BIOLOG Y 12 WCLfc)

Unit 2 ~ Learning Guide N ame:

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INSTRUCTIONS

Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons. You are
required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do your best and ask
questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you write the unit test.

2.1 Introduction to Cell Structure

The study of cells had its birth with the invention ofthe <'-,:r &? ¼~e , but it became a
product of the 19th century. As biologists became increasingly familiar
with the detailed features of organism they were able to make certain
generalizations about cells.

In thh te 1830's two German biologists, $(11 \et~~~ (a botanist)

and 'L. h\.AI Of) , (a zoologists) made similar claims. They realized
that all organism's they were studying were composed of cells. Their
discoveries are now generalized as Ron-1428 .

..'I're Ce\\ ' ) ..\v1 !_ bv1id 111'\ i:JCl'.. K o!- !\~- or'2?..t.i't'-,~.
A few years later, R1AillP\ v;cn !Ya'dded the observation that "cells come from pre-existing
cells". These two statements comprise what is now known as the CPl I -/t. . e
ffok-ct.1:' Ytitr( cel~onot contain a (",,vL/e.,s or many cell
organelles, other than , ~~')t'(\.,l '--. , because prokaryotic cells
lo..( \.-<:... , nte'il'\gi m,l'kl~The only known Kingdom to consist of
prokaryotic cells is the 6 ()f\ RSP, .
Eukaryotic cells:

• 0, f\ i/4 /(',6 °> (\ il M ctO!.\ of t-J.y_f /L!°')

• c~ .:-- t)< '"~tr:o , r-\ eM®d~
• Each organelle carries out a certain function.

Examples ofEukaryotic cells include Pl 'lOt ~ I ""(); f>"\t'j \) ' e,o\-t(t,

J -
. S,:-vr:A\
J

Prokaryotic cells are considered to be \ e5s ("'.~f--, vfD+ than Eukaryotic cells because the
chemical reactions occur ().,\\ oVex-
-t½e ( lt\:~,M rather than in areas of
<s ·ec,r.t \,2,~-1'\0f'\ ·
Structurally, plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both
('.y~,i,(9o+,l. (£./IS . They both contain (:i Pf'b-,a_or-t~ illc: o,t¼ oel rt~ such as the
oune.;-..-. n-,t:12/t,l'~f(i(,, ,Pf'l 't12~kf.f:,7 \f~i(.1./ /, "' :'3,Clc.;\ t\';>~,1.(1t,1-t.,l.,_u r,) ''J~~"Cf he

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.,' functions of these organelles are extremely similar between the two classes of cells. However,
the few differences that exist between plant and animals are very significant and reflect a
difference in the functions of each cell.

cell',
Plant cells can be It\ rq~, i "JCI " ,.11)1: ':,rl \ The normal range
for an animal cell varies from IO to 30 micrometers while that f'"\"'"M'"',~-•
Q
for a plant cell stretches from IO to 100 micrometers. Beyond
size, the main structural differences between plant and animal
cells lie in a few additional structures found in plant cells.
These structures include:(h!oC?Pl ~',1<; , -1 i,c_ r ,off va \l and
=---r- -·= -
V ~t v cfe <
Chloroplasts

In animal cells, the n ~~cL tt1m rJaproduce the majority of the cells ft)fC1l,\ from food. It
does not have the same function in plant cells. Plant cells use Svril i(I)+ as their
(.':r,e,tf \cvfCI!' ; the sunlight must be converted into energy inside the cell in a process called
f+,l' J.,:, )".J l'l'"h-'' ;,, . Chloroplasts are ratherlarge, double n (f>J/,fo.De • ~d S,-f,A -+t-( 0 .'.
that contain the substance (hlo10~ ~1\ \, which •
Q 1-'l"' I,,~ (, f\ I ;q~-1 ct: r<) / ,,, , y tN•· Co/l;fiLJ (6j)Vl{1\f:6ugh a complex set ofreactions similar
to those performed by mitochondria in animals.

The Cell Wall

Another structural difference between in plant cells is the presence of a (i: 1~J C. (!I( i,,q (1
surrounding the ('fl r:::fu',~•1z.This wall is composed of [-P, \ , l\\'i)(.P /l vio~he tough wall gives
added 5-1,i_ • 7 l;-/'jand P~o\-l"'C,' ic-1'\ to the plant cell.

Vacuoles
• • I vtU "'ole
Plants have ooC \o,\1Y, );t i.A~' f ,! rev . Vacuoles can occupy up to ~0% of a cell's volume
and have a single membrane. Their main function is as a 5\?111P- Fil1eC in the cell, but they can
also fill digestive functions similar to lysosomes (which are also present in plant cells). Vacuoles
contain a number of enzymes that perform diverse functions, and their interiors can be used as
5:c1.~~C ~,-;<; (')v~, l't, \<" or, as mentioned, provide a place to degrade unwanted substances.
UJ : INTRODUCTION

I. What invention was necessary to enable humans to initially study cells? Tl\e r, 1(1,"5( o ~t..

2. What are the two key principles of the cell theory?

I , 1\rie ( Q~ ~S -t\~ C,viW~ &lon e e,~ l\li 0 c~•l.:<\i'~S-

z. cei ls lor<ie {=--~ '? 1e-e,c,\\1'l:f l t\l) ,

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3. Prokaryotic cells differ from Eukaryotic cells:

a. What is the major structural difference?

Tl-,"'t- -\\,.,e t ,v(..1ev, Cl,_(\d r--, er-,1,1,~rt. b ,:;,,1f\~ o,~l/\lUes. o..~ c:>() ('1
~ o.11'\~ ·10 fv\--.w ~1>+rC. C..C\\S; t.,.,1-\.1\l ~ r ~t1.itJo~ iC. C-ell~ /c;.,_('-t_ • h~r,.

b. This structural difference leads to a functional difference, what is the major

('unctional difference? Ck1'1~t'll \'<-'ct.(~1~( oc u,f ~\\ ~ve., +"-e
C'1Mh~n
I '1 ?fok alit.><;1( (Ptl (, \~~e,1 11-\U(\ "-.i~S 0~ ~~t'.tt.1:z..._~,of\ \",\c e
f vko.r!d v,-r c c,c II s.
4. Please compare and contrast the structures/organelles of animal and plant cells in the
Venn diagram provided below.

AN IMAL ON LY PLAN T ON LY

lo +o 10
(">,;-( w-ie+rr:, BOTH
'114-0C.~ t\~t ,G\
p,~v\.~ +1,._ e.. re!!~
e f\tr~ 1 r~ 1: t'('(i LOl)'t<I, \I"\ "1(,', I,(,_

Cnvt\~ (('3c-..re 11 l\
Hn. ve. C,\ l'\vt1e~

1~-o O,c)!\ on l\...

ff\.::i,:it? l()..Sr;i l rr+,,~1
9clCJ; 6.'(~•..Jt\'\t,-)
L~so~cr-1l)
VAf;,,O/f')

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:.:::i 2.2 Cell Structure/Function
N ucleus

• Largest Organelle.
• Surroundedbya d'l,.,hlf'- lu__~Hftl C:Y"Mi:<<1.1'\~

•
U}f rllK \ft..(
Membrane has ~
(D vcl b,, pDq ~ ).
P1'\V'( le,()() ).
through which larger molecules pass
•
':1\l:". 7
N wc11u, -.....,.

• fo()'t{'?\ ( "C:"" ~f ,c-...,, "'e ce1 1'~ lvrHt'vrt( l ~,t_~\" -=-

-
-1
Contains Chl;'o r:,,1-s; f\ l.Ni.h_ strands which forms ,. _, ,, ,,.::,
chromosomes during cell division).

N ucleolus

• IV
Dark region in the vr \'(' fi)~ /~cn
Site where {<'/x-,•1.~{I · \!t/A (f{HM ) is produced or stored.
• Involved in interactions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Chromatin

• The heIO'it~(j n ~f(ilA..\ ofthecell.

• Condenses to form r ½\IP'\c',l>I'\ t C. during cell division.
• Composed of Pfo+-r:c C:\11:, DWA

Chromosomes

• Rod - shaped bodies IDf!,e f\11( 1e C- ) , particularly during cell division.

• Contains the h e( (' ~~.uj 1()(· tfr1C(f,1;?,'l ( 0Mo'.' ( ).
• Condensed chromatin -

Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. A typical human cell has
46 chromosomes, but sex cells (eggs and sperm) have only 23
chromosomes.

Cytoplasm
O ·
• A colloidal substance, which can change from the gel (solid) to the
sol (liquid) state with the addition of heat or change in metabolic
activity.
• co<HgioS acii o.\l f-:1,C C~\f ( 0 1,\'.t ct!! fS
Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane

• Composed of l?Co+e~I\ ( o,11~ f:), rl.,~\iolft,~ S (fats with Phosphorous).

• Acts asSb~'O O \:Cllf\n \ i ,e LP \I':, lQQ\:! f\,.

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ll /cJ/. OGl" / _'

Acts as a se1ect ~vrl t{ rctT'"f ,J ll'C ""l'"'.)l.'-lln fto allow

Mt \{rrt1 .:. o~· f',r1 ~<1 ~!llr. , ~and o ~ o(- -l½t ( f l /
Located around the outside of the cell. Cell Membrane
Single membrane around the vacuoles, lysosomes, E.R.,
Golgi Apparatus .
Double membrane around the nucleus and mitochondria.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Also known as the) {; (<.

Systemof\ q.e[rcxr{'(~e) \:-I Cl'"-<'~ e, I ±tJI") t;,.IS or-
C%~ \ S beginning at the nuclear envelope and !5'ranches
throughout the C.. ~ Q\o__<M to the cell membrane.
Functions to pro,\vt-£ 1T(> i 11 and move them
.
throughout the cell. Smoolh E
Cells that produce S+-e..ro:{ h of(""\.0/\ P ( have abundant
smooth ER. -
Section of ER can break free " \")l('\,~ " ~" to produce small
,r
membrane bound sacs called VP) \~ that contain lipids.
•
the I ,Ver =to,t-
Also seems to have other enzymes in the smooth ER of
bt1 I' oe'<\ )(,"f:J df,,O.J <1~a ft,i\ll)These
include (\\f, " . "''!\t' t..,, (l;,,' w cu½,t'~

Frequent exposure leads to the proliferation of smooth ER,

increasing tolerance to the target and other drugs .

Amount of ER in a cell increases or decreases depending

on the cell's activity.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Like Smooth ER, but with attached ri"bo'o"1f I

Abundant in cells that ~b/01? (<Y!:\? ""'::JPl,of \ c,r,. pq,l( if\ for export from the cell.

Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus

Stack of a half dozen or more FI U.f +coe O ~0cL~ .

On one side receives protein-filled vesicles from the E.R.
<eS-" S ::b:ie l'\o\-e~~\ G. l\ 4 e<111,-~<19r :lt,fM \ i' 'yfl;,(/~at
the other side.
From here the vesicles move to different locations in the
cell.
Many transport vesicles from the ER travel to the Golgi
apparatus for C"\OSI'- ,rn
tit.? "" of their contents.
The Golgi is a center of
M ""''~ o, uvii"~, vu,'t' bM ~vi~) So~~.,~,
ll.11 <1 S"~r& ;,,

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The Golgi apparatus is especially extensive in cells specialized for secretion.

Vacuoles Vesicle

Storage area for 1,,/4\_,te()a, ,3\ ,f()~ , ci,,,, I.Al.\/-t\.

Vesicles 0
• £>:- !ir-vJ11 v.__iv0r:e
e_
"~-o(<l, ¥ (,4 for various kinds of molecules
• Can be mad~ by the Golgi Apparatus or from an in-folding of the cell membrane

Lysosomes

Special vacuoles formed by the golgi body (double

membrane).
Contains powerful '-'~ ~\Ch\\ i(, etl?~Df,5 used to _,,--~- ..___
) 'N'' - (,t..j,~..v f'.tl'tentering the cell or organelles that '' . '
are of no further use (autodigestion).
,,_

Several inherited diseases affect lysosomal metabolism. (a) L)"IOH"'H In• Whit.I blood .:.II

These individuals lack a functioning version of a normal hydrolytic enzyme.

These diseases include Pompe's disease in the liver and Tay-Sachs disease in the brain.

Ribosomes

Contain1[\tf't\ '\ "'o-\-C

f\ subunits.
• Functionassitesfor ? <t ~~'. (') S«1(T\1.,~S1~.
Found on [\£L ( ~foJ (,1)'; f-or eve;-...,,+) or in ,.__"""'
the ("\'cR\~("' a ~vt t ~r1, H7l 1/-/ Tl\f\,J,l ,e lj =.:.;::.,
Several ribosomes together ma !in;, all producing ,, ., ;:::-• . ..........,
the same protein is called a Pof~\1t:oSot'\il" . -
• Cell types that synthesize large quantities of .,._.... ,_ .....
n (,..,~ I b ,,,,.... _ _ .,..,._.,_
proteins (e.g., rifl({J«e1+:c u yave arge num ers
of C~l:O;P"'- C and prominent nuclei.
This endomembrane system plays a key role in the synthesis (and hydrolysis) of macromolecules
in the cell.

Mitochondria

Bums glucose to produce !A()e(\o)7° r,l -\ir~,\)hoS(!,a:1-t (/IT\?)

Uses up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide (this process is called
;-
C,£ 11.,)~ ~ ( e(,Wv,io() ).
Equation for Cellular Respiration:

.Lc<-1:9)....ll-l~i-z-J.LD_+.__,,(,<.....:0:..i,:z~-_:c,;;,---',£b...,,_(tl..,,t.........,._+__,_,,{?c-Afh.:...,.L
o ,- M le\~.

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Cytoskeleton

Provides if\tP\J'(I \ S;(0rcf!iiaintain the cell's ~ ,

anchor the o,'??- eel Ii"( , and allow them to move when
appropriate. '
• Composedof ti,C,otifC\hl'W r cu,. nltfP:j-ywl e\.

Cilia

• Short, numerous, ~ \:t -1;1,: r, (;:rd\Pt rl.Klt that are used for
\o( or,oi.-u,r, by many unicelhihr organisms.
Membrane-bound collections ofmicrotubules

Flagella

• Like nl,(\ t,~ ( ., D bfJ e,,,.11'\ \of\cl f\

• Also for I-or =-io, )C(l of organisms and gametes (sperm).

U2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1. State the main functions of each of the following organelles:

a. nucleus
Con-tror (~HS ~(>\ Ji-i,,e_ Cf(IS i; l}(\(-\ /01)(,

f. Golgibodies , eLQ.,\~ i l'folreir,- ~il!e~ ve")i( I(\ ..) (of-IS i>.I\~ ~~l~lqe
re~
\ t'\ 'le\7~ 1e;i J M Oc\~~il:\ . (on 1,? ()-t- 1/t'ci l~\ () ·
?{
2. Using a pencil, do a lme drawn:ig an animal~z).l-e and label as many organelles
as possible. ( e(\' (1l I . t; . \'<_1.c. K .
.- . ·. ~...-._--ves~c le..
·. ~ - - MTt...e ~Cl)dr,c.{
J.ac .. ~ S i;l

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BIOLOGY 12

3. The nucleolus is an important structure in the cell:

a. Where is it located? ,t~~() 1() ¼e ('\c.,(Jeo~ \v..sr.

b. What molecule does it produce?{" ~r::,A (_\ 1~r.\.\ \\ ~ft. J
c. What is the function of this molecule? 1'1\-lrt1..l +R,n$ b ~f?f) {he.. '{',l,( \t v~
°'-.Ni C.~ +o~/o ~!'"\ ; \ k- ~ -..(<tt, \'~~ {\.

4. Vacuoles are important organelles in the cell:

a. Where are they located?C~ +o~ lt.1.~r-i

b. What are their functions? Swr~o.t o..f (!t.(_ f or- 1./4 ~ ) r'- Vt{1ff\ tJ I c>v!\~ 1,..ti,,)l'~S-

c. How are they different from vesicles?

'ft),t1-ei <>-- re. ~("'f\t.1.\\~ 0-. IJ\'o ) 'l"..>r~ M.()1 -ec.,Vle) .
MAAt i "l ,t\e ~tl'':11 t\ ~~ \~1'0, o,
,~"J(M~ k
H O"'\ o-.t'- 1r'\- (~i f\ ~ t> F .lr1,,,e_
le,lf - '"'eMbr~ ,.
5. Hydrolytic enzymes are very important to cellular function:

a. What organelle are they predominantly found in? \. o/_ps11n.e)

b. What are some of the key functions of this organelle? ~~¥ \ -\ ~ vb'.-, ~ \ !\((') el\ 1-f fi'l~
i,,e
ce\( v, o,~->-s,vie'.) aj'e__ 0 r;. M ~-../4"tt,..<.J vS(r•
6. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the smooth ER and the rough ER.
~o-\'~ o-.,e.o:. s11 +0 "'I or- r"Hrccnr-i t ct eJ f-cu.1 ttr1 eo ~ .S;~o.l ( ()r
c~~ \1 b~'i,i~ I},,_,\- ~t 1\1/(\elJ.__( (1\ V{, IDP( ~1.f\~ b,~1..1\(,hO W~ecl
0)-l-o~ '°'·s~ -to ~e.. ('€,(1 "1(}/V\6fq,l'\ l,. ?~vees L!1>~~ OJ\~ ""''~ )
\"'-e'1 11\f<?V9_~ ivte.. ce11, \ ~ es ve';K \t-1-t'~wt ( Cfl./v,\f\ l~Pidlj, clC-IO'<' •'r,
l'-'% c>.J'() f 1119rl;, R.6' ~o.. S o.,--\-\t.\.,C,\,, V, 1:(,0S~"IC'.) . '

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7. Why do cells of the testes, liver and adrenal glands have extensive amounts of smooth
ER? fO He\\' ~0)'\l '1 or~s (\~ ?c-i'lo<"\) i'ril l v~ i (l ~ c\1~ 1
os~ fu,virvf(!).

8. Thinking of the vario»s organelles and their associated functions, list 5 activities that all
animal cells must perform to stay alive.
). \-O(fl-\"-i(vf) tHvf\t'-.O"ses
'2 ~~\lt)...-\1\~ (\,lbV'ef\.olr1• 0~ """~er:'1-1 lf) ~l\(:it)l,-1 r)f-- Ull-
3, ~ DU,-t:Pl'\ \~i"JS•
',. 1;>1c.:lµ(Jf/~ '.n~
,;. S-tvf~llj H t4 e\ J rwH1~tl\!SJO.(\tJ ·.,."'-St\-€.ii 1

2.3 Cell Structural Interdependence

A cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts
While the cell has many structures that have Se e.c~(:[, kit')( +t';1\?ey must work together.

• The eoz. ts
'ti "1 of the Ij ~# "'I \ and Pr<?tftn.) of
the C.3t?$~r1 P \..:ri are synthesized at the pl.O~D"'\e) . ::=..
• the information for these proteins comes from f\p,()!;/ ii;, '.::eS~ e5
Cr _ ..
-..
S:e/1::l 1,c.; DtlA ;-r, -ti-P c n/f.t., \., . •1--
• All of these processes require Pl/ rOµ in the form of ffij:_, ::z.,.,
most of which is supplied by the l"""\~1-0( bo1'1¢(it1-,. . ....,
• ' e,. }'\

Su mmary ' "- 'Z:- Q.i:'..-:-

.....,.... \ ,...,e_"e
- I \
Sections of both types ofE.R. can (2,f~ lr<: ~re((blebbing) to ~- 9
produce small membrane bound sacs of either f CottmS o [ \,'F:)d 5
bound in structures called \le~:t l-t1. The vesicles move through the C ~I:.. If:) and join into
another membranous structure called the::W :,~ aS.'"'-(ll~t first glance the golgi apparatus is
similar looking to smooth E.R. The golgi apparatus ~~'i'uJe S ¾t? Cc::t\\-fri IS of the vesicles for
their ') M (\o/' t)\ ,afl'-l~#"om the cell. Either way, new vesicles bleb off the golgi. Those
destined for secretion move to theC.f II M ~ t6l"tl e_ l.lt-.~ f)Ctl~t~rl;ccurs. Those destined for
future use in the cell become known as 1,-Lli (oS it':,e t and contain ~~tl,-1/},t bYHqi~, 'c.
(' f\l'.-1"t/S used for nv~fo\11)(,D of molecules in a cell.
\c½<dl! n, t, J";0{?\?, ~ '\\ (>11 r-1.:.- 1t'1hat have been taken in.

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U3: CELL STRUCTURAL INTERDEPENDENCE

I. Explain how the following organelles assist each other by working together:

a. ribosomes and Golgi bodies

l>rt>1-r;.I'\~ ? Qb.,-c.t;.J 1,.:,. +i--c cilr"(.~~i,. o..~ ; -lo(e~ in th~ ~,:,f~;
°'-.'(x'~vSJ t'v-,,U\ 11.-..Vj °'-f"{ l,,,f<1_?1?el ;') \~ Jd ~ \o evM+e.J ,

c. nucleolus and ribosomes

'CR..iff\ U> <"'\Ci~nl"~ L--"\ff., ~1e)tf( f) w C: o,n S(..l~Oi 4 c-.. ,1- 11l9S~ (S
I '\ -\ I,..! f',t,(_/t't,1[ c.~ •

d. endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

RrC:PSD"lf~ Cc..--0..1- f-i,,..t. Sv"\fote_ "'"" t'-\l. r-ia.\, r"-~ o.... r~L
~ ) C\.f\ d t,.,__e~e t,~t> 0 ':." " " ' ~ DJ! S~f\t'l<\!S:-Zt,,~ p,o+O I").

e. cell membrane and cytoskeleton

Th<2j ~0\1") ft,e JH1.,{ic:.,(u_1 v'f\,',r ()\- °'-" O.f\:-r--,q1 ce II C\. ('\d
Pr'o~u e fill,,iai~'1 fr, ft--_t cer, C\. (\ o ~'evi?l'li /'T rr,\r; Col e~~;:1cj)
1

f. mitochondriaandallotherorganelles
i I"( <'"\.e,ti-,,c;r~/\t Ca>C)40..l-1
S~f"'l\))Ve)~C\e 'l('\f',Sf'off) c\.f'N
Srrf.
,+ 11
2.4 Introduction to Cell Membranes
Cell Membrane Structure:

• Early Theory: Proteins were sandwiched between 2 layers of phospholipid molecules.

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• Problem: Since the phospholipid tails are h ~H o~~I [,q ( k,,, .{ 1, 11>..rf this theory
did not explain how water can travel freely through membranes.

Fluid Mosaic Model:

• Accepted Theory: There is a d'\ ti( \ct ~tir ()(: \'hrS('~or:e,,' ,but the Pv,~~-:r, •,
are $( r>- t f---r{ t d I1,,Jt"t ~1 IO,._t' n""' N-lrf r,- 11~0 it ). The proteins float among the
semi-fluid phospholipids. ((. \\- \.,. )

Water travels through the pore formed by the proteins

• The proteins have polar and non-polar regions, which accounts for their placement
among the \:h rt~-. oI bri'o h,1 ~~f! \

Some of the proteins and phospholipids have {1 (Z,ilh H#f ( U Q( attached to them.

Protein+ Carbohydrate chain= I~C oPf;c,L,r rf\

Phospholipid + Carbohydrate chain= lj/ ~Cc{lr tcl
These carbohydrate chains function as C£0 1U? f\HUr 11 1fD I) c-, o~ A body will attack
cells with the wrong markers.

Example: Organ rejections in transplants

U4: INTRODUCTION

2. What prefix is used to indicate a protein or lipid that has a carbohydrate chain
attached? ~ / 0C o

3. Please label the following cell membrane diagram with as much detail as
possible.

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~ho~fhol',~;J..
b'le\..~~\

2.5 Cell Membrane Function

Following are some definitions you should understand:

• Impermeable - nothing passes through.

• Permeable - most things pass through. e_ r
Semi-penneable- ")<'1:t \ 1 .1'(: ('-to l e( v\~.) ft'_C,t, 11-.J...--d)lc.l~ Cw/- (.)O\- (<1.i~ ( l)() ::.
• ••SELECTNELY PERMEABLE** - ('f)I Y r,p [, • ~" :tY,1l't t,i~ q ~e._ . Certain smaller
and certain large molecules can pass through. '( 1to>.--v(,.j .,o I"'\',$ 1"1-1 P.() 1

Cell Membranes are selectively permeable (also called differentially permeable).

( 4 main ways:

1. DIFFUSION :
<'-tt,V~r-1(?-N 7Jt-- Cl-__ 0,)\vl ( ~(l>f'-i ~ /\ o,re1 r,~ Cct:U-'q+f~ f/£>'\ 4G) cl(\ ct...\t'~
of- /11 , , r ,--f'f.Pr.,[,J• •"''I" ' , l'\Ji\ [ llt! QI~ Qi\+f,16•-d ( .I .J p,) c-:, t C, t,,_ r o,pe , tart/ff 0\
..6.1 f r{ t,v1CC~-
* A Solute is made up of solid particles or molecules suspended in air or liquid.*

o Example: A foul odor in the corner of a room will spread out until it is evenly
distributed
o Example: Cream in coffee will diffuse until concentration are balanced

o Diffusion refers to the process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their

b,_:r-t.J iCF'r,~(~ ~ OF ,~ I\ son
r- , two containers of gas A and
B separated by a partition. The molecules of both gases are in constant motion
and make numerous collisions with the partition.

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 ~-
11101.0 G J' I .!
WCLN.~~
o If the partition is removed, the gases will mix because of the random velocities of
their molecules. In time a uniform mixture of A and B molecules will be produced
in the container.

2. OSMOSIS: A special type of diffusion in which

YA-i Cl! "lo!((<. rcr. (!,'l a fr'tl o f~ ~I ;c,~ 1.--rA.. 1 ct L...,n C.Q(\t f l!J , tY- to o.. ,f'i
- \ 11'.'t~ 0 s- I,, t c'( ., ( I 7J; ii ..,, 11') 0, (Co')S cJ. r, tr \Ml.A (\(' .
N ,, (uJr;,r d ~,.,, 'cl,A," "1,,/ r,,. rn er· &!/::) 1{ rc.tvt~i\,
o Pressure caused by the ( ( 'r l co1( 111; ¥1 ~t~\.'en/between two different solutions
is called tY.,-" .i;r ['[ /'I" ', r" . Hydrostatic pressure offsets osmotic pressure.
(Gravity) ·
o The solute cannot spread out because it is1t)c) GJ'~ to pass through the
membrane. Therefore, h~a-l -e( M,:1 V-f( across the membrane from [high water]
to [low water].
o Water moves through the
Q\>'•f'I., . 1r~ ,,,,! 1'1)\ . ·- ,r- ti..e c,e 1r f'-l l'/'\ 6r~.nr ,

0'
Hypertonic Solutions: Solution with the

..
c\c 01 2 ,,,~.. ' (A(',\(' .~1- ',,) rr <C. Tonlcity Effects on the Red Blood Cell

{ o h !;> \ ~..'. h~ 0 rv ,f·,, ·, ' ,)'~ i ,' c.f1 Crwna\ed SwoUan

Nll l.MI IBnal _,
SoluleCor,c.
Hypotonic Solutions: Solution with the ;:;,::;:::.
lto.U (}...f-,o· ·r,.1 ()r- s~t. I{' Cdt\S'it.l5';".; )
:J , Q /'\,?'i, ~( . .
ISOTONIC HVPOTONIC
HYPERTONIC
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION

Isotonic Solutions: 1wo ";o , r..,, f,' v ('I')

e
/JI/ ti,,. f ,t,,<1I ( M( ,D~•r I) F,;;n~ o(-:-
c
,; cJ..,.,~ +i, ~I I/tr, I, '
C

Note** Tonicity: Refers to the (d>C( eri/:Ca I /a r:i C, (· So/ v~ -e ~I') . el.. 50/1,J fJI\.

REMEMBER: Water will always move from a h':l Poi.in:, solution to a 61'.Jff(-/oa,·c solution.
There is no net movement of water between I fo 1(.'{) ,'t solutions.

3. FACILITATED TRAN SPORT: (passive transport)

o Solutes move across a membrane from an area _ ,.', .1./_

CJ t.- \ T ...,
l°M'1.\ 4
II'\ _,.._.!,S_J,..._:_...,!_--",,' - -LLL..L-'-"--~-":,-JL!.:1-l.....C.:..._ _ _ _ _.
o Examp

Molecules needed by the cell such as glucose, enter through facilitated transport from the blood.

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 ._;-
13/U!.OGl' /_' WCLN .cl
4. ACTIVE TRAN SPORT: Solutes move frorp_an area of r r-?:>r::e r, f"-\ ,,,. n;,-, I\(. ...., ,' ;f-L
f:Lo.- c" of vie u,.-<lh Cl.....'-'' ·,, "'- - \0-, ~1

...i....:,1-,"-----'-".l...l..l........i..<'.L.~-L!~3...,...o....,~cU...1
-,:L-.....1..
r"l..LL:
r)Ll
l 1"
.....Je.
c ...lLJ....,_---'""---'C.W..-1...L'--'-- -· Example of
solute:1,,wu!L'.-'-.......al1'!l.....!l..~L.......J..r..!cl...:!

Since the movement is against the concentration gradient, energy is required.

0 Example: Sugar ("II vcose )

is removed from the vf\ lj by active e ,
transport, into the blood. Since there is already a lot of glucose in the blood, it is

e.
traveling against the concentration gradient.
0 Example ~ ' / Pvf'I it' Found in NfN and muscle cells. Same e.
carrier, but ch~nges shape to fit N a+ and K+.

There are always ,.tll' \ ,,..I)' f: j

,e> C.:>() ~;·when
' I comparing the types of movement across a
me_!llbrane. Is a<"dr• t.,(<t ,. , ( r,1"'( , ,1~ Q'{'T~1./ i"t: i\.. i' t-di-'equired, and is transport
/' or'
',Y rt'. "'o,,;, '.. -
the concentration gradient. ' f,
t") r r"r r
Surface Area Vs. Volume

Nutrients (oxygen and glucose) enter a cell while wastes (carbon dioxide and urea) exit a cell
across the cell membrane.

The amount of cell membrane= surface area

• Inside the cell, organelles use up nutrients and produce wastes. The larger the cell, the
more nutrients needed and the more wastes produced.

The size of the cell (# of organelles) = Volume

• Small cells have a h~'1h S"f\'. \/vl!A'--,e ration. They can supply the organelles with
plenty of nutrients and removx wastes.
• Large cells have a i l/olt1t1e Sf\ : ratio because volume increases faster than
surface area. If a cell ~ets 41.X) b1Vi ,
1,.,rit 'i''\. '-'--11\ 6v1\~ ,';Q c>. M C'\Vlf,f/l"{S 1,.,rfi <fvl'\ ~ .t..
• Therefore, cells are I r c::--, ;,f-f d 'in ( \ 2:C . Active cells
must be smaller than less active cells. Active cells need more
nutrients and produce more wastes.
•
•
Cells reproduce by mitosis to become smaller
Some cells get larger than they should be by producing
11\t~ :,_·\
F ol .'1
• These folds allow the cell to gain M o((' <;, ,r f ~rI" ,.i ffci,vithout I '_' :. • l
a (rte¥ fo ('[('1'1 ':€ ,' fl (/..,- "';, r-, e ;.
I

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IJJULOGY l l WCL(c)
Factors That Will Increase Diffusion
!.IJ!l!ii!E . Hlch;__
Surface Area
_ __,

ca
____
Diffuse Faster

Concent ration Gradient Diffuse faster

Size of Particles lier Diffuse faster

HlhH•l•WM • •

• Gas
Slowest
Faster
Fastest

• Movement of the medium - Water or air currents speed up diffusion

Example: Stirring cream in coffee.

• Endocytosis - (=>f o((Y" :'., fl\ ,.,._ he/, 11 \ ~e M <JJe(rJ.. /(, e,,,-i.fer "'-..ce( I
• Phagocytosis -
f.. -l ';! ~ 0~ ('(\, D(• /jr:>' ;. ,-('\ {..,l,,)Cl- 1,~ ~ ol~ cell ~)cf btt('/t( (~ or 0 1!
f l d.,<\/\,\M ,K i,_(f -,4~ t>r-. 1~

--" Ce1c Po;i-.t1n8 "-very large pieces

•
fi
Pinocytosis -
t'-/re
1,t.-viO
01.- ('fN.c<_ ½ ' ( 111 ivl.o ~C~ •i l"- w 11ec ".:J (l l,oG/Y."5 ~,e_ fq 1-.:_e_"
--" ( (' r I k /\ /,...~· -smaller pieces
• Exocytosis
A \?,r:.r.-< h 1 v ~T( ~ ~ c~vus c;1; u\t..,t t°Fy;-:/ a.ce,11
re V1..'\<.C o~ efl~c :;1.. ., Ii'~
U5: CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION

1. Define the following terms and provide one example where it is involved in
transporting a substance in the human body:
 ._,.
//1() /. 0 G J' / _, WCLN.c~

d. active transport
x:((,.le ~ •"1oV( \ k-<' <1 1', ( e' cl (.') ~ lcX./ solcA e cueq__
f-,-, er r-
°"
I l

0 f-. h,-1 ~ '01,., ·I( o.__l[oc/, ?\ •"'l a,,t,M..iJ\ C L~ (f (., t he C(i~ Ot-
f> \' O~-(i f'I ; rt.1\f rr ~h. .\·q•i, e k:"; {VA_ +
2. There are several ways to transport substances across the cell membrane.
Please complete the table below, indicating whether th e form of transport
requires a membrane, carrier, energy in the form of ATP, and is with the concentration
gradient.

With •~
Membrane Carrier '· Energy/ATP
Type of concentratio;.
Required Required Required
Transport Gradient
(Nor Y) (Nor Y) (Nor Y) ., (N orY)
Diffusion
,'Vo -!'v v {Vo YCS
Osmosis

Facilitated
Ws I\,{~ (l., 0 'yeS
Y-ts
\

Transoort <e s N-:-- V~s

Active
Transoort ' ,,,re) 'y~ (Vo
'
3. Which mode of transport is used to move the following molecules across the cell
membrane?

a. oxygen mo I ecuI es ·F~c.i 1r~ec +r~0 _,,_.e.,=---

' _____ • 1
"---=----'--'-
11
:. r" - - - 11

b. water D ; ~~v) I V ()
C. sodium ions A( r1,, e -\ [r, D ~/) r, .I
d. glucose ~ct._ ( t \1 1
C(!..f'rl

5. What factors influence the rate at which specific molecules diffuse across the cell
membrane? Tef-\ ref?'(-fc:- ("'{ 'J ('c:-n(('(H \ d.:ft' of\ cjS" l'\.J-_--{{ll-- 1 ·-;i 2c::_ v f (_
M <-) / f c (., ( e ct (\ cl 1- hC p SC q('e o S:-- ,... t M U'-u!.:f "'1.5\l,

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 IJIUI.OC l' I :C WCLN.c~
6. Why does winter road salt cause damage to plants o~ the roadside?
'x\H r\.(( ur, dCl ·l ·"J I I') 1' '1;' $01 v ~l\ I e.. ,1 1.:>req1t__ ·- Jv ,,.. ('\
tD 'ji"J
0

vl'\ ((f'\<l ('(,J/o~Jnr:!;l - 1.,_;c r.., Mir, cFf.~!Y c.J--P-ec.r

i 11 ( 1,ro_1'v/,
7. Salting fish was a common practice. How did this practice prevent the fish from
rott~ng? "\ l1(' <;t1.. It"
J'\el....'0:;, v~-+
f\ Ov..+ O\" n.~(re,hi'"aj ce.W;,
o,<1"'lvl1:'..,. 711C s,..,1,f- IS (C<t":reJ +r "" ;1 1 (/('i~~~ ,Cl..cf-c:S:f~ .
8. Compare and contrast endocytosis, including both phagocytosis and pinocytosis,and
exocytosis. Include an example of the use of each process in the body.
t •v'~l (1•· , .., · o.._ f',crc :~ . n _ ~~°'? /0....,~Jf._ nef,efit-.1:.,
Pr,' f' , 1 ,' ('>;,c,'){)('jJ "t,1:, ( 5:., 4_ f't-_g-•e '-')1• 6)~"-'.:'j.ic)' )
\.-vl, r \(' "'-) ., ,·, -(1"~{'\ l~; c"'\ eel\ ~,c:1...::)M•(/\~5 a..( ~
.-\C-\,l(€(1 lr,, \'<t ,,,, JI··.,,, I~
r I '(f .-
°''~""
0\. fj \"~ ~fr-· el)~O('j~,·s
I f"1 ~-. I' ' ·', MOl(c:v /1"":, 0.1 ( ,-c.1, rf) / M, l ,· t~ .Q.
l;t t. i .. ·,, ( ,lc('(rJ•c';·~ ,· , .fl,(_ oq? cs$7"-i t c;)y, ~()Je>('1 4 )rs
i .1 -:, /J.:;c,,. r'", v~q (" (?r;;::iJ,..... c,t,:. oC ....,,,e~ .-~ k!_ (';,;-r
c' ( f' I ( I
PhC!.\C10<''" 1:·)~ (er.I C°O\/Tn j

~ END OF BIOLOGY 12 UNIT 2 LEARNING GUIDE~

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