♀

The
‍💁🏻‍
️️ Psychology class where my hair actually held a wave for once! ♀
‍ ️
(oh, and it was the last class of the whole semester!! 👊🏻
● Short-Term Memory
● Short-term Memory (7+/- 2) (after sensory memory takes in raw data)
● Memory system that retains information for limited durations
● Related to working memory – what we are currently thinking about
● Very brief in duration, 5-20 seconds

● Types of Rehearsal
● Maintenance - like rote memorization
● Elaborate – make a connection form meaning, elaborate
● Which is better?
● How can this help you study?

● Types of LTM
● 500 sets
● LTM can endure years, decades, a lifetime
● Semantic - facts about the world - “know what”
● Episodic – recall of events in our lives
● *Both Are considered Explicit Memory – recalling intentionally
● Implicit memory is recalling information that we don’t remember deliberately. No
real conscious effort is required.
○ Unlocking our front door
○ Tying our shoelaces
○ Ride a bike

● Types of Implicit Memory

● 1. Procedural memory refers to motor skills and habits
● Typing (the “the” example pg 250)
● 2. Priming is our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after
we’ve encountered similar stimuli
● Three Processes of Memory - LTM
● Encoding is getting information into memory – assigning it meaning, connecting it
(pay attention)
● Storage is keeping information in memory
● Retrieval is the reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory

● Storage
● WHERE we store our experiences in memory depends on our interpretations and
expectations of them (relevance)
● Schemas are organized knowledge stuctures or mental models that we store in
memory
● What happens when you go to a restaurant?

● Schemas
● Schemas give us frames of reference and allow us to interpret new situations
● Useful, but tend to oversimplify information and lead to memory illusions
● The reason so many people thought the list had “sleep” on it
● Strong example of why the paradox of memory exists

● Retrieval
● Many types of forgetting are failures of retrieval, which is reconstructive
● Using retrieval cues can help access information in long-term memory (hints)
● Measuring memory makes use of the “3 Rs”
○ Recall
○ Recognition
○ Relearning

● Measuring Memory
● Recall– generating previously remembered information
● Recognition– selecting previously remembered information from an array of
options
● Relearning– we reacquire something learned before much faster (method of
savings) – WHEN DO WE FORGET THE MOST??
● Encoding Specificity
● Endel Tulving
● More likely to remember something when the conditions at the time of encoding
are also present at retrieval
● Two kinds: context - dependent learning and state - dependent learning

● Context-Dependent Learning
● Superior retrieval when the external context of the original memories matches the
retrieval context

● State-Dependent Learning (internal)

● Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or
psychological state as it was during encoding
● Can extend to mood-dependent learning and the retrospective bias

● Retrospective Bias
● Group 1: people with clinical depression – recalled parents as more rejecting and
domineering (accurate? Different - yes.)
● Group 2: people with a history of depression who were not currently depressed
● Group 3: people who had never been depressed

● Infantile Amnesia
● Most true memories fall between ages 3-5
● Memory before age 1?
○ False memory
○ True memory from a later time
○ Implanted memory (stories, pictures)
● Hippocampus is not fully developed until age 2
● Lack of “self” until 2