk; “]pghj;”; vdg;gLk; gz;Gfs; cs;sd. gz;GfisAila
xt;nthU nghUSf;Fk; “jhj;” vDk; ntspAUtk; cz;L.
 my;yh`;Tf;F ]pgj;Jfs; cs;sd. vdNt mtDf;F jhj;Jk; cz;L. vdpDk;
ngsjpf epajpfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l mtdJ jhj;ij ngsjpf epajpfSf;F
cl;gl;l kdpjdhy; czuNth fw;gid gz;zNth KbahJ. .
 ngsjpf tpjpahy; tuk;gplg;gl;Ls;s kdpj mwpthy; ngsjpf tpjpf;fg;ghw;gl;l
my;yh`;tpd; jhj;ij mwpa KbahJ. kdpjd; mtdJ tuk;ig kPwpr;
nraw;gLthdhapd; mopitNa Njbf; nfhs;thd;.
 vdNt jhd; ,];yhk; my;yh`;tpd; jhj;ijg; gw;wp rpe;jpg;gijj; jLj;J mtdJ
gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wp rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;LfpwJ. egp(]y;) mtu;fs; “ePq;fs;
my;yh`;tpd; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wp rpe;jpAq;fs; mtdJ jhj;ijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;f
Ntz;lhk; vd;whu;fs; ”.
 my;yh`;tpd; jhj;ijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;jjdhNyNa rpy kdpju;fs; my;yh`;Tf;F
cUtk; fw;gpj;jdu;. cjhuzkhf : K\g;gp`h> K[];]pkh.
 ,d;Dk; rpyu; mtdJ ,Ug;igNa kWj;jdu;. cjhuzkhf : Kmj;jpyh

tpdh – 03
njs`Pj; kdpj tho;tpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs; / tpisTfisj; jUf.

 mbikj; Jtj;jpypUe;J tpLtpj;J Rje;jputhdhf khw;Wfpd;wJ.

 ‘vg;nghOJk; my;yh`;tpd; mtjhdk; jd;kJ P ,Uf;fpd;wJ’ vd;w ,iw
rpe;jidAld; tho toptFf;fpd;wJ.
 midj;J tplaq;fSf;Fk; my;yh`;it rhHe;jpUf;Fk; gz;G tsuy;.
 jd;ek;gpf;if> JzpT> tPu czu;T Nghd;w gz;Gfs; tsuy;.
 FWfpa kdg;ghd;ik kiwe;J jpahf kdg;ghd;ik tsHjy;.
 Nfhioj;jdk;> mr;r czu;T> %l ek;gpf;if Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gf;
fpilf;Fk;.
 ,yl;rpaKk;> Fwpf;NfhSk; cs;s tho;T cUthjy;.
 kWikf;;fhf thOk; jd;ik Vw;gly;.
 rkj;Jtk;> ,d If;fpak; cUthjy;.
 tpuf;jp> Njhy;tp kdg;ghd;ik kiwjy;.

15
tpdh – 04
,];yhkpa mfPjhtpy; kyf;Ffs; gw;wpa ek;gpf;if Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

 my;yh`;thy; gilf;fg;gl;l Md;kf

P cyifr; rhu;e;Njhuhtu;.
 ,tu;fis <khd; nfhs;tJ ,];yhkpa mfPjhtpd; ,uz;lhtJ mk;rkhFk;.
'ahtUk; my;yh`;itAk;> mtDila kyf;FfisAk;> mtDila
Ntjq;fisAk;> mtDila J}ju;fisAk; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;" (2:285)
 mtu;fsJ gilg;G
o “kyf;Ffs; xspahy; gilf;fg;gl;ldu;. [pd;fs; jPr;Rthiyapy; ,Ue;J
gilf;fg;gl;ldu;. Mjk; cq;fSf;F tpsf;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;W fspkz;zhy;
gilf;fg;gl;lhu;”.
 gzpfs;...
o my;yh`;it tzq;fpf; nfhz;bUj;jy;>
o mtdJ mu;i\Rkj;jy;>
o RtdthrpfSf;F Nrhgdk; $Wjy;>
o euf thrpfisj; jz;bj;jy;>
o t`piaf; nfhz;L tUjy;>
o ,aw;if epfo;TfSf;Fg; nghWg;gha; ,Uj;jy;>
o K/ kpd;fSf;fhf my;yh`;tplk; gpuhu;j;jpj;jy;>
o mtu;fsJ Jha Md;kpf nraw;ghLfspy; fye;J nfhs;sy;>
o kdpju;fspd; nray;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;>
o K/kpd;fSf;F cjtp nra;J mtu;fis cWjpg;gLj;jy;>
o capiuf; ifg;gw;wy; Nghd;w gzpfs; kyf;FfSf;Fg; nghWg;Gr;
rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
 gz;Gfs;
o 'mjpy; fLikahd gyrhypfshd kyf;Ffs; (fhty;) ,Uf;fpd;wdu;; my;yh`;
mtu;fis Vtpa vjpYk; mtu;fs; khW nra;a khl;lhu;fs;; jhq;fs;
Vtg;gl;lgbNa mtu;fs; nra;J tUthu;fs;.
o ',uz;buz;Lk;> Kk;%d;Wk;> ed;dhd;Fk; ,wf;if cs;stu;fshf
kyf;Ffisj; jd; J}ij vLj;Jr; nry;Nthuhf Mf;fpdhd;; (ghjpu;:1)
o egp (]y;) mtu;fs;> [pg;uPy; (miy) mtu;fis 600 ,wf;iffSld; fz;ljhf
egpatu;fs; $wpaik.
 vz;zpf;if…
 Mw;wy;fs;...
 mtu;fSf;Fk; Vida capupdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s NtWghLfs;...

kyf;Ffspy; ,Ug;Gf;fhd Mjhuk;

 my;Fu;Md; `jP]; Mjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kyf;Ffspd; ,Ug;G epr;rakhdJ
vd;w ek;gpf;ifia tpQ;QhduPjpahf rpe;jpf;fpd;w NghJ NkYk; cWjpahfpd;wJ.
 ,];yhkpa ek;gpf;ifapd; gb kyf;Ffs; xspahy; gilf;fg;gl;ltu;fshtu;. etPd
mwptpay; xU nrf;fDf;F 186000 iky; gazk; nra;Ak; xspapd; Ntfj;ij
itj;J mikj;Js;s rhu;Gf; nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ my;Fu;Md;
trdq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; cz;ikfs; NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

16
 o 'xU ehs; kyf;FfSk;> ([pg;uPyhfpa) mt;thd;khTk;> mtdplk; Vwpr;
nry;thu;fs;; m(j;jpdj;)jpd; msT Ik;gjpdhapuk; Mz;Lfs; (rkkhf)
,Uf;Fk;.(70:4)
o ‘thdj;jpypUe;J G+kp tiuapYKs;s fhupaj;ij mtNd xOq;FgLj;Jfpwhd;;
xU ehs; (xt;nthU fhupaKk;) mtdplNk NkNywpr; nry;Yk;> me;j (ehspd;)
msT ePq;fs; fzf;fplf;$ba Mapuk; Mz;LfshFk;. (32:5)

kyf;Ffs; gw;wpa ek;gpf;if Kf;fpak; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1. gpugQ;r ,af;fj;JlDk; kdpj tho;TlDk; njhlu;Gilatu;fs;.
2. kyf;Ffs; gw;wpa gpioahd ek;gpf;iffs; fhzg;gl;lik.
3. kdpjDf;Fk; my;yh`;Tf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; kyf;Ffspd; gq;F
Kf;fpakhdJ.

tpdh – 05
up]hyj; vd;why; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;L kdpj tho;it topelhj;j up]hyj;
mtrpak; vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
 J}Jj;Jtk; vdg;gLk; ghupa nghWg;igf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
 nkhopf;fUj;J : fbjk;> J}J Nghd;wdthFk;.
 up]hyj;ijg; ngw;wtu; J}ju; vDk; nghUs; jUk; u]_y; vd;w nrhy; %yk;
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
 my;Fu;Md; u]_y; vd;w nrhy;iy %tifapdiuf; Fwpg;gpl cgNahfpj;Js;sJ.
o my;yh`;tpd; J}ij cupatu;fSf;F vj;jpitg;gjw;fhf kyf;Ffspy; ,Ue;J
njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu;fisf; Fwpg;gpl “my;yh`; kyf;Ffspy; ,Ue;Jk;
kdpju;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; J}ju;fisj; njupe;njLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;”(22:75)
o kdpjh;fSf;F jiyik jhq;fp \uPmj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mtu;fis
topelhj;Jtjw;fhf egpkhu;fspypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu;fs; : 'mtu;fs;
(Jhjh;fs;) jk; ,ul;rfdpd; J}Jfis nka;ahfNt vj;jp itj;jhu;fs;”
(72:26-/28)
o kdpju;fspy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l egpkhu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhf
(2:285)
 up]hyj;> mfPjh> ,ghjhj;> \uPmj;> m`;yhf; Mfpa ehd;F tplaq;fisg;
gpujhdkhf cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.
 egp my;yJ u]_y; vd;w me;j];J my;yh`;thy; toq;fg;gl;lhNy md;wp
vtUf;Fk; mjw;fhf cupik Nfhu KbahJ.

up]hyj;jpd; mtrpak;
 my;yh`;tpd; jpUg;jpiaAk;> Rtdj;ijAk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L thOk; Xu; ,yl;rpa
tho;Tf;F topfhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 ed;ik> jPik> rj;jpak;> mrj;jpak; MFkhdit> Mfhjit Nghd;wtw;iw gpupj;jwpaTk;>
mit gw;wpa Mo;e;j tpsf;fq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; up]hyj; mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ.
 kdpjdpd; cs;sj;jpy; vOk; mbg;gilahd tpdhf;fSf;F tpilgfu up]hyj;
mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ.
 kdpjdpd; Md;kPfj; Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;a up]hyj; mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,iwek;gpf;if> kWik tho;T> ,iwepu;zak; Nghd;w mbg;gil cz;ikfs; gw;wpa
njspthd tpsf;fq;fisg; ngw up]hyj; mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,iw epajpia njspTgLj;j up]hyj; mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ.
 kdpjg; gytPdq;fspypUe;J tpLgl;L Neuhd topfhl;lypy; epiyj;jpUf;f up]hyj;
mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ.
 cs;sk; tpUk;Gk; gytplaq;fis cjwpj; js;sptplTk;> cs;sk; ntWf;Fk; gy
tplaq;fis Gupe;J nraw;glTk; up]hyj; topfhl;Lfpd;wJ.
17
tpdh – 06
‘`pjhaj;’ vd;w nrhy;iy tiutpsf;fdg;gLj;jp ‘`pjhaj; ngw up]hyj; mtrpak;’ vd;w
$w;iw Muha;f.
 `pjhaj; - Neuhd ghij
 ghpghirapy; - kdpjd; gilf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fj;ijg; Gupe;J ,k;ik kWik Mfpa
<UyfpYk; mtd; ntw;wp milaf;$ba ghijapy; mtid topelhj;Jk; topfhl;ly;
 `pjhaj; vd;gjd; Neu; nghUspy; `_jh vd;w nrhy;Yk; cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 `pjhaj;i; j kdpjdJ Ra mwpthy; khj;jpuk; mile;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
 kdpj tho;T rPu;ngw ehd;F tplaq;fs; ,d;wpaikahjit
1. rPuhd ek;gpf;iffs; 2. cs;sj;ij newpg;gLj;Jk; Md;kfP g;
gapw;rpfs;
 3. fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; rl;lq;fs; 4. xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs;
 ,e;ehd;F gw;wpAk; njspthd topfhl;liyj; hp]hyj; jUtjdhy; `pjhaj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s mJkhj;jpuNk rpwe;j ClfkhFk;.
 kiwthd tplak; gw;wp up]hyj; Fwpg;gpLk; tplaq;fs; khj;jpuNk rhd;Wfs; %yk;
ep&gpf;ff;$badthf cs;sd.

tpdh – 07
‘fj;Ke; EGt;th’ Nfhl;ghl;il epWTk; tifapy; Mjhuq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

 ‘fj;Kd; EGt;tj;’ vd;why; ,Wjp egpj;Jtk; vd;gJ nghUs;gLk;.

 vdNt ,Wjp egpj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghl;il MjhuG+u;tkhf cWjpg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhd
tplakhFk;. K`k;kj; (]y;) mtu;fSf;Fg; gpd; egpj;Jtj; njhlu; Kw;Wg; ngw;W tpl;lJ
vd;gjw;F %tif Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 my;-Fu;Md; Mjhuq;fs;:
“cq;fspy; ve;j Xu; MZf;Fk; K`k;kj; (]y;) mtu;fs; je;ijahf ,y;iy. khwhf>
my;yh`;tpd; JhjuhfTk; egpkhu;fspy; ,WjpahdtuhfTk; cs;shu;.” (33 - my;-
m`;]hg; : 40)

 `jP]; Mjhuq;fs;:
 “vdf;Fg; gpd; ve;j egpj;JtKk; fpilahJ> ew;nra;jpfspd; mwptpg;Gf;fs; kl;LNk
cz;L”(K];dj; m`kj;)
 'gDh,];uNtyh;fis egpkhh;fs; topelj;jp te;jhh;fs; vtNuDk; xU egp
kuzpj;J tpl;lhy; kw;NwhU egp mg;nghWg;gpy; mkh;j;jg;gLthh;. Mdhy;> ehd;
,Wjp egpahNtd;. vdf;Fg; gpd; egpkhu;fs; tukhl;lhu;fs;. fyPghf;fs; kl;LNk
tUtu;” (`jP]);
 “vdf;Fk; Vida egpkhu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s njhlu;Gf;F cjhuzk; xU
kdpju; xU tPl;ilf; fl;bKbf;fpd;whu;. mt;tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;wtu;fs;…” (G`hup>
K];ypk;)

18
 ju;f;f uPjpahd rhd;Wfs;

my;yh`; cyfpw;F egpkhu;fis mDg;gpa gpd;dzpia Nehf;Fifapy;XH ,iwj;

J}jupd; gpd; kw;NwhH ,iwj; J}jupd; tUiff;F rpy fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. mit
tUkhW:
o ve;j xU egpAk; mDg;gg;glhj rKjhakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ,d;ndhU
r%fj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gl;l egpapd; J}Jr; nra;jp vl;lhjpUf;fNtz;Lk;.

o Kd;ida egpapd; Nghjid mope;J NghapUf;fNtz;Lk;>my;yJ jpupGgLj;jg;gl;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

o Kd;ida egpapd; Nghjid G+u;j;jpailahjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

o xU egpf;F ,d;ndhU egpapd; Jiz Njitg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tpdh – 08
k`g;gJh; U]_y; (]y;)- egp (]y;) mth;fs; kPJ md;G nfhs;sy; gw;wpa ,];yhj;jpd;
epiyg;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.
 vk;ik tpl> vkJ capiu tpl cyfpYs;s ve;j xUtiuAk; tpl Nkyhf xUtiu
kjpj;J> Nerpj;J mtUf;fhf capiuAk; mh;g;gzpf;f jahuhFk; epiyia
Fwpf;fpwJ.
 k`g;gJh; u]_y; <khNdhL njhlh;G gl;lJ. 'xUth; jdJ gps;isia tpl>
ngw;Nwhiu tpl> cyf kf;fs; midtiu tplTk; ehd; mtUf;F tpUg;gkhdtuhf
MFk;tiu <khd; nfhzltuhf Mf KbahJ”. (G`hup)

 xU Kiw ckh; (uop) mth;fs; egpath;fsplk; te;J “my;yh`;tpd; JhjNu>

epr;rakhf ehd; vdJ capUf;F mLj;J Vida midj;ijAk; tpl ePq;fs; jhd;
vdf;F Nerj;Jf;Fhpath;” vdf;$w> ~~vdJ capu; vtd; iftrk; cs;sNjh me;j
my;yh`;tpd; kPJ rj;jpakhf ckJ capiutpl ehd; ckf;F md;Gf;Fupatdhf
khwNtz;Lk;.|| vd;whu;fs;. mjd; gpd;dh;> ~~my;yh`;tpd; kPJ Mizahf
epr;rakhf vdJ capiutpl ePq;fs; Nerj;jpw;Fupatu;” vd;W cku; (uop)
nrhd;dhu;fs;. mg;nghOJ ~~ckNu! ,g;nghOJjhd; ckJ <khd; g+uzkhfpwJ||
(Gfhup)
 i]j; gpd; j]pdh (uop) mth;fis nfhiy nra;a Kw;gl;L egpatu;fs; me;j
,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gij tpUk;Gtjhf $wpdhy; kd;dpj;JtpLtjhf $wpaNghJ>
~~my;yh`;tpd; kPJ rj;jpakhf ehd; vdJ FLk;gj;JtUld; ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;f>
K`k;kJ (]y;) mtu;fSf;F> mtu;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; mtu;fsJ ghjj;jpy; xU
Ks; ijg;gijf;$l ehd; tpUk;g khl;N;ld;”.
 K`k;kj; (]y;) mth;fis mth;fsJ Njhoh;fs; Nerpg;gijg; Nghd;W cyfpy;
NtW kdpjh;fs; vtUk; vtiuAk; Nerpg;gij ehd; mwpakhl;Nld; - mG+ Rg;ahd;-

k`g;ghtpd; milahsq;fs; :
 md;Gitg;gij my;yh`; midj;J K];ypk;fSf;Fk; gpd;tUk; topKiwfspy;
flikahf;fpAs;sik
o njhOifapy; mj;j`pa;ahj;jpd; NghJ “egpNa cq;fs; kPJ ]yhk;
cz;lhtjhf”
o Vida re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; mjpfkhf ]ythj;Jr; nrhy;yy;. ~~epr;rakhf
my;yh`;Tk; mtdJ kyf;FfSk; egpath;fs; kPJ ]ythj;Jr;

19
 nrhy;fpwhu;fs;. tpRthrpfNs! ePq;fSk; mth;fspd; kPJ ]ythj;Jk; ]yhKk;
nrhy;Yq;fs;”
o ~~egp (]y;) mth;fs; kPJ itf;fpd;w md;G mtuJ ck;kj;jpdupilNa
xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.|| (48:29) •
o mtu;fSf;F vjpuhf Gide;Jiug;Nghiuj; jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
o mth;fsJ thu;j;ijfisAk;> topfhl;ly;fisAk; gpd;gw;wTk; ghJfhf;fTk;
Ntz;Lk;.
o mtu;fs; tho;e;J fhl;ba topfhl;ly;fisAk; Kd;khjpupfisAk; gpd;gw;wp
elf;f Ntz;Lk;

tpdh – 09
kWik tho;T gw;wpa ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid Muha;f
mwpKfk; : ‘at;Ky; Mfpuh’ vd;w nrhy; ,Wjp ehs; vd;w fUj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,g;gpugQ;rj;jpy; cs;s midj;Jk; mopf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w epiyahd ehisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;Ds;s tho;tpid kWik vd;gu;. ,jw;F ‘kMj;’ vDk; mwGg;
gjk; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ. ‘kMj;’ vd;gJ nkhop uPjpapy;: ‘kPSjy;’> ‘kPz;L tUjy;’>
‘jpUk;gp tUjy;’.
 ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;:
“ehk; thOk; ,t;Tyfk; (MyKy; gdhc) epue;jukhdjy;y> ,J xU Nrhjidf;
fskhFk;. ,jid my;yh`; mjd; Fwpg;gpl;l jtizapd; gpd;du; xU ehs;
mopj;JtpLthd;> mjpy; thOk; kdpjDk; mope;Nj tpLthd;. gpd; Muk;gk; Kjy;
,Wjp tiu cyfpy; tho;e;j capupdq;fs; midj;Jk; xU ehs; ,d;ndhU
tho;f;iff;fhf vOg;gg;gl;L> mtu;fs; midtUk; k`;\u; ntspapy; xd;W
Nru;f;fg;gl;L> ,t;Tyfpy; Gupe;j nraw;ghLfSf;F Vw;g tprhuid nra;ag;gLtu;.
gpd;du; ey;ybahu;fs; Rtdj;jpw;Fk;> ghtpfs; eufj;jpw;Fk;> %d;whk; rhuhu; jkJ
Fw;wj;Jf;Fupa jz;lidia eufpy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gpd; Rtdj;jpw;Fk;
mDg;gg;gLtu;.” ,JNt kWik gw;wpa ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; RUf;fkhFk;.

tpdh – 10
,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; kWik ehspd; mtrpak; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
 kdpjdpd; kNdhepiy ,d;ndhU tho;f;if mtrpaj;ij czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
 kdpjdpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; ,d;ndhU tho;f;if
mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ:
 ,t;Tyfpy; kdpj tho; ehl;fs; NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; ,d;DnkhU
tho;tpd; mtrpak; czug;gLfpd;wJ.
 kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jz;lid my;yJ gupRfs; toq;fg;gLtjw;F
nghUj;jkhd fsk; mtrpakhFk;. vdNt kWik tho;T mtrpakhFk;.
 kdpjd; kuzpf;f tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. njhlu;e;J thoNt tpUk;Gfpwhd;. mjw;F
,t;Tyf epajp nghUj;jkhf ,y;iy. vdNt tho;tjw;fhd kw;nwhU fskhf
kWik mikfpd;wJ.
 kdpjdpd; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd jz;lid my;yJ gupR toq;fg;gLtjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd - ePz;l fhy fsk; Njit. mjw;F kWik mtrpag;gLfpwJ.
 cau;e;j gilg;ghd kdpjd;> jho;e;j gilg;Gfs; Nghy kuzj;NjhL tplg;gLtJ
mtdJ me;j];Jf;F ,opthdJ. mtdJ cau;epiyf;F milahskhf kWik
mikfpwJ.

20
  ,iwtd; ,Ug;gij cyfpy; fhzKbahJ. kWikapy; ,iwtidf; fhZk;
re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;fg; ngWfpwJ
 kdpjdpd; fz;zpaj;ij czu;j;j kWik mtrpak;.
 my;yh`;tpd; fl;lisfis vLj;J elg;gjdhy; jPatw;iw tpl;L tpyfp
elg;gjdhYk; mtdJ tho;tpd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsq;Ftjw;Fk; kWik ehs; xd;W
mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ.

tpdh – 11
kWik ehs; rhj;jpakhdJ vd;gjid Mjhuq;fSld; epWTf.

 egp (]y;) mth;fs; kWik ek;gpf;if gw;wpf; $wpaNghJ mJ rhj;jpakw;w xd;W

vd;W vz;zpa fhgpu;fs; egpath;fisg; gupfrpj;jdu;. Fju;f;f tpdhf;fisj;
njhLj;jdh;. mtw;Wf;F my;Fu;Md; jh;ff
; uPjpahf gjpy; $wpaJ.
 cf;fpg;Nghd vYk;Gj;Jz;ilf; nfhz;Lte;J egpath;fsplk; ,ij vg;gbckJ
,iwtd; kPz;Lk; vOg;Gthd; vdg; gupfhrkhff; Nfl;ljw;F my;yh`;my;Fu;Md;
(36:77-83) trdq;fis ,wf;fpg; gjpy; $wpdhd;.
 ‘kWik ehnsd;gJ epr;rakhdJ’ vd;gij epWtf; $ba Mjhuq;fs; kpfj;
njspthditahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 gpwg;Gk; ,wg;Gk; nfhz;l ,t;Tyf tho;f;if vd;gJ fhyj;jpd; Nfhyk; vd;W
thjpl;lth;fSf;F (45:24) my;Fu;Md; mtu;fsJ mwpahikia Rl;bf;fhl;baJ.
(45:26-27) (j`;ua
P ;A+d;)
 kWik rhj;jpakhd xd;wh vdr; re;Njfk; nfhz;Nlhiug; ghu;j;J my;-Fu;Md;
gjpy; $Wfpd;wJ. (22:05)(56:62)
 ve;j Kd;khjpupAk; ,y;yhky; Kjypy; cyifg; gilj;j my;yh`;Tf;F ,uz;lhk;
Kiw mjid cUthf;FtJ kpfTk; ,yFthdJ vd;wJ. (30:27-28)
 kWikapy; ek;gpf;ifaw;Nwhu; mJ vg;NghJ tUk; vd;W egpatu;fsplk;
gupfhrkhff; Nfl;ljw;F my;Fu;Md; gjpy; $wpaJ. (79:42-46) (7:187)
 tuyhw;wpy; kuzpf;fr; nra;J capu;g;gpj;j epfo;Tfs; gy ,lk;ngw;Ws;sik.
o gwitf;F caph; nfhLf;f ,g;wh`pk; (miy)f;F "vd; ,iwth!
,we;Njhiu eP vt;thW capu;g;gpf;fpwha; vd;gij vdf;Ff; fhl;Lthahf!''
vd;W ,g;uh`Pk; Ntz;baNghJ> "ePu; ek;gpf;if nfhs;stpy;iyah? vd;W
(,iwtd;) Nfl;lhd;. mjw;ftu; "mt;thwy;y! khwhf vdJ cs;sk;
mikjpAwNt” vd;whu;. "ehd;F gwitfisg; gpbg;gPuhf! mtw;iwj; Jz;L
Jz;lhf ntl;b ck;kplk; itj;Jf; nfhs;tPuhf! gpd;du; mtw;wpy; xU
gFjpia xt;nthU kiyapd; kPJk; itg;gPuhf! gpd;du; mtw;iw
miog;gPuhf! mit ck;kplk; tpiue;J tUk;. my;yh`; kpifj;jtd;;
Qhdkpf;ftd; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tPuhf” vd;W(,iwtd;)
$wpdhd;”.(mh;gfuh-260)
o gDh ,];uNtyh;fspy; xU $l;lj;jpdiu my;yh`; kuzpf;fr; nra;J
capu;g;gpj;jhd;> “kuz gaj;jhy; jk; tPLfistpl;Lk;> Mapuf;fzf;fpy;
ntspNawpatu;fis ePu; ftdpf;ftpy;iyah? my;yh`; mtu;fsplk; “,we;J
tpLq;fs;” vd;W $wpdhd;; kPz;Lk; mtu;fis capu;g;gpj;jhd; (2:243)
o khl;il mUj;J mbj;jjd; %yk; vOe;j nfhiyahsp gw;wp #uh my;gfuh
vDk; mj;jpahak; NgRfpd;wik.

21
 o cwf;fj;jpd; gpd; kPz;Lk; vOjy;> “my;yh`;> capu;fis mit kuzpf;Fk;
NghJk;> kuzpf;fhjtw;iw mtw;wpd; epj;jpiuapYk; ifg;gw;wp> gpd;G vjd;
kPJ kuzj;ij tpjpj;Jtpl;lhNdh mij(j; jd;dplj;jpy;) epWj;jpf;
nfhs;fpwhd;; kPjpAs;stw;iw xU Fwpg;gpl;l jtiz tiu (tho;tjw;fhf)
mDg;gp tpLfpwhd; ([_kh;:42)
o xU fpuhkj;ij fle;J nry;gtd; gilg;G gw;wp re;Njfpj;j Ntis my;yh`;
mtid kuzpj;J capu;g;gpf;fpwhd; “,t;T+u; (,t;thW mope;J) kupj;jgpd;
,jid my;yh`; vg;gb capu;g;gpg;ghd;?” vd;W (tpae;J) $wpdhu;; MfNt>
my;yh`; mtiu E}whz;Lfs; tiu ,we;J NghFk;gbr; nra;jhd;; gpd;du;
mtiu capu;ngw;nwOk;gbr; nra;jhd;…” (2:259)
 mwptpay; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;s ,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; kWik ek;gpf;if mwpTf;F
mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd;NghUila thjKk; md;iwa kWg;ghsu;fspd; thjj;ij xj;jNj.
 kWik cz;L vd;gjw;fhd gy;NtW ju;f;fuPjpahd rhd;Wfisg; gFj;jwpT
Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.
o xd;W ,Ug;gpd; KbT xd;Wk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ nghJ tpjpahFk;.
o gilf;Fk; rf;jp tha;e;j my;yh`;Tf;F mopf;Fk; rf;jpAk; cz;L.
o midj;Jk; mopaf;$bad vd;gij mwptpay; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.

tpdh – 12
kWik ehspd; mtrpak; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
1. gilg;gpd; Nehf;fk; epiwT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. kdpjdJ vy;yh MirfSk; fzTfSk;> vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fSk; ,t;Tyfpy;
epiwNtWtjpy;iy. mit epiwNtw ,d;Dk; xU cyfk; Njit.
3. cyfk; nraw;ghl;bd; G+uz tpiyitj; jUtjpy;iy. ed;ik nra;NjhUf;fhd
G+uz $ypNah> jPq;F nra;NjhUf;fhd G+uz jz;lidNah toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
4. cyf tho;tpy; nray;fSf;fhd $yp> jz;lidfs; epahakw;wit. vdNt> ePjp
(,iwtdJ ePjp mtrpak;).
5. ,d;gk;> epk;kjp> re;Njh\k; ,t;Tyfpy; epue;jukpy;iy. epue;ju kfpo;r;rp mtrpak;
vd;gij cs;sk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
6. kdpjd; Vida gilg;Gf;fspypUe;J tpj;jpahrg;gLj;jp cah;e;j gilg;ghf gilj;J
mtDf;F cyfg;nghUw;fis trg;gLj;jp nfhLj;J Vida gilg;gpdq;fs; Nghy;
,itAk; kuzpj;J kz;NzhL kz;zhf nry;tJ vt;tifapYk; epahakw;wJ.
7. kdpjd; kuzpf;f tpUk;Gtjpy;iy njhlh;e;J caph;thoNt tpUk;Gfpwhd;. Mdhy;
cyf epajp; epue;ju tho;T fpilg;gjpy;iy. epue;ju cyF Njit vd;gij kdk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
8. cyfpy; ,iwtidf; fhDk; ghf;fpak; fpilg;gjpy;iy. xt;nthU cs;sKk;
jd;idg; gilj;jtid fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mty;nfhs;Sk;. mjw;fhd
cyfkhf kWik mtrpak;.
9. my;-Fu;Md; Mjhuq;fs;:
“mtd;> epr;rakhf kWik ehspy; cq;fis xd;W Nru;g;ghd;. mjpy;
re;Njfkpy;iy." (4:87)
'cq;fis ehk; gilj;jnjy;yhk; tPZf;fhfj; jhd; vd;Wk; epr;rakhf ePq;fs;
vk;kplk; kPsf; nfhz;L tug;gl khl;Bu;fs; vd;Wk; vz;zpf; nfhz;Bu;fsh?" (23:
115)

22
 'gilg;Gfis Kjyhtjhfg; gilj;jjpy; ehk; ,ayhkyhfp tpl;Nlhkh?
mt;thwd;W. (,we;jgpd;) kPz;Lk; gilg;gJ gw;wp ,tu;fs; re;Njfj;jpy;
,Uf;fpd;wdu;." (50:15)
'kdpjd;> mtdJ cf;fpg; Nghd vYk;Gfis ehk; xd;W Nru;f;fkhl;Nlhk; vd;W
vz;Zfpd;whdh? Mk;> ehk; mtdJ tpuy;fspd; Edpfisf; $l rPu;gLj;j
rf;jpAilNahuha; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;." (75: 3>4)

tpdh – 13
kWik ehspd; epfo;Tfis Mjhuq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.

kz;ziw tho;f;if
 kdpjd; kuzpj;J ,Wjp ehis re;jpf;f Kd; re;jpf;Fk; ,lk;.
 ',d;Dk; mtu;fs; kuzpj;jjpypUe;J vOg;gg;gLk; tiu mtu;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy;
gu;]f; ,Uf;fpd;wJ." (23:100)
 ,J ntw;wpahf mike;jhy; mJ epue;ju ntw;wp...
 “fg;W> Rtdj;Jr; Nrhiyfspy; xU NrhiyahFk;> my;yJ eufj;jpd;
gLFopfspy; xU gLFopahFk;.” (jpu;kpjp)
 kz;ziwfs; kdpjidg; ghh;j;J>’ehd; Gr;Rg;GOf;fSk; tp\ [e;Jf;fSk;
epiwe;j vy;yhtw;iwAk; kz;NzhL kz;zhf;ff;$ba ehd;
jdpikapypUf;fpNwd;’ <khd; nfhz;L ey;yky; nra;jth; te;jhy; ‘cd; tuT
ey;tuthfl;Lk;. vd; Kfg;gpy; cyhtpa ey;Nyhh;fSs; ePAk; xUtd;. vd;dplk;
te;Jtpl;l eP vd; ,ay;Gfisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;” vd tuNtw;Fk;. fz;fSf;F
vl;lhj Jhuk; tiu tphptile;J nry;Yk;. ghtpfs; te;jhy;’ vd; Kfg;gpy;
cyhtpa jPath;fSs; ePAk; xUtd;. vd;dplk; te;j eP vd;id mwpe;Jnfhs;
vdf;$wp mtdJ tpyh vOk;Gfs; xd;Wld; xd;W NrWk; tiu neUf;Fk;.
,Uk;G rk;kl;bahy; mtd; mbf;fg;gLthd;. tp\g;ghk;Gfs; mtidj; jPz;Lk;.
(`jP];)
 “cq;fspy; xUtu; ,we;J tpl;lhy; mtu; jq;Fkplk; mtUf;Ff; fhiyapYk;
khiyapYk; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;. mtu; Rtdthrpahf ,Ue;jhy; Rtdj;jpy;
,Ug;gjhfTk;> eufthrpahf ,Ue;jhy; eufj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhfTk; (vLj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gLk;.) NkYk;> ‘my;yh`; kWik ehspy; ck;ik vOg;Gfpd;w tiu
,JNt (fg;Nu) cd;Dila jq;Fkplk;’ vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;” vdf;$Wfpd;whu;.
(G`hup)
 gfypYk;> ,utpYk; mth;fSf;F eufk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk; (my;Fh;Md;)
 mth;fis ehk; ,U Kiw Ntjid nra;Nthk; (my;Fh;Md;)

kPs vOg;gg;gLjy; (my;g/];)

 ‘mq;NfNa ePq;fs; kuzkiltPu;fs;; (,Wjpahf) ePq;fs; mq;fpUe;Nj
vOg;gg;gLtPu;fs;” (8:24-25)
 ‘kz;ziwfspy; ,Ug;Nghiu> epr;rakhf my;yh`; (capu; nfhLj;J)
vOg;Gthd;.(`[;-7)
 “kdpjdpd; vy;yhg;gFjpfisAk; kz; cl;nfhs;Sk; tpyhg;Gwj;J vOk;igj;
jtpu” (G`hup)
 (my;`[;-7-5)> (ah]Pd;-78-79)> (my;,];uh-49-51)> (mh;&k;-21)> (kh;ak;- 66-67)

23
k`;\h;
 Af Kbtpd; gpd; xd;W jpul;lg;gLk; ,lk;.
 mth;fs; midtUk; ek;kplNk xd;W jpul;lg;gl;L nfhz;Ltug;gLthh;fs;(23:79)>
 epr;rakhf ckJ ,iwtd; ,Wjp ehspy; mth;fis xd;W jpul;Lthd; (15:25)>
(36:32)> (64:9)> (41:19)> (67:24)
 kdpj> [pd; ,dj;jpy; midtUk; xd;W jpul;lg;gl;L tprhuidf;Fw;gLj;jg;gLth;.
 kyf;Ffs; kjpy;fisg;Nghd;W Rth; mikj;Jf;nfhs;th;.
 kf;fspd; kj;jpapy; mr;rKk; fyf;fKk; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;.
 #hpad; mth;fSf;F mz;ikapy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;. kf;fs; jkJ
Fw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g tpah;itahy; %o;Fth;.
 xt;nthUtUk; jk;ikg; gw;wpNa epidj;J ftiynfhs;th;.
 me;ehspy; rpy kdpjh;fSf;F vt;tpj ftiyAk;> gaKk; ,Uf;f khl;lhJ.
 me;ehspy; my;yh`;tpd; mh;\pd; fPo; 7 $l;lj;jpw;F epoy; fpilf;Fk;.
 NkYk; egp (]y;) mth;fsJ ck;kj;jpy; rpyh; egpath;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd
‘ypthcy; `k;J’ vDk; nfhbapd; fPo; epoy; ngWth;.
`t;Oy; ft;]h;
 ‘‘epr;rakhf ehk; ckf;F ft;]iuf; nfhLj;Njhk;” (108:1)
 k`;\h; ntspapd; fLk; #l;bdhy; kf;fs; mtjpAw;wpUf;Fk; Ntisapy;
,t;Tyfpy;
 ed;ik Ghpe;j ey;ybahh;fSf;F egpath;fsJ ck;kj;ijr; Nrh;e;NjhUf;fhf
jkf;F gpuj;jpNafkhf toq;fg;gl;l `t;Oy; ft;]hpypUe;J ePh; Gfl;Lthh;fs;.
 me;ePh; ghiy tpl ntz;ikahdjhfTk;> Njid tpl ,dpikahdjhTk;>
f];Jhupia tpl thrKs;sjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. mjid mUe;jpNahUf;F mjd;
gpwF jhfNk Vw;glhJ.
 gr;rpyk; ghyfh;fis ,oe;J nghWikAld; ,Ue;j ngw;NwhUf;F gps;isfs;
%yk; ePu; Gfl;lg;gLk;.
`p]hg; - tprhuid
 egp(]y;) mth;fsJ \ghmj;ijj; njhlh;e;J my;yh`;tpd; mh;i\ kyf;Ffs;
Rke;J tUth;. gpd; tprhuid Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
 vd;w nrhy;Ny jpLf;fplr; nra;af;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 ‘mth;fis kWikf;F kPl;LtJk; gpd; tprhhpg;gJk; vk;kPJ
flikahfpwJ.(88:25>26)
 ed;ikapy; Kjypy njhOif gw;wpAk; jPikapy; Kjypy; nfhiy gw;wpAk;
tprhuid nra;ag;gLk;.
 tha;fSf;F G+l;L Nghlg;gLk;> cly; cWg;Gf;fs; NgRk;. ‘me;ehspy;
mth;fSila ehTfSk;> mth;fsJ iffSk;> mth;fsJ fhy;fSk;
mth;fSf;nfjpuhf mth;fs; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jtw;wpw;F rhl;rp $Wk;.(24:24)
 ‘ md;iwa jpdk; ehk; mth;fsJ tha;fspd; kPJ Kj;jpiuapl;L tpLNthk;.
md;wpAk; mth;fs; rk;ghjpj;Jf;nfhzbUe;jJ gw;wp mth;fsJ iffs; ek;Kld;
NgRk;. mt;fsJ fhy;fs; rhl;rp nrhy;Yk; (36:65)
 rpyh; Nfs;tpf;fzf;fpd;wp Rth;f;fk; Eioth;. 'vdJ r%fj;jpy; my;yh`;Tf;F
,iz itf;fhkYk; Fwp rh];jpuk; ghu;f;fhkYk; cs;s vOgjpdhapuk; Ngu;
tprhuizapd;wp Rtdk; Eiotu;”(G`hup)

24
gl;Nlhiy
 tprhuidiaj; njhlh;e;J ed;ik jPikfis cs;slf;fpa gl;Nlhiy
toq;fg;gLk;.
 kdpjdpd; ntw;wp Njhy;tpia jPh;khdpg;gjhf mikAk;.
 tyf;fuj;jpy; ngw;Nwhh; ntw;wpahsh;fshf jpfo;th;. ,lf;fuj;jpy; ngw;Nwhh;>’
jhd; gpwf;fhky; kz;zhffNt ,Ue;jpUf;ff; $lhjh”! vd mq;fyha;g;gh;.
 'tyf;fuj;jpy; gl;Nlhiy toq;fg;gl;lth;fs; kfpo;r;rpapy; kw;wth;fisg; ghh;j;J>
',q;Nf te;J vdJ Vl;il thrpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;. epr;rakhf ehd; ,t;thW xU
tprhuidiar; re;jpg;Ngd; vd vz;zpapUe;Njd;... ,lJ fuj;jpy; gl;Nlhiy
toq;fg;gl;lth;>’vdJ gjpNtL toq;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jpUf;ff; $lhjh! tprhuid
vd;gJ vd;d vd;gij ehd; mwpe;jpUf;f tpy;iy. mJ Kbe;Jtpl;l tplakhf
,Ue;jpUf;ff; $lhjh?” (69:19-29) vd fjUthd;
 xt;nthU kdpjdJk; nraiyg;gw;wpa tphpthd Fwpg;ig mtdJ fOj;jpy;
khl;bAs;Nshk;. kWikapy; mtDf;F mjid xU Gj;jfkhf vLj;Jf;
nfhLg;Nghk;. mtd; mjid thrpj;Jg; ghh;g;ghd;. mg;NghJ mtid Nehf;fp>
‘,d;iwa jpdk; cd;Dila fzf;ifg; ghh;f;f ePNa NghJkhdtd;.
 ,d;Dk; (gl;Nlhiyahfpa) Gj;jfk; (mtu;fs; Kd;) itf;fg;gLk;;
mjpYs;sijf; fz;L Fw;wthspfs; kpf;f mr;rj;Jld; ,Ug;gijf; fhz;gPu;
NkYk; mtu;fs;> “vq;fs; NfNl! ,e;j Vl;bw;F vd;d (Neu;e;jJ)? rpwpaitNah
ngupaitNah vijAk; tiuaWf;fhJ ,J tpl;Litf;ftpy;iyNa!” vd;W
$Wthu;fs;; ,d;Dk;> mtu;fs; nra;j ahTk; mtu;fs; Kd; itf;fg;gLtijf;
fhz;ghu;fs;; Mdhy; ck;Kila ,iwtd; xUtUf;Fk; mepahak;
nra;akhl;lhd; (18:49)
kP]hd;
 kWikapy; my;yh`; ePjp jtwhjtd; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ed;ik>
jPikfis ed;ik jPikfis kpfj; Js;spakhf kjpg;gpLk; tifapy; xU juhR
itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 mJ ed;ik jPikfis kpfj;Js;spakhf vLj;Jf;fhl;btpLk;.
 'ck;Kila ,iwtd; xUtUf;Fk; mepahak; nra;akhl;lhd;” (18:49)
 'kpfj;Js;spakhd juhRfis ehk; itg;Nghk;. ve;jnthU Mj;khTk; xU
rpwpJk; mepahakpiof;fg;gl khl;lhJ. ed;ik jPikfspd; fLfsT vil
,Ug;gpDk; mij ehk; fzf;fpy; nfhz;LtUNthk;. fzf;nfLf;f ehNk
NghJkhzth;fs;”.
 ahh; mZtsT ed;ik nra;jhYk; mjid mth; mq;F fz;Lnfhs;thh;. ahh;
mZtsT jPik nra;fpwhNuh mth; mjidf; fz;L nfhs;thh;. (99:7-8)
 md;iwa jpdk; (mtutupd; ed;ik jPikfis) vilNghLtJ cWjp; mg;NghJ
ahUila (ed;ikapd;) vil fdj;jNjh mtu;fs; jhk; ntw;wpahsu;fs;.
ahUila (ed;ikapd;) vil (Fiwe;J) ,Nyrhf ,Uf;fpd;wNjh> mtu;fs; ek;
trdq;fSf;F khWnra;j fhuzj;jhy;> mtu;fs; jkf;F jhNk e\;lk;
tpistpj;Jf; nfhz;ltu;fs; Mthu;fs;. (7:8-9)
]puhj; :
 eufpd; Nky; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU ghyNk ]puhj; MFk;.
 Rth;f;fj;ij milAk; xt;nthUtUk; mjidj; jhz;bNa nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
 xt;nthUtuJ nray;fSf;Fk; Vw;g xLf;fkhdjhfTk; tphpthdjhfTk; mJ
fhzg;gLk;.
 gy ,yr;rf;fzf;fhd iky; Jhuj;ijf; nfhz;l mjid xt;nthUtUk; jkJ
cyfpd; nray;fs;> ed;ikfSf;F Vw;wjhd Ntfj;jpy; flg;gh;.

25
 rpyh; fz;zpikg; nghOjpYk;> kpd;dy; Ntfj;jpy;> rpyh; Ntfkhf XbAk;> rpyh;
XbAk;> ele;Jk;> jto;e;Jk; flg;gh;.
 eufthrpfs; flf;f KbahJ eufpy; tPo;e;J tpLth;.
rpyh; vt;tpj tprhuidAk; ,d;wp fz; ,ikf;Fk; nghOJfspy; flg;gh;.

m];`hGy; m/uhg; : rpfuthrpfs;

 ]puhj; ghyj;ijj; jhz;ba rpyuJ ed;ik - jPik rkg;gl;ljd; tpisthf
Rthf;fj;jpw;Nfh> eufj;jpw;Nfh nry;y KbahJ mtw;Wf;;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;
m/uhg; vDk; Rthpy; fhzg;gLth;.
 'eufthrpfs;> Rth;f;fthrpfs; Mfpa ,th;fSf;fpilNa xU jpiuahd kjpy;
cz;L. mjd; rpfuq;fspy; mNef kdpjh;fs; ,Ug;ghh;fs;... (7:46)
 'rpfuq;fspy; ,Ug;gth;fs; rpy kdpjh;fis mth;fsJ milahsq;fshy;
mwpe;J nfhz;L mth;fis mioj;J $Wthh;fs;>' ePq;fs; cyfj;jpy; Nrkpj;J
itj;jpUe;jitAk;> ePq;fs; ngWikabj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jitAk; cq;fSf;Fg;
gadspf;ftpy;iyNa!" (7:48)
 Rth;f;fj;ij Mrpj;jth;fshf> Vq;fpj;jtpg;gh;. mth;fsJ cs;sq;fspy;
ftiyAk;> gjw;wKk; epinfhz;bUf;Fk;. Kfq;fs; thb fz;fs; xsp kq;fpf;
fhzg;gLk;.
 euifAk; mjd; NtjidfisAk; fz;L gae;jth;fshfTk;> Rth;f;fj;ijAk;
mjd; ,d;gq;fisAk; fz;L Vq;fpath;fshf ePz;lfhyk; mq;F fhzg;gLth;.
gpd;dh; mth;fsJ ghtq;fs; kd;dpf;fg;gl;L Rtdj;jpy; Eiotpf;fg;gLth;.

Rth;f;f tho;T :
 xU K];ypkpd; cyf tho;tpd; ,Wjp ,yf;F
 cyf tho;tpy; ed;ikfis khj;jpuNk nra;J ,iw jpUg;jpiag;
ngw;wkdpjh;fSf;fhf... F ',d;Dk; tpRtrk; nfhz;L ey;yky;fis
nra;fpd;whh;fNs mj;jifNahh; Rtdgjpap;y; Eioth;. mjpy; mth;fs;
epue;jukhf ,Ug;gh;".(my;Fh;Md;)
 'cq;fs; ,iwtdplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk; kd;dpg;Gf;Fk;> thdq;fs; G+kpasT
tprhykhd Rth;f;fj;jpw;Fk; tpiuAq;fs;. ,iwtid mQ;RNthUf;F mJ
jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.(3:133)
 've;jf;fz;Zk; fz;buhj> ve;jf;fhJk; Nfl;buhj> ce;j cs;sj;jpYk;
cjpj;jpuhj ,d;gq;fis vd; ey;ybahh;fSf;fhf ehd; Rth;f;fj;jpy;
jahh;gLj;jp itj;jpUf;fpNwd;" vd;W my;yh`; $wpajhf egp (]y;) mth;fs;
$wpdhh;fs;. (G`hhp)
 Rth;f;fj;jpd; ngah;fs; :
 01. jhU];]yhk; 02. jhUy; kfhk; 03. jhUy; [yhy; 04. jhUy; fuhh; 05.
kfhKd; mkPd; 06. kf;mJ ]pj;f; 07. [d;dJy; k/th 08. [d;dJy;
gph;jt;]; 09. [d;dJ mj;d; 10. [d;dJe; e<k; 11. [d;dJy; Fy;j;
 Rth;f;fj;jpd; thapy;fs; :
 'vd; caph; vtd; iftrkpUf;fpwNjh mtd; kPJ rj;jpakhf Rth;f;f thrypd;
,U gf;fq;fSf;FKs;s Jhuk; kf;fhTf;Fk; akdpYs;s `pk;ah; vDk;
CUf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s my;yJ kf;fTf;Fk; \hkpYs;s G\;uh vDk;
CUf;Fkpilapyhd JhukhFk;". (G`hhp)
 Rth;f;fj;jpy; 8 thapy;fs; cs;sd. mjpy; 'ua;ahd;" vd;wiof;fg;gLk;
thapnyhd;W cs;sJ. mjpy; Nehd;ghspfisj; jtpu NtnutUk; Eioa
khl;lhh;fs;. (G`hhp)

26
 'njhOifahspfs; njhOifapd; thapypDhlhfTk;> mug;Nghh; Ghpe;Njhh;
[p`hj; vDk; thapypDhlhfTk;> Nehd;ghspfs; ua;ahd; vDk;
thapypDhlhfTk;> jh;kk; nra;jth;fs; ]jfh vDk; thapypDhlhfTk;
miof;fg;gLth;". (G`hhp)
 Rth;f;fj;jpd; fhtyhspfs;: 'cq;fs; kPJ rhe;jp cz;lhfl;Lk;. ePq;fs;
kfpo;r;rpailtPh;fs;. epue;jukhf ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; ,jpy; EioAq;fs;" vd;W
$Wth;. (39:73)
 Rth;f;fj;jpd; kz; : vd;id Rth;f;fj;Js; gpuNtrpf;fr; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mq;Nf
Kj;jhyhd fOj;jzpfisf; fz;Nld;. mjd; kz; (eUkzk; kpf;f)
f];Jhhpahf ,Ue;jJ".(G`hhp)
 Rth;f;fj;jpd; muz;kidfs; (39:20)> (34:37)> (25:75)> (66:11)
 Rth;f;fj;jpd; kuk; : 'Rth;f;j;jpy; xU kukpUf;fpwJ. mjd; epoypy; gadpg;gth;
EhW tUlq;fs; gadpj;jhYk; mijf; fle;J tpl KbahJ" (G`hhp)
 Rth;;f;fj;jpd; czTfs; : “mth;fs; tpUk;Gk; fdpfSld; mth;fs; Mirg;gLk;
gwitfspd; khkprj;Jld; (Rw;wp tUthh;fs;.) (56:20>21)
 'mjd; epoy;fs; midtUf;Fk; neUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjd; fzpfs; kpfj;
jho;thfj; njhq;Fk;" (76:14)
 mq;Nf mth;fSf;F fdpfs; cs;sd. mth;fs; Nfl;lit mt;fSf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk;. (36:57)
 mth;fsJ ,iwtd; Jha ghdj;ij mth;fSf;Fg; gUfj;jUthd;. (76:21)
 VjhTJ fdp mth;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lhy;> ',jw;F Kd; ,J jhNd ekf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ" vd;W $Wthh;fs;. ,Nj Njhw;wKilaJ jhd; Kd;dUk;
nfhLf;fgl;bUe;jJ. (2:25)
 MWfs; : ghyhW> NjdhW> kJthW fhzg;gLtjhf `jP]fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
 ghj;jpuq;fs; : jq;fk;> nts;spg; gspq;Fg; ghj;jpuq;fs;> jl;Lfs; %yNk czT>
ghzq;fs; gfpug;gLk;. (43:71)> (76:15-16)
 Milfs; : Rd;J];> ,];jg;uf; vDk; ,U tifahd gl;lhil (45:51-53)> (18:31)
 Rth;f;fj;jpy; Eiogth; ,d;gj;jpNyNa ,Ug;ghh;. Jd;gj;ijf; fhzkhl;lhh;.
mtuJ Mil ,w;Wg;NghfhJ. ,sik mope;J NghfhJ. (K];ypk;)
 Jiztpah; : `_Uy; <d;fs; Jizahf fpilg;gh;. ',g;gbj;jhd; mth;fSf;F
`_Uy; <d;fis Jizfshf;FNthk;". (44:54)> (55:56)> (37:48-49)
 FLk;gj;jpdh; : FLk;gj;jpdh; midtUk; ey;yth;fshf ,Ue;jhy; midtUk;
xd;wpidAk; tha;g;ig my;yh`; Vw;ghL nra;thd;. (51:22)
 mq;F vt;tpj FNuhjKk; fhzg;gl khl;lhJ. (7:43)
 vd;nwd;Wk; ,sikAlDk;> moFlDk; ,Ug;gh;. mth;fsJ moF xt;nthU
nghOJfspYk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. Mjk; (miy) mth;fsJ cauj;jpy; ,Ug;gh;.
 Rthf;fj;jpd; ,d;gq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl nghpa ,d;gk; ahnjdpy;
my;yh`;itf; fhz;gjhFk;. (75:22-23)
 Guz epyTs;s ehspy; egpath;fs; KO epyit $h;e;J ghh;j;jgb> ',e;j
epyit ePq;fs; nehpry; ,y;yhky; ghh;g;gJ Nghy cq;fs; ,iwtidg;
ghh;g;gPh;fs;". (G`hhp)

eufk;
 vtUila ghtj;jpd; vil fzj;jNjh mth; jq;Fkplk;.
 NrUk; ,lq;fspy; kpff; nfl;lJ.

27
 Rtdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; th;zpf;f Kbahj ,d;gq;fisg; Nghd;Nw euF th;zpf;f
KbahjsT Ntjidfs; nfhz;lJ.
 ghtq;fspd; gbj;juj;jpw;Nfl;g tpj;jpahrkhd 8 tif eufq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
1. [`d;dk; 2. [`Pk; 3. `_jkh 4. syh 5. ]fh; 6. ]<h;
7. `htpah 8. ity;
 ,j;jifa eufpy; fhtyhspfs; fbd cs;sk; nfhz;l kyf;Ffs;
epakpf;fg;gLth;.
 'tpRthrpfNs! kdpjh;fisAk; fw;fisAk; nfhz;L vwpf;fg;gLk; euf
neUg;igapl;Lk; mQ;rpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. mjpNy fbd cs;sk; nfhz;l
kyf;Ffs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; xU NghJk; my;yh`;Tf;F khW nra;a
khl;lhh;fs;. mt;fSf;F Mtg;gl;ltw;iw mt;thNw nra;J tpLthh;fs;". (66:6)
 md;iwa ehspy; eufk; 70000 rq;fpypfshy; gpizf;fg;gl;L nfhz;L nfhz;L
tug;gLk;. xt;nthU rq;fpypAlDk; 70000 thdth;fs; ,Ue;J ,Oj;J tUth;.
(K];ypk;)
 mjw;F 7 thry;fs; cs;sd. (43:44)
 mjd; Nky; fLikAk; nfh^uKk; nfhz;l kyf;Ffs; cs;sdh; (66:6)
 cq;fs; cyf neUg;G euf neUg;gpd; 70 ghfq;fspypUe;J xU
ghfNkahFk;.(G`hhp)
 mG+ jhypGf;fhd Ntjid... kpf ,yFthd Ntjid...
 fOijapd; fj;jiy nrtpkLg;gh;...
 eufpd; vhp fw;fshf kdpjh;fSk;... (2:24)
 Fbghdq;fshf nfhjp ePUk;> rPOk;> ',Njh nfhjp ePUk;> rPOk; cs;sJ. ,ij
mth;fs; Ritf;fl;Lk;". (38:57)
 'mt;fs; jz;zPh; Nfl;lhy; Kfj;ijg; nghRf;Fk; cUf;fpa nrk;G Nghd;w
nfhjp ePh; toq;fg;gLk;".(18:29)
 ]f;$k; vDk; kuk; Fw;wthspapd; czthFk; (44:43)
 Ntjidfs; : -
 rq;fpypahy; tpyq;fplg;gly; (76:40
 neUg;ghyhd Mil (22:19)
 neUg;gpyhd jl;Lf;fs; (39:16)
 jhuhy; Md ePsq;fpAk; nrhwp rpuq;Fr; rl;ilAk; (xg;ghhp itf;Fk;
ngz;fs;)
 nfhjpf;Fk; ePh; jiyapy; Cw;wg;gLjy;. (44:47-48)
 fLk; c\;dk; (56:42-43)
 euf neUg;ghy; #L Nghlg;gLjy; (9:35)
 Njhy;fs; fUfp GJg;gpf;fg;gLjy; (4:56)
 rk;kl;bab (22:21)
 fOj;jpy; Rw;Wk; ghk;G (]f;fhj; toq;fhNjhUf;F mth;fsJ
nry;tk;...)
 fOj;jpy; khw;wg;gLk; epyk;...

28
tpdh – 14
kWik gw;wpa ek;gpf;if kdpj tho;tpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs; ehd;F jUf. / kWik gw;wpa
ek;gpf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; / kWik ek;gpf;ifapdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;

 f\;lq;fspd; NghJk; ftiyfspd; NghJk; mtw;iwr; rfpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

nghWikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Raeyg;Nghf;Ffspy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L jd;dplk; ,Ug;gijf; nfhz;L
jpUg;jpailAk; kd epiyAk; jd;dplk; ,Ug;gtw;iw kw;wtUf;F thup toq;Fk;
jhuhsj;jd;ikAk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 vg;NghJk; Neu;ikahsdhTk; kd cWjpAilatdhfTk; RWRWg;ghdtuhfTk;
ew;gof;fq;fs; cs;stuhfTk; tho topfhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 kWikapy; cau;e;j gjtpfis mila Ntz;Lk; vd;w kdj;J}a;ikAld;
nrayhw;wj; J}z;Lfpd;wJ.
 kWikapy; jdJ ed;ik jPikfs; “kP]hdpy;” vil Nghlg;gLk;; vd;w ek;gpf;if
xU tpRthrpf;F ed;ikfisr; nra;tjw;Fk; jPikfisj; jtpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;
Cf;fk; mspf;fpd;wJ.
 gpwu; cupikia kPwhky; ele;Jnfhs;sj; J}z;Lfpd;wJ.
 gpwupd; %ykhf ekf;F Vw;gl;l mePjq;fSf;fhf ,t;Tyf tho;f;ifapy;
ePjpfpilf;fhjNghJ kWikapy; Vw;gltpUf;Fk; jPu;g;ig vz;zp kdepk;kjp mila
Kbfpd;wJ.
 kWik gw;wpa ek;gpf;if tpRthrpfspd; cs;sq;fspy; “jf;th” vDk; ,iwar;r
epiyia cz;lhf;fp tpLfpd;wJ.
 ,t;thNw mJ mtu;fSf;F ve;NeuKk; euf Ntjidfis vr;rupj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;
Rtd ,d;gq;fis Mira+l;bf; nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; tpRthrpfspd;
xOf;f tho;T rPu;gLfpd;wJ.

tpdh – 15
,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; cyf KbTf;fhd milahsq;fs; ehd;fpid Kd;itj;J mtw;Ws;
,uz;il RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
 cyf KbTf;Fupa milahsq;fis gy tifapy; milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.
 rpwpa milahsq;fs;> ngupa milahsq;fs; vdTk;> ele;J Kbe;j
milahsq;fs;> ele;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; milahsq;fs;> elf;ftpUf;Fk;
milahsq;fs; vdTk; tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fg;glyhk;.
 ,jpy; elf;ftpUf;Fk; milahsq;fs; midj;Jk; ngupa milahsq;fshf
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; xd;W eilngw;why; mjidj; njhlu;e;J kw;nwhd;W
mLj;jLj;J Vw;gLk;;.
 vdf;Fk; kWikf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s neUf;fk; ,t;thWjhd; vd;W egpatu;fs;jd;
Rl;L tpuiyAk; eL tpuiyAk; ,izj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;fs;. (G`hup)
 kWikapd; milahsq;fisf; $Wq;fs; vdf;$wpajw;F egpatu;fs; “mbikg;
ngz; jd; v[khdpiag; ngw;nwLg;ghs;@ ghjzpNah MilNah ,y;yhj ViofSk;
,ilau;fSk; cau; fl;blq;fisf; fl;Ltjpy; xUtUf;nfhUtu; Nghl;b
NghLthu;fs;” (G`hup> K];ypk;)

29
  egp (]y;) mtu;fs; $wpajhf mg+ `{iuuh (uop) mth;fs; mwptpf;fpwhu;fs;
“gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfs; epfohjtiu kWik Vw;glhJ mit:
o ,U ngUk; Nfh\;bapdupilNa Aj;jk; %z;L mtu;fspilNa kpf
mjpfstpyhd capu;r;Nrjk; epfOk;. mt;tpU Nfh\;bapduJk; Nfh\k; xd;Nw.
o jd;id my;yh`;tpd; J}jnud;W thjpf;Fk; Vwj;jho 30 ngha;au;fs;
Njhd;Wtu;.
o mwpitr; Rke;j mwpQh;fs; kuzpg;gu;.
o g+fk;gq;fs; mjpfupf;Fk;.
o fhyk; RUq;Fk;.
o nfhiyfs; mjpfupf;Fk;.
o ju;kk; ngWNthiu Njl f\;lg;gLk; msTf;F cq;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;tk;
nfhopf;Fk;.
o ju;kj;ijf; nfhz;L Ngha;nfhLj;jhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;ltu; mJ vdf;F
mtrpakpy;iy vd;W vLf;fkWg;gu;.
o kdpju;fs; cau;fl;blq;fs; fl;Ltjpy; Nghl;bapLtu;@
o xU kdpjdpd; GijFopiaf; fle;J nry;Yk; kdpjd; mtdJ ,lj;jpy; jhd;
,Uf;ff;$lhjh vd;W ifNrjg;gLthd;>
o #upad; Nkw;fpy; cjpf;Fk;

1. ele;J Kbe;j milahsq;fs;

 egp (]y;) mth;fspd; tUif.
 K];ypk;fs; jkf;fpilNa Nkhjpf;nfhs;Sjy; ([ky;> ]pg;gPd; Aj;jk;).
 egpj;Jt thjk; GhpAk; ngha;ah;fspd; Njhw;wk;.
 nry;tk; ngUFjy; (ckh; gpd; mg;Jy; m]P]; (u`;) mtu;fspd; fhyj;jpy;)
 jhj;jjhupah; Aj;jk; (`p- 7k; Ehw;whz;L).
 `p[h]; neUg;G (`p- 654).
 G+fk;gq;fs; mjpfhpj;jy;.

2. ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; milahsq;fs;

 kNdh ,r;irf;F fl;Lg;gly;>
 cNyhgpj;jdk; mjpfhpj;jy;.
 xUtdpd; jPtpidf;F gae;J khpahij nra;jy;.
 jd; fUj;ijNa rhpnad thjply;> gpwh; fUj;Jf;fis myl;rpak; nra;jy;.
 cyf ,yhgq;fSf;fhf khh;f;f mD\;lhdq;fis khw;Wjy;.
 fztd; kidtpf;F fl;Lg;gly;> kidtp fztid mtkjpj;jy;.
 Jwtp Ntlk; G+z;L cyfg;gw;ww;wtiug;Nghd;W ebj;jy;.
 fhyk; RUq;Fjy;.
 Fog;gq;fs; mjpfhpj;jy;.
 cah; fl;blq;fis epu;khdpg;gjpy; tWikapypUg;Nghu; Nghl;b NghLjy;.
 jFjpaw;Nwhh; cah; gjtpfspy; mkh;j;jg;gLjy;.
 mkhdpjk; kPwg;gLjy;.
 gs;spthry;fisg; gw;wp ngUik NgRjy;.
 mwpQh;fs; kuzpj;jy;.

30
  mwpT ifg;gw;wg;gly;.
 nfhiy mjpfhpj;jy;.
 tpgr;rhuk; ngUFjy;.
 mwpaik mjpfhpj;jy;;.
 tl;b> kJg;ghtid mjpfhpj;jy;.

tpdh – 16
kWik Vw;gLk; vd;gjw;fhf egpatu;fshy; vjpu;T $wg;gl;l ngupa milahsq;fs; ehd;fpid
tpsf;Ff.

 ,khk; k`;jp mth;fs; Njhd;wp ePjpahd Ml;rp nra;thu;.

 ,tu;fsJ Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; j[;[hy; ntspg;gLthd;.
 j[;[hiy mopg;gjw;fhf <]h (miy) mtu;fis my;yh`; ,t;Tyfpw;F
mDg;Gthd;.
 <]h (miy) mtu;fspd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ a/[_[; k/[_[; $l;lj;jpdu; Njhd;wp
cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; gutp Fog;gk; tpistpg;gu;.
 <]h (miy) mtu;fspd; kiwNthL mgP]Pdpahitr; Nru;e;j xUtdhy; f/gh
,bf;fg;gLk;.
 ,uT ePz;L nfhz;Nl NghFk;> gpd; Nkw;fpy; kiwe;j #upad; mNj jpirapypUe;J
fpsk;gp jdJ fjpu;fis ntg;gKilajhf gug;gpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. xd;Wlndhd;W
gpd;dpg;gpize;J epfOk; ,e;epfo;r;rpfisf; fhZk; kf;fs; jpLf;fpLtu;. mg;NghJ
njsgh Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ.
 jhg;gJy; mu;o; vDk; ngaiuf; nfhz;L g+kpapy; jpupaf;$ba Xu; mw;Gjkhd
gpuhzp ntspg;gLk;.
 xU tifahd Gif ntspg;gl;L <khdw;wtu;fSf;F kaf;f epiyia
Vw;gLj;jptpLk;
 gpd;du; eWkzKila fhw;W tPRk;. ,jdhy; K];ypk;fs; midtUk; ,wg;gu;.
my;yh`; vDk; ehkj;ij cr;rupf;Fk; vtUk; ,g;g+kpapy; ,Uf;f khl;;lhu;fs;.
fhgpu;fs; khj;jpuk; vQ;rpapUg;gu;.
 neUg;G ntspahfp cyfnkq;Fk; guTk;.
 ,];uhgPy; (miy) mtu;fs; #u; vDk; Foiy my;yh`;tpd; Mizg;gb Cj
cyfk; Kw;whf mope;JtpLk;.

tpdh – 17
kWik ek;gpf;if xU K];ypkpd; tho;tpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fSs; MW mk;rq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
 xt;Nthu; Mj;khTk; jdJ nray;fSf;Fj; jdpj;jdpahfg; nghWg;ghsu;fs; vDk;
czu;T Vw;gLtjhy; ,t;Tyfpy; kdpjd; jdJ thof;ifia nrt;tNd
newpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Jiz nra;fpd;wJ.
 f\;lq;fspd;NghJk; ftiyfspd;NghJk; mtw;iwr; rfpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; nghWikia
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Raeyg;Nghf;Ffspy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L jd;dplk; ,Ug;gijf; nfhz;L jpUg;jpailAk;
kd epiyAk; jd;dplk; ,Uf;fpd;wtw;iw kw;wtu;fSf;F toq;Fk;
jhuhsj;jd;ikAk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

31
 vg;NghJk; Neu;ikahdtdhfTk; kd cWjpAilatdhfTk; RWRWg;ghdtuhfTk;
ew;gof;fq;fs; cs;stuhfTk; tho topfhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 kWikapy; cau;e;j gjtpfis mila Ntz;Lk; vd;w kdj;J}a;ikAld;
nrayhw;wj; J}z;Lfpd;wJ.
 kWikapy; jdJ ed;ikfs; kP]hdpy; vil Nghlg;gLk; vd;w ek;gpf;if xU
tpRthrpf;F ed;ikfis nra;tjw;Fk; jPikfisj; jtpu;e;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;
Cf;fkspf;fpwJ. gpwu; cupikfis kPwhky; ele;Jnfhs;s Jiz nra;fpwJ.
 gpwupd; %ykhf ekf;F Vw;gl;l mePjq;fSf;fhf ,t;Tyf tho;f;ifapy; ePjp
fpilf;fhj NghJ kWikapy; Vw;gltpUf;Fk; jPu;g;ig vz;zp kdepk;kjp mila
Kbfpd;wJ.
 kWikiag; gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifahdJ tpRthrpfspd; cs;sq;fspy; ~~jf;th|| vDk;
gagf;jp epiyia Vw;gLj;jp tpLfpd;wJ. ,t;thNw mJ mtu;fSf;F ve;NeuKk;
euf Ntjidfis vr;rupj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; Rtd ,d;gq;fis Mira+l;bf; nfhz;Lk;
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; tpRthrpfspd; xOf;f tho;T rPu;gLfpd;wJ.

tpdh – 18
‘foh’, ‘fj;u;’ Mfpa nrhw;fis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.

foh: ‘foh’ - gilj;jy;> jPu;g;gspj;jy;> epiwNtw;Wjy;

 ,];yhkpa gupghirapy:; ‘my;yh`; mtdJ mwpTf;Fk;> ehl;lj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g
gpugQ;rj;ijAk; mjpy; cs;stw;iwAk; rpU\;bj;Js;shd;’

fj;u;: fj;u; - epu;zapj;jy;> Kd;Ndw;ghL> kl;bLjy;> xU tplaj;jpd; KbT

 ,];yhkpa gupghirapy;: my;yh`;tpd; fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; rfy
tplaq;fSk; epfo;tjw;fhd fhy> Neu> ,lk; gw;wpa epu;zapg;G my;yJ> ,iw epajp
my;yJ my;yh`;tpd; mwpT “fj;u;” vdg;gLk;.
mjhtJ: fj;u; vd;gJ ,iwtdpd; Kd;$l;ba mwptpd; gb gilg;Gf;fSf;F mtd;
tpjpj;j jPu;khdkhFk;.

cjhuzkhf> ‘fj;u;’ vd;gij xU tPl;ilf; fl;l tpUk;Gk; xUtu; mjw;fhf jahupf;Fk;

tiuglj;jpw;Fk;> ‘foh’ vd;gij mt;tiuglj;jpd; gb tPl;ilf;fl;b Kbg;gjw;Fk;
xg;gplyhk;.
foh fj;u;:
 nghJthf 'foh fj;u;” vd;w ,U gjq;fisAk; “,iwtdhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l tpjp”
vd;W $w KbAk;.
mjhtJ: my;yh`; ,g;gpugQ;rj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpAs;s jpl;ltl;lkhd xOq;Ffs;>
my;yJ Kd;dsg;G my;yJ my;yh`;tpd; fl;lis my;yJ gpugQ;r xOq;fikg;G
my;yJ ,iw epu;zak; my;yJ nghJr; rl;lq;fs; fhuz fhupaj;NjhL ,izj;J
itj;Js;s epajpfis ‘tpjp’ vd toq;fyhk;.

32
  my;yJ my;yh`;tpd; fl;lis vd;Nwh> mtd; epu;zapj;J tpl;bUf;Fk; thdk;>
G+kp> kdpjd;> Vida [Ptuhrpfs;> rlg;nghUl;fs; ,it midj;jpdJk; elj;ijfs;>
nraw;ghLfs; midj;jpidAk; cs;slf;fpa gpugQ;r mikg;G Fwpj;j ,iw
Qhdj;ij ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.

 foh fj;u; vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapy; cs;s NtWghL

rpy mwpQu;fs; ,jid NtWgLj;jp Nehf;Ftu;. ,U nrhw;fSk; xNu fUj;ijf;
nfhz;lJ vd;gJNt kpff; fpl;ba fUj;jhFk;. Vnddpy; mit ,uz;ilAk; gpupj;J
Nehf;Ftjw;fhd vt;tpj MjhuKk; my;-Fu;MdpNyh ]_d;dhtpNyh fpilahJ.
,uz;Lk; xNu fUj;jpNyNa khwp khwpg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; fj;u;
vd;w nrhy; Fu;MdpYk; `jP]pYk; $Ljyhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

tpdh – 19
foh fj;h; ek;gpf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij my;Fu;Md;> ]_d;dh Mjhuq;fSld; Kd;itf;Ff.

01. my;-Fu;Md; mbg;gilapy; foh fj;h; ek;gpf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:

 “epr;rakhf ehk; xt;nthU nghUisAk;> (epu;zapf;fg;gl;l) mstpd;gbNa
gilj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;” (fku;: 49)
 “,d;Dk; my;yh`;Tila fl;lis jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l Kbthf ,Uf;fpd;wJ”
(m`;]hg;: 38)
 'mtd; vj;jifatndd;why;> cq;fis fspkz;zhy; gilj;jhd;. gpd;du;
cq;fSf;F xU jtiziaAk; epu;zak; nra;jhd;...” (06:02)
 'xt;nthU rKjhaj;jhUf;Fk; xU jtizAz;L. mtu;fsJ jtiz
te;Jtpl;lhy; xU fzg;nghOJ gpe;jTkhl;lhu;fs;> Ke;jTkhl;lhu;fs;” (07:34)
 “my;yh`; xU jPikia ck;ikj; jPz;Lk; gb nra;jhy; mij mtidj; jtpu
(NtW vtUk;) ePf;f KbahJ. mtd; ckf;F xU ed;ik nra;a ehbtpl;lhy;
mtdJ mUisj; jLg;gtu; vtUkpy;iy” (10:107)

02. `jP]; mbg;gilapy; foh fj;h; ek;gpf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:

 mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D cku; (uop) mtu;fs; jdJ je;ijaplkpUe;J mwptpf;Fk;
'`jP]_ [pg;uPy;” vDk; gpugykpf;f `jP]py; [pg;uPy; (miy) egp (]y;)
mtu;fsplk;> '<khd; gw;wp vdf;F mwptpAq;fs;?” vd;W Nfl;likf;F gjpyspj;j
egpatu;fs;> “my;yh`;itAk; mtdJ kyf;FfisAk; mtdJ Ntjj;ijAk;
mtdJ w]_y;khu;fisAk; kWik ehisAk; ePu; ek;GtJk; ey;yJk; nfhbaJk;
fj;upd; gbNa vd;Wk; ek;GtjhFk;. (K];ypk;)
 “rpy kdpju;fs; fj;iu tpRthrpg;gjpy;iy vd;w nra;jp mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D cku;
mtu;fis vl;baNghJ $wpdhu;. ehd; mtu;fisr; re;jpj;jhy; mtu;fsplk;
$WNtd;: ehd; cq;fis tpl;Lk; epuguhjpahfp tpl;Nld; ePq;fSk; vd;id tpl;L
epuguhjpahfp tpl;Bu;fs;. my;yh`;tpd; ;kPJ Mizahf c`j; kiyasT
jq;fj;ijj; ju;kk; nra;jhYk; mtu;fs; fj;iu ek;Gk; tiu mtu;fsJ ju;kk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy; (K];ypk;).
 “thdk; G+kp gilf;fg;gl Ik;gjhapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dNu gilg;Gf;fspd;
mstPl;il my;yh`; vOjp itj;Js;shd;” (K];ypk;)

33
tpdh – 20
tpjpia ek;Gtjd; mtrpak; Fwpj;J Muha;f.

 my;-Fu;Md;> `jP]; fl;lis.

 <khdpd; mbg;gil MW mk;rq;fSs; fj;u; ,WjpahdJ.
 ‘fj;u;’ gw;wpa ek;gpf;if ,iw ek;gpf;ifAld; Neub njhlu;GilaJ. mJ
my;yh`;tpd; gz;Gfis cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 fj;u; kdpj tho;tpw;F mu;j;jG\;bia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 fj;u; ,iwtDf;F cau;it toq;FfpwJ.
 fj;u;iu cupa gpufhuk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;shj NghJ topNfL / Fg;iu
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 fj;u; Kd;ida r%fj;jpdupd; ek;gpf;if Nfhl;ghLfspy; xd;whfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (my;-Fu;Md; 12:100) (my;-Fu;Md; - 07:155) (my;-Fu;Md; 37:102).

tpdh – 21
fohfj;iu tpRthrpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. my;yJ ‘foh fj;u;’ gw;wpa ek;gpf;if
kdpj tho;it newpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F vt;thW Jiz Gupfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

foh fj;iu tpRthrk; nfhs;tjd; %yk; xU kdpjdpd; tho;tpy; cau;e;j jhf;fq;fis

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mtw;iw gpd;tUkhW Nehf;fyhk;:

 xU K];ypik ,yl;rpa thjpahf khw;Wfpd;wJ.

 rkepiyahd MSik cUthfpd;wJ. (57: 22:23)
 kd mikjpAk;> cs MWjYk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 tpuf;jp ePq;fp ghJfhg;Gf; fpilf;fpwJ.
 nraw;ghl;L Ntfk; $LfpwJ.
 my;yh`;tpd; kPJ Mo;e;j tpRthrKk; ek;gpf;ifAk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ntw;wpiaAk; Njhy;tpiaAk; rkkhf kjpf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikia Njhw;Wtpj;jy;
 kd epiwitAk; RWRWg;igAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
 kdpj gytPdj;ij czu;JfpwJ.
 tho;tpd; epfo;Tfis mq;fPfupf;Fk; kdg;gf;Ftj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Njhy;tp kdg;ghd;ikapypUe;J tpLjiy ngwy;.
 nghWikiaAk; rfpg;Gj; jd;ikiaAk; Vw;gLj;jy;.
 njhlu; Kaw;rpf;F toptFj;jy;.

34
<khDf;Fk; m`;yhf;Ff;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
 <khDf;Fk; mkYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
 <khDf;Fk; mf;yhf;fpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
 mkYf;Fk; mf;yhf;Ff;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
 <khDf;Fk; mkYf;Fk; mf;yhf;Ff;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G

gpd;tUk; nrhw;nwhlu;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;il kjpg;gpLf / xg;GNehf;Ff.

 <khd; - mky;
 ,ghjj; - KMkyhj;
 `_$Fy;yh`; - `_$Fy; ,ghj;

tpdh – 01
<khd; - mky;
 <khd; : <khd; vd;gJ cs;sj;jhy; ek;gp ehthy; nkhope;J nray;fshy;
ntspg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
 mky; : mky; vd;gJ <khdpd; tpisthf ntspg;gLk; nraw;ghLfNs
mky;fshFk;.
 ,];yhk; KO tho;itAk; <khDld; gpd;dpg;gpizj;jpUg;gJ mjd; jdpr;
rpwg;gk;rk;.
 xUtu; ,];yhj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ Kjypy; <khd; mtrpak;...
 nraw;ghLfNs <khDs;stiu milahsk; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
 ,];yhj;jpy; <khDk; mkYk; gpd;dpg;gpize;jit...
 my;Fu;Md; <khidAk; mkiyAk; %d;W tpjkhfj; njhlu;G gLj;jpf; $WfpwJ.
 <khd; nfhz;L ew;fUkq;fs; nra;Nthu; vd;W nghJg;gilahff; $Wjy;
cjhuzk; (2:25)
 my;Fu;Mdpy; Vwj;jhs 52 ,lq;fspy; ,t;thW nghJg;gilahff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 <khd; nfhz;ltu;fspd; gz;ghf gy;NtW ew;fUkq;fisf; $Wjy; cjhuzk;
(23:1-11)
,t;trdj;jpy; njhOif> tPzhd fhupaq;fisj; jtpu;j;jy;> ]f;fhj;Jf;
nfhLj;jy;> fw;igg;
Ngzy;> mkhdpjk; Ngzy; Mfpa mky;fs; <khDld; ,izj;Jf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.
 <khd; nfhz;ltu;;fis tpspj;J ew;nray;is VTjYk; jPr;nray;fis
tpyf;fYk;...
 my;Fu;Midg; NghyNt my;`jP]_k; <khDld; mkiy ,izj;Nj NgRfpwJ.
 ehshe;j tho;Tld; njhlu;ghd midj;Jf; fhupaq;fisAk; mJ <khDld;;
njhlu;G gLj;JfpwJ.;
 “mz;il tPl;lhd; grpj;jpUf;f jhd; kl;Lk; cz;L kfpo;gtd; cz;ik
K/kpdy;y.” (jguhdp)

35
  “jdf;F tpUk;Gtij jdJ rNfhjuDf;Fk; tpUk;ghjtiu K/kpdhf khl;lhd;.”
(G`hup)
 “ahH my;yh`;itAk; kWik ehisAk; <khd; nfhs;fpwhNuh mtH ...”
(G`hup)

tpdh – 02
,ghjj;> - KMkyhj;
 ,ghjj; vd;gJ nkhopapy;: ‘mgj’ vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ.
 gupghi\apy; : G+uz md;Gld;$ba G+uz fl;Lg;ghL
 njhOif> Nehd;G> `[;> Fu;Md; jpyhtj;> gpuhu;j;jid> ck;uh> jpf;u>; jt;gh>
Nghd;w Gdpjj;Jtk; nfhz;l midj;J tzf;ftopghLfSk; ,ghjhj;
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
 flikahf;fg;gl;lit gu;Sfs; vd;Wk; Mu;t%l;lg;gl;litfs; egpy;fs; vd;Wk;
$wg;gLk;
 ,it egp(]y;) mtu;fsJ Kd;khjpupf;fikaNt nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;khjpupf;F Kuzhf mikfpd;w NghJ gpj;mj; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

 KMkyhj; : nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; eltbf;iffs;. ,ghjhj; jtpu;e;j midj;J

nraw;ghLfSk; KMkyhj; tifiar; rhu;e;jitfshFk;.
 ,it nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd mbg;gil Nehf;fk; kdpju;fspdJk; kw;witfspdJk;
Njitfis epiwNtw;wp itg;gjhFk;.
 kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfs; Kjy; tpahghuk;> jpUkzk;> Vida nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fs;> [PtfhUz;ak;> Rw;whliyg; Ngzy;> ePjp epu;thfk; Nghd;w
midj;Jk; KMkyhj; tifiar; Nru;e;j mky;fshFk;.
 \uPmj; topKiwf;fikaTk; my;yh`;;tpd; jpUg;jpia vjpu;ghu;j;Jk; cyf
MirNah RaeyNkh ,d;wp KMkyhj; tplaq;fspy; <LgLk; NghJ mitfSk;
my;yh`;tplk; ,ghj;jhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
 <khd; G+uzkila njhOif Nghd;w tzf;f topghLfspD}lhf ,iw
jpUg;jpiag; ngw Kaw;rpg;gtu; KMkyhj;fspD}lhfTk; mijg; ngw Kay
Ntz;Lk;.

tpdh – 03
`_$Fy;yh`; - `{$Fy; ,ghj;
 `{$Fy;yh`; : kdpjd; my;yh`;tpd; mbik vd;w tifapYk; r%fkha;
tho;gtd; vd;w
tifapYk; mtd; my;yh`;Tf;Fk;> Vidatw;Wf;Fk; nra;aNtz;ba flikfs;
gy cs;sd. mtw;Ws; my;yh`;Tf;Fr; nrYj;jNtz;bait.
 my;yh`; mbahu;fs;kPJ tpjpahf;fpAs;s njhOif> Nehd;G> `[; Nghd;w
flikfSk; Vty;fs;> tpyf;fy;fs; vd;w mtdJ fl;lisfSk;
`{$Fy;yh`;itr; rhu;e;jdthFk;.
 ,tw;iw Kiwahf epiwNtw;WtJ mbahu;fspd; flikahFk;. epiwNtw;whky;
,Ug;gJ jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wk;.
 ,f;Fw;wq;fis kd;dpg;gJk; kd;dpf;fhky; tpLtJk; my;yh`;itg;
nghWj;Js;sJ. jhd; ehbatu;fSf;F \pu;f;ifj; jtpu vy;yhg; ghtq;fisAk;
kd;dpg;gjhf my;yh`;Nt $Wfpwhd;.

36
 `{$Fy; ,ghj;: xU kdpjd; jdf;Fj;jhNd nra;a Ntz;ba flikfs; kw;Wk;
gpwUf;Fk; gpw capupdq;fSf;Fk; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfs;...
 ,tw;iw myl;rpag;gLj;j KbahJ.
 kdpjdJ capUk;> clYk; my;yh`;tpdhy; mtDf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
mkhdpjq;fshFk;. mtw;iwg; NgZtJk;> ghJfhg;gJk; kdpjdJ flikahFk;.
o kdpjd; jdJ capUf;Nfh> clYf;Nfh> gpwuJ clYf;Nfh jPq;F tpistpg;gij
,];yhk; mDkjpg;gjpy;iy.
o ,];yhk; nghUj;jkhd czit msNthL cz;Zjy;.
o cliyAk;> khdj;ijAk; ciliaf; nfhz;L kiwj;jy;.
o cs;sj;jpw;Fk; clYf;Fk; Xa;T toq;Fjy;.
o ,];yhk; Rj;jj;ij typAWj;jp Rftho;tpw;F kdpjid ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.
o MNuhf;fpak;> nghUj;jkhd rpfpr;ir ngWtJ gw;wp NgrpAs;sik
 gpw kdpju;fSf;F...
o fztdhf> kidtpahf> je;ijahf> jhahf>kfdhf> kfshf> rNfhjudhf>
rNfhjupahf epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikfis...
o FLk;gj;jiytdhf czT> cil> tPL> nghUj;jkhd fy;tpf;fhd nryT>
Rftho;T> ghJfhg;G> xOf;fk;> Md;kf P g; gapw;rp Nghd;wtw;iw epiwNtw;wf;
flikg;gLfpd;whd;.
o mjw;fhf ciog;gJ> nryT nra;tJ> topfhl;LtJ FLk;gj; jiytDf;F
flikahfpd;wJ. mNjNghd;W FLk;gj; jiytp...
o cwtpdu;fs;> maytu;fs;> ez;gu;fs;
o mehijfs;> tpjitfs;> Nehahsu;fs;> mq;ftPdu;fs;> iftplg;gl;l
tNahjpgu;fs;...
o ,tu;fSf;Fj; jdpg;gl;l tifapYk; $l;lhfTk; r%fk; cjt Ntz;Lk;. ]fhj;>
]jfh> ]fhJy; gpj;u; vdTs;s nghJf; flikfSf;$lhfTk; ...
o r%f eyd; fUjp nra;a Ntz;ba nghJg; gzpfSk; ,tw;wpylq;Fk;. nghJg;
ghijfs;> fpzWfs;> fy;tpf; $lq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;> E}yfq;fs;>
gs;spthry;fs;> foptiwfs;...
o twl;rp> nts;sk;> Gay;> g+fk;gq;fs; Nghd;w ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspd; NghJk;
tpgj;J> fytuk;> Aj;jk; Nghd;wmrhjhuz #o;epiyfspd; NghJk; r%f
eyg;gzpfspy; <LgLtJk;...

tpdh – 04
gu;S Id; - gu;S fpghah

 gHS Id;:
o xt;nthU jdpegUk; epiwNtw;wNtz;ba `{$Fy;yh`;> `{$Fy; ,ghj;
rhu;e;j flikfs; midj;Jk; gHS Id; vdg;gLfpd;wd: Iq;fhyj; njhOif>
FLk;gj;ijg; guhkupj;jy;> jdJ Cjpaj;Jf;Fupa gzp Nghd;wd.
o mtw;iw epiwNtw;whjtd; Fw;wthspahff; fUjg;gLthd;.

 gu;S fpghah vd;why; vy;Nyhu; kPJk; flikahd nghJ tplaq;fshFk;.

o mtw;Ws; [khmj; njhOif Nghd;w `{$Fy;yh`; rhu;e;j tplaq;fSk;
nghJg;gzpAld; njhlu;ghd `{$Fy; ,ghj; rhu;e;j tplaq;fSk;
mlq;Ffpd;wd.

37
 o mtw;iwg; NgZtJ r%fj;jhu; midtu; kPJk; flikahFk;. ahuhtJ mtw;iw
epiwNtw;wpdhy; r%fj;jpd;; kPJs;s nghWg;G ePq;FfpwJ. Mdhy;
epiwNtw;wpatu;fs; kl;LNk my;yh`;tplj;jpy; ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;th;.
o cjhuzq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
o midj;J mky;fisAk; xU K/kpd; rkhe;jukhfg; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

tpdh – 05
<khDf;Fk; mf;yhf;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlh;ig tpsf;Ff.
 ,];yhk; mky;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fpapUg;gJ Nghd;W xOf;fj;Jf;Fk; $ba
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;...
 “ehd; ey;nyhOf;fq;fisg; G+u;j;jpahf;fNt mDg;gg;gl;Ls;Nsd;”
 “egpNaePu; rpwe;j ew;FzKilatuhf ,Uf;fpd;wuP ; ” (my;Fu;Md;)
 ,];yhk; xOf;fj;ijAk; <khDld; njhlu;GgLj;jpNa Nehf;FfpwJ. egp(]y;)
mtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;. “<khd; vOgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpisfisf; nfhz;lJ...”.(
G`hup> K];ypk;)
 ,];yhk;; <khd;> mky;> mf;yhf;fpidAk; ,izj;J %d;iwAk; gpupf;fKbahj xNu
cUthff; fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 <khdpy; G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;fth; mtu;fSs; mofpa ew;FzKiltuhthu;. ” (jpu;kpjp)
 'kWikapy;> K/kpdpd; kPjhdpy; ey;nyhOfj;fj;ij tplTk; vil$ba ,d;ndhd;W
,Uf;fKbahJ”. (jpu;kpjp)
 “K/kpd;> jdJ ey;nyhOf;fj;jpdhy;> epd;W tzq;Fk; Nehd;ghspapd; me;j];j;ij
mile;Jnfhs;fpwhu; ”. (mG+jhT+j;)
 “cq;fspy; vdf;F kpfTk; tpUg;gkhdtUk; kWikapy; vdf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhf
mku;gtUk; ahnudpy; cq;fspy; rpwe;j ew;FzKilatuhthu;”;.(jpu;kpjp)
 xU kdpjd; jPa nray;fs; <khdpd; gytPdj;ijf; fhl;Lk;> “tpgrhuk; Gupgtd;
tpgrhuk; GupAk;NghJ K/kpdhd epiyapy; mt;thW nra;akhl;lhd;. jpUld; jpULk;
NghJ K/ kpdhd epiyapy; jpUlkhl;lhd;. xUtd; kJ mUe;Jk; NghJ K/kpdhd
epiyapy; kJ mUe;j khl;lhd;. ” (G`hup)

tpdh – 06
,];yhk; <khidAk; mkiyAk;> <khidAk; mf;yhf;ifAk;> mkiyAk; mf;yhf;ifAk;
xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;GgLj;Jk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 <khd; MdJ ,ghjhj; KMkyhj; mf;yhf; Mfpatw;Wld;
jdpj;jdpahf ,Utopj; njhlu;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J ,ghjhj;>
KMkyhj;> mf;yhf; Mfpad <khdpd; gpujpgypg;ghf ,Ug;gJ
NghyNt mit xt;nthd;Wk; <khDf;Fr; rhd;W gfu;tdthAk;
cs;sd vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ.

 xt;nthd;Wk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; <khdpd; msTf;F Vw;gNt mtw;wpd;

juk; mikfpwJ. juj;Jf;F Vw;gNt my;yh`;tplk; ntFkjp
tupg;glk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. <khd; ,y;yhj mky;fs; gadw;w fhdy; ePu;
Nghd;wJ.

38
  <khDld; xd;wwf; fye;j ,ghjhj;> KMkyhj;> mf;yhf; Mfpatw;Wf; fpilapyhd
njhlu;G Row;rp Kiwapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ> ,ghjhj; rpwe;j mf;yhf;Ffis
Vw;gLj;Jk; NghJ KMkyhj; rpwg;GWfpwJ. mg;NghJ KMkyhj; ,ghjj; Mf
khWfpwJ.

 <khd;> mky;> mf;yhf; Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapy; ,];yhk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;s njhlu;ig

tpsf;fg; gpd;tUk; cjhuzk; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ.

 <khd; capu; Nghd;wJ. mky; cly; Nghd;wJ. mf;yhf; cliy kiwf;Fk; Mil
mzpfyd; Nghd;wd. vdNt xU K];ypk; <khd; %yk; ntspg;gLk; mky;fis
m`;yhf; vDk; Mil mzpfyd;fspdhy; myq;fupg;gtdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,JNt mtdJ ,k;ik kWik ntw;wpf;F topahFk;.

m`;Y];]_d;dh ty;[khMtpd; mfPjh

 njs`PJf;F Kuzhdit
o \pu;f;
o Fg;u;
o epghf;
o upj;jj;
o ,y;`hj;
 <khdpy; Kuz;gl;l nfhs;if
o \PM
o fthup[;
o K/j]pyh
o t`;jJy; t[_j;

tpdh – 01
m`;Y];]_d;dh ty;[khM Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 nkhopuPjpahf: topKiw rhu;e;j $l;lk;
 ,];yhkpa kugpy; : my;Fu;MidAk; ]_d;dhitAk; mtw;iw KOikahf
mbnahl;b tho;e;j ]yG];]hyp`Pd;fshfpa ]`hghf;fs; jhgp<d;fs; jgcj;
jhgp<d;fs; MfpNahu; topapy; nry;Nthh;.
 ,tu;fs; m`;Yy; m]u;. m`;Yy; `jP]>; jh,gJy; kd;]_uh> gpu;fJd; eh[pah
Nghd;w nrhw;fshYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

 Njhw;wk; : egpatu;fspd; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj m`;Y];]_d;dh ty; [khM Njhw;wk;

ngw;wJ. vd;whYk; ,g;ngau; nfhz;L me;jr; r%fk; mg;NghJ miof;fg;gltpy;iy.
 myp(uop) mtu;fsJ fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mfPjh hPjpahd NtWgl;l rpe;jidg;gphpTfs;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJld; jhk;; khj;jpuNk rupahd topapy; nry;Nthu; vd;Wk; thjpl;lJ.
 ,t;thwhd #oypy;; rupahd mfPjhit my;Fu;MidAk; ]_d;dhitAk;
KOikahf mbnahl;b tho;e;j ]yG];]hyp`Pd;fshfpa ]`hghf;fs; topapy;
njspTgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf m`;Y];]_d;dh ty;[khM vd;w nrhw;gpuNahfk;
cgNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;j rhu;e;jtu;fNs Neuhd topapy; nry;gtu;fshfTk; kWikapy; ntw;wpngWk;
$l;lj;jpdu;fshfTk; ,Ug;gu;> “gD} ,];uNtyu;fs; 72 gpuptpduhfg; gpupe;jdu;. vdJ
ck;kj;jpdu;...

39
 'm`;Y];]_d;dh ty;[khMit Nru;e;NjhNu ntw;wpngw;w gpuptpduhtu;. mtu;fNs
kpfg;ngupa $l;lj;jpdUkhtu;. ahu; Fu;MidAk; ]_d;dhitAk; ,[;khitAk;
mbg;gilahf itj;Jg;
NgRfpwhNuh mtu; m`;Y]; ]_d;dh ty; [khmj;ijr; rhu;e;jtuhthu; " -,g;D
ijkpah-

tpdh – 02
‘\pu;f;’ vDk; gjj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp mjd; tiffis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
 nkhop mbg;gilapy;> gq;fhspahf;Fjy; vdg; nghUs; jUk;.
 \pu;f; vd;w gjk; jt;`j
P ; vd;w gjj;jpw;F Neu; vjpuhdjhFk;.
 ,];yhkpa tof;fpy;: KOg;gpugQ;rj;ijAk; gilj;Jf;fhf;Fk; my;yh`;tpd;
cY}`pa;aj;. UG+gpa;aj;> jhj;> ]pghj; Mfpatw;wpy; my;yh`;Tf;F ,Uf;Fk;
jdpj;Jtq;fis ,d;ndhd;Wf;F toq;FtNjh my;yJ my;yh`;Tf;fhf khj;jpuk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fis ,d;ndhd;Wf;fhfTk; epiwNtw;WtNjh
\pu;f; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ”

\pu;f;fpd; tiffs;:
 \pu;f; mtw;wpd; ghuJhuj;jpw;F Vw;gTk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikfSf;F Vw;gTk;
gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. \pu;f;Fy; mf;gu;:
,J kpfTk; ghuJ}ukhdJ vd;gjdhNyNa ngupa tif \pu;f; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jhd; kd;dpf;fhj Fw;wk; vd;W my;yh`;,jidNa
$Wfpd;whd;. ,J [yp> fgp vd;W ,U tifg;gLfpwJ.
i. \pu;Fy; [yp (njspthd \pu;f;):
my;yh`; my;yhj tw;iw flTs; vd;Nwh my;yJ flTSf;F
epfuhdnjd;Nwh my;yJ flTs; jd;ik nfhz;lnjd;Nwh epidj;J
mtw;iw tzq;FtJ \pu;f;Fy; [yp vdg;gLk;. ,q;F tzq;fg;gLk;
nghUSk; tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa nraw;ghLk; kaf;fkpd;wpj; njspthff;
fhzg;gLk;.
c-k;: #upad;> re;jpud;. tpf;fpufq;fs;> fw;fs;> kpUfq;fs;> [pd;fs;>
i\j;jhd;fs;> kdpju;fs;.

ii. \pu;Fy; fgp (kiwthd \pu;f;):

my;yh`; my;yhjtw;iw flTs; vd;WfUjp mtw;iw tzq;fhtpl;lhYk;
my;yh`;Tf;F khj;jpuk; cupa cupikfis mtdy;yhjtw;Wf;F
toq;FtJ \pu;Fy; fgp vdg;gLk;. ,q;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w nray;
ntspg;gilapy; tzf;fk; Nghd;W njd;glhky; ,Ug;gNj ,t;thW
miof;fg;glf; fhuzkhFk;.
c-k;: kuzpj;jtu;fsplk; cjtp Njly;> mtu;fsplk; gpuhu;j;jpj;jy;>
rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij my;yh`; my;yjhtw;Wf;F toq;Fjy; Nghd;wd.
\pu;Fy; fgp kaf;fkhf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf mJ gw;wpa tpsf;fkpy;yhj
mjpfkhNdhu; \pu;f;Fy; mf;gu; vd;w ngUk; ghtj;ijr; ru;t rhjhuzkhfr;
nra;fpd;;wik Mgj;jhd tplakhFk;.

40
 2. \pu;Fy; m];fu;:
\pu;Fy; mf;gNuhL xg;gpLifapy;; ,J ghuJ}uk; Fiwe;jjdhNyNa mt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; ,Jgw;wpAk; ,];yhk; fLikahf vr;rupf;fpwJ. egp
(]y;) mtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;.
“j[;[hYila gpj;dhit tplTk;; rpwpa \pu;f; Mgj;jhdJ. “my;yh`;itg;
gw;wpa mwpTk; jt;`Pj; gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifAk; Fiwe;J nry;fpd;w NghNj
,t;tifahd \pu;f; Njhw;wk; ngWfpwJ.
,];yhkpa mwpQu;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw rpwpa tifahd \pu;f; vd
milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
1. my;yh`; my;yhjtw;iwf; nfhz;L rj;jpak; nra;jy;
2. E}y;> tisak; vd;gd fl;Ljy;.
3. ke;jpupj;jy;
4. #dpak;nra;jy;
5. trpak; nra;jy;
6. Nrhjplk; ghu;j;jy;
7. rFdk; ghu;j;jy;
8. my;yh`; my;yhjtw;wpd; ngaupy; Neu;r;ir itj;jy;
9. my;yh`; my;yhjtw;Wf;fhf gypapLjy;

tpdh – 03
\pu;f;fpd; tpisTfs; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.
1. ew;fhupaq;fs; midj;Jk; gadw;Wg; Nghfpd;wd.(39:65)>(6:88)
2. my;yh`;tpd; kd;dpg;Gf; fpilf;fhky; Nghfpd;wJ. (4:48)
3. ,iw ,y;yj;ij khRgLj;JfpwJ (9:28)
4. fhw;wpy; mfg;gl;l JUk;igg; Nghd;W miyf;fopf;fg;gLthd; (22:31)
5. Rtu;f;fk; `uhkf;fg;gl;L eufj;jpy; epue;jukhfj; js;sg;gLthd; (5:72)
6. kdpj r%fj;jpd; xUikg;ghL Fiye;J NghFk;

tpdh – 04
Fg;u; vd;why; vd;d vdf; $wp> mjd; tiffis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
o nkhop mbg;gilapy;> ‘Fg;u;’ vd;w gjk; kiwj;jy;> %Ljy; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fspy;
ifahsg;gLfpwJ. ,];yhkp tof;fpy;> ,];yhj;jpd; ek;gpf;iffisAk;
jpl;ltl;lkhf mwpagl;l mjd; nrad;KiwfisAk; epuhfupg;gijf; Fwpf;f ,g;jk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
o my;yh`;tpd; ngah;fs;> gz;Gfs;> gilg;ghw;wy;> ep/kj;Jf;fs; mtdJ
topfhl;ly;fs; Nghjidfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; xd;iw kWj;jy;.
o ,];yhkpa mbg;gil ek;gpf;iffSf;F Kuzhf xUtdJ nraw;ghLfs;
mikAk;NghJ> ,iwfl;lisfis Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Gwf;fzpf;Fk;NghJ> ngUk;
ghtq;fspy; njhlh;e;Jk; myl;rpaakhf <LgLNthkhdf ,Ue;jhy; Fg;h; Vw;gLk;.
o my;Fh;MDk; Rd;dhTk; vr;rhpf;fpd;wd.
o Fg;u; kpf ghuJhukhdJ vdNt> K];ypk; xUtiu fhgph; vd $WtJ ghhpa
Fw;wkhFk;

41
 mjd; tiffs;:
1. ek;gpf;if rhh;e;jit :
o ,iw ek;gpf;ifAld; njhlh;ghdit : my;yh`; ,y;iynad ek;Gjy;
o egpj;Jt ek;gpf;ifAld; njhlh;ghdit : K`k;kj; (]y;) ,w;Fg; gpd;dh; egp
tuyhk; vd ek;Gjy;
o kiwthd mk;rq;fs; njhlh;ghdit : kyf;Fkhh;fis> kWikia ek;g
kWj;jy;
o \uPmj; rl;lq;fSld; njhlh;ghdit : \hPM rl;lq;fs; vdf;fpy;iy vd
ek;Gjy;
2. nrhy; rhh;e;jit
o my;yh`;itj; Jhw;Wjy;
o ]`hghf;fis Jhw;Wjy;
3. nray; rhh;e;jit
o ,opTgLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; my;Fh;Md; gpujpia fpopj;jy;
o egiag; Nghd;W Ntlk; jhpj;jy;

fhgph;fNshL ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba xOq;Ffs;:

o khh;f;f tplaq;fspy; rkurk; fpilahJ>
o K];ypk;fSf;F vjpuhdth;fSld; xl;LwT fpilahJ>
o ,];yhj;ij> K];ypk;fis mtkjpf;fhNjhUld; ey;y Kiwapy; ele;J cgfhuk;
nra;tJ
o K];ypk;fspd; vjphpfSlDk; epahakhf elj;jy;

tpdh – 05
‘epghf;’ vd;w nrhy;iy tiutpyf;fdg;gLj;jp mjd; gpujhd tiffis tpsf;Ff.

 nkhopapy; : ehgf - fle;J nry;Yjy; - kiwT> #o;r;rp> Ruq;fg;ghij

 kf;fh fhyj;jpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. kjPdh fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik…
 gupghi\apy; : cs;sj;jpy; cs;s ek;gpf;iff;F Kuzhd nrhy;iyNah
nraiyNah ntspg;gLj;jy; - ,khk; ,g;Dy; mugp
 'ntspg;gilahf eyitf; fhl;lYk; cs;uq;fkhf jPaij kiwj;Jf; nfhs;sYk;"-
,g;D f]Pu;
 'ntspuq;fj;Jf;F Kuzhd cs;uq;fk; - ,khk; ,g;Dy; `[u; my;m];fyhdp
 Vidatw;iw tplTk; Mgj;jhdJ. 'epr;rakhf Kdhgpf;fs; eufj;jpd; mbj;jsj;jpy;
,Ug;ghu;fs;”

tiffs; :
 ek;gpf;if rhu;e;jJ> mky; rhu;e;jJ vd;W tifg;gLj;jp ek;gpf;if rhu;e;j
epghf;ifAilatu;fNs eufpy; epue;jukhfj; jq;Fthu;fs;. nray; rhu;e;j epghf;
ngUk; ghtj;ij xj;jJ. - ,khk; ,g;Dy; mugp> ,g;D f]Pu; -
 epghf;Fy; Fg;u;> epghf;Fy; mky; - ,khk; ,g;D `[u;
 epghf;if khu;ff ; j;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wptplf; $ba ngupa tif epghf; vd;Wk;
khu;ff
; j;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;Wk; msT ghuJhuk; ,y;yhj rpwpa tif epghf; -
,g;D ijkpah> ,g;D u[g;
 NkYk; Kf;fpa tiffs; 2

42
ngupa tif epghf;
 “xU kdpjd; tpRthrpg;gJ Nghd;W ntspuq;fj;jpy; fhl;bf; nfhz;L cs;uq;fj;jpy;
mtw;Wf;F Kuzhd ek;gpf;ifapy; ,Ug;gjhFk;”;. v ,e;j tif epghf;; jhd; eufpd;
mbj;jsj;jpy;...
 ,tu;fs; egpatu;fsJ fhyj;jpYk; gpd;dUk; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
 eatQ;rfk; njhlu;gpy; my;Fu;Mdpy; te;Js;s gz;Gfs;...
 egpatu;fis my;yJ mtuJ up]hyj;jpd; xU gFjpia epuhfupj;jy; my;yJ
ntWj;jy;
 khu;ff
; j;jpd; kiwit epidj;J kfpo;jy; my;yJ mjd; ntw;wpia ntWj;jy;
 egpatu;fs; $wpa tplaq;fis Vw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w flikg;ghl;il ek;ghjpUj;jhy;
 egpatu;fs; Vtpa tplaq;fspy; mtu;fSf;F fl;Lg;gl Ntz;;Lk; vd;w
flikg;ghl;il kWj;jy;
 egpatu;fSf;F Nehtpid nra;jy; my;yJ mtiuf; Fiw $Wjy;
 K/kpd;fis vjpu;f;Fk; fhgpu;fSf;F Mjutha; epw;wy;
 K/kpd;fs; my;yh`;Tf;Fk; J}jiuAk; fl;Lg;gl;Ltjhy; mtu;fisg; gupfrpj;jy;.
 my;yh`;tpdJk; mtdJ J}jupdJk; jPu;g;igg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;.

rpwpa tif epghf;

 cs;uq;fj;Jf;Fk; ntspuq;fj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Kuz;ghl;bd; rhjhuz xU
epiyahFk;. cjhuzkhf :-xUtu; kPJs;s ntWg;igAk; FNuhjj;ijAk;
kiwj;Jf; nfhz;L mtiuNerpg;gJ Nghd;Wk; mtUf;F cjtp nra;tJ
Nghd;Wk; ntspf;fhl;bf; nfhs;Sjy;.
 tzf;f topghLfspy; Mu;tKilatuhfj; jd;idf; fhz;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L
<LglhjpUj;jy;.
 khu;ff
; j;jpy; ek;gpf;if ,Ug;gpDk; mjw;fhf vt;tpjj; jpahfKk; nra;ahjpUj;jy;.
 rpwpa tif epghf;fpd;; mlahsq;fs; gw;wp te;Js;s `jP]f ; s;
 “eatQ;rfdpd; milahsq;fs; %d;W...
 xU K/kpdplk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epghf;fpd; gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLkhapd; mtd; fhgpu;
vd;Nwh eufj;jpy; epue;jukhfj; jq;Fk; Kdhgpf; vd;Nwh jPu;g;gspf;fg;gLtjpy;;iy.
 eatQ;rfu;fspd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpa `jP]f ; s; xU K];ypkplk; mg;gz;Gfs; te;J
tplf; $lhJ vd;gjw;fhf mtid vr;rupf;Fk; Nehf;fpNyNa $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ngupa tif epghf;fpw;Fk; rpwpa tif epghf;fpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s nghJj;
jd;ik “cs;uq;fj;Jf;F Kuzhd ntspuq;fj;jpd; epiyg;ghlhFk;.”
 ,e; epiyg;ghl;il czu;e;j rpy ]`hghf;fs; $l rpy re;ju;g;gj;jpy; jhKk;
Kdhgpf;fhfp tpl;Nlhkh vd;W epiy jLkhwpdhu;fs;. ,jw;F `d;]yh (uop)
mtu;fsJ rk;gtk; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.

tpdh – 06
‘,y;`hj;’ vd;why; vd;d vd;gijf; $wp tuyhw;W uPjpahf mJ gutpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fisf;
tpsf;Ff.
 Fwpj;j xU ,yf;fpypUe;J jtwptpLjy;> tpl;Lj; jpUk;Gjy;> Gdpjj;Jtj;ij
,y;yhky; nra;jy;> khu;ff
; j;ijg; ngha;g;gpj;jy;
 my;yh`;tpNyh mbg;giil ek;gpf;ifapy; xd;wpNyh re;Njfk; nfhs;sy;

43
 ,g;gpugQrKk; mjpYs;s midj;Jk; jhdhf Njhd;wpaJ mJ gilf;fg;gltpy;iy
gilg;Gf;fs; jk;ikj;jhNk Njhw;Wtpj;Jf; nfhz;ld vd fUJjy;;.
 ,jid Vw;gtd; Ky;`pj;> j`;hpa;A+d;
 jdpg;gl;l rpyuhy; ,f;nfhs;if tuyhw;W neLfpYk; tsh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sik...
 ,];yhk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; eh];jpf ek;gpf;ifAilatu;fSk;
,Ue;jdu;. ',J ekJ cyf tho;f;ifiaj; jtpu NtW tho;f;if fpilahJ. ehk;
,wf;fpNwhk;. ,d;Dk; tho;fpNwhk;. fhyk; jtpu NtnwJTk; ek;ik
mopg;gjpy;iy||(my;Fh;Md;)
 Ke;jpa Ntjq;fs; Nghjpf;fg;gl;l fhyq;fspYk; ,j;jifa eh];jpf
ek;gpf;ifAilatu;fs; ,Ue;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd...
 kj;jpa fhy INuhg;ghtpy; ehj;jpfk; tsuf; fhuzq;fs;...
 eh];jpf ek;gpf;if mwptpay; gupkhzk; ngWtjw;F lhtpd;> Ngld; u]y;> GNuha;l>;
fhu;y;khf;]; Nghd;w mwptpayhsu;fNs fhuzk;...
 xf;Nlhgu; Gul;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J fk;A+dp] Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;j u\;ahtpy; ehj;jpfk;
KOikahd kj vjpu;g;G kdg;ghq;Fld; nraw;gl;lJ.
 ehj;jpf ek;gpf;ifapd; nry;thf;Fld;; fy;tp> nghUshjhuk;> Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w
Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l ghupa mgptpUj;jp> rka ek;gpf;iffisg; ngha;g;gpf;Fk; mtw;wpd;
gpur;rhuk; vd;gd fhuzkhf 19k; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;Jld; ehj;jpfk;
cynfq;fpYk; tpiuthfg; gut Muk;gpj;jJ.

tpdh – 07
eh];jpf rpe;jid guTtjw;F VJthf mike;j fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L kjr;rhu;gpd;ikapd;
tiffis tpsf;Ff.
 rkaq;fSf;fpilapYk; rkaq;fSf;Fs;Sk; ,Ue;j Kuz;ghLfSk;
vjpu;g;Gzu;TfSk;
 rkaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l %lek;gpf;iffs;
 rkaq;fs; mwpTG+u;tkhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;ijj; jtpu;j;jik
 rkaq;fs; mwptpay; Nfhl;ghLfisf; fz;%bj;jdkhf vjpu;j;jik
 ehj;jpf ek;gpf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l fUj;J uPjpahd elj;ij uPjpahd Rje;jpuk;
 ehj;jpfj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; Vw;gl;l mgptpUj;jpfs;

kjr;;rhu;gpd;ikapd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 ehj;jpfk; NgRfpd;w vy;NyhUk; xN utpjkhdth;fs; my;yu;. flTs; gw;wpa
mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifSf;Fk;; Vw;g mtu;fs; %tifapduhf
tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
1. Ky;`pJ}d; : flTis Kw;whf epuhfupg;gtu;fs;. kjk;> flTs;
vd;gdkdpju;fspd; fl;Lf;fij vd;gNj ,tu;fsJ fUj;jhFk;.
2. yhmj;upa;ah : flTs; gw;wpa Kbthd fUj;Jf;F tuhjtu;fs;. ,tu;fs;flTis
Vw;fTk; khl;lhu;fs;; kWf;fTk; khl;lhu;fs;.
3. UG+gpa;A+d;fs; : ,tu;fs; flTis Vw;fkhl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy; cyif
,af;Fk;xU rf;jp ,Ug;gjhf ek;Gthu;fs;.

44
tpdh – 08
,];yhkpa cyfpy; ,y;`hj; gutpa tpjk; Fwpj;Jk; mjid jLf;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
eltbf;iffisAk; Kd;itf;f.

 rpNahdp] #o;r;rpapd; gpd;dzpapy; c];khdpa fpyhgj; tPo;e;jijj; njhlu;e;J

kjr;rhu;gw;w INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; ehj;jpf Nrhtpaj; u\;ahTk; K];ypk;
ehLfspy; jkJ rpe;jidiag; gug;Gtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpapd; gadhf
K];ypk; ngUk;ghd;ikiaf; nfhz;l gy ehLfs; kjr;rhu;gw;w ehLfshf
khwpd.
 mNj Nghd;W ,d;Dk; rpy K];ypk; ngUk;ghd;ik ehLfs; fk;A+dp]j;ij
gpd;gw;Wk; u\;ah rhu;Gs;s ehLfshf khwpd.
 mjidj;njhlu;e;J ehj;jpf ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,];yhkpa
ngWkhdq;fs; midj;ijAk; mopj;njhopg;gjw;fhd gy Kaw;rpfs; me;ehLfspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhapd.
 ehj;jpf ek;gpf;if K];ypk;fspd; <khDf;Ff; ngUk; rthyha; mike;jNghJ
mjpypUe;J ,];yhj;ijAk; K];ypk;fisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf [khYj;jPd;
Mg;fhdp> K`k;kJ mg;J`{> my;yhkh ,f;ghy; Nghd;w ,];yhkpa mwpQu;fs;
fLikahf cioj;jhu;fs;.
1. ehj;jpf thjj;jpd; miw$ty;fSf;Fg; gjpy; $wy;
2. K];ypk; ck;kj;ij mwpT G+u;tkhff; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Mfpa ,U
gupkhzq;fspy; njhz;lhw;wpdhu;fs;. mjd; gadhf my;Fu;MDf;fhd etPd
tpupTiufs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
 mj;Jld; etPdmwptpaypd; ,];yhj;Jf;nfjpuhd miw $ty;fSf;F Kd;dhy;
mwpthu;e;j mbg;gilapy; K];ypk; ck;kj;ij topelhj;jf;$ba ,];yhkpa
,af;fq;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

tpdh – 09
mfPjhTf;F Kuz;gl;l ek;gpf;iffSk; gy;NtW gpupTfSk; K];ypk; ck;kj;jpDs; Njhw;wk; ngw
VJthf mike;j fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.
1. gFj;jwpTf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :
o ,];yhk; tpsf;Fk; rpy tplaq;fis gFj;jwptpdhy; tpsf;f KbAkhf ,Uf;f
NtW rpy tplaq;fis ttp`pd; thapyhf kl;LNk tpsq;ff; $bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. t`p tpsf;Fk; tplaq;fisAk; gFj;jwpT uPjpahf Ma;T nra;a
Kw;gl;lNghJ gpupTfs; cUthfpd.
o fpNuf;f jj;Jt rpe;jidapd; nry;thf;F cUthdik.
2. vspikahd tplaq;fis Ma;TfSf;Fl;gLj;jpaik:
o my;yh`;> kWik> fohfjH gw;wpa tplaq;fs; Muk;g fhy r%fj;jpduhy;
vspikahf Gupag;gl;bUe;jd.
o ,t;tplaq;fspy; mtrpakw;w Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNt Kuz;ghlhd
fUj;Jf;fs; tsuj; njhlq;fpd.
3. jil nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfis Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jpaik:
my;yh`;tpd; ~jhj;|> vdg;gLk; nka;g;nghUs; gw;wpAk;> ‘]pghj;’ vDk; gz;Gfs;
o
gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;tij ,];yhk; jLj;Js;sJ.
4. ,];yhk; <l;ba ntw;wpfshy; ngwhik nfhz;lik:

45
 o,];yhk; mile;j mNkhf ntw;wpfshy; nghwhik nfhz;ltHfs; ,];yhj;ij
tPo;j;Jtjw;fhd rjpj; jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lik.
5. ]`hghf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l murpay; rHr;irfs;:
o egp (]y;) mtHfs;J murpay; thuprhf myp (uop) mtHfis ,zq;fhl;b \PM
mikg;G cUthjy;.
o ]pg;gPd; Aj;j tptfhuj;jpy; myp (uop) mtfSld; Kuz;gl;L fthup[pfs;
cUthdik.
6. gpw fyhr;rhuj; jhf;fk;:
o ,];yhj;jpd; ngaupy; ngsj;j> gpuhkdpa> a+j> fpwp];Jt> fpNuf;f> ghurPf
fyg;Gf;fs; cUthdik. Jwtw> midj;jpiwf; Nfhl;ghL cUthdik.
7. ,];yhj;jpw;F vjpuhd rjpfs; :
o mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D ]gh %yk; \PM rpe;jid cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
o Mq;fpNyau; %yk; fhjpahdpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

8. ]`hghf;fs; tplaj;jpy; vy;iykPwpa epiyg;ghLfs; :

o ]`hghf;fis VRtjd; %yk; fthup[;fs;> \PMf;fs; Kuz;gl;Lr; nrd;wik.

9. my;Fu;Md;> ]_d;dh tplaj;jpy; Nghjpa mwptpd;ik

o mjd; tpisthf foh fj;upy; Kuz;gl;l rpe;jidg; gpupTfs;; Njhd;wpaik

tpdh – 10
\PMf;fs; vd;Nghu; ahtu; vd Fwpg;gpl;L mtu;fsJ Njhw;wk; tsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

 nkhop uPjpahf “gpupT” “$l;lk;” vd;Wk; “MjuT mzp” vd;Wk; nghUs; jUfpwJ.
 ,];yhkpa kugpy;: “myp (uop) mtu;fs; kPJk; mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;jtu; kPJk; msT
fle;j md;ig ntspg;gLj;JtJld; mtu;fSf;Nf egpatu;fspd; gpd; murpay;>
Md;kf P jiyikj;Jtk; thupR mbg;gilapy; nrd;wpUf;fNtz;Lk; vdf;$wp
Ke;jpa %d;W fyPghf;fs; kPJk; mtu;fSf;F Mjuthd ]`hghf;fs; kPJk;
jg;ggpg;gpuhaj;ijg; gug;Gk; xU rpe;jidg; gpupT ‘\PM’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Njhw;wk; Fwpj;J epyTk; fUj;Jf;fs; :

 egp (]y;) mtu;fspd; tghj;Jld; fpyhgj; njuptpy; myp (uop) mtu;fSf;F
Mjutspj;NjhNu \PMf;fs;.
 fyPgh c];khd; (uop) mtu;fis nfhiy nra;jtu;fis Gjpa fyPgh myp (uop)
mtu;fs; gop thq;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; tplaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fUj;J Kuz;ghl;by; myp
(uop) mtu;fSf;F MjuT toq;fpNahu; \PMf;fs;.
 [ky; Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ myp (uop) mtu;fspd; jug;gpypUe;J NghuhbNahNu
\PMf;fs;.
 myp (uop) kw;Wk; KMtpah (uop) MfpNahUf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l fUj;J Kuz;ghl;by;
myp (uop) mtu;fSf;F MjuT toq;fpNahu; \PMf;fs;.
 ]pg;gPd; Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ myp (uop) mtu;fSf;F Mjuthf nraw;gl;NlhNu
\PMf;fs;.
 ghurPf gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l - “mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D ]gh” vd;w A+jd;
Kd;itj;j nja;tPf cupikf; Nfhl;ghLk;> \PM gpuptpd; Njhw;wKk;.

46
  fu;gyh Nrhf epfo;T - ,khk; `{i]dpd; nfhiyf;Fg;gpd; mtu;fSf;F cjtp
nra;atpy;iy vd;W ifNrjg;gl;NlhNu \PMf;fs;.
 myp (uop) nfhiyf;F gpd; tsh;r;rp - Ml;rpf;Fj; jFjp m`;Yy; fpjhg;fs; vd;w
rpe;jidapd; gpd;dzpapy; tsu;rp fz;lik.
 fh;gyh epfo;Tf;F gpd; jPtpukile;jik.
 fpyhgj; mypf;F nrhe;jkhdJ vd;gjw;F Nghyp `jP]f
; s; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
 Kf;fpa Nfhl;ghL ,khk;fis ikakhff; nfhz;like;jik.
 mfPjhg; gphptpy; kpf gioik tha;e;jJ.
 Muk;gj;jpy; top nfl;l FOthf nraw;gltpy;iy.Fyghf;fsJ fhyq;fSf;Fg;
gpd;du; topnfl;l rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;ljhf khw;wkile;jik.

tpdh – 11
\PMf;fspd; gpujhd Nfl;ghLfis Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ,khkj;: jiyikj;Jtk; m`;Yy; igj;Jf;fSf;FupaJ.

2. my;-fgh: kiwT> jiykiwT> kiwe;J thOjy;. xspe;jpUj;jy; 12 MtJ ,khk;
kiwe;J tho;tjhf ek;gg;gLjy;
3. mu;-u[;M / k`;jpa;ah: kiwe;J thOk; ,khk; kPz;L tUjy;.
4. my;-,];kj;: ,khk;fs; midtUk; ghtq;fs; nra;tij tpl;Lk;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;.
5. mj;-jfpa;ah: cz;ikia kiwj;jy;. jkJ capu;> nrhj;J> khdk; vd;gtw;iw
ghJfhf;f jhk; ,y;yhj nfhs;if xd;wpy; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W ebg;gJ.
6. mj;-jPdh: fspkz; - `_i]d; (uop) mtu;fsJ mlf;f];jyj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk;
kz; rfy Neha;fSf;Fk; epthuzp.
7. Kj;M: ,d;gg;nghUs; - jw;fhypfj; jpUkzk;.

tpdh – 12
\PMf;fspd; ,khkpa;ahf; Nfhl;ghL gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
 jw;Nghija \PMf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; - 12 ,khk;fis tpRthrpg;gjhy;
,];dh m\;upa;ah vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 ,khk;fis my;yh`; epakpf;fpwhd; - egpkhh;fspd; gpujpejpfs; vDk; fUj;J.
 ,khk;fs; k/]_k;fs; - egpath;fspd; thhprhf mth;fisj; njhlh;e;J 12 ,khk;fs;
 ,th;fs; cYy; m];k;fis tpl Nkyhdth;fs;.
 kyf;Ffs;> thdk; G+kpapYs;s midj;Jk; ,th;fSf;F fl;Lg;gLk;.
 kiwKf mwpT ,khk;fSf;F cz;L
 ,khk;fis ek;ghNjhh; fhgph;fs;> njhpahky; kuzpg;Nghh; [h`pypa;a kuzj;ij
jOTfpd;wdu;.

47
tpdh – 13
\PMf;fspd; ,khkpaj; rpe;jidapd; tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fk; gw;wp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

 myp (uop)> `]d; (uop)> `_i]d; (uop)> myp ,g;D `_i]d;(u`;) MfpNahu;
Kd;ida fyPghf;fs; %tu;kJP k; kpFe;j kupahijAlNdNa ,Ue;Js;sik.
 ehd;fhtJ ,khkhfpa myp ,g;D `_i]Df;F K`k;kj;> i]j; vd;w ,U Mz;
gps;ifs; ,Ue;jdu;. \PMf;fspy; xUrhuhu; K`k;kijAk; ,d;ndhU rhuhu;
i]ijAk; ,khkhff; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
 ,khk; i]ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; mtuJ epiyg;ghL myp(uop) mtu;fNs
fpyhgj;Jf;F kpfTk; jFjpahdtu; vd;whYk; Kd;ida fyPghf;fis
epuhfupf;ftpy;iy.
 ,khk; i]jplk; Kjy; fyPghf;fs; %tiug; gw;wpAk; tpdtpa NghJ mtu;
ey;yijNa $wpaikahy; Nfhgkile;j mtu;fs; ,khkpd; epiyg;ghl;il
epuhfupj;J mtiu tpl;Lk; gpupe;J nrd;wdu;. mt;thW nrd;wtu;fNs uhgpo;fs;.
 ,khk; i]j; mtu;fs; cikahf;fspd; mlhtbj;jdq;fis vjpu;j;Jg;
Nghupl;likapdhy; `p[;up 122y; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lik. mjd; gpd; cUthd
gpuptpdNu i]jpfs;.
 ,khk; K`k;kJf;Fg; gpd; te;j ,khk; [/gu; ]hjpf;(u`;) jdJ Kd;Ndhiug;
Nghd;Nw fyPghf;fs; kPJ kpFe;j md;Gk; kupahijAk; nfhz;ltuhfNt
jpfo;e;jik.
 gpd; %]h ,g;D [/gu; (u`;) ,khkhff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mg;ghrpau;
jkf;Fr; rhu;ghf m`;Yy; igj; Mjhuthsu;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
\PMff;fSk; mg;gh]paUf;F Mjutspg;gjd; %yk; murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;ij
myp(uop) mtu;fspd; guk;giuapdUf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f KbAk; vd;W ek;gpdu;.
 MapDk; mg;ghrpau; mtu;fsJ vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis epiwNtw;whikapdhy;
Vkhw;wkile;j epiyapy; ,khk; myp mu;upoh(u`;) jpBu; kuzk; va;jNt mtuJ
kuzj;jpy; mg;ghrpaiur; re;Njfpj;J vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;.
 ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,tu;fs; mG+jhypgpd; ngaupy; jhypgpa;A+d; vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
 mg;gh]pa fpyhgj;Jf;nfjpuhf jhypgpa;A+d;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;j
rkfhyj;jpy; ghurPfu;fSk; fpyhgj;Jf; nfjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
 gyk; ngw;wpUe;j mg;gh]pa fpyhgj;ij tPo;j;JtJ vspjy;y vd;gij czu;e;j
ghurPfu; jhypgPd;fs; Mjuitg; ngWtjd; %yk; ,ijr; rhjpf;fyhk; vdf; fUjpdu;.
 ghurPfu;fspd; ,t;tpizg;Gjhd; ntWk; murpay; gpupthf ,Ue;j m`;Yy; igj;
Mjuthsu;fshfpa K];ypk;fspilNa ghurPf ek;gpf;iffSld; xd;wwf; fye;j
“\PM” vd;w rkag;gpupT Njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkha; mike;jJ.
 ,khk; myp mu;upohtpd; kuzj;ijj; njhlu;e;J> kuzpf;fpd;w ,khkpd; %j;j
Gjy;tNd mLj;j ,khkhfj; njupT nra;ag;gLk; kuG Njhd;wpaik. %j;j
gps;isf;F mur jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;Fjy; ghurPf kuGfspy; xd;whFk;.
 gjpNdhuhtJ ,khk; `]d; ,g;D myp my;m];fup vd;gtu; `p 260y; kuzpf;Fk;
NghJ 5 taJ rpWtdhf ,Ue;j mtuJ %j;j kfd; K`k;kj; ,khkhfj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
 K`k;kj; jdJ rpWtajpNyNa kuzpj;jikapdhy; ,khkj; gjtpf;F thupR xUtu;
,y;yhj epiyapdhy; fytukile;j \Pahf;fs; ,khk; kuzpj;jhu; vd;W $whky;
jw;fhypfkhf kiwe;J tpl;lhu; vd;w ek;gpf;ifia cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lik.

48
tpdh – 14
\Pahf;fs; Kd;itf;Fk; ,khkpaj; Nfhl;ghl;by; fhzg;;gLk; FiwghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 fjpu;Fk; njhlu;ghd `jP]pd; ek;gfkw;w jd;ik.
 ,khk;fs; ahu; vd;gijj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; \Pahf;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;
fUj;JNtWghLfs;.
 ,khk;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; fUj;JNtWghLfs;.
 ,khk;fspd; vz;zpf;if gd;dpuz;Lld; Kw;Wg;ngWjy;.
 ,khkpaj; Nfhl;ghL \Pahf;fs; $Wk; Muk;g fhy ,khk;fsplk; fhzg;glhik.
 \Pahf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs; mt;tf;fhyq;fspy; Njhd;wpa murpay; gpd;dzpfspd;
gpd;Gyj;jpy; khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;lik.
 gpwfyhrhuj;jhf;fq;fs; nry;thf;Fr;; nrYj;jpaik.

tpdh – 15
\PMf;fspd; gpujhd gpupTfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L ‘,];dh m\upa;ahf;fsJ Nfhl;ghLfs; Fwpj;J
tpsf;Ff.

\PMf;fspy; gy gpupTfs; Njhd;wpdhYk; mtw;wpd; gy fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kiwe;J

xope;jd. ,khkpa;ah> i]jpa;ah vd;w ,U gpupTfs; ,d;W tiu epiyj;J epw;fpd;wd.
,t;tifapy; \PMf;fs; kj;jpapy; Njhd;wpa gpupTfspy; gpd;tUtd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
1. ‘,];dh m\upa;ah / ,khkpa;ah / my;-[/gupa;ah’
2. ‘,];kh<ypa;ah’
3. ‘ghj;jpdpfs;’
4. ‘m];-i]jpa;ah’
5. ‘m];-]g,a;ah’
6. ‘my;-if]hdpa;ah’ / ‘jt;thgPd;’
7. ‘mu;-uhgpohf;fs;’
8. Ei]upa;ah / mytpa;ahf;fs;

tpdh – 16
\PMf;fspy; ‘,];dh m\upa;ah / ,khkpa;ah Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
 ,g;gpupT `p[;up %d;whk; E}w;whz;lstpy; Njhd;wpa mjp jPtpug;gpupthFk;.
 ,khk;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if gd;dpuz;L vd ,tu;fs; tpRthrpg;gjdhy;> ‘,];dh
m\upa;ah’ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 12 ,khk;fis tpRthrpg;gjdhy; ,tu;fis ‘,khkpa;ah’ ,khk;fisr; rhu;e;Njhu;
vdTk; miog;gu;.
 ,tu;fs; tpRthrpf;Fk; ,khk;fspy;> Kjd;ikahdtu; myp (uop) mtu;fSk;
,Wjpahdtu; mGy; fh]pk; K`k;kj; gpd; my;-`]d; mtu;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.

49
  jw;Nghija \PMf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdth;fs;.
 ,khk;fis my;yh`; epakpf;fpwhd;.
 ,khk;fs; egpkhh;fspd; gpujpejpfs;
 ,khk;fs; k/]_k;fs;
 egpath;fspd; thhprhf mth;fisj; njhlh;e;J 12 ,khk;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
 ,th;fs; cYy; m];k;fis tpl Nkyhdth;fs;.
 kyf;Ffs;> thdk; G+kpapYs;s midj;Jk; ,th;fSf;F fl;Lg;gLk;.
 kiwKf mwpT ,khk;fSf;F cz;L.
 ,khk;fis ek;ghNjhh; fhgph;fs;.
 ,kikj; njhpahky; kuzpg;Nghh; [h`pypa kuzj;ijj; jOTfpd;wdu;.

tpdh – 17
,];kh<ypa;ahf;fs; / ghjpdpa;ahf;fs; Nfhl;ghl;il njspTgLj;Jf.

 ,khk; [/gu; ]hjpfpd; %j;j gps;isahfpa ,];kh<y; vd;gtiug; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fNs

,];kh<ypa;ah vdg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 \PMf;fspy; mjp jPtpu gphpT. ,];yhj;jpd; Gwmk;rq;fis me;juq;fkhd
Kiwapy; mu;j;jg;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf ghjpdpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 my;Fh;MDf;F cs;shh;e;j nghUSz;L vd;gij tpRthrpg;gJ <khdpy;...
 myp(uop) f;F tu Ntz;ba fpyhg;ij VidNahh; mgfhpj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.
mjw;F Jiz epd;Nwhh; ck;k`hJy; K/kpd;fs; rjpfhuh;fs; vd Fwpg;gply;.
 ,tu;fs; kJit `yhyhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.
 njhOifia ,UNeukhf;fpdu;.
 jkJ nfhs;if rhuhj Vida K];ypk;fisf; nfhiy nra;tij `yhyhf;fpf;
nfhz;ldu;.
 ,tu;fs; kf;fhTf;Fr; nrd;W gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd ahj;jpupfu;fisf; nfhiy
nra;J `[Uy; m];tj; fy;iy nakDf;F vLj;Jr; nrd;wdu;.
 ,ilg;gl;l xU fhyj;jpy; fuhikj; vd;gtuhy; topelhj;jg;gl;ljdhy; ,tu;fs;
fuhkpjhf;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLd;wdu;.
 ,tu;fisr; rhu;e;J ep]hupfs;> K];jhypfs;> J&];fs;> Kfd;dh`; Nghd;w gy;
gpupTfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
 ,tu;fs; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l k`;jp ,];kh<y; vd;Wk; mtu; kuzpf;ftpy;iy kPz;Lk;
tUthu; vd;Wk; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> je;ij capUld; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj ,];kh<y;
kuzpj;Jtpl;lhu; vd;Nw ngUk;ghyhd \Pahf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;.
 ,];kh<ypd; ,khkj;Jld; njhlu;ghd tplaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fUj;J NtWghl;bdhy;
cUthfpa ,g;gpupdu; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,d;Dk; gy gpupTfshfg;; gpupe;jdu;.

tpdh – 18
\PMf;fspy; i]jPf;fs; gw;wp tpsf;fkspf;Ff.
 ‘m];-i]jpa;ah’ vd;Nghu; i]j; gpd; myp i]Dy; Mg;jPd; gpd; `{i]d; (`{i]d;
(uop) mtu;fsJ kfdhd myp i]Dy; Mg;jPd; vd;gtupd; kfd; i]j;) vd;gtiug;

50
 gpd;gw;wpatu;fshtu;@ mjhtJ> i]j; vd;gtiug; gpd;gw;wpajhNyNa. ,tu;fs;
‘i]jpf;fs;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 \PMf;fspy; kpjthjpfs;
 m`;Y];]_d;dh ty;[khMTf;F kpf neUf;fkhdth;fs;
 `i]d; (uop) ,d; i]Dy; Mg;jPdpd; kfd; i]ij gpd;gw;wpaikahy;
i]jPf;fs;.
 ]`hgh;fis VRtjpy;iy.
 egpkhh;fSf;Fg; gpd; ,khk;fs; kdpjh;fspy; rpwe;Njhh;
 ,khk;fis k/#k;fshf fUjtpy;iy. egpkhh;fspd; me;j];Jf;F cah;j;jTkpy;iy.
 nja;tPfg; gz;G nfhz;Nlhuha; fUjTkpy;iy.
 egpfshhpd; FLk;gj;jpy; jFjpAs;sth; ,khkj; Nfhhpdhy; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
 kpf jFjpAs;sth; ,Uf;f jFjpAs;sth; fyPghthf njhpthfyhk;.

tpdh – 19
topjtwpa gpupthd Ei]upfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.

 K`kk;kj; gpd; Ei]u; vdg; tupdhy; cUthff;gg;l \PMg;gpuptpdNu Ei]upfs;

 vdg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; mytpa;A+d;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. \Pahf;fspy;
kpfTk; Nkhrkhd gpuptpdu;fshfNt ,tu;fs; tuyuw;wpy; milahsg;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
 myp (uop) mtu;fSf;F nja;tPf me;j];J ,Ug;gjhf thjpLk; ,tu;fs; myp (uop)
mtu;fisf; nfhiy nra;j ,g;D Ky;[pikAk; Nerpf;fpd;wdu;
 ,];yhk; `uhkhf;fpa gy tplaq;fis jkf;F `yhyhf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
 ,tu;fs; gw;wp ,khk; ,g;D ijkpah (u`;) gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhu;fs;. “ghjpdpg;
gpupitr; Nru;e;j ,tu;fs; A+ju;fisAk; fpwp];jth;fisAk; tpl epuhfupg;gpy;
$batu;fs; K];ypk;fSfF vjpuhf Aj;jk; nra;j jhj;jhupfistplTk; ,tu;fs;
Mgj;jhdtu;fs;. jhj;jhupau;fs; ,tu;fsJ cjtpAlNdNa K];ypk; ehLfSf;Fs;
Eioe;J fyPghitAk; mjpfkhd K];ypk;fisAk; nfhiy nra;jdu;”;

tpdh – 20
t`;jJy; T[_j; / mj;itjf; Nfhl;ghL gw;wp njspT gLj;Jf.

 nkhop uPjpahf : cs;sit midj;Jk; xd;W

 ,];yhkpa kugpy; : my;yh`;Tk; ,aw;ifAk; xd;W vd;W thjpLk; jj;Jt
nfhs;if
 my;yh`;tpd; Njhw;wNk ,g;gpugQ;rk;. jkf;nfd;W Ra ,Ug;gpy;yhj rlg;nghUl;fspd;
nkhj;jkhd ntspj;Njhw;wk; my;yh`;tpd; ,Ug;gpy; epiy nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 j]t;Tg; rpe;jidapD}lhf K];ypk;fs; kj;jpapYk; nry;thf;F...
 rpy j]t;Tg; thjpfs;> \uPmj;Jf;F mg;ghy; my;yh`;tpd; neUf;fj;ij mila
Kaw;rpj;jikNa ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
 ,r;rpe;jidiag; GFj;jpatu;fshf ,g;D mugp> ,g;D ghupy;> ,g;D ]g;<d;>
jy;k]hdp...

51
 GJ}`hJy; kf;fp vDk; E}iy vOjpa ,g;D mugpNa Kd;Ndhb. `p[;up 7k;
E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpwF Ngr Muk;gpj;jhh;.
 ,g;D mugpapd; t`;jJy; T[_j; rpe;jidapd; gb> gilg;ghsDf;Fk;
gilg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; NtWghLfs; vJTk; fpilahJ.
 my;yh`; midj;Jg; gilg;Gf;fisAk; jd;dpNyNa cs;slf;fpAs;shd;.
 “midj;Jk; mtdhfpa epiyapy; midj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; mtd;
J}a;ikahdtd;” - ,g;Dy; mugp -
 Rtu;f;fj;Jf;Fk; eufj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s NtWghL ntWk; juNtWghNl md;wp
tif NtWghly;y.
 kjq;fSf;fpilapy; $l NtWghL fpilahJ. my;yh`;it tzq;FgtDk;>
fw;fis tzq;FgtDk; rpiyfis tzq;FgtDk; rkkhdtu;fNs.
Vnddpy;vy;NyhUk; my;yh`;itNa tzq;fpAs;sdu;. mjhtJ gilg;ghsDk;
gilg;Gf;fSk;.

tpdh – 21
fthup[;fs; vdg;gLgtu;fs; ahu; vdf;$wp mtu;fsJ Njhw;wg;gpd;dzpia tpsf;Ff.
 ‘fthup[;’ vd;w nrhy; ‘fhup[;’ vd;w %yr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpajhFk;.
‘ntspNawpr; nrd;wtd;’ vd;w fUj;ij ,J nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 jiytupd; fl;Lg;ghl;il tpl;L ntspNawpr; nrd;W jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F vjpuhf
fpsu;r;rp nra;gtiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
 “ghtk; nra;gtd; fhgpuhthd; vd;w fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ngUk;ghd;ik K];ypk;
r%fj;ij tpl;Lk; gpupe;J mjw;F vjpuhf nraw;gLk; gpuptpdu;”; fthup[;
vdg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 `p. 37 Mz;L myp (uop)> MKtpah (uop) MfpNahh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;w
]pg;gpd; Aj;jNk ‘`thup[p’ vdg;gl;l ,g;gpuptpdupd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd cldbf;
fhuzkhFk;.

fthup[;fs; vdg; ngau;tUtjw;fhd fhuzk;

 myp (uop) mth;fspd; gilapy; ,Ue;J gpupe;J nrd;wth;fis fhup[p vd;w
gjj;jpdhy; miof;fpd;wdh;.
 myp (uop) mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;j fUj;jpy; xw;Wik fhzhJ gpupe;J nrd;wjdhy;
ntspNawpNahh; vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk; “fhup[p” vd;w gjg; ngah;
te;jpUf;fyhk;.
 NtW rpyu; myp (uop) mth;fs; ngUk; ghtk; nra;J tpl;lhh; vd;Wk; KMtpah
(uop) mth;fs; cupj;jpy;yhj xd;Wf;fhf cupj;Jf; Nfhup ngUk; ghtk; nra;J
tpl;lhh; vd;Wk; ,th;fs; epiy ehl;lj; jtwpa J}a Ml;rpia epiy ehl;Ltjw;fhf
jk; ,Ug;gplq;fis tpl;L ntspNawpr; nrd;wjdhy; ,g;ngah; tuf;fhuzkhf
mike;jpUf;fyhk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

fthup[;fspd; Njhw;wk;
 fyPgh myp (uop) mtu;fSf;Fk; \hk; Njr ftu;du; KMtpah (uop) mtu;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa c];khd; (uop) mtu;fspd; nfhiy njhlu;ghf Vw;gl;l fUj;J
NtWghl;bdhy; cUthd ]pg;gPd; Aj;jj;jpw;F jPu;T fhz;gjw;fhf ,U
jug;gpypUe;Jk; ,U ]`hghf;fs; eLtu;fshfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;lNghJ myp (uop)
mtu;fspd; gilapy; ,Ue;j xU gpuptpdu; “my;yh`; jPu;g;G toq;fpa tplaj;jpy;
eLtu;fis epakpj;J mtu;fspd; jPu;g;ig Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ my;yh`;tpd; jPu;g;igg;

52
 Gwf;fzpg;gjhFk; vdf;$wp “jPu;g;Gf; $Wk; mjpfhuk; my;yh`;Tf;fd;wp
Ntnwtu;f;Fk; ,y;iy” vd;w Nfh\j;Jld; eLtu;fspd; jPu;g;ig epuhfupj;J
 njhlu;e;Jk; KMtpahTf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLkhW myp (uop) mtu;fis
typAWj;jpdu;. mijf; Nfl;l myp(uop) mtu;fs;; “cz;ikahd thu;j;ij
gpioahf Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ” vdf;$wp mtu;fspd; thjj;ij kWj;Jiuj;jhu;fs;.
 mg;NghJ mtu;fs; mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D t`g; mu;-uh]pgp vd;gtiuj; jkf;F
mkPuhf epakpj;Jf; nfhz;L myp (uop) mtu;fis tpl;Lg; gpupe;J nrd;W
mtu;fSf;F vjpuhfg; Nghu;njhLf;f Kide;jjd; %yk; fthup[; vd;w gpupT
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

tpdh – 22
fthup[;fspd; gpupTfis tpgupf;f.

1. my;-m]hupf;:
 ehgp/ ,g;D m];uf; vd;gtiug; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fs;.
 fhgpu;fspd; Foe;ijfSk; eufk; Eiotu; vd;gJ ,tu;fsJ fUj;jhFk;.
 u[;k; jz;lidia kWj;jy;
 ngz; kPJ $wg;gLk; gLJ}Wf;fhf khj;jpuk; jz;lid toq;Fjy;.
 jpUlg;gl;l nghUs; rpwpajhapDk; ngupajhapDk; rkkhfj; jz;lid toq;Fjy;
Nghd;w eilKiwfSk; ,tu;fsplk; fhzg;gl;ld.

2. m];-]gupa;ah:
 ]pahj; my;-m];gu; vd;gtiug; gpd;gw;WNthNu ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 ,tu;fsJ nfhs;if ek;gpf;ifapy; Kuz;gl;NlhuJ gps;isfisf; nfhy;y
Ntz;Lk; vd;w tplaj;jpy; khj;jpuk; m]hupf;fSld; Kuz;gLfpd;wdu;.

3. me;-e[;jhj;:
 e[;jh ,g;D Mkpu; my;-`dgP vd;gtiug; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fs;.
 ,tu;fsJ fUj;jpd;gb khu;ff
; k; vd;gJ ,U tplaq;fshFk;.
o xd;W: my;yh`;it mwptJk; mtdJ J}jiu mwptJk; K];ypk;fsJ
,uj;jj;ijAk; nry;tq;fisAk; kjpj;J elj;jy;.
o ,uz;L: my;yh`;tplkpUe;J te;jtw;iw KOikahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
 mJ jtpu;e;j Vida `yhy; `uhk; rhu;e;j tplaq;fs; gw;wp mwpahjpUg;gJ
Fw;wky;y. Vnddpy; mJ khu;ff
; j;jpy; cs;sjy;y.
 xUtd; ghtj;jpy; gpbthjk; fhl;Ltjd; %yk; fhgpuhfpd;whd;. mJ ngUk;
ghtkhapDk; rup rpW ghtkhapDk; rup.

4. my;-mghypa;ah:
 mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D mghy; vd;gtiug; gpd;gw;WNthu; ,t;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 ,g;gpupT Njhd;wf; fhuzk; fthup[;fspd; jiytu; ehgp/ gpd; m];uf; vd;gtu;
midj;J K];ypk;fSk; muGf; fhgpu;fisg; Nghd;wtu;fNs.
 ,tu;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtnjy;yhk; ,];yhk; my;yJ Aj;jk;.

53
  mtu;fisj; jpUkzk; Kbf;ff;$lhJ. mtu;fs; mWj;jtw;iw rhg;gplf;$lhJ.
mtu;fs; kj;jpapy; thoTk; $lhJ.
 ,t;thW $Wk; NghJ ,g;D]pghu; vd;gtu; mij kWj;J ]pgupa;ahit
cUthf;fpdhu;.
 mg;NghJ ,g;Dmghy; ,d;ndhU fUj;ijf; $wpdhu;. mjhtJ mtu;fs;
K\;upf;Ffs; my;y. ep/kj;ij kWf;Fk; fhgpu;fs;.
 ,tu;fsJ ,uj;jj;ijj; jtpu NtnwJTk; vkf;F `yhyhf khl;lhJ. vd;w
fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jdJ ,af;fj;ij mikj;jhu;.

tpdh –23
fthup[;fspd; Kuz;ghlhd ek;gpf;iffis tpsf;fp mtu;fsJ gz;Gfis Fwpg;gpLf.

1. ngUk; ghtk; nra;jtu;fis fhgpu;fs; vd;;Wk; mtu;fs; eufpy;

epue;jukhfj;jq;Fthu;fs; vd;Wk; $Wjy;.
2. myp (uop)> c];khd; (uop) MfpNahiuAk; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhd ]`hghf;fisAk;
fhgpu;fs; vd;W $Wjy;
3. kWikapy; my;yh`;itf; fhzKbAk; vd;gij kWj;jy;
4. ]puhj;ijAk; mijf; fle;J nry;tijAk; epuhfupj;jy;
5. my;yh`;tplkpUe;jy;yhky; egpatu;fs; $Wk; tplaq;fspy; egpf;F
fl;Lg;glNtz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy vdf;$Wjy;
6. Fu;Mdpd; ntspg;gilahd fUj;J vd jhk; ek;Gk; tplaq;fSf;F Kuzhf
tUk; Kjthjpuhd `jP];fis epuhfupj;jy;
7. my;Fu;MDk; ]_d;dhTk; cWjpg;gLj;;Jk; my;yh`;tpd; gz;Gfis kWj;;jy;
8. jkJ ek;gpf;iffspy;; jk;Kld; cld;gl;ltu;fSldy;yhky; [khmj;jhf
njhOtij kWj;jy;
9. jpUkzj;Jf;Fg; gpd; tpgrhuj;jpy; <LgLk; MZf;F u[;k; jz;lidtoq;Ftij
kWj;jy;
10. \ghmj;;ij kWj;jy;
11. Fiwe;j gl;rk; 40 Ngu; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; jtwpiof;Fk; jiytu;fSf;F
vjpuhfg; Gul;rpapy; <LgLtJ flik vdf; $wy;. ,J ‘`j;J \puh/’
vdg;gLfpwJ.

fthup[;fspd; ,ay;ghd gz;Gfs;

 rpy egu;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l ,ay;ghd gz;GfSld; jPtpu kjg;gw;Wk; xd;W

Nru;e;jikNa fthup[;fs; Njhw;wk;; ngWtjw;Ff; fhuzkha; mike;jJ.
mg;gz;Gfs; tUkhW:
 jPtpuj; jd;ik:
,tu;fs; jhk; cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l ek;gpf;iffspYk; Vida tzf;f
topghLfspYk; jPtpuj; jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;jpaikapdhy; mjpf
tzf;fthspfshfTk; ghtq;fSf;fpilapy; ghFghL ghu;f;fhky; midj;Jg;
ghtq;fisAk; ngUk; ghtq;fshf fhl;Lgtu;fshtu;.
 fLk;Nghf;F:
fLk;Nghf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,tu;fsplk; ve;j xd;wpYk; espdj;jd;ik ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
rpwpa jtWfSf;fhfTk; kf;fis vjpu;j;Jg; Nghu; Gupgtu;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;.
 vjpu;g;G kdg;ghq;F
; :

54
 ,zq;fpg; Nghfpd;w jd;ik ,tu;fsplk; FiwthfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
jk;Kld; Kuz;gLgtu;fis vg;NghJk; vjpu;j;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghu;fs;. rkhjhdk;
nra;J nfhs;tij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNtkhl;lhu;fs;.
 NkNyhl;lkhd mwpT:
,tu;fs; khu;ff
; k; njhlu;ghd NkNyhl;lkhd mwpitNa ngw;wpUe;jdu;. \uPmj;jpd;
Nehf;fj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;w msTf;F mtu;fsplk; EZf;fkhd mwpT
,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; jhd; eLtu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;lij mtu;fshy; Gupe;J
nfhs;s Kbahky; NghdJ.
 gpuik:
jhk; fw;w mwptpy; nfhz;l gpuik fhuzkhf jhk; ]`hghf;fis tplTk; Vida
mwpQu;fis tplTk; jk;ikf; fw;wtu;fshff; fUjpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
 Kjpu;r;rpapd;ik:
Kjpu;r;rpapd;ik fhuzkhf jkJ rpe;jidapYk; nraw;ghl;bYk; nghWik ,oe;J
nraw;gl;l; du;.

tpdh – 24
fthup[;fspd; tplaj;jpy; ]`hghf;fspd; epiyg;ghl;bid Fwpg;gpLf.

 fthup[;fs; ]`hgf;fis fhgpu;fs; vd;W $wpdhYk; ]`hghf;fs; mtu;fis

mt;thW $wtpy;iy. khwhf fthup[; mikg;gigr; Nru;e;j xUtu; njhOifapy;
,khkj; nra;Ak; NghJ mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; epd;W njhOjpUf;fpd;whu;fs;.
 ,tu;fs; gw;wp myp (uop) mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ “vkf;nfjpuhf mj;JkPwpa vkJ
rNfhjuu;fs;” vd;Nw $wpdhu;fs;. vdpDk; mtu;fis vjpu;Jg; Nghupl;Ls;shu;fs;.
mjw;F ,U fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.
1. fthup[;fspd; mj;JkPwpa nraw;ghL:

,tu;fs; myp (uop) mtu;fisAk; ,d;;Dk; gy ]`hghf;fisAk; fhgpu;fs; vdf;

$wp mtu;fSf;F vjpuhf thNse;jpg; Nghupl;lJld; rpWtu;fs;> ngz;fs;>
tNahjpgu;fs;> epuguhjpfs; vd;W ghu;f;fhky; jkJ nfhs;iff;F khw;wkhd
K];ypk;fis nfhd;W Ftpj;Js;shu;fs;. ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;; ]`hghf;fs;
mtu;fis vjpu;j;Jg; NghuhbAs;shu;fs;. efu;thd; Aj;jk; mjw;F rpwe;j
cjhuzkhFk;.
2. ]`hghf;fspd; ,[;jp`hj;:

egp (]y;) mtu;fspd; Kd;dwptpg;Gf;fspd; gb thNse;jpg;NghuhLkhW

$wg;gl;Ls;stu;fspd; gz;Gfs; KOikahf fthup[;fsplk; fhzg;gl;likapdhy;
mtu;fis vjpu;j;Jg; NghuhLtij ed;ik vd;W fUjpdhu;fs;.
fthup[;fs; tplaj;jpy; ]`hghf;fs; nfhz;bUe;j mNj epiyg; ghl;ilNa
]`hghf;fSf;Fg; gpd; te;j ]yG]; ]hyp`Pd;fSk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;.

55
tpdh – 25
K/j]pyhf;fs; vdg;gLNthu; ahu; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjd; Njhw;wk; tsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

nkhopf;fUj;J: “,/j]y” - “K/j]pyh” - gpupe;J nrd;wtu;fs;> tpyfpatu;fs;>

jdpNa xJq;fpatu;fs;
,];yhkpakugpy; “mfPjh rhu;e;j tplaq;fis gFj;jwpT uPjpahf rpe;jpj;jjdhy;
vOe;jfUj;J NtWghL fhuzkhf ngUk;ghd;ik K];;ypk; r%fj;ij tpl;Lk;gpupe;J
nrd;w xU jj;Jt ,af;fk;”;

K/j]pyh ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

 ,khk; `]Dy; g]up (u`;) g]uhg; gs;sp thrypy; ,];yhkpa

tFg;Gf;fiselhj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ mtu;fsJ khztu;fspy; xUtdhapUe;j
th]py;gpd; mjhtpdhNyNa ,t;tpaf;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
Njhw;wk;:
 [ky;> ]pg;gPd; Aj;jq;fspd;NghJ jtW nra;jtu;fs; gw;wpa fUj;J Kuz;ghl;by;>
ngUk; ghtq;fs; nra;jtu;fs; K];ypk;fsh? fhgpu;fsh? vd;w tplaj;jpy;
fhup[Pf;fSk;> Ku;[pa;ahf;fSk; NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
jtwpioj;Njhu; fhgpu;fs; vd;gJ fhup[Pf;fsJ thjkhFk;. Ku;[pa;ahf;fs; mtu;fs;
K/kPd;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.
 ,t;tplak; rk;ke;jkhf ,khk; `]Dy; g]up (u`;) mtu;fSf;Fk; mtuJ
khztuhd th]py; gpd; mjh/ vd;gtUf;Fkpilapy; thjg; gpujpthjq;fs;
Vw;gl;lJ. th]py; gpd; mjh/> “nghUk; ghtk; nra;jtd; Fg;Uf;Fk; <khDf;Fk;
,ilapy; ,Uf;fpwhd;” vdf; $wp ,khk; mtu;fsJ rigapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr;
nrd;whd;. mg;NghJ ,khktu;fs; “`{t ,/j]y md;dh” (mtu; - th]py; gpd;
mjh/) ek;ik tpl;L tpyfp tpl;lhu; / gpupe;J nrd;W tpl;lhu;) vd;W $wpdhu;.
 ,e;epfo;itj; njhlu;e;J ,tu;fs; K/j]pyhf;fs; (gpupe;J nrd;wtu;fs;) vd
tuyhw;wpy; milahsg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 ,khik tpl;Lg; gpupe;j th]py;> gFj;jwpT uPjpahf rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;fp jdJ
fUj;Jf;F rhu;ghf khztu;fisj; jpul;bf; nfhz;lhu;. mtu;fsJ nraw;ghl;lhy;
,t;tpaf;fk; NkYk; tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ.
 my;-Fu;Md; gilf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ ,tu;fsJ gpujhd nfhs;iffspy;xd;whFk;.
my;yh`;tpd; jhj;> ]pghj; gw;wpa tplaj;jpYk; ,tu;fs; Kuz;gl;lrpe;jidiaf;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
 kdpjd; G+uz nraw; Rje;jpuk; kpf;ftd; vdg; gFj;jwpT uPjpahf tpsf;fpdu;.
 kWikapy; my;yh`;itf; fhz KbahJ vdTk; ngUk; ghtk; nra;jtu;fs;
epuhfupg;Gf;Fk;; tpRthrj;Jf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wdu; vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

tpdh – 26
K/j]pyhfspd; gpujhd Nfhl;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;Ws; ,uz;bid tpsf;Ff.

 njhlf;fj;jpy; ngUk; ghtk; nra;jtdpd; tplaj;jpy; Kuz;gl;l K/j]pyhf;fs;

gpd;du; ,d;Dk; gy tplaq;fspYk; Kuz;gl;ldu;.
1. kdpjd; G+uz nray; Rje;jpuKilatd;.

56
 2. ghtq;fspy; <Lgl;ltd; K/kpDk; ,y;iy> fhgpUk; ,y;iy. mtd; ,uz;Lf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;whd;.
 gpd;du; jq;fs; ,af;fj;Jf;nfd jdpahd rpy mbg;gilfis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;ldu;. mitfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. jt;`Pj; – Vfj;Jtk;:
,tu;fsplj;jpy; jt;`Pj; vd fUJtJ my;yh`;tpd; jhj;Jk; ]pgj;Jk; xd;Nw
vd;gjhFk;. ,tu;fs; my;yh`;it vjpu;kiwapNyNa tu;zpg;ghu;fs; cjhuzk;.
mtd; ePskhdtDky;y. mfykhdtDky;y
2. mj;y; (,iw ePjp): ,jd; %yk; ,tu;;fs; ehLtJ. kdpju;fsJ nraw;ghLfs;
midj;Jk; mtu;fshfNt nra;J nfhs;tJjhd;. mtu;fsJ ve;jr;
nraw;ghl;bYk; my;yh`;tpd; ehl;lj;jpw;F vg;gq;Fk; fpilahJ.
3. my;t/J ty;-taPj; (thf;Fk; - ew;$ypAk;> vr;rupf;ifAk; - jz;lidAk;):
K/kpd; jt;gh nra;jtdhfTk; fl;Lg;gl;ltdhfTk; cyif tpl;Lr; nrd;why;
gpujpgyd;fSf;Fk; ed;ikfSf;Fk; cupj;Jilatdhthd;. jhd; nra;j
ngUk;ghtj;Jf;fhf jt;gh nra;ahj epiyapy; kuzpj;jhy; mtd; eufpy;
epue;jukhfhfj; jq;Fthd;. vdpDk; mtDf;Fupa jz;lid fhgpUf;Fupa
jz;lidia tplf; Fiwthdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
4. my;-kd;[pyJ igdy; kd;[piyjd;. (<khDf;Fk; Fg;Uf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiy):
cyfpy; ngUk; ghtk; nra;gtd; vt;tpjj;jpYk; K/kpd; vd;W miof;fg;gl
jFjp mw;wtd;. mtd; K/kpDf;Fk; fhgpUf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyapy;
,Ug;ghd;. mtd; jt;gh nra;jhy; <khdpd; gf;fk; kPs;thd;. jt;ghr; nra;ahj
epiyapy; kuzpj;jhy; eufpy; epue;jukhfj; jq;Fthd;.
5. my;-mk;U gpy;-k/&g; te;e`;A mdpy; Kd;fu; (ed;ikia Vtp jPikia
jLj;jy;):
ehtpdhNyh ifapdhNyhMAjj;jpdhNyh rf;jp ngWk; NghJ mjw;Nfw;g
ed;ikia Vtpj; jPikiaj; jLg;gJ midtu; kPJk; flikahdjhFk;

,it my;yhj> ,d;Dk; gy ek;gpf;iff; Nfhl;ghLfSk; ‘K/j]pyhf;fsplk;’

fhzg;gLfpd;wd:
1. kWikapy; vtUf;Fk; my;yh`;itf; fhz KbahJ.
2. my;-Fu;Md; gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. “my;yh`; mu;\py; mku;e;Js;shd;” vd;gij kWj;jy;.
4. ngUk; ghtk; nra;j vtUf;Fk; egpatu;fspd; ‘\ghmj;ijg;’ ngwKbahJ.
5. ,iwNeru;fspd; (‘mt;ypahf;fspd;’) ‘fuhkj;ij’ kWj;jy;.

tpdh – 27
K/j]pyhf;fspd; cl;gpupTfspy; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 gFj;jwpit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ‘K/j]pyhf;fs;’ jkf;Fs;Sk; fUj;J

NtWghLw;W> <khd; rhu;e;j tplaq;fspy; gy cl;gpupTfshfg; gpupe;jdu;@ mtw;Wl;
rpy tUkhW:
1. ‘th]pypa;ah’ 2. ‘`{ijypa;ah’ 3. ‘epohkpa;ah’
4. ‘`hjpgpa;ah 5. ‘g\upa;ah’ 6. ‘Ku;jhupa;ah’

57
 7. ‘]khkpa;ah’ 8. ‘`p\hkpa;ah’
 ,J kl;Lky;yhJ> K];ypk; ‘ck;kj;jpy;’> ‘[`kpa;ah’> ‘fj;upa;ah’> ‘[gupa;ah’>
‘Kmj;jpyh’ Nghd;w gpupTfs; Njhd;Wtjw;Fk;> ‘K/j]pyhf;fs;’ cUthf;fpa
‘gFj;jwpTthj rpe;jidg; Nghf;Nf’ fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gil flikfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

 ,ghjj; vz;zf;fU tpsf;fk;
o tiffs;
 mbg;gil flikfs;
o njhOif
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 gad;fs;
 mbg;gil flikfs;
o m];]yhj;
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 gad;fs;
o ]fhj;
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 nraw;gLj;jy;
 gad;fs;
o m];]t;k;
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 gad;fs;
o my;`[;
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Nehf;fq;fs;
 gad;fs;
o `_$Fy; ,ghj;
 jdf;Fupa flikfs;
 gpwUf;Fupa flikfs;
 Vidatw;wpw;Fupa flikfs;

tpdh – 01
,ghjj; vd;gjid tiutpyf;fdg;gLj;Jf.
 ~~mgj|| ~~cg+jpa;ah|| vDk; muG %yNtu;r; nrhw;fspypUe;J Njhd;wpa gjNk
,ghjhthFk;. (mg;j; - mbik)
 mbgzpjy;> gzpGupjy;> Copak; nra;jy;> mbikaha; ,Uj;jy;> tzq;Fjy;>
topgLjy; Kjyhd fUj;Jf;fis ,g;gjk; jUfpd;wJ.
 ,];yhkpa gupghi\apy; “my;yh`;tpd; fl;lisfSf;F mbgzpe;J my;yh`;it
Vfdhf> v[khdhf Vw;W jhd; my;yh`;tpd; mbik vd;w czu;Tld; mtdJ
Vty;fis Vw;W tpyfy;fis tpyf;fp g+uzkhff; fl;Lg;gl;L thOk;
nranyhOq;F ,ghjj; vdg;gLk;”

58
  “(vdf;F topgl;L vd;id) tzq;Ftjw;fhfNtad;wp [pd;fisAk; kdpju;fisAk;
ehd; gilf;ftpy;iy” (m];]hupa;ahj; : 56)
 ,ghjj; ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ
1. fl;Lg;ghL – (jhmj;)
2. ,iw Nerk; - (k`g;gj;)

tpdh – 02
gpujhd ,ghjj;Jf;fspd; Nehf;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1. cs;sj;ij gf;Ftg;gLj;jp ,iwar;rj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ
2. my;yh`;Tldhd neUf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ
3. ghtkhd fhupaq;fspy; ,Ue;J jtpue;J thog; gapw;Wtpg;gJ
4. jpahfk;> nghWik> gpwu; eyd; Ngzy; Nghd;w ew;gz;Gfis tsu;g;gJ
5. ,iwj;jpUg;jpiag; ngw;W Rtdk; Eioa topaikg;gJ.

tpdh – 03
md;whl eltbf;iffis ,ghjj;jhf khw;wpf;nfhs;s ,];yhk; tpjpj;Js;s epge;jidfis
Fwpg;gpLf.
1). J}a vz;zk; :- mbg;gil tzf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;F epa;aj;
mtrpag;gLtJ NghyNt md;whl eltbf;iffs; ,ghjj;jhf khWtjw;Fk;
J}a vz;zk; mtrpakhfpwJ.

2). ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; mDkjp :- md;whl eltbf;iffSf;Fupa nraw;ghLfs;

,];yhj;jpy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy;. ,];yhk; jLj;j tplaq;fs; Jha
vz;zj;Jld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ.

3). \uPMtpd; tiuaiwfis kPwhjpUj;jy; :- Fwpj;jnjhU mDkjpf;fg;gl;l

nraiy md;whl tho;tpy; nra;tjhf ,Ue;jhYk;; mjw;nfd tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
rl;lq;fisAk;> xOq;FfisAk; Ngzp mjid epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.

4). Neu;j;jpahfTk; xOq;fhfTk; nra;jy; :- md;whl tptfhuq;fs; mjw;Fupa

xOq;fikg;igg; NgzpAk;> rPuhfTk; epiwNtw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xOq;fd P k;>
tPz;tpuak;> Coy; ,lk;ngw KbahJ.

5). mbg;gil tzf;fq;fSf;Fj; jilahf mikahjpUj;jy; :- md;whl

eltbf;iffs;> njhOif> Nehd;G> ]fhj;> `[; Nghd;w flikfis
epiwNtw;wj; jilahf mikAkhapd; mr;nraw;ghLfs; ,ghjhthff;
fzpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.

tpdh – 04
‘m];]yhj;’ vDk; nrhy;iy tiutpyf;fdg;gLj;jp njhOifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
 ~~]y;yh|| vDk; muG nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpa gjNk ]yhj; vd;gJ
 gpuhu;j;jid> gpujhd gFjp> KJnfOk;G Kjyhd fUj;Jf;fis ,g;gjk;
jUfpd;wJ.

59
  ,];yhkpa gupghi\apy; ~~,`;uhk; jf;gPUld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L gu;shd> Rd;dj;jhf
Xjy;fisAk;> gu;shd> Rd;dj;jhd nraw;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fp ]yhj;Jld;
kbtilfpd;w my;yh`;Tf;fhf epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w xU tzf;fkhFk;”
njhOifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 fl;lhaf; flik
 ngWkjp kpf;f flik
 <khdpd; milahsk;
 ntw;wpf;fhd top
 vy;yh egpkhu;fSf;Fk; tpjpahf;fg;gl;l flik
 K];ypKf;Fk; fhgpUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL
 kWikapy; Kjypy; tprhupf;fg;gLk; flik
 kd;diw tiu epiwNtw;wg;gLk; mky;
 njhOifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fu;MDk;> ]{d;dhTk; typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
 “epr;rakhfj; njhOif khdf;Nflhd> ntWf;fj;jf;f fUkq;fspypUe;J
(kdpjidg;) ghJfhj;JtpLk;||(29:45)
 ~~K];ypKf;Fk; fhgpUf;Fk;,ilapyhd NtWghL njhOifia tpLtjhFk; ”
(K];ypk;)
 vy;yhf; flikfisAk; cyfpy; tpjpahf;fpdhd;. njhOifia tpz;Zyfj;jpy;
guprhf nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 njhOif my;yh`;it rjhTk; epidT$uf;$ba tpjj;jpYk;> mtDf;F
fl;Lg;gLj;J elf;ff; $ba tpjj;jpYk; fhyq;fSf;Fk;> Neuq;fSk;>
epiwNtw;wf;$ba xOq;F KiwfSk; tFj;J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sik mjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kw;nwhU tifapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 njhOifia tpl mDkjpapy;iy. njhOif tpLglhky; ,Uf;f epajpfSld;
$ba rYif toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 njhOif clw;gupRj;jj;jpw;Fk; csg; gupRj;jj;jpw;Fk; toptFf;Fk;
 njhOif clYf;F xU rpwe;j gapw;rpahfTk; mikfpd;wJ.

tpdh – 05
njhOifapd; Nehf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;iw tpsf;Ff.
 njhOifapd; Nehf;fq;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
o my;yh`;tpd; fl;lisf;F mbgzpjy;.
o my;yh`;tpd; neUf;fj;ij ngWjy;
o epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; kWik ntw;wpia cWjpg;gLj;jy; (my; md;Mk; : 72)
o cyfpd; rPuhd nraw;ghl;Lf;F ce;J rf;jpahf mikjy;.
o njhOifia rupahf epiwNtw;Wk;NghJ mbahu;fSf;fpilapyhd Mspilj;
njhlu;G rPu;ngWk;.

60
o jf;thit Vw;gLj;jp ghtr;nray;fspypUe;J jtpu;e;Jnfhs;sy;. (my; md;fG+j; : 45)
o ew;$ypiag; ngw;W Rtdg;ghf;fpaj;ij mile;J nfhs;sy;. (2 : 277)
o my;yh`;it Qhgfk; nra;jy; (20 : 14)- cs epk;kjpia Vw;gLj;jy; (13 : 28)

tpdh – 06
njhOifapd; Md;kPf> nysfPf gad;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

(Md;kPfg; gad;fs;)
1. ,iwar;rk; (jf;th) Vw;gly;
2. csj;J}a;ik
3. ,iw rpe;jid> ,iwj;njhlu;G
4. ghtkd;dpg;Gg; ngwy;
5. ,iwtDf;F ed;wp ghuhl;Lk; kdepiyia Vw;gLj;jy;
6. ghtq;fspy; ,Ue;J jtpu;e;J tho;jy;
7. ,iwaUs; fpl;ly;
8. Rtu;f;fj;jpd; jpwTNfhsha; mikjy;
9. ghtkd;dpg;ig ngw;Wj;juy;
10. kWikapy; rhl;rpahf mikjy;
11. efiu tpl;L fhg;ghw;wg;gLjy;

(nysfPff; gad;fs;)
1. mf Gw Rj;jj;ij Vw;gLjy;
2. kdepk;kjp Vw;gly;
3. RWRWg;G Vw;gly;> clyhNuhf;fpak; fpilj;jy;
4. If;fpak;> rNfhju;jJt czu;T Vw;gly;
5. jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F fl;Lg;gly;
6. cs mikjp Vw;gly;
7. cWjpkpf;f kdepiy Vw;gly;
8. jahs rpe;jid Vw;gly;
9. ghtr; nray;fspy; ,Ue;J jLj;jy;
10. Neu Kfhikj;jtk;

tpdh – 07
$l;Lj; njhOifapd; gad;fs; Ie;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. $l;LwT Vw;gLjy;
2. cjTk; kdepiy Vw;gLjy;
3. If;fpak;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> rkj;Jtk;

61
 4. jiyikj;Jtf; fl;Lg;ghL
5. ,uhZtg; gapw;rp fpilj;jy;

gFjp i
kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.

1 K];ypk;fsJ Kjy; fpg;yh mike;Js;s ,lk;>

I kf;fh II kjPdh III $gh IV n[&]yk; V rpupah

2 gu;shd njhOifapd; Neuj;ij mwptJ>

I \u;j;J II gu;S III th[pg; IV Rd;dj; V Kgh`;

3 njhOk; Kiwia njupe;J nfhs;tJ>

I \u;j;J II gu;S III th[pg; IV Rd;dj; V Kgh`;

4 k];[pjpy; ,lk; ngWk; egp (]y;) mtu;fs; nra;J fhl;ba nraw;ghLfspy;

kpfg;hpujhdkhdJ>
I njhOjy; IV ,/jpfhg; ,Uj;jy;
II my;Fu;Md; XJjy; V jpf;u; nra;jy;
III fy; t p fw; w y;

5 ]_g`_j; njhOifapd; mjhdpy; ‘m];]yhj;J ifUd; kpdd;et;k;’ vd;w

njhliu Kjypy; nrhd;dtu;>
I egp (]y;) mtu;fs; IV mG+gf;fu; (uop)
II myp (uop) V mk;khu; (uop)
III gpyhy; (uop)

6 njhOifapd; NghJ kwjpapdhy; eL mj;j`pa;ahj;ij jtwtpl;l ePu;

I ][jh ]`;T nra;tPu; IV njhOifia kPl;bj; njhOtPu;
II ][jh jpyhtj; nra;tPu; V ][jh \_f;u; nra;tPu;
III jtwpa mj;j`pa;ahj;ij kPz;Lk; XJtPu;

7 “]yhj;Jy; F]_igd;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; Rd;dj;jhd njhOif>

I ,U fpufzj; njhOif IV ,U ngUehs; njhOif
II kio Ntz;bj; njhOk; njhOif V ed;ik ehbj; njhOik njhOif
III ,uTj; njhOif

8 Rg`_j; njhOifapy; fl;lhak; Xj Ntz;ba #wh

I #wh ,`;yh]; IV #wh m];][jh
II #wh my;fh\pah V #wh my; md;Mk;
III #wh my; ghj;jp`h

9 njhOifapy; rpwg;gk;rq;fis cLj;jf; fhl;Lk; rupahd njhFjp>

A K/kPdpd; kp/uh[;
B Rtu;f;fj;jpd; jpwT Nfhy;
C njhohjtd; K];ypky;y
D tpl;L tpl;Lj; njhOtjpy; ghtkpy;iy
E [khmj; njhOiff;F 27 klq;F ed;ikAz;L

62
 F njhOgtUf;F ‘ta;y;’ vd’w eufk;
I ABCD II BCDE III EDCB IV ABCE V CDEF

10 xU K];ypk; TO ,d;wp nra;af;$lhj nray;>

I njhOjy; IV njsgh Nfl;ly;
II my;Fu;Md; XJjy; V jpf;Ufis XJjy;
III ,/jpfhg; ,Uj;jy;

11 njhOifapd; NghJ f/ghit Kd;Ndhf;FtJ>

I \u;j;J II gu;S III th[pg; IV Rd;dj; V Kgh`;

12 “ehd; njhOtij vt;thW fz;Bu;fNsh mt;thNw ePq;fSk; njhOq;fs;” vd;W

nkhope;jtu;.
I ,khk; \hgp< (u`;) IV mg;Jy; fhjpu; [Pyhdp (u`;)
II [pg; u P y ; (miy) V K`k;kJ egp (]y;)
III mG+ %]h my;m\;mup

13 gp:g 5.30 kzpf;F nfhOk;gpypUe;J fz;bia Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;l ePq;fs; k/upg;

njhOif Fwpj;J vLf;ff; $ba rpwe;j KbT>
I k/upg; njhOifia njhohjpUj;jy;
II fz;bf;Fr; nrd;wJk; ,\hj; njhOifia epiwNtw;wy;
III fz;b efiu mile;jJk; k/upigAk; ,\hitAk; Nru;j;Jj; njhOjy;
IV fz;bia mile;jJk; ,\hitAk; gpd;du; k/upigAk; njhOjy;
V mLj;j ehs; foh nra;jy;

14 fl;lhak; [khmj;Jld; epiwNtw;w ntz;ba njhOif>

I juhtP`; njhOif IV [_k;M njhOif
II [dh]h njhOif V ngUehs; njhOif
III tpj;u; njhOif

15 k`;upigAk; ,\hitAk; k`;upGila Neuj;jpy; Kw;gLj;jpr; Nru;j;Jj; njhOtJ>

I [k;c f];u; IV [k;c jf;jPk;
II [k;c V [k;c j/fPu;
III f];u;

16 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; njhOifapd; gu;SfSs; mlq;fhjJ>

I #wJy; ghj;jp`h XJjy; IV ]_[_J nra;jy;
II fpg;yhit Kd;Ndhf;fy; V Kjyhk; ]yhk; nfhLj;jy;
III ,/jpjhypy; jupj;jy;

17 egp (]y;) mtu;fs; kPJ [_k;Mj; njhOif tpjpahf;fg;gl;l ,lk;>

I kf;fhTf;Fk; FghTf;Fkpilapy; IV kf;fhTf;Fk; jhapgpw;F ; kpilapy;
II FghTf; F k; jhapgpw; F kpilapy; V FghTf; F k; kjP d hTf; Fkpilapy;
III kf;fhTf;Fk; kjPdhTf;Fkpilapy;
18 – 20 tpdhf;fSs; tUk; nrhw;fspy; ,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,d;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fSld;
VNjDk; xU tpjj;jpy; cld;gLfpd;wd. mt;thW cld;glhj nrhy;iyj; njupT nra;f.

18 I m]u; II S`u; III tpj;u;

IV Y`h V F]_igd;
19 I m]u; II S`u; III tpj;u;
IV Nehd;Gg; ngUehs; V `[;[_g; ngUehs;
20 I ]yhJy; `h[h II ]yhj; III ]t;k;
IV njhOif V Nehd;G

63
tpdh – 08
‘]fhj;’ vd;w nrhy;iy tiutpyf;fdg;gLj;Jf.

 ,];yhj;jpd; %d;whtJ flik

 njhOiff;F mLj;J `p[;up 2y; flikahf;fg;gl;lJ
 nrhy; uPjpahd mu;j;jk; - J}a;ik> tsu;r;rp> mgptpUj;jp> mOf;Ffisg; Nghf;fp
tply;> mUs;> NgW> mjpfupg;G> rPu;ik
 ,];yhkpa gupghi\apy; - “]fhj; tpjpahtjw;Fupa epge;jidfSf;F cl;gLfpd;w
K];ypk;fs; jkJ nrhj;jpy; OR nry;tq;fspy; ,Ue;J mtw;wpd; ep]higAk;
fhyj;ijAk; mile;jjd; gpd;du; my;yh`; tpjpahf;fpa ep]hg; mstpy; 8
$l;lj;jhUf;F gfpu;e;jhspf;Fk; mikg;igf; nfhz;l flik ]fhj; MFk;”

tpdh – 09
]fhj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpsf;Ff.

1. my;Fu;Mdpy; 30 ,lq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.

2. njhOifNahL ,izj;J 27 ,lq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
3. Kd;gpUe;j r%fj;jpy; flikahf;fg;gl;bUe;j flik.
4. egpapd; $w;W – mtrpakhdhy; Majg; gpuNahfk; nra;NjDk; epiy ehl;l Kay;f.
“kf;fs; my;yh`;tpd; J}ju; vd nkhope;J> njhOifia epiy ehl;b>
]fhj;ijAk; nfhLf;Fk; tiu mtu;fNshL Nghuhl ehd; mDg;gg;gl;Ls;Nsd;”
(Gfhup) (mG+gf;fu; (uop)apd; $w;W)
5. ,];yhj;ij tpl;L ePq;fpatu; - kjk; khwpatu;- Ku;jj;
6. `p];Gy;yh`; vd;w gilapy; Nru;thu;.
7. Fu;MDk; `jP]_k; Kd;itf;Fk; Nghjid

]fhj;jpd; gu;Sfs; 2
1. epa;aj;J itj;jy;
2. jFjpahdtu;fSf;F nfhLj;jy;

tpdh – 10
]fhj;jpd; flikahtjw;Fupa epge;jidfisf; Fwpg;gpLf

1. K];ypkhf ,Uj;jy;
2. Rje;jputhdhf ,Uj;jy;

64
 3. nghUs; jdf;Fupajghf ,Uj;jy;
4. ep]hig mile;jpUj;jy;
5. tUlk; G+u;j;jpahfp ,Uj;jy;
6. nrhj;J tsu;r;rp milaf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;
7. mbg;gilj; Njitfis tpl Nkyjpfkhf ,Uj;jy;
8. `yhyhd topfspy; Nru;e;j nry;tkhf ,Uj;jy;
9. \uPmj; jil nra;j nghUshf ,y;yhjpUj;jy;.

tpdh – 10
]fhj; tpjpahFk; nghUl;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

1. jq;fs;> nts;sp
2. gzk;
3. tpahghug; nghUl;fs;
4. Tptrhag; nghUl;fs; (jhdpaq;fs;> go tiffs;
5. fhy; eilfs; (ML> khL> xl;lfk;)
6. fdpg;nghUl;fs;> Gijay;> kPd;gpbj;jy;

tpdh – 11
]fhj; ngwj;jFjpAila $l;lj;jpdiu ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
1. gf;fPu; - guk Vio
2. kp];fPd; - Nghjpa tUkhdk; mw;wtu;
3. my; -Mkpy; - ]fhj; t#ypg;gtu;
4. Kmy;ygJy; FY}g; (my; Kmy;ygJy; FY}G`_k;) - Gjpa K];ypk;
5. mu;upfhg; (gP my;- upf;fhg;) - cupik rPl;L vOjg;gl;l mbik
6. my; fhup%d; - fld;fhud;
7. gP ]gPypy;yh`; - my;yh`;tpd; ghijapy; NghuhLgtu;
8. ,g;D];]gPy; - topg;Nghf;fd; / gpuahzp

tpdh – 12
]fhj; ngwj;jFjpaw;w $l;lj;jpid ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
1. nry;te;ju;fs;
2. ciof;f KbAkhdtu;fs; (Nghjpa tUkhdk; cs;stu;)
3. K];ypk; my;yhjtu;fs;
4. jdJ guhkupg;gpy; cs;stu;fs;
5. m`;Yy; igj; - (Ntjj;ij cilatu;fs;)
gD} `h\pk;fs; (egpapd; tk;rj;jpdu;)

65
 gD} Kj;jypg; (egpapd; FLk;gj;jpdu;)

tpdh – 13
]fhj;jpd; %yk; nfhLg;gtUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. nry;tj;jpd; kPJs;s gw;iwf; Fiwj;jy;

2. cNyhgpj;jdk; ePq;fy;
3. gue;j kdg;ghq;F Vw;gly;
4. nry;tk; J}a;ik miljYk; mgptpUj;jp miljYk;
5. my;yh`;Tf;F ed;wp nrYj;jy;

tpdh – 14
]fhj;jpd; %yk; ngWgtUf;F fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. Vo;ik Fiwe;J tWik ePq;Fjy;

2. nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;Lf;F toptFj;jy;
3. njhopy; tha;g;G fpilj;jy;

tpdh – 15
]fhj;jpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; r%fg; gad;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1. my;yh`;tpd; md;Gk; jpUg;jpAk;
2. gzr;Row;rp
3. rNfhjuj;JtKk; rkj;JtKk;
4. jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gl toptFf;Fk;
5. Ruz;liyj; jLf;Fk; (Nkw;$wg;gl;l midj;Jg; gad;fisAk; r%fg; gadhfTk;
vLf;fTk;)

tpdh – 16
]fhj; flikahFk; nghUl;fisAk; mjd; Muk;g msT ep]higAk; Fwpg;gpf.
ep]hg; msT
1. fhy;eilfs;
I. ML
40 : 1 (2 taJs;s ngz; ML)
121 : 2 (2 taJs;s ngz; ML)
201 : 3 (2 taJs;s ngz; ML)
400 : 4 (2 taJs;s ngz; ML)
66
 (Nkw;gLk; xt;nthU 100FFk; 1 tPjk; mjpfupf;Fk;)
II. khL
30 : 1 (1 taJs;s fhis khL)
40 : 1 (2 taJs;s ngz; khL)
III. xl;lfk;
5 : 1 (2 taJs;s ngz; ML)
25 : 1 (1 taJs;s ngz; xl;lfk;)
2. jhdpaq;fs; (ney;> NfhJik)
 5 t]F> 689.5Kg ckp ePf;fhtpbd; ,U klq;F
3. goq;fs;
4. fdpg;nghUs;
 jq;fk; - 20 kp];fhy; OR 85g, 1/40
 nts;sp – 200 jpu;`k; OR 595g, 1/40
5. gzk;
 85g jq;fj;jpd; ngWkjpf;F Nky; fhzg;gLk; mstpy; 2.5%
6. tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fs;

gFjp i
kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.

1 xUtu; jd;dplk; tUlk; KOtJk; itj;jpUf;Fk; ghtidf;F Nkyjpfkhd

jq;fj;jpw;F ]fhj; toq;Ftjw;fhd Muk;g ep]hg;>
I 672 fpuhik tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
II 85 fpuhik tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
III 20 fpuhik tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
IV 10 fpuhik tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
V 78 fpuhik tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

2 401 MLfis itj;jpUf;Fk; xUtu; tUl Kbtpy; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba ep]hgpd;

msT>
I 5 MLfs; IV 2 taJ fhis khL 1
II 4 MLfs; V 2 taJ fhis khL 2
III 3 MLfs;

3 ]fhj; ngwj; jFjpahNdhupy; jw;fhyj;jpy; tPlw;Nwhu; mlq;Fk; gpupT

I gP]gPypy;yh`; IV fhup%d;
II ,g;D]; ]gPy; V my;Kmy;ygJy; FY}g;
III mbikfs;

4 ]fhj;jpd; gad;fSd;
A my;yh`;tpd; md;G fpilf;fpd;wJ D Raeyk; ePq;Ffpd;wJ
B cNyhgpj;jdk; ePq;Ffpd;wJ E Ruz;ly; ePq;Ffpd;wJ

67
 C nry;tk; Fiwtilfpd;wJ
I ABCE II ABDE III ABCD IV ACDE V BCDE

5 ]fhj; nfhLf;f kWj;jtu;fSld; Nghu; Gupe;j fyPgh>

I cku; (uop) IV myp (uop)
II mg+gf;fu; (uop) V c];khd; (uop)
III KMtpah (uop)

6 ]fhj; ngwj;jFjpahNdhupy; “gP ]gPypy;yh`;” vd;Nghu;>

I fld;fhuu;fs; IV ,iw ghijapy; ,Ug;Nghu;
II mbikfs; V ]fhj; t#ypg;Nghu;
III topg;Nghf;fu;fs;

7 ]fhj; ngwj;jFjpAila $l;lj;jpdu;>

I 6 II 8 III 7 IV 9 V 5
8 ]fhj; ngwj;jFjpahNdhupy; “mu;upfhg;” vd;Nghu;>
I ,iw ghijapy; ,Ug;Nghu; IV mbikfs;
II fld;fhuu;fs; V topg;Nghf;fu;fs;
III ]fhj; t#ypg;Nghu;

9 tpahghug; nghUspw;fhd ]fhj; msT>

I 2% II 2.5% III 2.25% IV 2.75% V 3%
10 ]fhj; ngwj;jFjpahNdhupy; “,g;D];]gPy;” vd;Nghu;>
I Viofs; IV Nghuphspfs;
II mbikfs; V mbikfs;
III topg;Nghf;fu;fs;
11 nghUshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tzf;fk;>
I njhOif II Nehd;G III ]fhj; IV [p`hj; V `[;
12 ]fhj; tpjpahf;fg;gl;l Mz;L>
I `p - 1 II `p - 2 III `p – 3 IV `p - 4 V `p - 5
13 ePu;g;ghrdj;Jf;F nrytspg;gjd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tptrha mWtilf;fhd
]fhj;>
I 5% II 2.5% III 10% IV 20% V 15%
14 ]fhj; tpjpahtjw;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Fiwe;j msitf; Fwpg;gJ>
I ep]hg; IV t]F
II Fy;yijd; V GY}/
III ,whj;jy;
15 ]fhj; ngwj;jFjpaw;Nwhu;>
A gD} `h\]k;fs;> my;Yy; igj;fs;
B mbikfs;
C fhgpu;fs;
D fld;fhuu;fs;
E jd;Dila guhkupg;gpy; cs;stu;fs;
I BCDE II CDEA III ABCD IV ABCE V ABDE
16-20 tiuAs;s tpdhf;fspy; ,uz;L tifahd $w;Wf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU
tpdh njhlu;ghfTk; jug;gl;Ls;s $w;Wr; NrhbfSf;F fPNo cs;s (1)> (2)> (3)> (4)> (5)

68
vd;gtw;wpy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ vJ vd;gijj; njupe;J mjd; ,yf;fj;ij gy;Nju;T
tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s Ie;J $Lfspy; nghUj;jkhdjw;F milahskpLf.

,y Kjyhk; $w;W ,uz;lhk; $w;W

(1) rupahdJ rupahdJ
(2) gpioahdJ rupahdJ
(3) rupahdJ gpioahdJ
(4) gpioahdJ gpioahdJ
(5) rupahdJ Kjyhk; $w;iw NkYk; tpsf;FfpwJ

Kjyhk; $w;W ,uz;lhk; $w;W

16 ]fhj; epjpia K];ypk; my;yhjtu;fs; ,];yhj;jpw;F ,zf;fkhNdhUf;F
rpyu; ngw mDkjpAz;L ]fhj; toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fs;
,];yhk; gw;wp ey;nyz;zk;
nfhs;sTk;> ,];yhj;jpy; ,ize;J
nfhs;sTk; tha;g;Gz;L
17 ep]hg; vd;gJ msit epWitapy; tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw ep]hg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mstPL MFk; mstpy; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
18 fyz;liu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mu;upfhg; vDk; $l;lj;jpdu;
]fhj; toq;f Ntz;Lk; ,yq;ifapy; tho;fpd;wdu;
19 ]fhj; ngWk; 8 $l;lj;jpdiug; gw;wp #wh njsghtpy; ]fhj;
my;Fu;Md; NgRfpd;wJ ngwj;jFjpahNdhu; gw;wp
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ
20 ghtidapy; cs;s jq;fj;jpw;F ]fhj; cku; (uop) ]fhj; nfhLf;f
tpjpahfhJ kWj;NjhUf;F vjpuhf Aj;jk; nra;J
ntw;wp ngw;whu;

tpdh – 17
‘m];]t;k;’ vd;w nrhy;iy tiutpyf;fdg;gLj;Jf.
 nrhy; tpsf;fk; - ]t;k; - mbr;nrhy;
 tpyfpapUj;jy;> jtpu;e;J nfhs;sy;> jtpu;j;jy;> jLj;Jf; nfhs;sy;
 ukohd; - Rl;nlwpj;jy;
 ,];yhkpa gupghi\apy; - xU K];ypk; my;yh`;tpd; jpUg;jpia ehb Nehd;G
Nehw;fpNwd; vd;w epa;aj;Jld; fpof;F ntSj;jJ Kjy; my;yJ g[;u;
cjakhfpaJ Kjy; #upad; kiwAk; tiu Nehd;ig Kwpf;Fk; fhupaq;fisj;
jtpu;e;J my;yh`;tpw;fhf epiwNtw;Wfpd;w xU ,ghjj;||

tpdh – 18
Nehd;gpd; tiffs;
 1. ghu;shd Nehd;G
 ukohd; Nehd;G
 Neu;r;ir Nehd;G
 foh Nehd;G
 2. Rd;dj;jhd Nehd;G
 (thuhe;j Nehd;G )

69
  jpq;fs; > tpahod;
 (khjhe;j Nehd;G )
 ma;ahKy; gPo; gpiw 13> 14> 15
 Ma;ahK\; \_j; gpiw 27> 28> 29>
 (tUlhe;J Nehd;G)
 mugh Nehd;G Jy;`[; 9
 K`u;uk; 9 jh]_M
 K`u;uk; 10 M#uh
 6 Nehd;G (\t;thy; 2-7)
 \/ghd; khj ngUk;ghyhd ehl;fs;
 xU ehs; tpl;L xU ehs; (jhT+j; miy)

tpdh – 19
Nehd;G Nehw;f jil nra;ag;gl;l ehl;fs; vit?
1. Nehd;Gg; ngUehs; jpdk;
2. `[;[_g; ngUehs; jpdk; (Jy;`[; 11> 12> 13)
3. re;Njfj;Jf;Fupa ehl;fs; (gpiw)

tpdh – 20
Nehd;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid Fwpg;gpLf.
1. mbg;gil tzf;fk; (cly;>nray;)
2. Kd;ida r%fj;Jf;F tpjpahf;fg;gl;l flik “vq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;Njhu; kPJ
tpjpahf;fg;gl;lJ Nghy cq;fs; kPJk; Nehd;G flikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ” (2:83)
3. my;yh`;Tf;fhf nra;Ak; mky;> $ypiag; nghWg;Ngw;Ws;shd;. “Nehd;G
vdf;FupaJ. mjw;Fupa $ypia ehNd jUNtd;” (`jP];)
4. tpNrl Rtdk; - iua;ahd; - thry;
5. Fu;Md; mUsg;gl;l khjk;- nfsutpf;Fk; mky; Nehd;G”ahu; ukohd; khjj;ij
milfpd;whNuh mtu; Nehd;G Nehw;fl;Lk;”
6. Xt;nthU tUlKk; cyf K];ypk;fshy; Vf fhyj;jpy; njhlu;r;rpahf 30 ehl;fs;
fl;lhak; Nehd;G Nehw;f Ntz;Lk;

tpdh – 21
Nehd;gpd; Nehf;fj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
 jf;thit Vw;gLj;jy;.
 my;yh`;Tf;fhf> jd; NjitfisAk; MirfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rpia
toq;Fjy;.
 Md;khitg; gyg;gLj;jy;.
 ~~jdJ kNdh ,r;iriaj; jdJ flTshf vLj;Jf; nfhz;ltid ePu;
ghu;j;jPuh? eP mtDf;Fk; nghWg;ghspahf ,Ug;gPuh? my;yJ mtu;fspy;
mjpfkhNdhu; nrtpkLf;fpwhu;fs; my;yJ gFj;jwpe;J nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd

70
 ePu; epidf;fpwpuh? mtu;fs; kpUfq;fisg; Nghd;wtu;fs;. ,y;iy mtu;fs;
mjidg; ghu;f;fpYk; topnfl;ltu;fs;.|| (25: 43-44)
 MNuhf;fpaj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 ~~ePq;fs; Nehd;gpUq;fs;: MNuhf;fpak; ngWtPu;fs;.|| (`jP];)
 MSikiaAk; jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;
 ,iw mUl;nfhilfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sr; nra;jy;
 VidNahupd; f\;lq;fis> Jauq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sr; nra;jy;
 my;yh`;Tf;Fg; g+uzkhf mbgzpa itj;jy;.
 jPa nray;fspypUe;J tpLgl toptFj;jy;.

tpdh – 22
Nehd;gpd; gu;Sfs; (MCQ)
1. epa;aj;J – my;yh`;Tf;fhf Nehd;G Nehw;fpd;Nwd; vd;w vz;zk;
2. #upad; cjpj;jpypUe;J kiwAk; tiu cz;zhky;> gUfhky; Nehd;ig Kwpf;Fk;
fhupaq;fspy; <Lglhky; ,Uj;jy;

tpdh – 23
Nehd;ig Kwpf;Fk; fhupaq;fs; (MCQ)
1. cz;zy;> gUfy;> Gifg;gpbj;jy;
2. clYwtpy; <Lgly;> ,e;jpupak; ntspahFjy;
3. khjtplha; Vw;gly;> gpurtk; epfOjy;
4. Kide;J the;jpnaLj;jy;
5. Crp Nghd;w kUe;Jfis clk;gpDs; nrYj;Jjy;

tpdh – 24
Nehd;gpd; Rd;dj;Jf;fs; (MCQ)
 ]fu; nra;jy;
 ]fu; nra;tij gpw;gLj;jy;
 Nehd;G jpwj;jy;
 Nehd;G jpwg;gij mtrug;gLj;jy;
 NguPj;jk; goj;ijf; nfhz;L Nehd;G jpwj;jy;
 JMf;fis XJjy;

tpdh – 25
Nehd;gpy; nra;af;$ba Rd;dj;Jf;fs; (MCQ)

71
  ]jfh nra;jy;
 jpyhtJy; Fu;Md;
 jpf;u; nra;jy;
 ,utpy; epd;W tzq;Fjy;
 mjpfkhf JM nra;jy;
 juhtP`; kw;Wk; ,uT Neuj; njhOiffs; (,utpy; epd;W tzq;Fjy;)
 ,/jpfhg; ,Uj;jy;
 Fspg;G flikahdtu;fs; Rg`_f;F Kd; Fspj;jy;
 ]fhJy; gpj;u; toq;fy;

tpdh – 26
Nehd;gpd; Md;kPf> nysfPf gad;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
Nehd;gpd; gad;fs; (Md;kPfk;)
 jf;thit Vw;gLj;jy;
 Md;kf P typik Vw;gLjy;
 ghtkd;dpg;G fpilj;jy;
 nghWik Vw;gLjy;
 mjpf ed;ik fpilj;jy;
 jPikia tpl;L tpLjy;
 csj;J}a;ik Vw;gLjy;
 Fu;MNdhL ,izg;G Vw;gLj;jy;

Nehd;gpd; gad;fs; (nysfPfk;;)

 clyhNuhf;fpak; fpilj;jy;
 gpwu; eyd; Ngzy;
 Ik;Gyd;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
 fl;Lg;ghlhd tho;Tf;fhd gapw;rp fpilj;jy;
 rNfhjuj;Jt> r%f czu;T Vw;gLjy;
 jhuhskhd jd;ik Vw;gLjy;
 tPz;tpuak; jtpuj;jy;
 rpf;fdkhd tho;T Vw;gLjy;

gFjp I
kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpilia njupT nra;f.
01 Nehd;G Nehw;gjw;F Rd;dj;jhf;fg;gl;l ma;ahKy; gPo; jpdq;fs;>
I tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw tUk; IV tUlj;jpw;F ,U Kiw tUk;
II khjj;jpw;F xU Kiw tUk; V khjj;jpw;F ,U Kiw tUk;
III thuj;jpw;F xU Kiw tUk;
02 ePu; Vd; ukohd; khjj;jpy; Nehd;G Nehw;fpd;wPu; vd xU K];ypk; my;yhj ez;gu;
ck;kplk; Nfl;lhy; ePu; mtUf;F nrhy;Yk; rupahd gjpy;>
I Nehd;G Nehw;why; cly; Muhf;fpak; fpilf;Fk;

72
 II grpapd; nfhLikia czu;tjw;F
III my;yh`;tpd; fl;lis mjw;F fl;Lg;gLtJ vkJ flik
IV K];ypkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; Nehd;G Nehw;f Ntz;Lk;
V Nehd;G Nehw;gjdhy; gy Md;kf
P > nysfPf gad;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd

03 Nehd;G Nehw;gtu; ]fu; nra;tJ>

I gu;shFk; IV th[pghFk;
II K];j`g;ghFk; V [h,]hFk;
III Rd;dj;jhFk;

04 Nehd;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs;>

A clyhNuhf;fpak; Fd;Wjy; D nghWik
B Viofspd; grpia czu;jy; E jf;th
C Gydlf;fk;
I ABCD II ABDE III ACDE IV BCDE V ABCE

05 ukohd; Nehd;gpdhy; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gad;fspy; gpujhdkhdJ>

I cly;> cs fl;Lg;ghL IV clyhNuhf;fpak; ngWjy;;
II Viofspd; f];lq;fis czu;jy; V tpopj;jpUe;J mky; nra;jy;
III cyf K];ypk;fspd; If;fpaj;ij czUjy;

06 ma;ahKy; gPo; vd;gJ>

I khjj;jpy; gpiw 11> 12> 13 IV khjj;jpy; gpiw 28> 29> 30
II khjj;jpy; gpiw 13> 14> 15 V Jy;`[; gpiw 11> 12> 13
III khjj;jpy; gpiw 27> 28> 29

07 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Nehd;G nry;Ygbaw;wjhFk; nray;>

I gl;bdpNahL Nehd;gpUj;jy; IV ngz;fSf;F gpurtk; Vw;gly;
II gfypy; J}f;fj;jpy; ckpo;ePu; tbjy; V gpuahzk; nra;jy;
III ,utpy; ePz;l Neuk; tpopj;jpUj;jy;

08 Rd;dj;jhd Nehd;G Nehw;fg;gLk; ehl;fspd; njhFjp>

A jpq;fs;> tpahod; D mugh ehs;
B khjj;jpy; gpiw 13> 14> 15 E <ijd;
C ma;ahKj; j\;uPf; F \t;thy; MW jpdq;fs;
I ABCD II CDEF III ABDF IV BDEF V ACEF

09 gpd;tUk; nray;fspy; Nehd;ig Kwpf;Fk; nray; my;yhjJ>

I gps;isg; NgW
II clYwT nfhs;sy;
III Crp kUe;J Vw;wy;
IV mjpf Neuk; Ra epidtpd;dpw ,Uj;jy;
V ]_g;`_f;F mjhd; nrhy;Yk; NghJ cztpid cl;nfhs;Sjy;

10 ]t;Ky; fg;ghuh vd;gJ>

I \/ghd; khjj;jpy; 15tJ ehs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Nehd;G
II ukohd; khjj;jpy; 27tJ ehs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Nehd;G

73
III Neu;r;irahf epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Nehd;G
IV ,ghjj;Jf;fspd; NghJ tpLgl;l jtWfSf;F jz;lidahf epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
Nehd;G
V \t;thy; MW Nehd;G

11 Nehd;gpd; gad;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; njhFjp>

A ,iwar;rk; B <khd; C czTf;fl;Lg;ghL
D jpahfk; E ,uT tpopj;jpUj;jy;
I AAk; DAk; II BAk; CAk; III CAk; EAk;
IV BAk; DAk; V AAk; BAk;

12 Rd;dj;jhd Nehd;G Nehw;f mDkjpf;fg;glhj khjk;>

I ukohd; III \t;thy; V Jy;f/jh
II Jy; ` [; IV K`u; u k;

13 ukohd; khjj;jpy; epiwNtw;Wk; tpNrlkhd Rd;dj;jhd mky;>

I j];gP`; njhOif IV j`[;[_j; njhOif
II juhtP`; njhOif V fpahKy;iyy; njhOif
III tpj;u; njhOif

14 ePu; VjhtJ xU khjj;jpy; Rd;dj;jhd Nehd;G Nehw;fTs;suP ;. mjw;F

nghUj;jkhd jpdq;fs;>
I jpq;fs;> tpahod; IV jpq;fs;> nrt;tha;
II tpahod;> nts;sp V tpahod;> QhapW
III rdp> QhapW

15 ukohdpy; Nehd;G Nehw;wtu;> Nehw;fhjtu; midtUk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba

fl;lhakhd xU mky;>
I ]fhJy; gpj;u; IV ]fhj;
II ]jfh V ,g;jhu; Vw;ghL
III co;`pa;ah

16 ukohd; khj gfw;fhyq;fspy; fztd; kidtp clYwtpy; <LgLtJ>

I `yhy; IV ]_d;dj;
II `uhk; V Kgh`;
III th[pg;

17 Nehd;G Nehw;gjw;F jil nra;ag;gl;l ehl;fs; my;yhjJ.

I Nehd;Gg; ngUehs; IV re;Njfj;Jf;Fupa ehs;
II `[;[_g; ngUehs; V ma;ahKy; gPo;
III ma;ahKj; j\;uPf;

18 Nehd;ghspfSf;nfhd;Nw jahupf;fg;gl;l Rtdthapy;>

I ghGu; iuahd; IV ghGu; u`;kj;
II ghGy; [p`hj; V ghGy; [d;dj;
III gh]; ]yhj;

19 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Nehd;G Nehw;f jLf;fg;glhj ehl;fs;>

74
 I Nehd;Gg; ngUehs; IV `[;[_g; ngUehs;
II ma;ahKj; j\;uPf; V jpq;fs;> tpahod;
III re;Njfj;Jf;Fupa ehl;fs;

20 mwgh Nehd;G Nehw;gJ Jy;`[;>

I 7k; ehs; II 8k; ehs; III 9k; ehs; IV 10k; ehs; V 11k; ehs;

21 M\_uh Nehd;G Nehw;f;fg;gLk; khjk;>

I K`u;uk; II u[g; III Jy;f/jh IV \/ghd; V Jy;`[;

22 ngUehs; jpdq;fspy; Nehd;G Nehw;gJ>

I `uhk; II `yhy; III Kgh`; IV ]_d;dj; V kf;&`;

23 “\`;U];]g;u;” (nghWikapd; khjk;) vd rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; khjk;>

I K`u;uk; II ]gu; III ukohd; IV ugPcy;mt;ty; V Jy;`[;

24 \t;thy; gpiw 01,y; K];ypk;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; fpupia>

I Nehd;G IV Nehd;Gg; ngUehs;
II ]_d;dj;jhd Nehd;G V kpdhtpy; fy;nywpjy;
III `[;[_g; ngUehs;

25 K`u;uk; gpiw 9> 10Mk; ehl;fspy; Nehw;fg;gLk; Nehd;G>

I jh]_M> M\_uh IV ma;ahKy; gPo;
II M\_uh> jh]_M V ]pahK\; \t;thy;
III ma;ahKj; j\;uPf;
26 ukohDf;F mLj;jjhf K];ypk;fs; mjpfkhf Nehd;G Nehw;f Ntz;ba khjk;>
I K`u;uk; II u[g; III Jy;f/jh IV \/ghd; V Jy;`[;
27 ukohd; vd;gjd; nghUs;>
I Nehd;G khjk; IV gpuhu;j;jid
II Rl;nlupj;jy; V mUs;
III nghUe;jpf; nfhs;sy;
28 ukohdpy; Nehd;G Nehw;f rf;jpaw;wtu;fs; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;?
I filfspy; cztUe;j Ntz;Lk;
II xt;nthU Nehd;Gf;Fk; xt;nthU Viof;F cztspf;f Ntz;Lk;
III tPl;by; njhiyf;fhl;rp ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
IV thndhypg; ngl;bia rg;jkhf itj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
V Nehd;ghspfSf;F cjtpfisr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;
29 ,];yhkpa khjq;fspy; ukohd; vj;jidhatJ khjk;>
I 01 II 03 III 09 IV 11 V 12
30 “,e;j mky; vdf;FupaJ mjw;F ehNd $yp nfhLg;Ngd;” vd my;yh`; $wpa
mky;>
I njhOif II Nehd;G III ]fhj; IV `[; V [p`hj;
31 Nehd;Gg; ngUehs; nfhLf;fg;gLk; ju;kk;>
I mfPfh II Co;`pa;ah III ]fhj; IV ]jfJy; gpj;u; V `jPa;ah

32 Nehd;G Nehw;gjw;F jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ehl;fs;>

A \/ghd; khjk; KjyhtJ gpiw D re;Njfj;Jf;Fupa ehl;fs;

75
 B Nehd;Gg; ngUehs; E ma;ahK\; \_j;
C `[;[_g; ngUehs;
I ABCE II ABCD III BCDE IV ABDE V ACDE

33 Nehd;gpd; %yk; cUthFk; Fzg;gz;Gfs;>

A jf;th D NeuKfhikj;JtKk; fl;Lg;ghLk;
B kdf;fl;Lg;ghL E kdpj Neak;
C nghWikapd;ik
I ABCD II BCDE III ABCE IV ABDE V ACDE

34 Rd;dj;jhd Nehd;Gfs; mlq;fpa njhFjp>

A M\_uh> jh]_M D mugh Nehd;G
B ej;u; Nehd;G E ma;ahKy; gPo; Nehd;G
C \t;thy; khj 6 Nehd;G
I ABCD II ABED III ABCE IV BCDE V ACDE

35 xt;nthU thuKk; Nehd;G Nehw;gjw;F ]_d;dj;jhf;fg;gl;l ehl;fs; my;yhjit>

I Gjd;> tpahod; IV nrt;tha;> tpahod;
II rdp> QhapW V jpq;fs;> tpahod;
III jpq;fs;> nrt;tha;

vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil vOJf.

1 Nehd;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; gad;fisAk; Muha;f? (10)
2 Nehd;gpd; %yk; cUthFk; Fzg;gz;Gfs; ahit vd tpsf;Ff? (5)

3 xU K];ypkpd; Msik tpUj;jpapy; mg;gz;Gfis Muha;f? (5)

4 Nehd;G fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if K];ypk;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; gof;f tof;fq;fis

tpsf;Ff? (5)
5 ukohd; fhyj;jpy; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpioahd nraw;ghLfis Muha;f?
(5)

tpdh – 27
`[;[pd; rpwg;Gf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 `[; vd;w gjk; juprpj;jy;> ehLjy; vDk; fUj;Jf;fisj; jUfpd;wJ.

 Ik;ngUk; flikfspy; ,Wjpahdjhf mikAk; `[;i[ \uPmj; Nehf;fpy;
gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;. Jy;`[; gpiw 8-13 tiuAs;s jpdq;fspy; Fwpj;j rpy
epge;jidfSf;F cl;gLfpd;w K];ypk;fs; `[;[_f;Fupa tpjpKiwfis mDrupj;J
Gdpj kf;fkh efuj;jpYs;s Fwpj;j jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W my;yh`;Tf;fhf epiwNtw;w
Ntz;Lnkd tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s flikapid Fwpf;fpd;wJ.||

76
`[;[pd; rpwg;Gf;fs;

 mky;fspy; rpwe;jJ – “nray;fspy; rpwe;jJ vJ vd egp (]y;) mtu;fsplk;

Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. ... “Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; `[; vd;whu;fs;. (Gfhup)
 md;W gpwe;j ghyfu; - “clYwT kw;Wk; ghtkhd nra;yfspy; <Lglhky;
xUtd; my;yh`;Tf;fhf `[; nra;jhy; mtd; mtdJ jha; ngw;nwLj;j
ehspy; ,Ue;jijg; Nghd;W (ghtkwpahj ghyfdhf) jpUk;Gthd;” (Gfhup)
 RtdNk gupR – Xu; ck;uh nra;tJ kW ck;uh tiuapy; cs;s ghtq;fspd;
gupfhukhFk;. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l `[;[_f;F nrhu;f;fj;ijj; jtpu NtW
$ypapy;iy” (Gfhup)
 jtpL nghbahf;Fk; jtWfs; - epr;rpakhf `[; mjw;F Kd;dhy; cs;s
ghtj;ijj; jfu;j;njwpe;J tpLfpd;wJ (K];ypk;)
 vr;rupf;if – “ahu; trjpapUe;Jk; `[; nra;atpy;iyNah mtu; a`_jpahfNth
e]huhthfNth kuzpf;fl;Lk;” (jpu;kpjp)

tpdh – 28
`[;[pd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpsf;Ff.

 Fu;MDk;> ]{d;dhTk; `[;[pd; Kf;fpaj;ijf; $Wfpd;wd. ~~ehk; ,e;j Myaj;ij

kdpju; xJq;Fk; jykhfTk; mgakspf;ff; $bajhfTk; Mf;fpNdhk;.||(2:125)
“my;yh`;Tila J}Jtu;fs; %d;W tifapdu;. mtu;fspy; ,Utuhf `[;[{f;Fr;
nry;Nthu;> ck;uhr; nra;Nthu;.||(e]h<) vd Fwpg;gpl;lhu;fs;
 ,t;Tyf tho;T jw;fhypfkhdJ; kWik tho;T epue;jukhdJ vd;w ,];yhj;jpd;
mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifia Mog; gjpaitf;Fk; flik.
 my;yh`;tpw;F mbikg;gLjy;> jd;id mu;g;gzpj;jy;> jpahfk; nra;jy; Kjyhd
gz;Gfis tsu;f;fpd;w flik.
 kdpj Fyk; gpuNjr> epw> Fy> Nfhj;jpu> nkhop> mbg;gilapy; gpupf;f Kbahjtu;fs;
vDk; jj;Jtj;ij tUlhtUlk; cyfpw;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; flik.
 K];ypk;fs; Xu; ,iwtid Vw;W > xU nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; tho;eJ Xu;
,yf;if Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; jdpj;Jtkhdtu;fs; vd;w fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; flik.
 Gdpj kf;fkh efiu mbgg; ilahf itjJ; ,ff; lik nrawg; Ljj; gg; Ltjhy;
egpkhu;fsJ tuyhWfis epidTgLj;jp xU K];ypk; jdJ gzpapid jpl;lkpl;Lf;
nfhs;s top tFf;Fk; flik.
 irj;jhDf;Fk;> kNdh ,r;irf;Fk; vjpuhd K];ypkpdJ Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fr; rpwe;jNjhu;
gapw;rpf; fsj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;Fk; flik.
 `[;[{f;fhf mzpAk; Mil vspikahd tho;it Nkw;nfhs;sg; gapw;rp mspg;gNjhL
kWikia epidT $u;tjw;Fk; mbg;gilahf cs;sik.

77
tpdh – 29
`[;[pd; Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;Ff.

1. mfPjh rhu;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;

 njs`Pij epiy ehl;Ljy;
 my;yh`;tpw;F Kw;wpYk; mbikg;gly;
 tzf;f topghLfspy; Fg;u; r%fj;jpw;F Kuz;gLjy;
 my;yh`;it epidTgLj;JtJk; mjpy; njhlu;e;Jk; epiyj;jpUf;fr;
nra;tjw;Fkhd gapw;rp ngwy;.
 `[;[pd; jyq;fis Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jy; my;yh`;tpw;whf mu;g;gzpj;jy;
2. gpf;`; rhu;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;
 K]];ypk; r%fj;jpw;F ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fis gpd;gw;Wtjpy; ,yFjd;ikia
Vw;gLj;jy;
 ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fisg; NgZtJ tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
3. mwpT rhu;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;.
 khu;ff
; k; gw;wpg; nghJthfTk; `[; gw;wpf; Fwpg;ghfTk; tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jy;
 gyu; xd;W $Ltjdhy; Vw;gLk; mDgtq;fs;.
4. nghUshjhuk; rhu;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;
 `yhyhfr; nryT nra;tjw;F tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 nry;tj;ij my;yh`;Tf;fhfr; nryT nra;J mDgtpj;jy;
 `[; fpupia eilngWk; gpuNjrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g tUkhdk; Nru;j;jy;.
5. r%ftpay; rhu;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;
 clw; Rj;jk; NgZjy;
 ngUk; ghtk;> tPz; thu;j;ijfspypUe;J jtpu;e;jpUf;fr; nra;jy;
 mLj;jtu;fis kjpj;J elj;jy;
 xOq;F NgZjy;> Neuj;jpw;F ,aq;fr; nra;jy;
 K];ypkpdJ capu;> khdk;> nry;tk; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd ghJfhg;G cj;juthjk;
 K];ypk; ck;kj;jpd; xUikg;ghL typAWj;jg;gly;
 ,];yhkpa ehfupfj;jpd; mbg;gilfNshL(kf;fh> kjPdh) neUf;fj;ij Vw;ghLj;jy;
 Md;kfP > nysfPf gad;ghLfis mile;J nfhs;sr; nra;jy;

tpdh – 30
`[;[_f;F ,`;uhk; fl;Lk; %d;W tiffs; (MCQ)
1. jkj;J/ - Rfk; ngWjy;> mtfhrk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; vd;W mu;j;jk;
ck;uhTf;F NtwhfTk; `[;[_f;F NtwhfTk; ,`;uhk; fl;LtJ
2. fpuhd; - Nru;j;Jr; nra;jy; vd;gJ nghUs; ckhuhitAk; `[;i[Ak; xd;whfr;
nra;a ,`;uhk; fl;Ljy;
3. ,/g;uhj; - jdpj;Jr; nra;jy; `[;[_f;F NtwhfTk; ck;uhTf;F NtwhfTk;
,`;uhk; fl;Ljy;

78
tpdh – 31
`[;[pd; kPfhJfs; (MCQ)
1. Jy;`_iygh : kjPdhtpypUe;Jk; mjw;F tlf;nf ,Ue;Jk; tUgtu;fsJ kPfhj;
2. my; [{`;gh: rpupah> JUf;fp topahf tUgtu;fSf;fhd kPfhj;
3. fu;Dy; kd;]py; : e[;j;> ghurPff; Flhtopahf tUgtu;fSf;Fupa kPfhj;.
4. ayk;yk; : akd;> ghfp];jhd;> ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> ,e;NjhNdrpah> kNyrpah Nghd;w
gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J tUNthUf;Fupa kPfhj;
5. J}j;Jy; ,uhf; my;yJ ]/j;> <uhf;> <uhd; topahf tUNthUf;Fupa kPfhj;.

tpdh – 22
`[;[pd; gu;Sfs; / mu;fhd;fs; (MCQ)
 epa;aj;J itj;jy;
 Jy;`[; 9k; ehs; mwghtpy; jupj;jy;
 jthGy; ,ghohit epiwNtw;wy;
 ]< nra;jy;
 jiyKb fisjy;
 xOq;F Kiwahfr; nra;jy;

tpdh – 33
`[;[pd; th[pGfs; (MCQ)
 kPff ; hj;jpy; epa;aj;J itj;jy;
 Jy;`[; 10k; ehs; K];jypghtpy; jupj;jy;
 ma;ahKj; j\;uPf; cila ehl;fspy; kpdhtpy; jq;Fjy;
 Jy;`[; 10k; ehs; [k;uJy; mfghtpy; 7 fw;fis tPRjy;
 ma;ahKj; j\;uPf; cila ehl;fspy; kjpaj;jpw;Fg; gpd; 3 [k;uhf;fspYk;
fy;ntwpjy;
 jthGy; tpjhit epiwNtw;Wjy;

tpdh – 34
`[;[pd; ]{d;dj;Jf;fs; (MCQ)
 Fspj;jy; - epa;aj;Jf;F Kd;> kf;fhTf;Fs; EioAk; Kd;> jwgh> K];jypghtpy;
jq;fFtjw;F Kd;> [k;uhf;fypy; fy;nywpa Kd;> jthg; nra;Ak; Kd;
 epa;aj;Jf;F Kd; kzk; G+rpf;nfhs;tJ
 epa;aj;ij tha;y nkhopjy;
 jy;gpa;ah XJjy;
 jthGy; FJ}k; epiwNtw;wy;
 Jy;`[; 9k; ehs; kpdhtpy; jq;Fjy;
 Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspt; Fwpg;gpl;l JMf;fis XJjy;
 ]k; ]k; ePiu mjpfk; Fbj;jy;

tpdh – 35
79
`[;[pd; NghJ tpyf;fg;gl;l (K`u;ukhj;/Kg;jpyhj;) nray;fs; (MCQ)
 Mz;fs; ijf;fg;gl;l Mil mzptJ
 kzk; G+RtJ
 vz;nza; Nja;g;gJ (jiyKb> jhb)
 Kbfis fistJ> efk; ntl;LtJ
 kzKbg;gJ> KzKbj;J itg;gJ
 clYwtpy; <LgLtJ my;yJ mJ njhlu;ghd Ngr;Rf;fspy; <LgLtJ
 Mz;fs; jiyia kiwg;gJ
 ngz;fs; Kfj;ij kiwg;gJ
 Ntl;ilahLtJ
 `uj;jpd; vy;iyf;Fs; kuk;> nrbfis ntl;LtJ

tpdh – 36
`[;[pd; Md;kPf> nysfPf gad;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.
1. Md;kPfg; gad;ghLfs;
 jf;th ,iwar;rk; Vw;gLjy;.
 mbikg;gly;> mu;g;gzpg;G> jpahd czu;T vd;gd tsu;jy;.
 ghtkd;dpg;Gf; fpilj;jy;.
 mjpf ed;ikAk;> Rtu;f;fKk; fpilj;jy;.
 Kw;wpYk; my;yh`;tplk; jd;idg; ghuk; rhl;Lk; epiy Njhd;Wjy;
 kWikr; rpe;jidiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
 ,iw rpe;jidAld; tho top nra;jy;.
 gpwUf;fhfg; gpuhh;j;jpf;fTk;> rpghupR nra;aTk; tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jy;
 fl;Lg;ghlhd tho;f;ifg; gapw;rp
2.nysfPfg; gad;ghL
 cyfshtpa K];ypk; ck;kj;jpy; jhDk; xUtd; vd;w czu;it Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 rNfhjuj;Jt czu;it tsu;f;fpd;wJ.
 K];ypk;fsJ jdpj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 $l;L tho;f;ifg; gapw;rp> kdg;gf;Ftj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ.
 gpuahz mDgtk;> tho;f;ifapy; rpukq;fis rfpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; kdg;gf;Ftk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
 kdpj Neak; tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;jpw;F tpj;jpLfpd;wJ.

gFjp i
kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpilia njupT nra;f

01 `[;[pYk; ck;uhtpYk; ,lk; ngWk; xU nraw;ghL>

I jthg; nra;jy; IV [k;uhf;fspy; fy;nywpjy;
II mwghtpy; jupj;jy; V kpdhtpy; jq;Fjy;
III Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk; epiwNtw;Wjy;

02 ck;uhtpy; ,lk; ngwhj nray;>

80
 I ,`;uhk; I ]< II jthg; IV `y;f; V mwghtpy; jupj;jy;
I I

03 clyhYk; nghUshYk; ,lk; ngWk; ,ghjj;>

I fypkh I njhOif II Nehd;G IV ]fhj; V `[;
I I

04 “`[;i[ Kiwahf epiwNtw;wpj; jpUk;Ggtu; vj;jifa Fw;wKkw;wtu; Nghd;W jpUk;gp

tUthu;” vd;w $w;W
I my;Fu;Mdpd; $w;W IV ,khk; f];]hypapd; $w;W
II egpapd; $w;W V ,khk; m,k;kJy; mu;gMtpd; $w;W
III ,khk; \hgpapd; $w;W

05 `[;> ck;uh gw;wpa $w;Wf;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; `[;[_ld; njhlu;ghd

fpupiafis tpsf;Fk; njhFjp>
A ve;j khj;jpYk; epiwNtw;wyhk;
B mwghtpy; jupf;f Ntz;Lk;
C jthg; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;
D ]< ,lk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;
E Fwpg;gpl;l khjj;jpy; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;
F kpdh> K];jypgh fpupiafs; ,y;iy
G ,`;uhk; fisAk; tiu Ju;thu;j;ij NgryhfhJ
I BDFG I ABCD II CDEF IV BCDE V ADEF
I I

06 `[;[pd; gu;Sfis cs;slf;fpaj; njhFjp>

I epa;aj;J itj;jy;> mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> [k;uhf;fspy; fy;nywpjy;
II mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> jthGy; ,ghoh> ]< nra;jy;
III epa;aj;J itj;jy;> mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> K];jypghtpy; jupj;jy;
IV mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> ]< nra;jy;> kpdhtpy; jupj;jy;
V epa;aj;J itj;jy;> jthGy; ,ghoh> K];jypghtpy; jupj;jy;

07 ck;Kld; `[;[_f;Fr; nrd;w xUtu; fpg;yh khw;wg;gl;l gs;spia jdf;Ff;

fhz;gpf;FkhW ck;kplk; Nfl;fpwhu;. ckJ rupahd gjpy;>
I k];[pJy; cku; IV k];[pJy; fpg;yijd;
II k];[pj; mG+ju; my;fpg;ghup V k];[pJd; egtp
III k];[pJy; Fgh

08 %d;W [k;uhf;fSk; mike;jpUg;gJ>

I kjPdhtpy; I kf;fhtpy; II kpdhtpy; IV K];jypghtpy; V jhapgpy;
I I

09 f/gJy;yhtpd; Gdu;epu;khdg; gzpfis Kbj;J gpd;du; `[; tzf;fj;ij Muk;gpj;J

itj;j egp>
I ,g;wh`Pk; (miy) IV ]_iykhd; (miy)
II jhT+j; (miy) V K`k;kJ egp (]y;)

81
III ,];khaPy; (miy)

10 ,Wjp `[;[pd; NghJ egp (]y;) mtu;fs; typAWj;jpa tplaq;fspd; njhFjp>

A m[;dgpia tpl mwgp Nkyhdtd;
B ngz;fs; tplaj;jpy; my;yh`;it mQ;Rq;fs;
C gopf;Fg; gop fpilahJ
D tl;b jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
E K`h[piu tpl md;]hupf;F tpNrl cupik cz;L
F mbikfs; tplaj;jpy; ePjkhf ele;J nfhs;Sq;fs;
I ABCD I BCDE II EDCB IV AEDF V BCDF
I I
11 X, Y vd;Dk; epuy;fspd; fPo; rpy jfty;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. Y epuypy; jug;gl;lit X epuypy;
cs;stw;Wld; VNjDk; xU tifapy; njhlu;Ggl;lit. Mdhy; rupahd xoq;fpy;
jug;gltpy;iy. X epuypy; jug;gl;lit Y epuypy; cs;stw;Wld; rupahf xOq;FgLj;Jk;
NghJ Ie;J Nru;khdq;fSs; xd;W rupahf mikAk;. Rupahd Nru;khdj;ij njupT
nra;f.
X Y
i Jy;`[; gpiw 9 A M\_uh
ii K`u;uk; gpiw 10 B ma;ahK];]_j;
iii Jy; `[; gpiw 11> 12> 13 C mwgh
iv gpujp khjk; 27> 28> 29 D ma;ahKj;j\;uPf;
v K`u;uk; gpiw 9 E jh]_M
I CADBE I CDAEB II CAEDB IV DBECA V CAEBD
I I

12 `[; nra;gtu; Jy;`[; xd;gjhk; ehsd;W fl;lhak; jupf;f Ntz;ba ,lk;>

I f/gJy;yh`; IV K];jypgh
II mwgh V ]gh> ku;th
III kpdh

13 `[; fpupiaapd; NghJ mjpfk; epidT $wg;gLk; ,iwJju;>

I Mjk; (miy) IV %]h (miy)
II E}`; (miy) V `_j; (miy)
III ,g;wh`Pk; (miy)

14 `[; flikAld; njhlu;Gila 3 flikfs;>

I kpdhtpy; jq;Fjy;> mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> K];jypghtpy; jq;Fjy;
II mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> kjPdhTf;Fr; nry;yy;> K];jypghtpy; jq;Fjy;
III `puhf;Fifia juprpj;jy;> mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> K];jypghtpy; jq;Fjy;
IV mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> K];jypghtpy; jq;Fjy;> kjPdhTf;F ]ahuj; nra;jy;
V mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> K];jypghtpy; jq;Fjy;> `[Uy; m];tj;ij Kj;jkply;

15 ]gh> ku;th> f/gh> `y;F vd;gtw;Wld; kl;Lk; njhlu;Gila Xu; mky;>

82
 I ck;uh IV jthg;
II `[; V ]<
III `[;[_k; ck;uhTk;

16 ma;ahKj;j\;uPf; cila ,uTfspy; vq;F jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;?

I mwghtpy; IV ]gh – ku;thtpy;
II K];jypghtpy; V kpdhtpy;
III `uk; \uPgpy;

17 clyhYk; nghUshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tzf;fk;>

I njhOif I Nehd;G II ]fhj; IV `[; V [p`hj;
I I

18 `[;[_f;fhf epa;aj;J itf;Fk; ,lk;>

I ayk;yk; I Jy;Fiygh II mt;fhj; IV kPff
; hj; V [k;uhj;
I I

19 `[;[_f;F NtwhfTk; ck;uhTf;F NtwhfTk; epa;aj;J itf;Fk; Kiw>

I mj;jkj;jc IV my;,j;yhf;
II my;fpuhd; V epa;aJy; `[;
III my;,g;whj;

20 `[;[py; K`u;ukhj; vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ>

I `[;[pd; mu;fhd;fs;
II `[;[pd; th[pg;fs;
III `[;[pd; Rd;dj;Jf;fs;
IV `h[pfs; jtpu;f;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
V `[;[pd; epge;jidfs;

21 Jy;`[; gpiw 10y; eLeprpf;Fg; gpd;du; `[;[pd; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w fpupia>

I mwghtpy; jtpu;j;jy; IV K];jypghtpy; jupj;jy;
II kf;fhtpy; jq;Fjy; V kpdhtpy; jq;Fjy;
III ayk;yk;kpy; jupj;jy;

22 `[; flikAld; njhlu;Gglhj fpupiafs;>

I mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> K];jypghtpy; jq;Fjy;
II kjPdhTf;Fr; nry;yy;> njhq;Nfhl;lk; XLjy;
III `puhf;Fifia juprpj;jy;> [d;dJy; gfPia juprpj;jy;
IV K];jypghtpy; jq;Fjy;> kjPdhTf;F ]pahuj; nry;yy;
V mwghtpy; jupj;jy;> kjPdhTf;F ]pahuj; nra;jy;

23 `[;[py; ,Wjpahf epiwNtw;wg;gLk; jthg;>

I jthGy; mfPuh IV jthGy; tpjh
II jthGy; FJ}k; V jthGy; mt;ty;
III jthGy; ,ghoh

24 `[;[py; Muk;gkhf epiwNtw;wg;gLk; jthg;>

I jthGy; mfPuh IV jthGy; tpjh
II jthGy; FJ}k; V jthGy; mt;ty;
III jthGy; ,ghoh

83
25 `[;[py; “jk;” vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ>
I Fu;ghd; nfhLj;jy;
II Kb rpiuj;jy;
III ]gh> ku;thTf;fpilapy; njhq;Nfhl;lk; XLjy;
IV kpdhtpy; fy;nywpjy;
V epa;aj;Jld; ,`;uhk; cil jupj;jy;

26 `[;[_g; ngUehspy; co;`pa;ah nfhLg;gjw;fhd fhy vy;iy>

I Jy;`[; khjk; gpiw 1-13 tiu
II Jy;`[; khjk; gpiw 9-11 tiu
III Jy;`[; khjk; gpiw 10-13 tiu
IV Jy;`[; khjk; gpiw 11-13 tiu
V Jy;`[; khjk; gpiw 11-14 tiu

27 `[; flikAld; njhlu;ghd fpupiafs;>

A mwghtpy; jupj;jy;
B egp (]y;) mtu;fspd; fg;iu ]pahuj; nra;jy;
C K];jypghtpy; jq;Fjy;
D jthGy; ,ghohit epiwNtw;wy;
E ]gh – ku;th kiyfSf;fpilapy; njhq;nfhl;lk; XLjy;
I ABCD I BCDE II ACDE IV DEAB V ABCE
I I

28 `[;[pd; Md;kf P g; gad;fshtd>

A Md;kf P g; gupRj;jk; Vw;gly;
B kWik gw;wpa rpe;jid tsUjy;
C ghtkd;dpg;G fpilj;jy;
D jpahf czu;T Vw;gLjy;
E $l;L tho;f;iff;fhd gapw;rp
I ACDE I ABCE II ABCD IV BCDE V ABDE
I I
1 `[;[py; kPff ; hj; vd;gJ ahJ?
2 `[;[py; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w ck;uhtpy; tplg;gLfpd;w flik ahJ?
3 `[;[py; ]< vd;why; vd;d?
4 [k;uh vd;gJ ahJ?
5 jthGy; ,ghoh vd;why; vd;d?
6 jy;gpa;ah vd;why; vd;d?
7 `[; vd;gjd; nkhopf;fUj;J ahJ?
8 ]< vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;?
9 kPff
; hj; vd;why; vd;d?
10 ,yq;if `h[pfSf;fhd kPff ; hj; vy;iy ahJ?
11 mj;jkj;J/ vd;gJ ahJ?
12 my;fpuhd; vd;gJ ahJ?
13 my;,g;uhj; vd;gJ ahJ?
14 jthGy; FJ}k; vd;gJ ahJ?
15 jthGy; tpjh vd;gJ ahJ?
16 ]gh> ku;th> f/gh> `y;F vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;ghd mky; vJ?
17 Jy;`[; gpiw vj;jidapy; mwgh ehs; mikfpd;wJ?
18 fpuhd; vDk; flik rk;ge;jg;gLk; flik ahJ?
19 `[;[pd; Md;kf P > nysfPf gad;ghLfs; vit? (8)

84
tpdh – 37
`_$Fy;yh`; - `_$Fy; ,ghj; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.

 $Fy;yh`; - kdpjd; my;yh`;tpd; gpujpepjp vd;w tifapy; mtd; my;yh`;Tf;F

nra;a Ntz;ba flikfs;
 ,];yhj;jpd; ghu;itapy; `_$Fy;yh`;Tf;F toq;fg;gLk; mNj Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
`_$Fy; ,ghjj;Jf;Fk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; nraw;ghl;ilg; nghWj;j tiu
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; `_$Fy;yh`;it ,d;Dk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; `_$Fy;
,ghjj;ij Kjd;ikg;gLj;j Ntz;ba epiyikfSk; Vw;glyhk;.
 `_$Fy; ,ghjj; - xU kdpjd; jdf;Fj; jhNd nra;a Ntz;ba flikfs; kw;Wk;
gpwUf;Fk; gpw capupdq;fSf;Fk; nra;a ntz;ba flikfs; vd;gtw;iwf;
Fwpf;Fk;. ,tw;iw myl;rpag;gLj;j KbahJ. kdpjdJ clYk; capUk;
my;yh`;tpdhy; mtDf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mkhdpjq;fshFk;. Mtw;iwg;
NgZtJ ghJfhg;gJ kdpjdJ flikahFk;.
 kdpjd; jdJ capUf;Nfh clYf;Nfh> gpwuJ clYf;Nfh jPq;F tpistpg;gij
,];yhk; mDkjpg;gjpy;iy.
 ,];yhk; nghUj;jkhd czit msNthL cz;ZkhW Ntz;LfpwJ.
 cliyAk; khdj;ijAk; ciliaf; nfhz;L kiwf;f topfhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 cs;sj;jpw;Fk; clYf;Fk; Xa;T toq;FkhW $Wfpd;wJ. “kf;fs; kwe;jpUf;ff;
$ba ,uz;L mUs;fs; cs;sd. mit MNuhf;fpaKk; Xa;Tk; MFk;” (Gfhup>
K];ypk;) “mbf;fb cq;fs; cs;sq;fSf;F Xa;T nfhLq;fs;. Vnddpy; Nrhu;Tw;w
cs;sk; ,Usile;J tpLk;” -myp (uop)
 ,];yhk; Rj;jj;ij typAUj;jp Rftho;tpw;F kdpjid ,L;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ”
“my;yh`; gupRj;jkhdtu;fis na Nerpf;fpd;whd;” (9:108)
 MNuhf;fpak; …. Gyrhypahd xU K/kpd; gytPdkhd xU K/kpid tpl
rpwe;jtDk; my;yh`;Tf;F kpf tpUg;gKilatd;”
 nghUj;jkhd rpfpr;ir ngWtJk;…. “xt;nthU Neha;f;Fk; xU kUe;J
,Uf;fpd;wJ” xU Neha;f;fhf xU kUe;ijg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; my;yh`;tpd;
fUizahy; fpilf;fpd;wJ”
 gpw kdpju;fSf;F nra;a Ntz;ba flikifisAk; Gwf;fzpj;J tho KbahJ
 fztdhf kidtpahf> je;ijahf> jhahf> kfdhf> kfshf> rNfhjuhdhf>
rNfhjupahf> epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikfis…..
 FLk;gj;jiytdhf czT> cil> tPL nghUj;jkhd fy;tpf;fhf nryT>
Rftho;T> ghJfhg;G> xOf;fk;> Md;kf
P g; gapw;rp Nghd;wtw;iw epiwNtw;wf;flikg;
gl;Ls;sdhd;.

85
 mjw;fhf ciog;gJ nryT nra;tJ topfhl;LtJ FLk;gj;jiytDf;F
flikahfpd;wJ. mNj Nghd;W FLk;gj; jiytp…..
 cwtpdu;fs;> ez;gu;fs;> maytu;fs;….
 “my;yh`;itAk; kWik ehisAk; <khd; nfhz;ltu; jkJ mayhUld; ey;y
Kiwapy; ele;J nfhs;sl;Lk;” (K];ypk;)
 mehijfs;> tpjitfs;> Nehahsu;fs;> mq;ftPdu;fs;> iftplg;gl;l
tNahjpgu;fs….
 ,tu;fSf;F jdpg;gl;l tifapYk; $l;lhfTk; r%fk; cjt Ntz;Lk;. ]fhj;>
]jfh> ]jfJy; gpj;u; vdTs;s nghJf;flikfis $l;lhfTk; …..
 r%f eyd; fUjp nra;a Ntz;ba nghJg;gzpfs; ,tw;Ws; mlq;Fk;.
nghJg;ghijfs;> fpzWfs;> fy;tpf; $lq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;. E}yfq;fs;>
gspspthry;fs;> foptiwfs;…. “ePq;fs; ey;y tplaq;fspy; xU tUf;nfhUtu;
cjtp nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;” (5:2)
 twl;rp> nts;sk;> G+fk;gk; Nghd;w ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspd; NghJk; tpgj;J>
fytuk;> Aj;jk; Nghd;w mrhjhuz #o;epiyfspd; NghJk; r%f eyg;gzpfspy;
<LgLtJ…
 `_$Fy; ,ghjj;jpy; gpw capupdq;fs;> ngsjPf tsq;fSf;F epiwNtw;w
Ntz;ba flikfSk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
 capupdq;fisAk; ngsjPf tsq;fisAk; Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jtJ
,ghjj;jhFk;.
 gpugQ;r rkepiyia Ngz Ntz;Lk;
 capupdq;fis gnsjPf tsq;fis tPz;tpuak; nra;af; $lhJ
 capupdq;fNshL ey;y Kiwapy; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
 “my;yh`;tpd; ghijapy; midj;Jg; gilg;GfSk; mtdJ FLk;gq;fshFk;.
mtw;wpy; rpwe;jJ mtdJ FLk;gj;jpw;F gaDilajhFk;” (Gfhup)
 capupdq;fSf;F jPq;F nra;tij> mepahakhf mtw;iw mopg;gij ,];yhk;
jLj;Js;sJ.
o “ahuhtJ xU rpl;Lf; FUtpiaf; nfhd;why; mJ kWikapy; ,td; vd;id
tPzhff; nfhiy nra;jhd;” (Gfhup)
o “G+idiaj; Jd;GWj;jpa xU ngz; eufk; nrd;whs;” (Gfhup)
o “jhfpj;j ehnahd;Wf;F ePu; Gfl;ba xU kdpjdpd; ghtq;fs; midj;Jk;
kd;dpf;fg;gl;ld” (Gfhup)
 capupdq;fNshL ,uf;fk; fhl;Ljy;> jPq;fpioj;jy;> Xa;tspj;jy;> ghJfhg;Gf;
nfhLj;jy;> czT> ePu; Kiwahf toq;Fjy;
 kdpjDf;F jPq;F nra;Ak; gpuhzpfis rpj;jputij nra;tijNah> jPapdhy;
nghRf;FtijNah ,];yhk; mDkjpg;gjpy;iy

86
  mWitg; gpuhzpfisAk; gz;ghf mWf;f Ntz;Lnkd ,];yhk; $Wfpd;wJ.
 ngsjPf #oYf;F epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikfs;

tpdh – 38
,ghjj;Jf;Fk; m`;yhf;Ff;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;pid tpsf;Ff.

 m`;yhf; ,];yhj;jpd; vy;yhg; gFjpfnahLk; njhlu;GgLk; Xu; mbg;gil

mk;rkhFk;
 egp (]y;) mtu;fs; egpahf mDg;gg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fk; “epr;rpakhf ew;gz;Gfis
G+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt ehd; egpahf mDg;gg;gl;Ls;Nsd;”
 ,ghjj;Jf;fs; cau; m`;yhf;Ff;F gpd;ddpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 njhOif jf;thitAk;> ,iw neUf;fj;ijAk;> cs;sk; gpufhrk; miltijAk;>
Vw;gLj;jtjhy; mjd; %yk; ey;nyhOf;fk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wJ. jPa
nray;fspy; ,Ue;J kdpjid ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. “njhOif khdf;Nflhd jPa
fhupaq;fspy; ,Ue;J ghtq;fspypUe;J kdpjid tpyf;fptpLk;”
 gpugQ;r tsq;fs; midj;Jk; my;yh`;tpw;F nrhe;jkhdit. kdpjd; vt;thW
ifahs;fpwhd; vd;gijg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;gjw;fhf tpjpahf;fg;gl;Ls;s flikNa
]fhj;.
 ,f;flikapid epiwNtw;WtjD}lhf md;G> jahs rpe;jid> <if> ,uf;fk; vDk;
gz;Gfisg; ngWtJld; cNyhgpj;jdk;> cyf Mir> mfe;ij vDk; jPa
gz;Gfs; ePq;Fk;. “mtu;fSila nghUisj; jhdkhd vLj;Jf; nfhz;L
mtu;fisg; gupRj;jkhf;fp itg;gPuhf! (9:103)
 jf;thit ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L flikahf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nehd;gpd; %yk; nghWik>
<if> jahsk;> md;G Nghd;w ew;gz;Gfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; jPa Mirfs;> czu;Tfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp mjd;
tpguPjq;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. “ntWkNd cz;zhkYk; gUfhkYk;
,Ug;gjy;y Nehd;G mJ jPikahdtw;wpypUe;Jk; khdf;Nflhdtw;wpypUe;Jk; tpyfp
,Ug;gjhFk;. ePq;fs; Nehd;gpUf;Fk; NghJ ahuhtJ cq;fNshL ju;f;fpj;jhy; ehd;
Nehd;gpUf;fpNwd;” vd;W nrhy;yptpLq;fs;” (,g;D `_i]kh)
 egp ,g;wh`Pk; (miy) mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;jpahfg; ghlj;ijf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;
xU flikahf `[; mike;Js;sJ. ek;gpf;if> jpahfk;> mu;g;gzpg;G> nghWik
,iwad;G> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> xw;Wik> If;fpak;> kdpj Neak; vDk; ,yf;FfisAk;
,J nfhz;Ls;sJ. i\j;jdpaj;jpw;nfjpuhfg; NghuhLjy; kNdh ,e;iefisAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vDk; Nghuhl;lg; gapw;rpf;Fk; toptFf;fpd;wJ. “vtNuDk; (,`;uhk;
mzpe;J) `[;i[ jd; kPJ flikahf;fpf; nfhz;lhy; `[; tiuapy; tPL $Ljy;>
jPr; nrhy; NgRjy;> rr;ruT nra;J nfhs;Sjy; $lhJ” (2:197)
 ,t;tpghjj;Jf;fis epiwNtw;Wk; Kiwfspy; NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,it
flikahf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fpy; xd;WgLf;fpd;wd. Kdpjidj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jp
ey;y xOf;fj;jpy; cau;j;JtdthfNt mit mike;Js;sd.

gFjp i

kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.

1 epoy;fs; mw;w ,Wjpj; jPu;g;G ehspy; epoy; ngWNthu; vd egp (]y;) mtu;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s xU gpuptpdu;>

87
 I Neuk; jtwhJ njhOifia epiwNtw;WNthu;
II my;Fu;Mid kddk; nra;j gps;isfs;
III ,ghjj;Jld; thOk; ,isQd;
IV ngw;nwhUf;F cjtp cgfhuk; nra;j gps;is
V eypTw;w kf;fisg; guhkupj;Njhu;

2 `f;Fy;yh`;> `f;Fy; ,ghjj;> `_$Fy; ,d;]hd;> vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;

rupahd njhFjp>
I my;yh`;Tf;FupaJ> gilg;gpdq;fSf;FupaJ> kdpj cupikfs;
II kdpj cupikfs;> my;yh`;Tf;FupaJ> gilg;gpdq;fSf;FupaJ
III my;yh`;Tf;FupaJ> kdpj cupikfs;> gilg;gpdq;fSf;FupaJ
IV [PtuhrpfSf;FupaJ> kuzpj;NjhUf;FupaJ> my;yh`;Tf;FupaJ
V kuzpj;NjhUf;FupaJ> my;yh`;Tf;FupaJ> gilg;gpdq;fSf;FupaJ

3 ew;nray;fspy; `_$Fy; ,ghjj;Jy; mlq;FtJ>

I INtisj; njhOif IV egp (]y;mtu;fisg; gpd;gw;WtJ
II my;yh`;it jpf;u; nra;tJ V tPLfisf; fl;bf; nfhLj;jy;
III mehijfisg; guhkupg;gJ

4 cs;sj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tzf;fk;>

I jpf;u; IV `[;
II Nehd;G V [p`hj;
III ]fhj;

5 “xU r%fj;jpy; kUj;Jtu; rpyuhtJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;gJ>

I gu;S fpghah IV gu;S Id;
II Rd;dj; V th[pg;
III Kgh`;

6 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; `_$Fy;yh`; MtJ>

I my;yh`;it tzq;fp fl;Lg;gLtJ IV ghtq;fis fistJ
II Rw;whliy ghJfhg;gJ V kdpju;fsJ fld;fis jPu;g;gJ
III kuq;fs;> nrbfis ghJfhg;gJ

gFjp ii
vy;yh tpdgf;fSf;Fk; tpil vOJf.
(1) I `_$Fy;yh`;> `_$Fy; ,ghjj; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf? (2)
II `_$Fy; ,ghjj;jpy; mlq;Fk; tplaq;fs; 4 jUf? (4)

88
 tpilfs;
,];yhk;> gpugQ;rk;> kdpj> tho;T tpdhf;fs;
1 II 2 IV 3 III 4 V 5 IV
6 II 7 III 8 V 9 II 10 III
11 II 12 V 13 V 14 I 15 II
16 IV 17 IV 18 V 19 II 20 V
njhOif

1 IV 2 III 3 I 4 IV 5 V
6 I 7 I 8 III 9 IV 10 I
11 I 12 V 13 III 14 IV 15 IV
16 II 17 V 18 V 19 III 20 I
]fhj;
1 II 2 I 3 II 4 II 5 II
6 IV 7 II 8 IV 9 II 10 III
11 III 12 II 13 I 14 I 15 IV
16 V 17 II 18 IV 19 V 20 III
Nehd;G
1 II 2 III 3 III 4 IV 5 I
6 II 7 IV 8 III 9 IV 10 IV
11 V 12 I 13 II 14 I 15 I
16 II 17 V 18 I 19 V 20 III
21 I 22 II 23 III 24 IV 25 I
26 IV 27 II 28 II 29 II 30 III
31 IV 32 II 33 V 34 V 35 II
`[;
1 I 2 V 3 V 4 II 5 IV
6 IV 7 IV 8 III 9 IV 10 V
11 I 12 II 13 III 14 I 15 I
16 V 17 IV 18 IV 19 I 20 IV
21 IV 22 III 23 IV 24 II 25 I
26 III 27 III 28 III

`_$Fy; ,ghjj;
1 2 3 4 5

89
6 7 8
11 12 13
16 17 18

 md;Gk; fUizAk;
 NeuKfhikj;Jtk; fl;Lg;ghLk;
 ghtkd;dpg;G
 ed;wp nrYj;Jjy;
 gpwu; eyd; Ngzy;
 kdpj Neak;
 jf;th
 kdf;fl;Lg;ghL
 nghWik
 jhusj;jd;ikAk; <ifAk;
 ,`;yh];
II
Nkw;$wg;gl;l gz;Gfs; vt;thW Msik tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;F
ntYj;Jfpd;Wj vd;gij tpsf;f Ntz;Lk; (cjhuzk;:
NeuKfhikj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; Neu;jpw;F ]fu; nra;jy;> cupa
Neuj;jpw;F Iq;fhyj; njhOiffs; ,uj Rd;dj;jhd mky;fspy; <LgLjy;>
Nehd;ig jpwf;Fk; nraw;ghl;il cupa Neuj;jpy; Nke;nfhs;sy;> ,Ut Neu
tzf;fq;fis jpl;lkpl;L njHOjy; vd Nehd;ghdJ Neuj;ij Kfhik
nra;aTk; mjd;gb elf;fTk; topg;gLj;jJfpwJ )
III
 Nehd;Gf;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk; - tPLfspYk; k];[pj;fspYk;
 Nehd;G njhlu;ghd epfo;r;rpfs; - ,g;jhu;> gahd;> k[;yp];
 Nehd;G fhy ed;nfhilfs; - mehij ,y;yk;> mq;ftPdu; ,y;yk;>
kj;u]h
 ]fhj;ij ukohdpy; tof;fkhf;Fjy;
 juhtP`;> fpahKy;iyy; Vw;ghL – Tpl> k];[pj;fspy;
 Gdpj Fu;md; `p];G k[;yp];fs; elj;Jy;
 27k; gpiw ,uit tpNrl epfo;Tfshsf fopj;jy;
 Fq;rp tpNrlj;Jtk; ngwy; - k];[pj;fspy; Vw;ghL

IV
 Nehd;ig Muk;gpg;gjpYk; Kbg;gjpYk; r%f uPjpahf Kuz;gly; -
gpiw
 ,ue;J tho;Nthu; ehyh gf;fq;fspYk; fhl;rpaspj;jy;
 ,g;jhu; ,ilQ;ry; Vw;glj;Jk; tifapy; tpisahLjy;
 ,g;jhu; vDk; ngaupt; Mlk;guKk; tPz;tpuaKk;
 ]f;fhj;jpd; %yk; tpsk;guk; nra;jy;
 ,];yhkpa eilKiwfs; njhlu;gpy; tPz; ru;r;irfs; Vw;gly;

90