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Combustion Formula Sheet

Poster · February 2021

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 Your Name: Constant-volume head addition 3 Ideal Gas Thermodynamics
ID #: T◦ = 298 K and P◦ = 100 kPa
Qin = mcν (T3 − T2 ) (12)
1 Engine Parameters
PV = NRu T = mRT (24)
π T3 Qin 1−γ
Vd = Vl −Vc = nc × b2 s (1) = (γ − 1) r +1 (13)
4 T2 P1V1
m = n·M (25)
U p = 2Ns (2) P3 T3
= (14)
P2 T2
For four stroke engines: mi Ni
Expansion stroke (β = 1 for Otto cycles): xi = , yi = (26)
m N
4πτ Ẇb  γ  γ−1
bmep = = (3) P2 β T2 β n
Vd Vd N/2 = , = (15) Ru
P1 r T1 r M = ∑ yi Mi , R = c p − cν = (27)
i=1 M
Wi
imep = (4) Constant-volume head rejection
Vd For a thermodynamic state such as H
Qout = mcν (T4 − T1 ) (16)
ṁi n n
ev = (5) Constant pressure heat addition
ρiVd N/2 H = ∑ mi hi = ∑ ni hi (28)
Qin = mc p (T3 − T2 ) (17) i=1 i=1
mf ṁf
bsfc = = (6)
Ẇb 2πτN n n
γ − 1 Qin 1 h = ∑ xi hi , h = ∑ yi hi (29)
Ẇb 1 β = 1+ (18)
γ P1V1 rγ−1 i=1 i=1
ηb = = (7)
mf · qc bsfc · qc Exhaust blowdown: h
  h= (30)
2 Heat Engine Cycles Pe M
T5 = T4 (19)
For an ideal Otto cycle: P4 Thermodynamic properties
Wi 1 Exhaust gas displacement:
η= = 1 − (γ−1) (8) u = cν T , h = c pT (31)
Qin r T6 = T5 (20)
Standardized enthalpy at temperature T
For an ideal Diesel cycle:
P6 = P5 (21) ◦

◦

hi (T ) = h f + hi (T ) − h f (32)
 γ 
Wi 1 β −1
η= = 1 − (γ−1) (9) Residual fraction
Qin r γ(β − 1)  1/γ
1 Pe Partial pressure of species i in a mixture at P
V3 T3 f= (22)
β= = (10) r P4
V2 T2 Pi = yi P (33)
Intake stroke
Compression stroke:
 
γ −1

Pi
 Entropy of a gas in a mixture
T1 = (1 − f )Ti + f 1 − 1− Te (23)
P2 T2 γ Pe 
P

◦
= rγ , = rγ−1 (11) si = si − Ru ln yi (34)
P1 T1 P◦
 Your Name:
ID #: d1 = 2as (1 − 1/φ )
"  (γ−1)/γ !#1/2
2γ P◦ Pv
Entropy of a mixture Uis = 1− (49)
γ − 1 ρ◦ P◦
P 5 Combustion Thermodynamics
s = −Ru ln + yi (s◦i − Ru ln yi ) (35) For chocked flow:
P◦ Qc = Hr − H p = ∑ nr,i hr,i − ∑ np,i hp,i (39)  γ/(γ−1)
i i P◦ γ +1
The quality of water in products = (50)
For adiabatic flame temperature: Pcr 2
nH2 O,gas mH2 O,gas
χ= = (36) (γ+1)/2(γ−1)
nH2 O m H2 O Hr = H p (40) 
2
ṁcr = ρ◦ A f c◦ (51)
Nonflow Exergy γ +1
4 Stoichiometry
The valve area is the minimum of:
FA a = u + P◦ v − T◦ s (41)
φ= (37) π
FAstoich A f = C f Av = C f d 2 (52)
Available energy of combustion 4

1−φ 1 A f = Cd Av = Cd πdl (53)

excess air = (38) ac = [(Hr − H p ) − T◦ (Sr − S p )] (42)
φ mf
Supercharger work
Low Temperature Combustion For an Otto fuel-air cycle:
wis = c p (T1 − T2s ) = −c p T1 [(P2 /P1 )(γ−1)/γ − 1] (54)
Ca Hb Oc Nd + aφs (O2 + 3.76 N2 ) −−→ W w(1 + φ · FAs )
ηII = = (43)
n1 CO2 + n2 H2 O + n3 N2 + n4 O2 + n5 CO + n6 H2 m f ac (1 − f )φ · FAs ac wis
ηis = (55)
Species ni φ ≤1 φ >1 w
CO2 n1 a a − n5 6 Intake and Exhaust Flow
H2 O n2 b/2 b/2 − d1 + n5 Turbulence quantities
U
N2 n3 d/2 + 3.76as /φ d/2 + 3.76as /φ M= (44) Integral length scale
O2 n4 as (1/φ − 1) 0 c◦
CO n5 0 n5 lo = Cl L (56)
T◦ γ −1 2
H2 n6 0 d1 − n5 = 1+ M (45)
where T 2 Taylor length scale
q
−b1 + b21 − 4a1 c1 P◦

γ − 1 2 γ/(γ−1)
 s
n5 = = 1+ M (46) 15 −0.5
2a1 P 2 λ= Re L (57)
Cλ
a1 = 1 − K  1/γ
Pv
ρv = ρ◦ (47) Kolmogrov length scale
P◦
b1 = b/2 + Ka − d1 (1 − K)
For unchocked flow: lk /lo = Cη−0.25 Re−0.75 (58)

c1 = −ad1 K ṁ = ρv A f Uis (48)

 Your Name:
Fuel φM BM B2 Fuel Mass Fraction
ID #: [cm/s] [cm/s] −2
ξ2

Methanol 1.11 36.92 -140.51 3 QF
7 Chemical Kinetics Propane 1.08 34.22 -138.65 YF = 1+ (78)
Rate of a global reaction 8π Dx 4
Isooctane 1.13 26.32 -84.72
d[X f ] RMFD-303 1.13 27.58 -78.34 Centerline Axial Velocity
= −k[XF ]n [Xox ]m (59)
dt 2
vx /ve (r = 0, x) = 0.375(ρe ve R/µ)(x/R)−1 (79)
SL,ref = BM + B2 (φ − φM ) (68)
The Arrhenius form Spreading rate
 
E
− RuAT
 
k = Ae (60)
 γ  β µ
SL = SL,ref
Tu P
(1 − 2.1xdil ) (69) r1/2 /x = 2.97 = 2.97Re−1
j (80)
Tu,ref Pref ρve R
Bimolecular reaction rates
Spreading Angle
8πkBo T 1/2 − REuAT Note : xdil is the diluant mass fraction
   
2
kbimol = pster NAV σAB e (61) α = tan−1 (r1/2 /x) (81)
µ
γ = 2.18 − 0.8(φ − 1) (70)
Chemical Time Scales
Reacting jet Flames
Unimolecular reaction β = −0.16 + 0.22(φ − 1) (71) Circular port - Constant density solution

τchem = 1/kuni (62) Quenching distances Lf ≈

3 1 QF
(82)
√ 8π D YF,stoich
Bimolecular reaction d = bδ (72)
ln[e + (1 − e)([A]0 /[B]0 )] Circular port - compressible solution
τchem = (63) Simplified Ignition Analysis
([B]0 − [A]0 )kbimol ρ∞ /ρ f
ρ∞ /ρ f I
√ δ 1 1 1
Termolecular reaction Rcrit = 6 (73) 3 2 2.4
2
ln[e + (1 − e)([A]0 /[B]0 )] 5 3 3.7
τchem = (64) 7 4 5.2
([B]0 − [A]0 )kter [M]    3
Mb c p Tb − Tu α 9 5 7.2
Eign = 61.6P (74)
8 Laminar Premixed Flames Ru Tb SL  
3 1 QF ρF ρ∞ 1
Spalding simplified analysis Lf ≈ (83)
9 Laminar Diffusion Flames 8π D YF,stoich ρre f I(ρ − ρre f )
" #1/2
ṁ000 Nonreacting constant-density laminar jet Roper’s correlations
SL = −2α(AF + 1) F (65)
ρu  1/2 Circular ports
3ρe Je 1r
ξ= (75) QF (T∞ /TF )
k 16π µx L f ,exp = 1330 (84)
α= (66) ln(1 + 1/S)
ρu c p
Je = ρv2e πR2 (76) Square ports
2α
δ= (67)
SL QF (T∞ /TF )
Axial velocity L f ,exp = 1045 (85)
[inverf((1 + S)−0.5 )]2
Empirical laminar flame speeds
vx /ve = 0.375(ρe ve R/µ)(x/R)−1 [1 + ξ 2 /4]−2 (77) S is the molar stoichiometric oxidizer–fuel ratio
 Your Name: 11 Emissions
ID #:
10 Turbulent Premixed Flames
Emission index
ṁ
St = (86)
Aρu
  
τflow lo SL
Da = = (87)
τchem δL v0rms

ρv0rms lo
Relo = (88)
µ mi,emitted
EIi = (90)
mF,burned

If fuel carbon appears as either CO2 or CO

  
yi xMWi
EIi = (91)
yCO + yCO2 MWF

Wrinkled laminar-flame regime

" 1/2 #1/2
8Cv02

SL rms
St = √ 1 + 1 + (89)
2 SL2
Note: y are mole fractions, x is carbon atoms in 1 Cx Hy
molecule
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