'osition SymmetrY

Symmetry is the condition where a Teature s divided

the location of one
positional toleranceor controls
from a datum. True positions into two ijdentical parts by a plane.
ine or
ature from another tolerance Symmetry tolerance controls the area berween two
so imply parallelism and squareness of the parallel lines or planes which are parallel to the datum
value is thespecified deviation
ones. The tolerance
om the true position. teature, and the value
is tne
distance between them.
Symmetry also implies perpendicularity with the plane
of the drawing.
ble 9.11 Position

Example Interpretation
The point must lie in a circle 0.03 dia-
roLERANCE ZONE
a03 DM. meter in the plane of the surtace which
has its centre at the speciiC point o
intersection. If the point has to be located
in
three dimensions (instead of two di
mensions as in the example) the toler
ance will be a sphere.

NES
9H,05
between
006 0.05 The position of each line lies
two parallel straightlines òn the surtace,
0.05 apart, which are symmetrically dis-
posed about the specified true position of
thelline.

9o.03 CYLNOER O.03 DIA

The axis of the hole must be contained in

a
cylinder 0.03 diameter with its axis in
the specitied true position of the axis of
the hole.

OATUM AXS B

The axis of the two holes must lie in

-DATUM SURFACE A cylinders 0.08 diameterwith their axes in
the specified true
in
p0sitions of the holes
relation to the datum sutace A and the
ROO 2CnLINDERS goe ouu. axis of the central hole B. The
positional
tolerance also controls the squareness of

( ROO
the two holes
surtace A.
in relation to the datum
Tabie 972 Symmetry

Fxanple Inte/prelalion

e n e A U s e befween wO prali

SDOd between the datums 8 and C

D A T S 5LC

aso ne hole must

lis b e t w e e n
wa
parale p monmedian
plane of the slots.

L
ATU IMEAN PLAM

C The axis ol the hole must e thuo

havino he
narrowor des 00pan
peralle n dan olane of the
alots A and B. The wider sid6s
p P noym ncay s C
pionoi
Po the
oour
medion

to the biane
is
Profile of a line the true
coniour, and valuo equal
the

o
circia w ole includes a sharp corner th

D f hoxed dimensions. The the inner boundary o the raien ishes at

toierance zone is assumed to be equally disposod about ntersection, and the outer boundary or n e tover

Table 9,73 ProHe or

ao
Example interprefation
NOPMAL TO
TEORE TCAL PRC
eDATCAL PROLE

ATEs wACED AY * 0

CATES S C E D AT 2
y O pre to the pisne o

profile must lie between fwo lines which

v e l o p 3 5enes ol crcles of 0diameter
their centres the theoretical
D I m o n s i n g B uue prome
with on
lable 9 9 (Contd)

inierprelalion
EXBmpie

A T U SUMG

The upper SurCe pa

llto
paranel to

the dat

Angularityy equal to the tolerance vaue cre

the tolerance value is preceded by
Angularity defines a position between two lines. planes
n o t paranel or p e p n a a
tolerance
O
zone

a Angularny tolaranc controls this re e lojeace vau th pe

porallel lines, or the space within acylinder of diameter cylinder.

Table 9.10 Anguarity

Example nterpretation

inclined at 39 1o the datum.

Y
-DATUM

ZATa,
the inclined hole must.07
lie
apartwhich are incin
dsfum a.

DATUM ASA

0.05 diameter u e in a cylinde

s 1 h c n e d at 5 0 to
Ihe datum suface.

A OATUM SUFACE A
 w d Cyun06r or dlamete3r cylinder.

Table 9.10 Angularity

Example
Interpretation

The inclined surface of the part must lie

between two planes 0.03 apart which are
inclined at 39 to the datum.

DATUM SURFACE

ZlaozA
The axis of the
O.07 inclined hole must lie
between two parallel straight
apart which are inclined linesO.07
at
datum axis. 60 to the

DATUM AXIS A

The axis of the hole must lie ina

O.05
diameter which
the datum surface.
is inclined cylinde
at 60° to
DATUM SURFACE A

24
9.Geometrical tolerancing

pier 8xplains the

principles of geometrical
ymbols. which use and application of apre
t h e necessary definitions and tlustrA ne spece between two coaxial inders
technical d r i ying oeometrical tolerances to -the s o wo equidistant surfaces
Standard ISO 1101 Geomt ernatonal n e space within a paraliai
T ent Bs 308 Pan 3 1972 Gemetral

Symbols
APplicstion he
symbeols shown in Tables 9.1 and 92 are those
ueomelriC tolerancing symbols provide a precise.and ny geometric toierances
n o d or indicating complete geometic requir
Notes specityk 9eor Den
been intematignallya savig many years the form
in

a n g u a g e barriers Geometric tolerancing

ollion within 0.08 with rasn within 0.0D5
dimensionina and tola nw conventional
inadequate and does not ansure that parts t hase r otes
y mancu p c y geometical ooern method to
ings of component parts nguar rarme divided into two or moe
w i u p r o a o n s specialy sub-contracting or

plete and explicit statements of requirmnts o d d mbols af toBeranced cheracierintica

Dy aeometnc tolerancing ensuros that the designer's Caacterstics to

aiahtcet
arily imply the usa of any particular method ol Flatnes
productiOn, meuuremontOr gaugig
FOOM NindnM)O

General definítions
Palles
A9edmtrcl
sutace or tolarance of afeature (paint. Iine, axis.
median plane) specities the tolerance one ENTATON encvarily

i the e reued to be contained

ced and the manner in which it is dimensione he
OCATO Conemicity&Coaiaity
in owIng metry

aróa betwean two concentriG circles BOUT Sip unout

O ar Deween two parallel lines

114
"osition
Symmet
DOSNoeranco controls tha location ot one Symmetry
is the
soimoly perallelismand souarenesol th
condition
where a Teaure
n t o wo dentical parts by a line or plane.
is
dvided
nes h loleranco value is the specilied deviation naali y ne oDhe area between two
om tne tru0 position.
r , a n d ihe value is the distance betwe
Symmetry also implies perpendicularity with the plane-

l e 9. Positio

Example
nierpretd
The point must lie in a ciece 0.03 dia
meter in ihe plane of the surace which

nes nCena e spe pont or

in three dimensinns inta
mensions as in the example) the toler-

ance wl De a Spnse,

O05 apert, which are

symTetric.ally Ois
about the speciied true posilion of
pOSed
the line.
L C

O.01 DA

The ais ohehole must be contained in

AN

pis 0.08 diameter with h

DATUM SRcE the specifind true positions of the holes
-
CLINC aDe DIA
oesls the sauareness of
40P the two holas in ralation to the datum
surace A
tolerance 20ne may permit consideraOle r o u n O g equally disposed bI-lareraitolerdnce. A unilateral tole
the corner. If this is undesirable, the drawing must in which case the suts
indicate the ance may
zone be
specitied rtaces
design requirement by specitying a maxi
each individual corner or by adding9a of the spheres touch the theoretical surace.
mum
radius for
general note, for example all corners R 0.05 max. When
Both cases give a tolerance z0ne with a constant

width normal to the theoretical suace. The tolerance

such radii apply
dimensions
regardless of the profile tolerance their
m u s t n o t b e p l a c e d in a t r u e p o s i t i o n b o x . value is the diamerer or the spneres.

Table 9.14
Example Interpretation
ZONE EXTENDS' TO THIS
PONT UNLESS OnHERWIE
SPECIFIED

TOLERANCE 2ONES

THEORETCAL PROFILE

QI NORMAL TO
TO THEOAETICAL PROFILE

A In any section parallel to the plane of

projection of the drawing the actual p r o

file must lie between the theoretical pro

of
file and aline which envelopesthea series
circles 0.1 diameter touching
ical profile.
theoret

R7,

Profile of a surface Runout

The theoretical or perfect form of the surface is defined Runout is the permissible variation of position of any
by boxed dimensions. point fixed on
a surtace which
occurs the
when partis
Profile tolerance controls the deviation of a surtace rotated through 360 about its own axis. The resultant
its pertect
formand the tolerance zone is the space indications with
include eTors of other characteristics
from
between two surfaces which envelope spheres of out differentiating them. Ihe combined erros must not

Table 9.15 Profile of a surlace

Example -
Interpretation
THEORETICAL SURFACE

SPHERE OOa2
: The curved surtace of the part must lie

between wo surtaces which envelop a

series of spheres of 0.2 diameter with

their centres on the surface having the
correct geometric shape

127
 nami n e connected in a car
line and trangle the datum identification letter

trictive specifications

ilustration shows a tolerance

part ofComponent
applimd to a
re
KA A

oretically exact dimensions

Datum targets
dimensións are
dentred DY
BO Surfaces produced by torging casting or sheet
iets
nguiar b0%, E.9
D E
o 1 may be
subect to bowing. warping Or
Twisting. and not
to de
e the truo position of a hole, siot. boss profile etc sianate an enta a. rctca
e o mensiong neve naividual toleranceO ccuratesnd repeatable measurements cannot be

datum i plan
feature pOnS 0 areas dre indicated on the drawing Manu-

8cturngprocesses and nspection ufihzes these com-

wOs or arOas as ddrums.

Datum target symbols

horontal lhne The oer Dat dentisc

The
target upper area may be used only tor intar mation
e a u n g to adrum tdiget

AT

Indication of datum targets

t the
l3)
datum icated
A apoint: s inaEaea Dy r
(b) a linr it is indicated by two crosses, connected by
ected tolerancad zone
d by a hatched a
C)
sometimes necessary to tolerance the aterra n thin double dashed chain
Cuono a componant f e a t u r e i e n e t i u s O n

a typical example at 3 Ftojected 1oerance

clearly shows the relevant drawing view which most
on the suface

117
Parallelism
arlielia erLurls 4
hs condition whereby twounitorm lines or
narailiel distance
u s N e d Dy n Itis
elaubn
ampartani to note the position of the ledder ine
to m e edturo iT Contro5

abie ParanensT
Example Interpretatron

he upper axis
must arelie between two
lines 0.2)apart
daturm sXis
which
a n d i e in
paralel to the
the vertical plane.

CATUM A*

The uppe ais musT e e

atum axis and lie n the harizontai plone

p s U invndric.a
alel to the datum.

ATM ANS A

2 0euppe aIS canmained "para

rntalane and awdth ot 0 2 in the

vertical plane, its sido being porallel To the
datun.

T The axis of the hole must le between twa

ianer0 05 apait parallel to the datum,

ATUM SAE

123
Table . Hunout
Interpretatron
Exemple

Runout not to exceed3 measured

without
a,
any pointnomal to
the sürface
Niel movamern.

qaceed 0.1
to measured
Runout not 1o the surface, withoup
any point normal
azial moveme

Sured
Runout not 1o xE Fadius
paral movement.
w

otal tunout
abie .7 epr on

Exampe
RT AOUT o exCeedo3measured

ATU o int 0ormal to the surtacd

moving the measun otated
the fea eties of revolutions aboul its
own axis withoutar O
T

Tota exceed to 0ths

ogint parallol
GATA ARS surface whilst movng t e a
sturmen eries of revolutions
datum shaft wilhout
about the

moveman
Kceed 0.1 measured

Tota nu mal to the surface w

ABC
DATUMA moving h e maosuring instrument o

he featur
w olutions about its
own axis without axinl moveren

128
 W h e r e t h e d a t u m s y s t e m C o n s i s t s or d n u m o e r of datu
ble 9.2 Other symbols
features the datum letters are placed together ir th
third compartment of the tolerance trame. No signiti.
DESCRIPIION SYMBOL cance or order is implied.

TOLERANCED
IRECT 2
EATURE

INDICATIONS BY Where the appication of the datum teatures is required

the designaling letters are quoted
ER
in a particular order,
in separate boxes.
DATUM
DIRECT
SECONDAAY
INDICATIONS PRIMARY
BY
LETTER
TERTIARY
DATUM TARGETS

THEORETICALLY EXACT
DIMENSION Procedure for positioning remarks
which are related to tolerance
PROJECTED TOLERANCE
2ONE
Remarks related to the tolerance for example 4 holes,
2 surfaces' or "6x' should be written above the frame.
MAXIMUM MATERIAL
ONOITION
4HOLE

'olerance frame the

Indications qualifying feature within
the tolerance
H compannent Symbol tor chanacteratcs
zone should be witten near the tolerance frame and
may be connected by a leader line.
Companment oerance o
preceded ty the sign the toierance one is

E toence 0ne
i pher a3vEX
If it is necessary to specity more than one
tolerance
characteristic for a feature, the tolerance specification
in trames positioned one
lelated characteristics should be given tolerance
under the other as shown.
Jrd companment Datum identslicalion lelter D

o02 the used lor po6B

Tolerance valut (total valun) in units

Symbol tor characterstic

Toleranced features

datum system described later may include reference

The tolerance frame is connected to the toleranced
3 one or more features. The following procedures are feature by a leader line terminating with a artow on the
Outline of the teature or an extension of the outline.
sed
Reference may be made to more than one datum

ature, by placing a hyphen between the two letters U

ihich designate a single datum established by the two

atum features.

second method is to extend a dimension line when

the tolerance refers to the axis Or median plane of the
dimensioned features

115
 rentation and/or location and parmits addtion
tolerunce as the considered foature depans Tioin
matera Condition
ents depends on th
combined tfect of the actual finished sizes and th
D o n or p o s o n o the parts, wnen a 108un

forexamole. the sire of ahols is reduiced and the sizeo

a shaft increased f the actual size of the eatur
s
than ihe mamum matial t , burwitni
batween the octual size ol the feature and its specifie

atrnl rsnt
Practical ne same ume the maximum r r o s permted by h
application of datum targetss
overantes
0eometric tolerances Hssisu
manutacture they should in all cases be established by

maximum materisl condiion i h

after the tolerance value. the datum ietter,
J or both ced

h o n o the 5ymboi decides whethe

toeanr n ci be applied to the
T h e datum is not dentified by lettes the a

ma uW matefia pincipis applied 10 the datum a

campartment o tha olerance
rame.

jeoca

nterpretalion-t is undersiood fiom the above sllus

Interpretations
tration th

egntnoss
A and A3 establish Datum A

c) Datum tart sh Datum B. A

straight line is
the shortest dhstance between two
pOin sagntness toierat controls
Maximum material condition (MMC) 8 ne stroightness at ane on a surace
(c) The strainhtoes Single plane
MC 1s
hat conditan
part ol a
which or
teature
contains the r eafuro
The
h o l e , or a maximum size shet, in cerain tolerance zone, is in
the case or a La tn
B w s an nsreese in he specitod plane c Containinn th sin the indicated
e fbaturs at ite 1 vind unless cuntrolled in two planes
ne
n mmuim malerial principle takes into account wee tolerance value s
the specilied distance be
h e cylinder. S e e Tahia a n e s or 1he diameter of
d 0pendence or toierances o Sire, torm,
olerance
ane t o n e mav e A s a p toners ihe dameler eruuai t o the tolerance value. Thie c

M
de s s undesurabla, the drawing must equally disposed bi-lateral tolerance A unia
qu ent Dy specitying a ma ance zone may din which case the surte
pnors
tpuch
the heoretical surface
9eneral note, for example all cornes p oO
Yegaraless of the profile tolerance ther width normal to the theorntical surfac Th tang
u tOr 0e praced in a
true positio" Do vaiue ts the diaherer o the spheres

14
BDle
ENBmple
nterprel,aron
etEO TO T s

TOLERACE tOES

woiectio

E e oerwe eteortcal Pro

al prot

Profile of a surtace
Hunout

The thaorefical or perfect torm

o the surtace 1s delined

ensons uno
o n O n e beviain o suace rotated through 360 about its own axis. The resultant

between two surfaces which anvelops spheres ot out dfferetatina t h T Characteristics with
omcn arros must not

*DE Poe orawRce

Exampie
nterpretato
EOMICAL SAUTCE

1 O2
The curvod surface
between Two surfaces which eovaa
es .spnetes O 02 diameter with
v i n g the
cortect oenmetie C

127
 ble 9.2 Other symbols Where the datum system consists of a number of datum'

teatures the
datum letters are placed together ir
third compartment of the tolerance lrame. No signit
DESCRIPTION SYMBOL cance or order is implied.

DIRECT
TOLERANCED
FEATURE
INDICATIONS BY Where the appication of the datum features is required
TTER in a particular order, the designating letters are quoted
in separale boxes.
DIRECT O
DATUM
INDICATIONS PRMARY SECONDARY
3Y

LETTER
TERTIARY
DATUM TARGETS

THEORETICALLY EXACT
DIMENSION
Procedure for positioning remarks
which are related to tolerance
PROJECTED TOLERANCE
zONE
Remarks related to the tolerance for example '4 holes,
MAXIMUM MATERIAL 2 surfaces or "6x should be written above the frame.
CONDIT1ON

HOLE

olerance frame Indications qualitying the feature within the tolerance

cupa t Swmbol Tor charctenatics
zone should be written near the tolerance frame and
may be connected by a leader ine.
STo
aon campant Toleanca itotala
wed tor hnear dimens-ons Tha alue s

eohC 4gne it spherca Da vEx

If it is necessary to specity more than one
tolerance
characteristic tor a fealure, the tolerance specification
should be given in tolerance trames
lelated characteristics positioned one
under the other as shown.
entilhCation efier
oatment Datum
l002
olerance ue (total vala) in the unirs used for
o.osB
Symbel tor characterist

Toleranced features
The tolerance
datum frame is
connected to the toleranced
system described later may include reference feature
bya leader line terminating
o n e or more teatures. The tollowing procedures are outline ot the teature
with a artow on the
or an extension of the
sed. outline.
Reference may be made to more than one datum
placing lerters
ature, bY a hyphen between the two
hich designate a single dalum established by the two
atum features.

second method is to
extend a dimension line
when
4-8 the tolerance rerers to the axis or median plane of the
dimensioned features.

115
 eUnensioned eature.

Zoa2a] OATUM AXIS

A A

Alternative methods of
Individual tolerance zones shown applying the datum
symbol are
referring to an axis or median plane.
Individualto tolerancezones of the same value can be
applied more than one
separate feature.
2A
0 -OATUM AXIS

A -

Datums
A datum feature be
may a plane suface or axis. For When the datum symbol is on the axis
practical purposes the piain surtace or axis is Used tor or
median plane,
the datum is understood to be the axis or median plane
manufacture and inspection. If a toleranced feature is
of the whole component.
this is shown by datum letters which
related to datum,
a
are indicated in a tolerance frame. A capital leter
-DATUM AXS
box to a
enclosed in a square datum and connected
datum identifies triangle a
solid or blank equilateral
datum.

When the datum is on a

common axis or median plane
f two or more features the datum symbol is indicated
on the axiS or median plane.

-DATUM
Datum features

Each datum feature is identified by a different capital

and a
letter enclosed in The use of letters, 0, M
a
box.
are not recommended.

116
exceod the staled
lolorance value.
a0e . o ne ovemen
Juring one ca
without axial movement. n e tied pon
fromothee m n 8Class upart
rotation tes1. Runout tolerance may sometimes be
Bppi op0 teance pCe o separote
n e s , TOf Bxample, round-
ness and conce
Total runout
he runour toeance ton tne
m8umun per
misaibievaaion O
poso oe convoerco u r he ditference between simpie and
h e rormer, one measurement is totai ruhout
complete hat
revolution about the datum one taken durin
volubon, in total runout the measuring instrument is
n n e w s uated, ths Variation is measure
w e end or ne 1eader linne several
revolutions. In both cams sho unng
pO me toieranced teature.
10 BxiBI movement ol the component.

Exercises

What do the
lolowng symbois
indicate .Consider the part shown in qumstion5to have a

view tolerance diagram assuming thic

) varatron af the
P01msS Ole
he centre ol a shatt must be straght an On each of the
dcontained tollowing diawing by
YOe or 0 mm diameter regardlass o means
of a sketch the interpretation of the
geometric
diagräm show control shown and datuims whers Bpeciio.
his permisshie va nce
he top o a sutace piate s required 1o be lat to

ance diagran showing this Oer-

e combinalion of what orm toler

The figure below shows the protile of a

la
ric tolerance applied io a thin lamina sheet Sketch
ce digram to illustrate permissible vart

Prone
 nded a5
eticitvw n thit tuletan iat spacs

atness Ondnest 1o r i e s concentr r epen

anaas toleanc co t w a paraliel
c e wauE
h e e u a n

n l s thaerOn
n e s s s arn unvelateu a ace e teraten the. d tor a uphe

oco tu Ses Tabie 9.4 aPe nP asimum diamete

wise Mal oleianc# a " Adenendenty

Dy
ach cross sec rby measured
randition har ae
ontinuput cuved tcentre or Th nes measuring instru
conmrDs bgtn e
ymbol tor rourdnas

iterpe
aneta Ce betwsen two parellel
lee
blaneo:
On a

rdhcal hetnen wo paaid

utace 0 05 no not re
a aoOropate note should

EATp
The entira peripherY at the considere
CuOss Becon penpedu O
wide. lormied by OPCec circle

ne penpney
n at the considered
must lie in an annular toleranca
one 0.05
wid ormed by wo concentric circles

he entire penphery at arny

naxnum diameter must n in two con-
0.01
H a dstancee
20
Table 9.12 Symmetry

Example
Interpretation
The line AA must lie between fwo parall
Straightlines, O.05 apart, symmetrically
disposed between the datums B and C.

DATUNS BLCc

E.03A-B] The axis of the hole must lie between fwo

parallel planes,o.03 apart, symmetrically
disposed about the
plane of the slots.
common median

A B OATUM (MEAN P ANE

OF WIDTH AB

ORA
of the hole must lie withina
The axis the box
narrówer sides 0.05 épart,
having
parale and symmetrically disposed
about the common median plane of thhe
0.1
slots A and B. The wider sides being

apart parallel and symmetrically dis

about the median plane of slots C
posed
and D.
B

Profile of a line the true contour, and the value is equal to the dia
of circles which determine the zone.
the controlled profile includes a sharp corner
A profile tolerance controls the ideal contour of a E
the tolerance zone finishes
feature which is defined by boxed dimensions. The
the inner boundary of outer of the toler
intersection, and the boundary
tolerance zone is assumed to be equally disposed abou

Table 9.13 Profile ofa line

Example Interpretation
92 NOPMAL TO THEORE TICAL PRC-

THEORETICAL PROFLE

AT 20
S ORDINATES SPACED

In any section parallel to the plane of

20 5 OROINATES SPACED AT (20| projection of the drawing, the actual
profilemust fwolines which
lie between
15 envelop a series bl Gircles of 0.2 diameter
their centres on the theoretical
with
Dimensioning a true profile.
profije?

26
Squareness
uces it Gan a'so be the space contair

Condnion whereby a ine. plane

o da 0 Toierance zones are perpenditula
The tolerance zone is so
ace between two paralle woreho
theredrure
significance of the leader line in relatior
n

Table 98 Squareness con

Exampie nrerpretauon

/ao|aA
lie
1 DATUuW ARIS
aS tho vertc hole must
belweon wOplanes 0.03iperrwhich are
perpendCular 1a the common axis of Uhe
o n t a i nole

7 P 0 3

The sxis a the pilar mus o

perpeodieA nes surtpcee
m
.Sapar and
n the plane shown.

DO.0
The axis
of the pillar must be contained
der0.03 diameterd th in
wnich is
perpendicular to the datum."

-DATU FACE

he
laran must lie in a boxe
oler
pendicular
w h i c h is per
to the datum.

LDATUM FCE

The right hand lace must lie between te

which
Dendicuartc u i a r 1o the datum
are pe

FACE
ylindricity Concentrcy
ancentricity is the relationship between two Cylinders
inoncity combination of roundness, straight
5and paralelism applied to the surface of a cylinder or circles, which have a common cenre o
the
Oncbnncy orncecoo eeaon o
he annular space between two eud coaal centre of the datum feature The tolerance zone is the
s value,
g the radial drstance in
area contained Dc e
Afthough the contral ot deviaton h he tiarancad
rouhdness
l m by means of a cylindricity tolerance may feature and the datum loature are Circles or cylinders
checking of The is the diamoter or tne toieranco
Onveent techniqun. the tolerance value
0e. Sea
1abie 9.7.
commended that
th the individual
mprso yundneiyY ar 1oleranced separately

ble 9.b CylinuriCity

trampie erpretOron

o.
The entire periphory
an annular toleranc zon O 02 d
formed by two concentric cylinders

abe 9 ConcetTHCiTy

EXape nterprelation

Thecentre ol the outer Circle lieina

r
concentric with
circle 0.1 diametar centre
of circie AA

D.03 A
The axis of nght
the hano

E meter coaxial with the let hand portion

O80
The axes of the lett hand and the nght
nand cylndncal portions must lie within
a cylinder 0.02 diameter.

The axis
o the coaxial
with the mean axis of the end projuctions

0725!l336

O72 7og217
 in the plane shown.
LDATUM FACE

o.03
HI6o.03A The axis of the pillar must be contained in
a pylinder 0.03 diameter the axis of
which is perpendicular to the datum.

DATUM FACE

The axis of the pillar must lie in a boxed

1 tolerance zofe
pendicular
0.1 by 0.3 which
to the datum.
is per-

-DATUM FACE

O.L hand must lie

between twe
The right face which are
parallel planes 0.1 apart per
pendicular to the datum.

DATUM FACE

122
Table 9.16 Runout

Example
interpretation
ROTATE PART ABOUT
CATUM AXIS
Zlalao Runout not
to'exceed 0.3 measured
any point normal to the surface without
at

axial movement.

40JG ROTATE AART ABOUT

OATUM AXIs
Runout not to
exceed 0.1 méasured t
any point normal to the surface, withouy
axial movement.

ROTATE PART ABOUT

oo4 AUS
Runout not to exceed 0.04 measured
to
parallel datum shaft at any radius
the
without axial movement.

Table 9.17 Total runout

Example Interpretation
ROTATE PART ABOUT
DATUM AAS
Total runout not to exceed 0.3 méasured
Za3|a-B] at
any point normal to the aurface whilst
moving the measuring instrument
the feature when the is
along
part rotated
through a
series of revolutions about its
own axis
Without axial movement.

POTATE PART ABOUT

Total runout not to exceed 0.05
DATUM AXIs measured at any point parallel to the
surface
whilst moving the measuring in
strument along the feature when the pat
is rotated through a series of revolutions
about the datum shaft without
movement.
axisa

ROTATE PART ABOUT Total runout not to exceed 0.1 measured

DATUMAAIS at
any point normal to the surface whilst
moving the measuring instrument along
ZoosD FEO- the feature when the part is rotated
through a series of revolutions about its
own axis without axial movement.

28
9 Geometrical tolerancing

- t h e space within a sphere

This chapter explains the principles of geometrica - t h e space within a cylinder

Tolerancing together with the use and application or space between two coaxial cylinders
by IsO the
Symbols, which are internationally agreed ne space between two equidistant
surtaces

contains the necessary definitions; and ilustrates ty two parallel planes

the space between
pical methods of applying geometrical tolerances to the space within a paralelepipea.
drawings in agreement with International
Technical
tandard IS01701: Geometrical Tolerances, and Bs
Part 3: 1972: Geometrical
Document BS 308:
Tolerancing. Symbols
and 9.2 are those
The symbols shown in Tables 9.1
tolerances.
Application used to identify geometric

Geometric tolerancing symbols provide a precise and tolerances have

been

of geometic require
indicating complete
Notes specitying geometrical
in the form such as:
brief method
on engineering drawings.
The symbols having9 used tor many years
Straight within 0.01
ments not
iim within 0.05
0een internationalyagreed, interpretation is Parallelwith a specified related feature
barriers. Geometrig tolerancing Position within 0.08 with respect
to another feature.
ited by languag9e where conventiona
in circumstances
should be used however well applied
is
the -modern method to
and tolerancing.
dimensioning
that parts wil 8s
These notes are obsolete,
inadequate and does not ensure specity 9eometrical tolerance requirements is showr
satistactorily after manutacture. below in a
frame
rectangular divided into two or more
semble and function advantage tor draw-
may be used to particular compartments.
They manutactured
in
or component parts that are to be or characteristics
ings sub-contracting Symbols of toleranced
widespread locations especially it Table 9.1
such c a s e s com
is involved. In
overseas manutacture Characteristics to
statements of requirements, provide
plete and explicit s leance e foieranceo
ensures
that
the designer
by geometric tolerancing ambiguity.
without Straightness
understood
are
instructions not
neGess Flalness
Indicating geometrical tolerances does method of rcuary trounOnS
the use particular
of any
arily imply measurement or gauging. FORM Cylindniciy
production,
Proile of any line
rone ol any surfac
General definitions Parallelis
line, axis, ORIENTATONPerpendicularity

tolerance of feature (point,

a
A geometrical
specifies the tolerance zone Angularity
surface or median plane)is required to be contained. Position &
within which a feBture which is to be toleran Concenthicity Coaxiality
to the characteristic d i m e n s i o n e d . the
LOCATION
According in which it is
and the manner >Ymaneuy
ced one
of the
following:

tolerance zone is circle

Simple t
a RUNOUT
-the area within two concentric
circles Total runout
area berween
-the between
two parallel
lines
- t h e area

114
 Table 9.16. The tolerance value is
the tull indicator movemer
exceed the stated tolerance value. the de- during one complete revolution at the fixed point
to
Although runout tolerance conforms without axial movement.
finition of a geometric tolerance, it is in a class apart
from other geometric tolerances, demanding a practical
sometimes be
rotation test.
Runout tolerance may
applied as a composite tolerance in place of separate
of tolerances, for example, round-
specifications other
ness and concentricity. Total runout
The runout tolerance zone is the maximum per
missible variation of position of the considered feature
to during one complete
The diforence between simple and total runout is that
in the fomer, one measurement is taken during one
with respect any point fixed
revolution about the datum without axial movement. revolution, in total runout the measuring instrument is
stated, in
Unless otherwise this variation is measured
of the leader line
moved along the component sutace during several
revolutions. In both cases shown in Table 9.17 there is
the direction of thearrow at
the end
which points to the toleranced feature. no axial movement of the component.

Exercises
1. What do the following symbols indicate 6. Consider the part shown in question 5 to have a
thickness and now consider the geometrical charac
te) teristic to be Profile of a Surtace. Sketch an end
view tolerance diagram assuming a thickness of
b) (d) 10mm to illustrate permissible variation of the
Surtace protile.
7. On each of the tollowing drawings illustrate by
2.
The centre of ashaft must be straight and contained
within a means of a sketch the interpretationof the geometric
cylinder of 0.4 mm diameter regardless o
feature size. Sketch the tolerance control shown and datums where specified.
diagram showing
this permissible variation.
3. The top of a suface plate is required to be flat
maximumof o.01 mm and not concave. Show how to
appy thistolerance to a drawing and sketch the toler- a)

4.
ance diagramis ashowing this permissible variation.
Cylindricity combination of what form
toler
ances?
5.
The figure below shows the profile of a line geomet
ric tolerance applied to a thin lamina sheet. Sketch
to illustrate permissible vari-
the tolerance diagram
ation of profile.

04]
(b) 005 A

zzz
A
129
 t h 8

and paralie hetween two a l distance in

" are n lies. once nce in
in wni
wnich c y l i n d e r s .

distance
tolerance or
he annular 5pace is t h e
radial deviation p o s i t i o n a l a r e Circles t o l e r a n c e

value, a
other and
ts of feature or the
ith
each ano case and
the datum d i a m e t e r

is the
straightness feature
nen.
roundness, may value
the
control
ot cylindricity
tolerance
or
T h e tolerance
Table
9.7,
Although
Dy
means
of a technique, the cheCking z o n e .
See
rallelism c o n v e n i e n t

Is
a dificulties.
to be
pear considerable whicn

presents i n d i v i d u a l characteristiCS
indricity the
nended that
separately
toleranced
are
cylindriciny
mprise

Interpretation
ble 9.6 CylindticityY
Exampie lie in

peripheryYof part mustwide, the

Theentire zon6c y0.02

tolerance

an annular two
linders.
c o n c e n t r i c

tormed by

Interpretelion
able 9.7Concentnicity

ExBmpie
CPCLE O, DA
lie in a
the outer circle myst
The centre of c o n c e n t r i C
with centre

circle 0.1 diameter

of circle A.

A
CHLE
CENTRE O

the right hand cylindrical

CYLPCER o,03 DA
The axis of
0.03 dia
portioh must
lie
in a cylinder
with the left hand portion.
meter coaxial

CYUOER 0.02 DIA

and the right

The axes of the
left
hand lie within
hand cylindrical portions must
a cylinder 0.02 diameter.

CTLINDER O.06 DA

The axis of the central portion must lie

within a cylinder O.08 diameter coaxia
with the mean axis of the end projectionsS

CATUM AS EAN
AJ AMIS A
OF
D

072 SI33
072 70g217