(f.ngh.

j) cau;ju Gtpapay; khzth;fspw;fhd

“gltiufiyapay;
El;gq;fs;”

janu

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

 gltiufiy El;gq;fs;
1. nra;Kiwg; Gtpapay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w El;gKiwfis jUf?
(i) glk;
(ii) xspg;glq;fSk; gbkq;fSk;
(iii) fzpzpj; njhopEl;gk;
(iv) Gs;sptpgutpay; Kiw
(v) tiuGfs; janu
2. nra;Kiwg; Gtpapaypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; El;gKiwfis RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff?

ePz;l mr;rbf;fg;gl;l tpsf;fj;Jld; jfty;fisf; fhl;Ljy;. ntspapy; ,Ue;J ghu;f;Fk; NghJ

njd;gLk; Gtpapd; mikg;gpidf; fhl;Lk; rpj;jpug; glk; vd mwpKfk; nra;a KbAk;. Gtpapd;
cz;ikahd epyj;Njhw;wj;jpid ,U ghpkhzj; jsj;jpy; msTj;jpl;lj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp
Kd;itg;gNj glkhFk;. FwpaPLfs;> epwq;fs;> vOj;Jf;fs;> ,yf;fq;fs; %yk; gue;jsthd
jfty;fis Kd;itf;Fk; njhopw;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.Gtpapay; tpQQ;hdjj;pd; ,lk;rhu;>
fhyk;rhu; Njhww;g;ghLfis Kd;itg;gjw;F glk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

gy;NtW tifahd xspg;glq;fs; nra;Kiwg; Gtpapay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; jw;NghJ

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. rhjhuz xspg;glf; fUtpapdhy; vLff;gg;Lk; GtpNkw;gugg;pd; xspgg;lq;fs;
mjpfstpy; gad;gLfpwJ. Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; ntspaPLfspy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; xspg;glq;fs;>
njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; fzpdp Mfpa fl;Gy rhjdq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xspg;glq;fs;
,itahFk;.
c-k;:- kiyj;njhlupd; Njapiy epyk;> gdpapdhy; %lg;gl;l gFjp

fzpzpj; njhopEl;gk;
fzpdpj; jftyfs;> juTfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fisf; fsQ;rpagg;Lj;jy;> ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;>
tptupj;jy;> jahupj;jy;> fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; Mfpa rpf;fyhd nray;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik (GIS). G+Nfhs ,lepiyg;gLj;jy; Kiw (GPS) Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;
gy;NtW fzpdpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Gtpapay; tpQQ;hdk; njhlu;ghfg; gy;N;tW juTfisr; Nrfupj;J mtw;iw tptupj;J fhl;Ltjw;F

,k;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf tpQ;Qhd Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwd.
cjhuzk:;- jfty; njhFjj;wpjy; kwW;k; jPh;k;hdk; Nkw;nfhs;sYf;fhf> nra;Kiwg; Gtpapay;
tpQ;Qhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy; Kf;fpakhFk;. ngsjpfg; Gtpapay; tpQ;Qhdj;
jfty;fisAk;> khdplg; Gtpapay; tpQ;Qhdj; jfty;fisAk; tpsf;Fk; NghJk; KbTfis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJk; ,t; El;gKiwfspd; gad;ghL fhzg;gLfpwJ

vz;zhyhd juTfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; mtw;iw vspjhf tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;Fk; tiuGfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. tiuGfs; gy tifg;gLk;.

ngUk;ghYk; fhy uPjpahd jfty;fs; ,jdhy; fhl;lg;gLk;.

c-k;:-; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuk;> fle;j tUlq;fspy; cy;yhrg; gazpfspd; tUif.

,lk;rhue;j juTfis fhl;lTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

c-k:;- ,yq;ifapy; khtl;l mbgg;ilapy; gpujhd gapuf;spd; gukg;y; n`f;N;lau;fspy;

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

3. glk; (Map) vd;why; vd;d?
glk; vd;gJ epyj;Njhw;wj;jpid fpilahf Kd;itj;jyhFk;. mJ cz;ikahd epyj;Njhw;wj;jpd;
ruhk;rkhf nfhs;s KbAk;. gue;j jfty; njhFg;G> FwpaPLfs;> epwq;fs;> vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
,yf;fq;fs; %yk; fhl;Ljy; glj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nraw;ghlhFk;. Gtpapay;
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; ,lk;rhu;> fhyk;rhu; Njhw;wg;ghLfis Kd;itg;gjw;F glk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

4. glq;fspy; cs;slq;fpAs;s jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gpujhd ,uz;L tiffSk; vit?

1. ,ltpsf;ftpay; glq;fs;
2. fUg;nghUl; glq;fs;

5. ,ltpsf;ftpay; glk; vd;why; vd;d?

cz;ikahd epyj;Njhw;wj;jpy; fhzf;$ba ngsjpf kw;Wk; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fis KbAkhdtiu
xU glj;jpy; msTj; jpl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g Kd;itg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kaw;rpahff; fUj
KbAk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; jiuj;Njhw;w NtWghL> ePu;tbfhy;> ,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs;> epyg;gad;ghL>
tPjp tiyaikg;G> epu;thf vy;iyfs;> Rw;Wyhj; jfty;fs;> tpNrl fl;llq;fs;> Guhjd ,lq;fs;
kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs; Mfpa jfty;fs; ,ltpsf;ftpay;; glj;jpy;
cs;slf;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzq;fs; :
,yq;ifapd; 1:50>000 ,ltpsf;fg; glk;
,yq;ifapd; 1:10>000 ,ltpsf;fg; glk;
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR 1:24>000 msTj;jpl;lg; glk;
fdlhtpd; 1:50>000 glq;fs;
janu
Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; 1:50>000 glq;fs;

6. ,ltpsf;ftpay; glq;fspd; mbg;gil gz;Gfis jUf?

;ijAk; fhl;ly;

glq;fshFk;. glk; gue;j msTj;jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; mit glj;jhs;fs; gytw;why;

cUthd glq;fshf jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

epwq;fs;> FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk;

,yf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,jw;fhf ru;tNjr uPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l FwpaPLfSk;
mNjNghy vz;zpyf;ff; FwpaPLfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

g;gLk; ngsjpf kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;ig

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s ,yFthjy; jiuj;Njhw;w glj;jpd; tpNrlj;Jtkhd mk;rkhff; fUj KbAk;.

;.

;.

7. ,ltpsf;fg; glq;fspd; gad;ghLfis jUf?

gpuNjrj;jpd; jiuj;Njhw;wj;jpd; ,luPjpahd guk;giy thrpf;f Kbjy;

vjhtJ Xu; ,lj;jpd; xg;gPl;likT my;yJ rhu;gikitr; rupahf ntspaplf;$bajhfTs;sik.

cjhuzk;: mz;ika jiuj;Njhw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g> nkw;wpf; Kiwf;Nfw;g> mfyf;NfhL -
neLq;NfhLfSf;Nfw;g

jiuj;Njhw;wq;fspilahd njhlu;Gfis njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $bajhftpUj;jy;.

cjhuzk;: ngsjpf mk;rq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G> gz;ghl;lk;rq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G>
ngsjpf kw;Wk; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

 ehl;bd; my;yJ gpuNjrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; nraw;ghLfisj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ
,t;thwhd msTj;jpl;lk; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;. cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapd; ney; cw;gj;jp
mgptpUj;jpf;fhf 1:10>000 msTj;jpl;lg; glq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

8. fUg;nghUl; glq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

njupT nra;ag;gl;l Fwpj;jnjhU fUg;nghUisr; rhu;e;j jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
glk; xd;iw cUthf;Ftijf; Fwpf;Fk;. Njrg;glg; Gj;jfj;jpy; mNdfkhdtw;iwf; fUg;n
; ghUs;
glq;fshf fhzyhk;.
cjhuzq;fs;
;Njhw;w NtWghL
;
cyfpd; ,aw;ifj; jhtug;guk;gy;
;fs;
;l glk;
;ifapd; Njapiy cw;gj;jpg; guk;gy;
;

;fs;

9. fUg;nghUs; glq;fs; ntt;NtW KiwfspDhlhf jahupf;fg;gLk;; mtw;iw jUf?

10. fUg;nghUs; glq;fspd; gad;ghLfis jUf? janu

1. xU fUg;nghUis kl;Lk; tptupg;gJ ,jd; tpNrl gz;ghFk;. cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapy;
tPjpaikg;Gg; glk;> Rw;Wyhg; glk;;

2. xU fUg;nghUisf; nfhz;l glkhf ,Ug;gjhy; fhyk;rhu; khw;wq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;lKbAk;.

cjhuzk;: gy tUlq;fSf;fhd ,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhifg; guk;gy; NtWghL

3. xU fUg;nghUs; glj;jpDs; ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy; Vw;gl;l ntt;NtW khw;wq;fisf;

fhl;lKbAk; cjhuzk;: khtl;l mg;gilapy; ,yq;if ney; cw;gj;jp mstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;

5. rpwpa msTj;jpl;lk; nfhz;l glq;fspd; tiffs; gad;ghl;bw;F ,yFthdjhFk;. cjhuzk;:

mw;y]; Njrg;glg; Gj;jfk;

11. fUg;nghUl; glq;fSf;Fk; ,ltpsf;fg; glq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfisj;; jUf?

;fs; VjhtJ xU fUg;nghUis kl;Lk; nfhz;lit ,ltpsf;fg; glq;fs; Gtp

Nkw;gug;G ngsjpf kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; mizj;ijAk; cs;slf;fp tiuag;gLfpd;wJ.

;fs; rupahd msTj;jpl;lj;jpy; tiuag;gLfpd;wd fUg;nghUl; glq;fspy;

msTj;jpl;lk; jpupTg;gLj;jg;glyhk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd fUg;nghUl; glq;fspy; rkTauf;NfhLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

; glq;fs; miktplk; kw;Wk; jpirapid Jy;ypakhff; fhl;ly; fUg;nghUl;

glq;fspy; ,it jpupTg;gLj;jg;glyhk;

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

 etPd gltiu fiy El;gq;fs;
1. etPd gltiufiyapay; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?
gltiufiyapay; vd;gJ glq;fisAk;> tiuglq;fisAk; mikg;gJ njhlh;ghd xU
tpQ;Qhdf; fiyahFk;. fzpzpj; njhopEl;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpAk;> mjDld; njhlh;Ggl;l
Kiwapy; nra;kjpfs; kw;Wk; njhiyj;njhlh;Gfspy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpAk; ,jid
etPdkag;gLj;jpAs;sikapdhy; etPd gltiufiy El;gq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
GIS,GPS,RD, Ez;rpy;Y> Ez;topKiwahf;fp> etPd njhiyNgrpg; gpuNahfq;fs;> mr;Rg; gjpg;G
El;gq;fs;> 3D fzpzp tiuGfs; Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd.

2. etPd gltiu fiy El;g Kiwfis ngaupLf?

(i) Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik (Geographical Information System) - GIS
(ii) G+Nfhs ,l epiyg;gLjj;y; Kiwik (Global Positioning System) - GPS
(iii) njhiyAzu;T njhopEl;gk; (Remote Sensing) – RS
janu
3. etPd gltiu fiy El;g Kiwfs; %d;wpw;Fkhd tiutpyf;fzq;fisr; RUf;fkhf
Fwpg;gpLf?
(Geographical Information System) - GIS fzpdp td;nghUs;
kw;Wk; nkd;nghUs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ,luPjpahf njhlu;GgLk; jfty;fis jpwd; kpff;
jhfg; ngWjy;> Nrkpj;jy;> Njitf;Nfw;g ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;> ifahSjy;> gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l jpul;L; mk;rk; Gtpapay; jfty;
KiwikahFk;
(Global Positioning System) - GPS Gtpf;F NkNy
mDg;gg;gl;l nra;kjpapD}lhf Gtpapd; ve;jnthU ,lj;jpdJk;> nghUspdJk; my;yJ VjhtJ
cUtpd; mikit kpfTk; rupahf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;l ,ae;jpuj; njhFjp GPS
MFk;.
(Remote Sensing) - RS Fwpj;j xU nghUs; gpuNjrk;> Njhw;wg;ghL
vd;gtw;iwAk; mit gw;wpa tplaq;fisAk; njhiytpypUe;J mtjhdpj;J ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLtJ njhiyAzh;T MFk;. mjhtJ Fwpj;j Njhw;wg;ghL xd;Wld; Neub
njhlh;Gglhky; mjd; tbtk;> msT> guk;gy;> gz;G Nghd;w jfty;fis tpkhdq;fs;>
nra;kjpfspy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s njhiyAzh;T fUtpfs; Jiz nfhz;L ve;j Xh;
,lj;jpypUe;Jk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; njhopy;El;gk; ,JthFk;.
4. etPd gl tiufiyapaypd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs; / tpUj;jpfs; / ed;ikfisj; jUf?
;g cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fs; Clhf
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW jfty; cs;slf;fg;gLjy;.
; kw;Wk; Njrpakakhjypd; Clhf kpfr;rupahd miktplj;ij fhl;l
KbAkhjy;.
gy;NtW fUg;nghUis ntt;NtW gilfshf glj;jpy; Njf;fp itf;f KbAk;. mj;Jld;
Njitahd NghJ mtw;wpid jdpj;jdpahf kPl;Lg; ngw KbAk;.

GIS nghjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp glq;fis Kg;gupkhd Kiwapy; vLj;Jf; fhl;l KbAk;.

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F KbAk;.

etPd gltiufiyapay; El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,lk;rhh; kw;Wk; ,lk;rhuhj;

jfty;fisAk; gFg;gha;T nra;a KbAk;.

glkhf;fg;gl;l ,lk;rhu; jfty;fs;> cz;ikahd ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk; Mfpa gupkhzq;fis

rupahf ,dq;fhz Kbjy;.

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

 glq;fisAk;> juTfisAk; ,w;iwg;gLj;j KbAk;.

fzpzp %ykhd glkhf;fypy; Ez;rpy;Y> Ez; topKiwahf;fp Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jp

fhuzkhf mtw;wpid ,yFthfTk; NtfkhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

ngUksthd jfty;fis Nrkpj;J itf;f KbAk;> juTfis ,yFthf nfhz;L nry;y

KbAk;.

etPd nry;yplj; njhiyNgrpg; gpuNahfq;fs;pd; gad;ghL mjpfhpj;jik.

glq;fs; kpfTk; fth;rr

; pfukhdjhfTk;> gy;tikikj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk;>
,ilj;njhlh;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; khw;wkile;jJld; etPd tpUj;jpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

5. ,yq;ifapy; etPd gltiufiyapay; El;g Kiwfspd; gad;ghL njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk;

tiuaiufis jUf?
nryT mjpfkhf; fhzg;gLjy; (GIS ,y; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nkd;nghUs; 15 ,yl;rk;
Ugh tiu fhzg;gly;)
;yJ jpwd; kpf;f njhopyhsu;fs; Fiwthf fhzg;gly;.
; gFjpfspy; gad;gLj;JtJ fbdk; (,iza trjp kw;Wk; kpd;rhu trjp Fiwthff;
fhzg;gly;)
;gk; FiwT
glhik

janu

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

 Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik (GIS)

1. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik (Geographical Information System) –GIS vd;why; vd;d?

fzpdp td;nghUs; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ,luPjpahf njhlu;GgLk;

jfty;fis jpwd; kpff; jhfg; ngWjy;> Nrkpj;jy;> Njitf;Nfw;g ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;> ifahSjy;>
gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l jpul;L; mk;rk;
Gtpapay; jfty; KiwikahFk;

2. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikapd; jpwd; kpf;fjhd gad;ghl;bw;F mtrpakhd %d;W Kf;fpa

%yq;fis jUf?
(Processor)
(Storage Memory)
(High Resolution Colour Graphic Screen)
(Digitizer),tUb (Scanner)>
tpirg;gyif (Keyboard), tu;z mr;Rg;nghwp Nghd;wit.

3. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwiknahd;wpd; gpujhd cs;slf;ff; $Wfspidf; Fwpg;gpLf?

(i) fzpdp td;nghUs; (Hardware)
(ii) fzpdp nkd;nghUs; (Software)
(iii) juT (Data)
(iv) gadhspfs; (User)
(v) Kiwikfs; (Methods)
janu
4. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikikapd; $Wfis RUf;fkhf tpgupf;Ff?

(i) td;nghUs;
GIS ,y; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; td;nghUl;fshf fzdp kw;Wk; cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;> ntspaPl;L;
rhjdq;fs; vd;gd gpujhdkhf mlq;Ffpd;wd. fzzp tpidjpwd; kpf;f Gtpapay; jfty; njhFjp
cUthf;fj;jpw;F mtrpakhFk;. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikapd; nraw;ghl;Lf;F Processor
(Kiwtopahf;fp) RAM (epidtfk; ), Hardisk vd;gd mtrpakhFk;.
:- tpirg;gyif (Keyboard), Rl;b (Mouse), ,yf;fkhf;fp (Digitizer),
tUbfs;; (Scanner), bIpll;;y; ehlh hPlh; (Digital tape Reader)> epiyfhl;b> fhe;etl;L
ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fs; :-Printer(mr;R ,ae;jpuk;), Digital data (bIpl;ly; juT)> jpiu
juT Nrkpg;G rhjdq;fs; (Data Storage Device) :- Hard Disk (td;jl;L), External hard Disk
(ntspg;Gw td;jl;L) DVD, CD

(ii) nkd;nghUs; (Software)

Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwapid nraw;gLj;j fzdpapy; tpNrlkhd nkd;nghUl;fis cs;sPL
nra;aNtz;bAs;sJ. ,k; nkd;ngUl;fshdJ Gtpapay; juT kw;Wk; jfty;fis Nrfupf;fTk;
P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553
mtw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk; gy;NtW Njitf;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jpnfhs;sTk; cjTfpd;wJ.
GIS ,y; gy nkd;nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;> ESRI vDk; epWtdNk GIS
nkd;nghUs; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjd;ik epWtdkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. GIS gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
nkd;nghUl;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

janu
ESRI:- ArcInfo, Arcmap, Arcview, ArcGIS
Vidait:- SAGA GIS, QGIS, ILWIS, Map Info, Geo media
(iii) juTfs; (Data)
Gtpapay; jfty; njhFjpapd; Kf;fpa $whf juT tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juTfis gpujhdkhf ,uz;lhf tifgg;Lj;Jth;.
1. ,lk;rhh; juTfs;
2. ,lk;rhuhj; juTfs;/gz;Grhh; juTfs;
,lk;rhh; juTfs; vDk; NghJ Njrg;glq;fs;> kw;Wk; nrk;kjp tpk;gq;fSld; rk;ke;jg;gl;l
juTfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. Gtpapay; uPjpahf miktpidf; fhl;lf;$ba ngsjpf mk;rq;fSf;Fupa juTfs;
cjhuzk; : gapu;> VjhtJ xU ehl;bd; mikT> tPjpfs;> ejpfs;> efuk;. ,lk;rhh; juTfs;
gpujhdkhf fhtpj;juT (Vector data) nea;ahpj; juT (Raster data) vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fpd;wJ.
,lk;rhuh juTfs; vd;Dk; NghJ ,lk;rhu; jutpy; cs;slq;fhj cg mk;rq;fisf; fhl;Lk;
juTfs; cjhuzk; : cyf rdj;njhif msT> gapu;epyq;fspd; epy msT> tPjpfspd; ePsk;
vd;gd.
(iv) gadpfs; (Users)
Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikapd; tpidj;jpwdpy; gy;NtW gapw;rpiag; ngw;wtu;fs;>
,g;ghlj;Jiwapy; mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd; ngw;w egu;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,e;egu;fSs;
nraw;gLj;Jgtu;fs; njhopEl;g ty;Ydu;fs;> juT tpku;rpg;gtu;fs;> njhFjp nghwpapayhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; Kfhikahsu;fs; Nritf; FOtpdu; Mtu;.
(v) Kiwikfs; (Methods)
GIS nraw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjw;fhd ntt;NtW Kiwfs; cs;sd. vdNt
jhd; jdJ Nehf;fq;fSlDk; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; NkYk; GJg; GJ Kiwfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gly; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

5. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik njhopEl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp glq;fis mikg;gjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juT gw;wp RUf;fkhf tpgupf;Ff?

GISy; Vida rhd;Wfs; (Componets) mtrpakw;wJ. me;j tifapy;

juTfs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. Gtpapaypy; gpujhdkhf ,lQ;rhu;e;j juTfSk; (Spatial Data)
gz;Grhu;e;j juTfSk; (Attribute data) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
(Point), NfhLfs; (Line), %ba cUf;fs; (Polygan) %yk; fhzg;glk; juTfs;
fhtpj;juTfs; vdg;gLk;.
Scan nra;ag;gl;l
tiuglq;fs; nea;aupj;juTfs; vdg;gLk;.
; vDk; NghJ ,lq;fSld; njhlu;Gila Vida jfty;fs; ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;. Fwpg;ghf rdj;njhifj; juTfs;> gpuNjr ntg;gepiy> kiotPo;rr
; p Nghd;w
tplaq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

6. ,lk;rhu; juT kw;Wk; ,lQ;rhuh juT Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfspidf; Fwpg;gpLf?
1. ,lQ;rhu; juTfs; (Spatial Data)
(Georeference)

(Pixels) fhzg;gLk;
cjhuzk;:- Gs;spfs; - fpzWfs;> ghlrhiyfs;
NfhLfs; - tPjpfs;> ejpfs; janu
gy;Nfhzp Kyk; (%ba cUf;fs;); - tay; epyq;fs;> fhLfs;
2. ,lk; rhuhj; juTfs; (Non Spatial Data)

(i) tPjpfs; - ngau;> FwpaPL> ePsk;> tFg;G> epiyik

(ii) ghlrhiy – ngau;> khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if> fl;llq;fspd; vz;zpf;if> tFg;Gff;spd;
vz;zpf;if
(iii) fhLfs; - ngau;> gFjp> tif > kuq;fspd; tif> mtw;wpd; cauk;
,lk; rhu; juTfspd; Nkyjpf gz;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; fhtpj;juT>
nea;aupj;juTfs; fhzg;gLk; tbtq;fspidf; Fwpg;gpLf
 fhtpj;juT -
Gs;spfs;- Foha;fpzWfs;> FbapUgG;f;fs;
NfhLfs; - tPjpfs;> ejpfs;>
gy;Nfhzp - fhLfs;> epyg;gad;ghLfs;

 nea;aupj;juTfs; - gl%ytbtpy; (Pixels) fhzg;gLk; mjhtJ nea;aup my;yJ

mspailg;G tbtpy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;

7. fhtpj;jutpd; (Vector Data) ed;ikfspidf; Fwpg;gpLf?

pdpYk;> njspT jpwdpYk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lf;
$bajhf fhzg;gLk;.
ilapy; jdpj;jdp tbtq;fshf fhl;lg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fSf;F
nghUj;jkhdJ
hfTk; njspthfTk; fhl;lyhk;. (tPjpfs;> ejpfs; vdg;tw;wpd;
tisTfis kpf Jy;ypakhf fhl;lyhk;)

d rhupahf fhll;g;gLk;.
;f KbAk; (fzdpapy; Nrkpg;gjw;F Fiwe;j myFfs; NghJkhdit)
8. fhtpj;jutpd; (Vector Data) jPikfspidf; Fwpg;gpLf?
;> khw;wk; nra;aNtz;Lkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,lj;jpaiy kPz;Lk;
fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;.
; fhtpj;juT tbtj;jpy; rpwg;ghf
vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbahJ.

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

 ; fhl;l KbahJ. Eg :- kz;zpd; tifg;ghL
xd;wd; Nky; xd;whd tpla Ma;tpw;F nghUj;jkw;wJ
Pjppahd gFg;gha;tpw;F nghUj;jkw;wJ

Lk;

janu
9. nea;aupj;jutpd; / guty; jutpd; (Raster Data)ed;ikfisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
p itf;Fk; njhopEl;g Kiwapd; ,ay;G fhuzkhf juTg;gFg;gha;T
,yFthff; fhzg;gLk; mjDld; tpiuthfTk; tpsq;fpf;nfhss;yhk;.

Eg : kz;gil

g; nghUj;jkhdJ

pfg; nghpa juTj; jsq;fis ifahs;tjw;F nghUj;jkhdJ

10. nea;aupj;jutpd; / guty; jutpd; (Raster Data) jPikfspidf; Fwpg;gpLf?

hl;L mk;rq;fis ,ad;wsT vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJ fbdk;. Vnddpy; mJ fyj;jpd; njspT
jpwdpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mjw;Nfw;g tiyg;gpd;dy; njhlu;GfisAk; fhl;LtJ fbdk;
gFjpapd; xU gz;gpidNa ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,ay;G.

dpapy; Nrkpg;G nra;a mjpf myFfs; Njit

jd;ikapypUe;J glq;fs; jphptile;jpUf;Fk;

11. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikj; njhopEl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp glq;fs; mikg;jw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juT %yjhuq;fisg; Fwpg;gpLf?
Sattallite images)
(Arial Photographs)
(GPS data)
juT ml;ltiz
Surveyed maps)
- DEMS (Digital Elevation model)
Demographic data)
P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553
12. glq;fs; mikg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juT %yjhuq;fspdJ gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff?
(i) nra;kjpg; gbkq;fs;
Ezu;tpfs; %yk; jiuapYs;s gy;NtW mk;rq;fisg; gjpT nra;ayhk;.
fzpzpapd; cjtpAld; Gtpapay; mk;rq;fis njspthff; fhl;lyhk;.
gtpapd; gue;j gFjpfisf;fhl;lyhk;.
jiuapd; miktplj;jpidAk; maw; #oiyAk; njspthff; fhl;Lk;.
njspTj; jpwd; rhh;gstpy; kpd mjpfk;> juTj; jsKk; ghhpaJ.
jukhd (high accuracy) glq;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;F nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
thdpiyj; jfty;fis fhl;l KbAk;.

(ii) tpkhd xspg;glq;fs;

tpkhdq;fspy; nghUj;jg;gl;l fkuhf;fs; %yk; glq;fs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jw;Nghija jiuapd; glhPjpahd ghh;itapidj; jUk;.
,lk;rhh; njspTjpwd; rpwg;ghf cs;sJ.
Kg;ghpkhd Kiwapy; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ghh;f;fyhk;.
janu
msTj; jpl;lk; fzpjj; njhlh;gpidf; nfhz;lJ.

(iii) G+Nfhs epiyawp Kiwik

thdntspapYs;s nra;kjpfSld; njhlh;ghdJ.
miktplq;fisf; fhl;lf; $baJ.
rpwpa gFjpfspd; jfty;fisf;$l tpgukhff; fhl;Lk;.
Kg;gupkhd Kiwapy; jfty;fis Nrfupf;f KbAk;.

(iv) glq;fs;
vwpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Ma;$WfSld; Nkw;gug;gpid ,U gupkhzj;jpy; jUfpd;wJ.
msTj;jpl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g ngsjPf> gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisj; jUfpd;wJ.
cz;ikahd epyg;gFjpapd; gUkd; gw;wpa mwpitj; jUfpd;wJ.
glq;fs; ajhh;j;j khjpupfs;
gy;NtW msTj;jpl;lq;fspy; Kd;itf;fyhk;.

(v) juT ml;ltizfs;

Gtpapay; mk;rq;fisg; gw;wpa juTfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
tpguzhPjpahd juTfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
jfty;fis vz;zpyf;f Kiwapy; fzpg;gpl KbAk;.
,j; juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp glq;fis glq;fis mikf;f KbAk;.
,yFthfg; glq;fis mikf;fyhk;.

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

13. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikapd; nrad;Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
(input of Data)
Manipulation of data)
map managing)
File management)
(Query and Analysis)
Visualization of results)

14. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikapd; nrad;Kiwfis tpsf;Ff?

1. cs;sPL nra;jy;
,J juTfis fzpdpapd; cl;nrYj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. juTfs; fzpdpapy; gpd;tUtd %yk;
cl;nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ
;L- disk
;- scanning
;- digitizing
;gyif- key bord

Digitizing (,yf;fkhf;fy;) vd;gJ jhs; tiuglj;jpid fzpdpf;F cs;sPL nra;ag;gLfpd;w

El;gq;fis Fwpf;fpd;wJ gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; fzpdpf;Fs; glq;fs; digitize nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
1. scanning

janu
2. screen digitizing
3. table digitizing

2. ifshSjy; / khw;wpakj;jy;
cs;sPL nra;j juTfis Njitahd msTj;jpl;lq;fspy;; khw;Wjy; Nghd;w nrad;Kiwf;F
cs;slf;fpajhFk;

3. tiuglk; jahupj;jy;
GIS ,y; tiuglk; jahupj;jy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij ngWfpd;wJ iffshy; tiuag;gLfpd;w ghuk;gupa
gltiufiyapid tpl GIS ,y; tiuglq;fis cUthf;Fjy; kpf ,yFthdJ

4. Kfhik nra;jy;
GIS ,y; juTfis Nrkpj;jy;> xOq;Fnra;jy;> newpg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w nrad;Kiwfis
Fwpf;Fk;.

5. gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
Nrfupj;J fzpdpapy; cl;nrYj;jg;gl;l juTfis NjitfSf;Nfw;g gpupj;J NtWgLj;jy;>
xOq;FgLj;jy;> xz;wpizj;jy;> xg;gPL nra;jy; Nghd;w nrad;Kiwfs; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
vdg;gLk;.

6. fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;
gFg;gha;tpd; gpd; glkhfNth tiuGfshfNth fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

15. GIS ,d; gFg;gha;T Kiwfis jUf?
;
;
gha;T
gha;T

16. GIS gad;ghLk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; jUf?

glk; xd;wpDs; ntt;NtW jfty;fs; xt;nthU fUg;nghUisf; nfhz;L glj; jl;Lf;fshf
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPz;Lk; mtw;iwg; gilfshf ntt;Ntwhf guprPyid nra;a
KbAkhjy;.
cjhuzk;: jiuj;Njhw;w glk; xd;wpy; tPjpj;njhFjpia kl;Lk; gpup;njhLj;J fw;fKbAk;.
Kg;gupkhzg; glq;fspd; jfty;fis tpku;rdk; nra;a Kbjy;. GIS ,y; cs;thq;fg;gLk;
glq;fs; Kg;gupkhzg; glq;fshf guprPyiz nra;a Kbjy;. ,J ,U gupkhzg; glq;fis tpl
tpidj;jpwdhf gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; tpku;rdk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAkhjy;.
Gtpapay; jfty; njhFjpapy; ,lQ;rhu; juTfs; kl;Lkd;wp ,lQ;rhuh juTfisAk; tpsf;FtJ
tpNrl gz;ghf fUj KbAk;. cjhuzk;: VjhtnjhU gpuNjrj;jpd; fpzW kw;Wk; mjd; guty;
,lQ;rhu; juTfshf miktJld; mtw;wpYs;s ePupd; juk;> mjd; Mok; Nghd;wd ,lQ;rhuh
juTfshff; fUj KbAk;.
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Gtpapay; juTfis ,w;iwg;gLj;jpf; (Update) nfhs;s KbAkhifahy;
ve;NeuKk; etPd jfty;fisAk; gad;gLj;j KbAkhf ,Uj;jy;.
Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; glq;fspd; G+Nfhs njhFjpf;Nfw;g
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikahy; Gtpapay; juTfspd; mikT> msTj;jpl;lk;> tiff;Fwpg;gpd;dk;
Mfpa mk;rq;fs; kpfr; rupahf ngwKbjy;.
fhtpg; glq;fis jahupf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; egu; rhu;e;j jtWfs; GIS glq;fspy; Fiwtjhy;
jtwpd;wp tiuag;gLtjhYk; rupahd cz;ikahd glq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
mjpf mstpy; mike;j glq;fis Njf;fp itj;jy; vLj;Jr; nry;yg; gad;gLj;jy; Nghd;w
nraw;ghLfs; ,jpy; NkYk; ,yFgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

17. ,yq;ifapy; mz;ikf;fhykhf Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwapd; gpuNahfj; Jiwfspidf;

Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpy; xd;wpidr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff?
1. mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk; 2. tptrhak;
3. ghJfhg;G 4. eph;thfk;
5. cl;fl;likg;G 6. kUj;Jtk;
7. Nghf;Ftuj;;J
9. thdpiy/fhyepiy
8. mgptpUj;jp
10. tdg;ghJfhg;G
janu
11. fiuNahug; ghJfhg; 12. Rw;Wyh

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

18. juT Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;tpy; Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik njhopEl;gj;j pd;
gq;fspg;iig jUf?
ghhpastpyhd ,lk;rhh;e;j jfty;fis kpfj; jpwikahf ifahSjy;.

ghhpastpyhd juTfis tpiuthfTk;> ,yFthfTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

glq;fis mLf;Ffshf mikj;jy;> 3D glkhf;fy; Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

Kiwtopahf;fr; rf;jpAk; jutpid Njf;fp itf;ff; $ba Mw;wiyAk; nfhz;lJ.

G+Nfhs ,lepiyg;gLj;jy; Kiwik> njhiyAzh;T El;gk; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J jfty;fisg;

ngw;Wg; gad;;gLj;Jtjw;fhd El;g Kiwfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

juTfisg; gjpT nra;jy;> ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;> ePf;Fjy;> kPl;G NGhd;w nrad;Kiw njhlh;ghd

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; epiyahd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

19. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikapd; El;gq;fs; vt;thW Gjpa gltiufiyapaypd; tpUj;jpf;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ vd;gjid tpsf;Ff?

glq;fis cUthf;Fk; fiy kw;Wk; tpQ;QhdkhFk;. Gtpapaw; jfty;fisj; jpul;lTk;

Nrkpf;fTk;> nra;Kiwg;gLj;jTk;> ngwg;gl;l jfty;fisj; jpUj;jp mikf;fTk;> gltbtpy;
juTfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk; KbAk.; glq;fs; jahupg;gjw;fhd GIS El;gq;fshdJ Gjpagl
tiufiyapaypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJld; gy;NtW tifahd glq;fis cUthf;fTk;
Kbfpd;wJ.
; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fzdp tpQ;Qhd Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp ArcGIS, Mapinfo
Nghd;w GIS nkd;nghUl;fs; ,j;njhopw;ghlb;w;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
mikg;gjw;F vz;zpyf;f (Digital) %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Gtp ,lk;rhu;
juTfs; (GEO-Spatial Data) Nrfupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s juTfs;> tiuglq;fis mikg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Wfisg; (Coordinates) gad;gLj;jp vz;zpyf;fg; glq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk;
Gtpapay; mk;rq;fspd; miktplj;ij Jy;ypakhf mwpaTk; KbAk;.
l;l fUg;nghUl;fspy; glq;fisj; jahupf;f KbAk.; ,jw;F Nkw;gbjy;
(Overlay)Kiwia gad;gLj;jyhk;.

20. kuG uPjpahd glkhf;fy; KiwfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwapd; (GIS)
ed;ikfis jUf?
;gLj;JtJk; ifahs;tJk; ,yFthdJ.
gLk;
janu
;fp itf;f Fiwthd ntsp NghJkhdJ.
;jpw;F mika ngupjhf;Fk; rpwpjhf;Fk; trjpfs;.

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

21. kuG uPjpapyhd glkhf;fy; KiwfSf;Fk; Gtpapay;; jfty; Kiwikf;Fk;; ,ilapyhd
Ntw;Wikfs;?
kuG uPjpapyhd glkhf;fy; Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik

jl;ilahd jhspy; tiuag;gLk; vz;zpyf;f uPjpapy; tiuag;gLk;

,U gupkhzj;jpy; tiuag;gLk; Kg;gupkhzj;jpy; tiuag;gLk;

rpwpanjhU gFjpapid kl;LNk glkhf;f

KbAk; ghupa epyg;gug;gpid glkhf;f KbAk;

juTfs; Fiwe;j mstpy; fhzg;gLjy; ghupa juTj;jsj;jpid nfhz;bUj;jy;

midj; ngsjpf gz;ghl;lk;rq;fs; jdpj;jdpNa glkhf;f

Jj; juTfSk; xNujhspy; tiuag;gLk; KbAk;

22. Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikf;Fk; kuG uPjpapyhd glkhf;fy; KiwfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

xw;Wikfs; ehd;fpdf; Fwpg;gpLf?
;s ngsjpf gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fp tiuag;gLtJ

xNutifahd ,lQ;rhu; juT tbtq;fspy; mike;J fhzg;gLjy;

(tPjpfs;> ejpfs; - NfhL> epyg;gug;Gf;fs; - %ba cUf;fshf)
d;ikahd tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;l KbAk;.
janu
23. vz;zpyf;fg; glnkd;why; vd;d vd;gjid RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff?
;j> ,lk;rhuh juTfis fzdp nkhop;f;F
khw;wp cs;sPL nra;ag;gLk; nrad;Kiw vz;zpyf;fkhf;fy; vdg;gLk;. ,tw;Wld; juTfis
vz;zpyf;fkhf;fp (Digital Format) jahupf;fg;gLk; glq;fs; vz;zpyf;fg; glq;fshFk;. ,t;
vz;zpyf;fg;glq;fs; Gifg;glf; fUtpfspy; vLf;fg;gl;l (Digital) glq;fs;>
,Wntl;Lf;fspy;(Disk) cs;s juTfs; tUb(Scanning) %yk; ngwg;gLk; juTfs; juT
ml;ltizapYs;s juTfs; Nghd;wtw;iw fzdpf;Fs; cl;nrYj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

24. vz;zpyf;fg;glkhf khw;Wk; %d;W gbKiwfisAk; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff?

,ltpsf;fg;glnkhd;wpid vz;zpyf;fg;glq;fshf khw;Wtjw;F gpd;tUk; nraw;gl;Lg;
gbKiwapd; mbgg;ilapy; Nkw;nfhss;g;gLfpd;wJ.
(i) ,ltpsf;fg; glnkhd;wpid tUb %yk; Scane nra;ag;gl;L fzzpapDls; nrYj;Jjy;
(ii) ];fhd; nra;ag;gl;l glj;jpid Nfj;jpufzpj jpUj;j Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L rupahd
Ms;$Wfis toq;fp glj;jpidj; jahupj;jy;
(iii),yf;fkhff;y; fUtpfs; %yk; ,yf;fkhf;fg;gl;L ,Wjpahf vz;zpyf;fg;glj;jpidj;
jahupj;jy;

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

25. vz;zpyf;fg;glj;jpd; ehd;F njhopw;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
j;jpufzpj uPjpahf juTfspy; Ntz;ba jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
fUtp %yk; ,lk;rhu; juTfspy; cs;s tOf;fis jpUj;jk; nra;jy;
; njupT nra;ag;gl;l tplaj;jpw;Fupa juTfspy;
xt;nthU gilfshf (Layer) tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sKbAk;
Vz;zpyf;fg; glq;fspy; ,Ue;J gFg;gha;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy;
itaw;w vz;zpyf;fg; glq;fis tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

26. nra;kjpg; gbkk; vd;why; vd;d? janu

thd;ntspf;F mDg;gg;gl;l nra;kjpfspd; Ezu;tpfs; %ykhf vLf;fg;gLk; glk; nra;kjpg;gbkk;
vdg;gLk;
27. ,ltpsf;fg; glnkhd;wpw;Fk; nra;kjpg;gbkj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; ,uz;L
NtWghLfis tpgupf;Ff?
,ltpsf;fg; glk; nra;kjpg;glk;

tiuGj;jhspy; tiuag;gl;bUj;jy vz;zpyf;f gbkq;fshf fhzg;gLjy;

,U gupkhd mbg;gilapy; tiuag;gl;bUj;jy; nra;kjpg;gbkq;fs; Kg;gupkhdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;

Tof;ff; FwpaPLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; fzpj Kiwfspidg; g;pd;gw;wp

tiujy; glkhf;fg;gly;

fs Ma;Tfs; %yk; Neubahf mstplg;gLk; nra;kjp tyk; tUk; NghJ kpd;fhe;j rfj;p
juTfis glkhf;f KbAk; %yk; juTfis Nrfupj;J glkhf;fg;gly;;

rpW gFjpapid kl;Lk; glkhf;f KbAk; ghupa msTj;jpl;lj;jpid glkhf;f KbAk;

kdpjdhy; nry;yf;$ba gFjpfis kl;Lk; kdpjdhy; Neubahf nry;y Kbahj

glkhf;f KbAk; gFjpfis khj;jpuk; glkhf;f KbAk;

XusT njspT epiy fhzg;gLk; Jy;ypaj; jd;ik fhzg;gLk;

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

 G+Nfhs ,lepiyg;gLj;jy; Kiwik (GPS)

1. G+Nfhs ,lepiyg;gLj;jy; (GPS) Kiwik vd;why; vd;d?

Gtpf;F NkNy mDg;gg;gl;l nra;kjpapD}lhf Gtpapd; ve;jnthU ,lj;jpdJk;> nghUspdJk;
my;yJ VjhtJ cUtpd; mikit kpfTk; rupahf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;l
,ae;jpuj; njhFjp GPS MFk;.

2. G+Nfhs ,lepiyg;gLj;jy; (GPS) Kiwikapd; $Wfisj; jUf?

(1) thd;ntsp my;yJ tpz;ntspg; gpupT (Space Segment)
(2) fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gpupT (Control Segment)
(3) gadpfs; gpupT (User Segment) janu
(1) thd;ntsp my;yJ tpz;ntspg; gpupT (Space Segment)
nra;kjpfs; 20>200 fp.kPw;wUf;F mg;ghy; epWj;jg;gl;l nra;kjpfisf; nfhz;l njhFjpNa
tpz;ntspg;gpupT vdg;gLfpd;wJ. nra;kjpfs; 31 Mf ,Ug;gJld; nraw;wpwd; cld; gq;fspg;G
nra;fpwJ. Fiwe;jJ 24 tiuahd nra;kjpfSld; Vida nra;kjpfs; epWj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ mtru
NjitNaw;gLk; NghJ nrayw;Wg;NghFk; nraw;if Nfhs;fis <Lnra;tjw;fhfthFk;. ,t;
nra;kjpfs; Gtpia tlf;F njw;fhf 6 ePs;tl;l ghijapy; 4 nra;kjpfs; tPjk; Rw;wp tUfpd;wJ.
vy;yh nra;kjpfSk; jkf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mr;rpy; kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;F 11>000 fp.kP Ntfj;jpy;
ehnshd;Wf;F 2 jlit kj;jpa Nfhl;L 55 ghif rha;T nfhz;ljhf gazk; nra;Ak;. ,it
#hpa rf;jpapy; ,aq;FfpwJ #hpa xsp fpilf;fhj Ntisapy; #hpa kpd;fyq;fisf; nfhz;L
,aq;Ffpd;wJ.
(2) fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gpupT (Control Segment)
nra;kjpfspd; Rw;W tl;lg;ghijapd; xOq;F> nraw;ghLfs;> Neuk; vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;J rPu;
nra;jy;> GPS nra;kjp jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> ,af;Fjy; Nghd;wd gpujhd fl;Lg;ghl;L kj;jpa
epiyaj;jpdhYk;> ,af;Fepiyaq;fspdhYk;; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f; fl;Lg;ghl;L gFjp %d;E gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
gpujhd fl;Lg;ghl;L epiyak; (Master Control Station)– If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; “nfhyuhNlh”
khepyj;jpy; cs;s tpkhdg;gilj;jsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
mtjhdpg;G epiyak; (Monitoring Station) - `tha; jPT> jpahNfhfhrpah> mnrQ;rd;>
Fthrpdpy; mike;Js;sJ.
rkpQ;if epiyaq;fs; (Antenna Station) mnrd;wpd;> jpahNfhfhrpah> Fthn[rpd; kw;Wk;
nfhyuhNlh gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

(3) gadpfs; gpupT (User Segment)

,g; gpuptpy; GPS cs;thq;fpfSk; gadpfs; r%fKk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. GPS cs;thq;fpfshdJ
top fz;lwpjy;> ,lepiyg;gLj;jy;> Neuj;jpid jPh;khdpj;jy; kw;Wk; Ma;Tf;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. topfz;lwpjy; cs;thq;fpfs; tpkhdq;fs;> fg;gy;fs; kw;Wk;
jiug;gFjpfspYs;s thfdq;fspYk; jdpegh;fspd; iffs;pYk; cs;sd.

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

3. G+Nfhs ,lepiyg;gLj;jy; Kiwikj; juTfspd; Jy;ypaj; jd;ikapid ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis
tpsf;Ff?
tspkz;lyj; jhf;fq;fs; : Gtp tspkz;lyj;jpDhlhf GPS rkpf;iffs; nry;Yk; NghJ Nky;
tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s tspkz;ly epiyikfs; mtw;wpd; Ntfj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
tspkz;lyj;jpd; mlu;j;jpapd; fhuzkhf ,j;jhf;fq;fs; khw;wkilayhk;.
gy;topg; gupkhw;w tOf;fs; : GPS rkpf;iffs; jpz;kkhd Rth;fs;> fl;likg;GfspDhlhf
CLUt khl;lhJ. ,jdhy; ghhpa fl;llq;fs; my;yJ fl;Lkhdq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. ,jd;
fhuzkhf gadpfs; ,f; fUtpia %ba miwf;Fs; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. ePUf;F fPNo my;yJ
mlu;j;jpahd kuq;fs; cs;s gFjpfspy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
Gyg;gLk; nra;kjpfspd; vz;zpf;if : mjpf nra;kjpfs; fhzg;gLk; NghJ thrpg;GfSf;F
gad;gLj;j KbAk;. mjpfsthd Gs;s ; pfs; ngwg;gLk; NghJ cah;e;jstpyhd cWjp kw;Wk;
Jy;ypaj; jd;ik kl;lk; fhzg;gLk;. GPS cs;thq;fpAld; jiu miktplj;jpid jPh;khdpg;gjw;F
Mff; Fiwe;jJ GPS 4 nra;kjpfs; NjitahFk;.
cs;thq;fp fbfhuk; : fUtpapd; cs;thq;fpfspy; gbfg; gspq;Ffspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
fbfhuq;fs; (Quartz Crystal clocks) nghUj;jg;gl;L
; s;sJ. nra;kjpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
fbfhuq;fis (Atomic clocks) tplf; Fiwe;j cWjpj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. cs;thq;fpf;
fbfhuj;jpd; tOf;fs; ,uz;L nra;kjpfspypUe;J tUk; rkpf;iffspd; Neuq;fi xg;gPL nra;tjd;;
%yk; mfw;wg;glf; $baJ.

4. nra;kjp topfhl;bj; njhFjpfis jUf?

GALILEO (fypypNah) - [Nuhg;gpa xd;wpak;.
GLONAS (FNshdh];) - u];ah
BEIDOU (nga;Nlh) - rPdh
COMPASS (nfhk;gh];) -
IRNSS- ,e;jpah
rPdh
janu
QZSS- [g;ghd;

5. G+Nfhs ,lepiyg;gLj;jy; Kiwikapd; ed;ikfs; / gad;ghLfisj; jUf?

Nghf;Ftuj;J – topfz;lwpjy; nrd;wilAk; ,lk; my;yJ ghijiaf; fz;lwpjy;> FWfpa
Jhuk;> nrd;wila tpUk;Gk; ,lj;jpidg; gw;wpa jfty;fis toq;Fjy;.
tq;fpfs;> czT epiyaq;fs;> vupnghUs; epug;G epiyaq;fs;> tpkhdj;jsk;> Vida ,lq;fs;>
njhlh;ghd miktplq;fs; ,U miktplq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l FWfpa jhUk; Nghd;w jfty;fs;;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
Nrit Kfhikj;Jtk; (service management), Efh;Nthh; miktplj;jpid (Pick me, Uber,
Taxiya) fz;Lgpbj;jy;
kPd;gpb : top fz;lwpjy;> kPd;gpb ,lq;fis ,dq;fhzy;
,uhZt eltbf;iffSf;F.
Rw;Wyh : topfisf; fz;Lnfhs;sy;
gad;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; : Foha; mikg;G ,lq;fs;> rhf;fil miktplq;fs;.
epy msit eltbf;iffSf;F.
P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553
 njhiyAzu;Tj; njhopEl;gk; (RS)
1. njhiyAzu;Tj; njhopEl;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
Fwpj;j xU nghUs; gpuNjrk;> Njhw;wg;ghL vd;gtw;iwAk; mit gw;wpa tplaq;fisAk;
njhiytpypUe;J mtjhdpj;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLtJ njhiyAzh;T MFk;. mjhtJ Fwpj;j
Njhw;wg;ghL xd;Wld; Neub njhlh;Gglhky; mjd; tbtk;> msT> guk;gy;> gz;G Nghd;w
jfty;fis tpkhdq;fs;> nra;kjpfspy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s njhiyAzh;T fUtpfs; Jiz
nfhz;L ve;j Xh; ,lj;jpypUe;Jk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; njhopy;El;gk; ,JthFk;.

2. njhiyAzu;Tj; njhopEl;gq;fspd; %yk; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; %d;W juTtiffspidf; Fwpg;gpLf?

tpkhd xspg;glq;fs;
(Images)
Kiw (GPS)

3. njhiyAzu;Tj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mbg;gilf; $Wfs; my;yJ %yfq;fs; vit?

1. #upad; - (rf;jp %yk;> kpd;fhe;jf; fjpu;fs;);
2. Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;G mk;rq;fs;; - (epyk;> fhLfs>; fl;blq;fs;> ePu;)
3. njhiyAzu;T rhjdq;fs; (czupfs;> tpkhdk;)
4. jiuf;fl;Lg;ghl;L gFjp - ,J njhiyAzu;T rhjdq;fis ,af;Fjy; rhjdq;fspypUe;J
fpilf;Fk; juTfisg; gjpT nra;jy; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;.
5. gFg;gha;Tk; tbtikg;Gk; - ,J Fwpj;j juTfis fzdp kag;gLj;jy;> tbtikj;jy;>
tpsf;fk;> nfhLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw css;lff;papUf;Fk;
6. gad;ghl;lhsu; (kdpjd;) ,J njhiyAzu;T %yk; ngwg;gl;l juTfis kdpjd;
gad;gLj;Jtij Fwpf;Fk;.

4. njhiyAzu;T njhopy;El;gk; nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ juT Nrfupg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w

Kiwfis jUf?
(i) njhiyAzu;tpd; Nkilfs; (Sensing Platforms)
(ii) thd; top xspg;glj; njhopy;El;gk; (Aerial Photographic Technology)
(iii) nra;kjpj; njhopy;El;gk; (Satellite Technology)

(i) njhiyAzu;tpd; Nkilfs; (Sensing Platforms) janu

njhiyAzu;Tr; nrad;Kiwf;F Njitahd cgfuzq;fisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; Xlq;fs; ,jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. czu;tpfSk; mit nghUj;jg;gLk; NkilfSk; %d;W tifg;gLk

1. jiu Nkw;gug;G Nkil (Ground based platforms)

njhiyAzh;Tf;Fupa cgfuzq;fs; mirAk; thfdk; xd;wpy; ngUj;jg;gl;Ls;s J}f;fpapy;
my;yJ NfhGuj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J jiu Nkw;gug;G Nkil vdg;gLk;. ,tw;wpd; cauk;
Rkhu; 50m MFk;.
2. thd;top Nkilfs; (Airborne platforms)
thd;ntsp tpkhdk;> n`ypnfhg;lu>; Gifglf; fUtpAs;s tpkhdk;> rpwpauf tpkhdk;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; Gifglf; fUtp> RUs; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; nghUj;jg;gl;l mt;tpkhdq;fs; thd;top
Nkilfs; vdg;gLk;.

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

3. tpz;ntsp Nkilfs; (Space borne platforms)
nra;kjpfs;> VTfidfs;> tpz;ntsp Xlq;fs; Mfpad tpz;ntsp Nkilfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
mj;Jld; tpz;ntspapy; gy;NtWgl;l cauq;fspy; nra;kjpfs; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd. mit>
(Space Shuttle) 250 fp.kP – 300 fp.kP
tpz;ntsp epiyak; (Space Stations) 300 fp.kP – 400 fp.kP
jho; mfyfN;fhl;Lr; nra;kjp (Low Latitude satellite) 700 fp.kP – 1500 fp.kP
cau;kl;lr; nra;kjpfs; (High Attitude satellites) 36000 fp.kP

(ii) thd; top xspg;glj; njhopy;El;gk; (Aerial Photographic Technology)

tpkhdq;fspd; fPo; ghfj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; epow;glf; fUtpfs; %yk; Gtpapd; epyTUtf;
fhl;rpfs; glkhf vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,itNa thd;top xspg;glq;fs; vdg;gLk;. njhiyAzu;Tj;
njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpf;F Kw;gl;l Njhw;wg;ghlhf ,J cs;sJ.
• thd;top xspg;glq;fs; ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLk; mit>
1. nrq;fj;jhd; thd;top xspg;glq;fs;
2. rha;thd thd;top xspg;glq;fs;

(iii) nra;kjpj; njhopy;El;gk; (Satellite Technology) janu

nra;kjp njhiyAzHtpd; tiffs; (Types of Satellite Remote Sensing):-
1. Gtpepiyr; nra;kjp njhiyAzHT (Geo – Stationary Satellite Remote Sensing)
2. #hpaNdhL rhHe;jpUf;Fk; nra;kjp njhiyAzHT (Sun Synchronous Satellite Remote Sensing)
3. csT nraw;iff; Nfhs; njhiyAzHT (SPY Satellite Remote Sensing)

1. Gtpepiyr; nra;kjp njhiyAzHT:- Gtpjd;idj; jhNd Rw;Wk; Ntfj;jpYk; jpirapYk;

Rw;wptUk; nra;kjpfs; Gtpepiyr; nra;kjp njhiyAzHT vdg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Gtpapd;
Fwpg;gpl;l xU gpuNjrj;ij khj ;jpuk; mtjhdpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. GtpapDila
Rw;Wifapidg;Nghy; Nkw;F – fpof;fhf jkJ Rw;Wifia jk;Kila Rw;Wtl;lg;ghijapy;
Rw;Wfpd;wd. ,it ngUk;ghYk; Gtpapd; xU gFjpapid Nehf;fpathW 36000 fp.kP. cauj;jpy;
epiy epWj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
2. #hpaNdhL rhHe;jpUf;Fk; nra;kjp njhiyAzHT:- #hpadpd; xspiaf; nfhz;L jfty;fisj;
jpul;bj; jUtjdhy; ,it #hpaNdhL rhHe;jpUf;Fk; njhiy nra;kjp njhiyAzHT vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tifr; nra;kjpfs; Gtpg;gug;gpypUe;J 600 Kjy; 900 fp.kP. cauj;jpy;
,Ue;J tlf;F njw;fhf efHe;J Gtpapd; nra;jpfisr; Nrfhpf;fpd;wd. tlJUtj;jpw;Fk;
njd;JUtj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Jhuj;ij ,j;jifa nra;kjpfs; RkhH 50 epkplj;jpy; flf;fpd;wd.
3. csT nraw;iff; Nfhs; njhiyAzHT:- vjphp ehl;bd; gilfspd; elkhl;lk;> mZ
epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; gileltbf;iffSf;F jpl;lkply; Nghd;w Nehf;fk; fUjp jfty;fisj;
jpul;Ltjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;lit csT nra;kjp njhiyazHT vdg;gLk;. csTr; nra;kjpfis
jahhpg;gJ kpfr; nryT $baJk;> rpf;fyhdJk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpDila thOk; fhyk; FiwTk;
MFk;.

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553

5. njhiyAzu;Tj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghLfis jUf?
1. epyNkw;gug;G ntg;gepiyf; fzpg;gpLjy;
2. rKj;jputpay; Ma;Tfs;
3. gdpf;fl;b glyq;fs; njhlu;ghd Ma;Tfs;
4. Gtpr;rupjtpay;
5. ,ltpsf;ftpay; kw;Wk; gltiufiyapay;
6. tptrhak;
7. fhL tsu;g;G
8. ePupay;
9. gpuNjr jpl;lkply;
10. ghJfhg;G
11. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;
janu

P.VINOTH B.A (HONS) SP IN GEOGRAPHY 075 2895553