le

and CTech )
nents Rain Syst oms
SyStomy
ted ina
nts
are
either
Ply requiof
red for
rwidelyesi tance Protectiona and Rain Protection

Chapter 12
ng edgeof the MUID SYSTEMS
[his
system
(FPD) toprevents
fluid the
adhesion of ice on
the panels in the
leading edge of the surfaces by
surface by air
movement. aerofoil, and pumping freezing
allowing the fluid topoint depressant
be rarried over
The fluid is
has a supplied from the
storage tank
single inlet and a
number of
to the
pump through
leading edges. A deliverv outlets an
integral filter. The
casting which diagrammatic lavout is
to feed the
shown in Figure 12.14. distributors on the aeroto
pump
incorporated incorporates pump body, a
a filter
The pump consists
of a main
which
in
system, the pump
a chamber, and a gear casing. WNhen the
acts as a
lubricant. body and the filter
chamber are pump i
tlooded with de-icing tiuid
oprotect the pump and the
a system from damage due to
safety device which relieves pipe blockage etc, the pump
distributor for use with the abnormal pressure by reducing the flow. There are incorporates
system, i.e. strip
and panel.
two types ot
The panel distributors cover a large area of the
strip distributors. They have theaerofoil leading edge, and are more economicai
and efficient than
with double disadvantage of not being suitaole for surfaces
curvature, e.g. fins where the
is fitted over, or
let into the strip distributor has to be used. The panel distributor
outer panel, a micro leading edges of the mainplanes and
porous sheet, and a back plate. The tailplane. It consists of a
of the
porous sheet, and screws passing porous panel extends beyond theporous
surface. An entry connector, through the panel secure the edges
which accommodates a distributor to the aerofoil
to which it is bolted. A metering tube, passes through the backpiate
sectional view of a panel distributor is shown inset in
Figure 12.14.

wing distribution
panels

gallery pipe main feed

Ppe

micro porous back

panel plate

Tigure 12.14: Fuid systems.

The fluid enters the connector irom the man
supply pipe, passes through the
and enters the cavity between the
backplate and the metering tube,
the porous sheet of the distributor, and is porous sheet. The tluid then
distributed over the aroloil seeps through
The strip distributors are inserted in the leading edge ot the surtaces by the air streanm.
to the main
supply pipe. aerotoil, and are connected, in series

245
Chapter 12 Ice and Rain
Protectfon
The luid fills the primary feed channel and passes thrugh the low control tubes into the

secondary feed channel. The fluid

in the
secondary fecd channel filters through the porous
of the aerofoil.
metal side and onto the leading edge

INDSCREEN PROTECTION

Windscreen protection is provided by fluid sprays, clectrical heating, and cabin air may be

provided for de misting. Electrical hcating may be within the main windscreen, or added as an
optional extra by means of a smal heated glass panel fitted in front of the windscreen. Wipers are
also provided on some aircraft and these may be assisted by the use of rain repellent systems

Windshield or Windscreen Wipers. Independent two spced wipers are usually provided for
both pilots. They may be electrically orhydraulically powered, with two operating speeds and
some systems have a parking facility. They should not be operated on a dry windscreen.

Windscreen Washers. This system sprays washer fuid into the windscreen panels, and is used
in conjunction with the wipers to clean the windscreens; a typical control panel is shown in
Figure 12.15, where a single washer control button controis the fluid for both screens. Typically
the reservoir would contain about one gallon, located in one of the underfloor bays and have a
slight gaugevisible for replenishment. Fhuid being routed from the pump to four spray nozzles,
with manualy operated flow distribution and control valves located on the flight deck to provide
selective flow to the windshields.

Windscreen Rain Repellent System. The rain repellent system consists of four valve/timer
nozzles, two for each screen and a manifold which stores and distributes the fluid to the nozzles.
ttheismanifold.
charged with repellent fluid from aerosol type disposable container which
an into
screws
A sight gauge displays a refill foat when the fluid is low, and a pressure gauge
with
green and red areas to indicate go/no go condition. If the float is visible the pressure
a
gauge indication is in the red area the container fluid is depleted.
or

WIPER FF HIGH

Captain'ss
REPELLENT

WIPER

1st
officer's WASHER
REPELLEN

Typical system
Independent electrically
powered wipers for each hydraulically
or
pllot
Panels control
wipers& rain repellant

Figure 12.15: Typical Washer, Wiper and Repellent Controls

246
 SJst>

Fuselage. Wings and Stabilising

Surfaces
FLIGHT DECK AND
PASSENGER CABIN
ight deck windows. WINDows
The flight deck
windows fitted
pressurisation
panels attached impact loads frompressurised
and to
aircraft
toeach side of birdstrikes. They aremust withstand both the loads ot
applied to the inside of clear vinyl
a
constructed from
the outer
torming and makes the window glass panel is used interlayer. An toughened glass
to heat the electrically conducting
more resilient
and able to window. This coating
prevents ice from
The shock withstand birdstrikes.
stretch and loading
of
birdstrike impact is
defom should the
a
absorbed by the
attached to the frame impact be great enough to shatter ability of the vinyl interlayer to
by bolts passing the glass.
through the edge of the
windscreen.
Windscreens are
The aircraft, and therefore by
safe flight and implication the windscreen, must be
is equal to Vc landing after impact with a capable of continued
(design cruise speed) at sea 41b(2kg) bird when the velocity of the
critical. i.e. the windscreen level, or 0.85
must be able to
Ve at aeroplane
8,000 ft, which
penetration. withstand impact under these ever is the most
conditions without
The vertical and
horizontal angles of the windscreen
sufficiently extensive, clear and undistorted view are
specified so that each pilot has a
within the operating limitations of the so
that they can safely perform any manoeuvres
control cabin to enable the aeroplane. An opening window may be provided in the
On light aircraft the
pilot to land the aircraft
safely should forward vision be restricted.
flight compartment windows are generally perspex.

REINFORCED FRAMES
FRAMES

STRINGERS

CUT OUTSs

SKIN

Figure 1. 15

14
Fuselsge, Wings and Stabilising Surfaces
Chapter1
Pássenger cabin windows.
These are
designed to be 'fail safe' and
an
airtightrubber seal fitted into normally have two panes of
capable ametal window
of
taking the fhull cabin frame. The inner acrylic plastic mounted in
of cabin pressure.
pressurisation load. If one pane and outer
panes are cach
fails the other will
prevent loss
MAINPLANES (WINGS)
The wings
and stittnesssupport the
to be able weight
of the
aircraft in the air and
of the to do this.
wing, with the thickness andThe strength and stiffness so must have
sufficient strength
requirements of the
aircraft. The type construction used determined by the thickness
of are

types of construction are: being dependent on the

Bi-plane speed
Braced monoplane
Cantilever monoplane
Bi-Plane
Very few
bi-planes at more than 200
means that the fly
truss knots in level
struts and type design flight and so the air loads are
bracing wires form covered in fabric is low, which
bending and twisting. lattice girder of
a
satisfactory. The
great rigidity which wing spars,
is interplane
highly resistant to
CENTRE $ECTION
UPPER MAEPLANE
LANDING WIRES
INTERPLANE
STRUT

FLYING WIRES

LOWER MAINPLANE
Braced Monoplane. Figure 1.16:
This type of
design is also used on low
speed aircraft.

0
Figure 1.17: