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1. ფსიქოლოგია ჩვენს ცხოვრებაში
1. ფსიქოლოგია ჩვენს ცხოვრებაში
kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqolo- Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs.
giuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze rogorc `fsiqologia da cxovreba~ tvinis da fsiqikis
calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxov- Sinagani sivrcidan adamianis qcevis garegan gan-
rebaze. es magaliTi am saxelmZRvanelos Ziri- zomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT pro-
Tad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzauro- cesebs, romlebic azris mqone struqturas
baSi, sadac adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTu- mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad, iseT
leebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samya-
2 saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is ros, rogor vswavlobT, vurTierTobT sxveb-
Tan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT ga- fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi
varkvioT adamianis cxovrebis iseTi gamovli- da areali. wignis damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven
nebebi, rogoricaa, Tu rogor da ratom naxulo- unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo
ben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT er- am TavSi pirvelad gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu
TmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben, ratom arian agresi- ras unda niSnavdes es.
ulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqikurad. da bolos,
vaCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqo-
logiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da zogierT, ma- gansazRvrebebi
galiTad, segregaciis, SemTxvevaSi SevcvaloT
mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs funda-
kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi kulturuli
mentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis buneba?
Zalebi.
am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiT pasuxobs, rom
Cven, `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ avtorebs,
swavlobs rogorc individSi mimdinare pro-
fsiqologiis kompetenturobis gvjera. pedago-
cesebs, ise fizikur da socialur garemoSi
giuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqo-
aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazrisiT, fsi-
logia sul ufro da ufro momxibvleli gaxda
qologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc
CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis
individis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mec-
procesebis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqanizme-
nierul Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmarte-
bis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvaveba moxda. Zve-
bis mniSvnelovani nawilebi. mecnieruli, qce-
li Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba, mag-
va, individi da fsiqikuri.
ram adamianis bunebis mravali momajadoebeli
fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTx-
mxare jer kidev amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs,
ovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi mecnieru-
rom am mogzaurobis dasasrul Tqvenc saTu-
li meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul
Tad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis saku-
monacemebs efuZnebodes. mecnieruli meTodi
Tar marags.
moicavs problemis analizisa da gadaWrisaT-
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani wvdomis mec- vis saWiro Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi
nieruli wyurvili iqneba. davsvamT kiTxvebs ada- daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrove-
mianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, ro- bul monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis
dis da im qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesa- maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2 TavSi
xeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adami- ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor
anebsa da cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT; avxsniT, ra- atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.
tom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqceviT ase; riTi qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac or-
gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, ra qmnis Tqvens uni- ganizmi garemos ergeba. qceva moqmedebaa. fsi-
kalobas da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad sxve- qologiis sagani, ZiriTadad, adamianis da cxo-
bis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidre- velis dakvirvebadi qcevaa. sicili, tirili,
obam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma gamocdilebam? sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is magaliTebia, rom- ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi _ lebsac SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ik-
adamianur cxovelSi _ agresia da altruizmi, vleven, ras da rogor akeTebs individi moce-
siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmede- mul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da
ba? am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gax- kulturul konteqstSi.
da yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologi- fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze
is, rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis. xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili, mozar-
di sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic
studentur saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas
ratomaa fsiqologia egueba; Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras
unikaluri? icvlis, an qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos
alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis
TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi.
fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos Sim-
dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor esmiT panze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis saWiro sim- 3
boloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule ciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsi-
TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagi- qologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli
re zRvis loqora. individi mis bunebriv gare- individisa da koleqtivis cxovrebis done. fsi-
moSi, an kvleviT laboratoriaSi, kontorli- qologia inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasa
rebad pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT. da sxva humanitarul mecnierebebTan, xelovne-
mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom basTan, rogorebicaa literatura da drama-
adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri procesebis, anu turgia.
adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqo-
gavigebT. adamianuri aqtivobis didi nawili logiis RirsSesaniSnavi (aRsaniSnavi) siRrme
Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Se- da farTo Tvalsawieri siamovnebis wyaroa uk-
moqmedeba, ocneba. mravali fsiqologisaTvis ve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, stu-
swored fsiqikuri procesebia fsiqologiuri dentebisaTvis, vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqo-
Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male ga- logias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.
igebT, rom fsiqologma mkvlevrebma daxvewi- fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqme-
li teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlene- li, magram, bevri Rirebuli informaciis waRe-
bis da procesebis Sesaswavlad, raTa es pira- ba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqolo-
di gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon. giis sferos Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsi-
am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias uni- qologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia. modiT,
kalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac fsiqo- ganvixiloT es miznebi.
logebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian
fokusirebuli, sociologebi swavloben ada-
mianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xo-
lo anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben fsiqologiis miznebi
qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kul- im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic funda-
turaSi. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi far- mentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris qcevis aR-
Tod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs. ro- wera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontro-
gorc erT-erTi socialuri mecniereba, fsiqo- leba. gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis warmomadgen-
logia iyenebs ekonomikas, politologias, so- lebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adami-
ciologias da eTnologias. fsiqologebs bev- anis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. es miznebi fsi-
ri saerTo interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansa- qologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens.
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur deba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT,
procesebSi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena fsi- isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben ax-
qologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania. snis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs
fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSa- surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis
obs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel situaci- mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT
ebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidi- midrekilia riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an
nos suicidi, an danaSauli? zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa zewo-
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, las (situaciuri axsna) _ an, rom orive auci-
rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas faqtorTa lebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).
kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori indivi- xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo
dis SigniT moqmedebs, rogoricaa genetikuri diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi mizeziT ax-
mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an snas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni
TviTSefaseba. qcevebis am Sinagan determinan- maswavlebeli ambobs, rom kargi niSnis misaRe-
tebs organizmuli cvladebi ewodeba, radgan bad aucilebelia gakveTilze diskusiaSi aqti-
isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informaci- uri monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yo-
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
as. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dis- velTvis kargad swavlobs, magram gakveTilze
poziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreT- ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams
ve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bav- Tavis azrebs da Sexedulebebs. maswavlebeli
Svi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa
prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxved- da miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive
rili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli xdeba. am adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram arasodes
qcevebze did gavlenas pirovnebis gareT arse- iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar
buli movlenebi axdens. qcevaze garegan zegav- azrs, Tuki vinme sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxedu-
lenas garemos anu situaciuri cvladebi ewo- li ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi suf-
rasTan. ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mde-
bare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze pasu-
organizmuli cvladebi (organizamic variables) _ xismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT,
organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti. Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs ise moiqces, ro-
dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _ gorc saWiroa (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq Seg-
organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani de- viZlia morcxvobis cneba gamoviyenoT da Tqve-
terminanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba. ni megobris qcevaTa mTeli diapazoni amiTi av-
garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) – gare- xsnaT.
gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze. amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapo-
situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) – gare- veblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva tipis mo-
6 gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze. nacemebis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process
axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli deteqtivi Ser- winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu
lok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti monacemebis sa- rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan mov-
fuZvelze akeTebda gamWriax daskvnebs. amis lenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akav-
msgavsad, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos Sirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.
warmosaxva da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs
icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad ganswav- im pirobebs, romelSic qceva Seicvleba. maga-
lul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamia- liTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da
nis gamocdilebis sakuTari wvdomisa da sxva maimunebSi ucnobi piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis
mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis safuZ- niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi gamowveu-
velze axsnas. fsiqologiuri kvlevis umete- li cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
soba cdilobs gansazRvros, mravali SesaZlo situaciis SigniT variaciebze, magaliTad, uc-
variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mo- nobobis xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofi-
cemul qcevas. liyo, ramdenic bavSvi da maimunia, nakleb SfoT-
vas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvele-
winaswarmetyveleba bis gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistema-
turad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT bavSvis
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs, reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.
rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli kavSiri ra-
Rac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. xSirad qcevis
romelime formis safuZvlad mdebare mizeze- kontroli
bis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli cen-
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. ma-
traluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizania. kon-
galiTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari
troli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar
morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswar-
moxdeba _ daviwyoT, SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT
metyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs Tavs,
da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zli-
Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. ro-
erebaze an gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mi-
desac romelime qcevis an kavSiris asaxsne-
zez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is
lad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mi-
qcevis gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.
xedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT
qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelova-
zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven
nia, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas aZ-
megobars warmatebiT rom daemyarebina ucnob-
levs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobese-
Tan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala.
baSi daexmaros. am wignSi periodulad Sexvde-
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnie-
biT fsiqologebis mier gamogonil sxvadasxva
ruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi da naT-
tipis Carevas im mizniT, rom daexmaron adami-
lad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos ise, rom Se-
anebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqte-
saZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba da uaryofa,
bis gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, fsi- ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli
7
qikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas exeba. wig- interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT,
nSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT ada- rom gageba da ara kontroli warmoadgens mra-
mianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi qcevebi, ro- vali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqolo-
goricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva; wamo- gebis saboloo mizans (Nobles 1980, Triandis
iwyon jansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa regularu- 1990). kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom kontrolze
li varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqolo-
ra stili exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari giaSi im kulturuli mikerZoebis amsaxvelia,
kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa ko-
surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri lonializmis da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrob-
SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba am xe- luri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsi-
lisSemSleli faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18). qologiis kontrolze fokusireba, agreTve,
aq moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime magaliTi im mamakacur midgomad iTvleba. is aseTi domi-
uricxvi situaciidan, romelSic fsiqologe- nanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT
bi TavianT codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobe- wamyvani roli fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi (Bor-
son da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba. nstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).
am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod op-
timistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera, rom Sejameba
praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT `fsiqolo-
SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado CareviT. `fsi- giis da cxovrebis~ zogierT qveTavs, romle-
qologia da cxovreba~ iziarebs am optimizms. bic specialurad SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeq-
am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvi- gor unda moviqce, Tu vfiq- bis~ TiTqmis yvela Tavi da
sas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra rob, rom deda fsiqikurad da- qveTavi cdilobs swored am-
saWiroa fsiqologia? Cveni pa- avadebuli myavs?“ „es sagani gvar kiTxvebs upasuxos. am ga-
suxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pir- maswavlis, rogor unda mivi- mocemaSi specialuri CanarTe-
dapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqolo- Ro ukeTesi niSnebi?“); xanda- bi movaTavseT _ fsiqologia
giur kvlevas dauyovneblivi da xan es kiTxvebi presis saSua- Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiToeuli
mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs lebiT gavrcelebuli fsiqo- aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTx-
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `fsi- logiuri informaciiTaa ga- vas, romelic araerTxel
qologiis da cxovrebis~ erT- mowveuli („marTalia, rom rac gvsmenia studentebisagan.
erTi umTavresi mizania fsiqo- ufro didia bavSvi, miT ufro Cvens mizans warmoadgenda im
logiuri gamocdilebis pirov- konservatulia igi?“ „qalebi sakiTxebis mecnierulad ax-
nuli da sazogadoebrivi mniS- yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi sna, romlebic yvelaze metad
vneloba gaaSuqos. arian, vidre kacebi?“). CvenTvis aRelvebT studentebs. imedi
yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT am kursis swavlebis sirTu- gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom
studentebs, romlebic fsiqo- le swored isaa, rom mecnie- fsiqologiis Seswavla gaam-
logiis disciplinis Sesaval ruli kvlevis is Sedegebi war- didrebs Tqvens cxovrebise-
kurss eswrebian da garkveuli moavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvne- ul gamocdilebas.
kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es lovania studentebisaTvis.
kiTxvebi maTi sakuTari gamoc- `fsiqologiisa da cxovre-
8 dilebiTaa gamowveuli („ro-
turad aiTvisoT teqsti. Sejamebis qveTavi Tan leqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Te-
sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil infor- oriebi.
macias. amgvari Sejameba ganvlili masalis sak-
vanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovel Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, ro- fsiqologiis istoriuli
melsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es qveTavi safuZvlebi
teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiye- „fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli, magram
noT. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ar gesmiT Sejameba, mokle istoria aqvs“, werda eqsperimentuli
teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Ta- fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli her-
vidan waikiTxeT, sanam ar darwmundebiT, rom man ebinhausi (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnie-
namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari qveTavebi tes-
rebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ainteresebdaT
tirebisaTvis mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.
adamianis bunebis mravali saidumlo: rogor
aRiqvams adamiani realobas, rogoria cnobie-
Sejameba rebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe, magram am-
gvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblo-
fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis ba kvlevis saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis ga-
iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da fsiqiku- mo ar gaaCndaT. gavixsenoT Cvens welTaRricx-
ri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsi- vamde IV da V saukuneebSi berZeni filoso-
qologebs ramdenime mizani aqvT: obieqturad fosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristote-
da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan mi- les mier dasmuli fundamenturi SekiTxvebi.
si aRmZvreli Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon ro- miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiis garkveu-
dis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon li formebi induri iogas uZveles tradicia-
is, raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson. Sic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis sa-
fuZvlebi swored did berZen moazrovneTa di-
alogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msje-
loba imaze, Tu rogor muSaobs goneba, ra
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calke-
ul moqalaqeebsa da maT saxelmwifos Soris.
ganviTareba
XIX saukunis bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva mec-
nierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fi-
XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia zika, kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis fsi-
ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia da ra qologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi
aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca, gaecaT filosofosebis mier dasmul am fun-
fsiqologiis Seswavlis dawyebisas mniSvnelo- damentur kiTxvebze.
vania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi ga- ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba. damwyveti roli vilhelm vundtma (Wilhelm
es istoriuli mimoxilva erT martiv princips Wundt) Seasrula, romelmac 1879 wels laip-
emyareba: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologi- cigSi eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirveli
is mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti ga-
gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqolo- naTlebiT fiziologi iyo, magram samecniero
giis sagnisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb. karieris manZilze misma interesebma sxeulis
Cveni istoriuli mimoxilva analizis or Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.
doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel ganyofileba- mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da aRqmis
Si mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi fsiqikuri pro-
fsiqologias safuZveli Caeyara, xolo meore cesebis siCqare. im droisaTvis, rodesac vun-
ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad arse- dtma fsiqologiuri laboratoria daaarsa,
bul Svid mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive mas ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa
donisaTvis SeecadeT warmoidginoT is inte- seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi `fiziologi-
9
rac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava
struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.
biologiuri mimdinareoba
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT qce-
qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis, nervuli da en-
vas marTavs, an mis motivs warmoadgens Zlie-
dokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZe-
ri Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tanda-
ben. organizmis funqcionireba axsnilia mis
yolili instinqtebidan, biologiuri ltol-
safuZvlad mdebare fizikuri struqturebis
vebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da sazo-
da bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda
gadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis ga-
da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul ujredebs
daWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs. depriva-
Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqti-
ciis mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da
vobis Sedegi.
konfliqtebi qcevis ganxorcielebis energias
zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri _ saw-
biologiuri perspeqtiva vavs orTqlis lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis
aa mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu mi-
si moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, misi
ltolvebi ki _ Semcirebuli. qcevis mTavari
fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva mizani daZabulobis Semcirebaa.
motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yve-
a
laze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund froid-
ma (zigmund Freud) ganaviTara XIX saukunis bo-
12
analituri Terapiis sakiTxebs. amasTanave, gak-
virvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes
yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Se-
degi. nacvlad amisa, es iyo gamorCeuli Semoq-
medebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobi-
li iyo adamianis azrebis, grZnobebisa da moq-
medebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amoc-
nobis surviliT.
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavlo-
ben, Tu rogor akontrolebs konkretuli ti-
pis qcevas garemos konkretuli stimuli. upir-
veles yovlisa, bihevioristebi aanalizeben ga-
remos winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win
uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amza-
debs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba. Semdeg isi-
ni ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi
kvlevis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens. qceva un-
da gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakon-
troloT. bolos, ikvleven reaqciis dakvirve-
bad Sedegebs. bihevioristis interesis sagania,
magaliTad, rogor cvlis sagzao jarimebi (Se-
los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. froidis ide- degi) motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZu-
ebi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientebTan mu- lebs mas ufro frTxilad iaros, an saerTod
Saobis Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT, Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia).
is principebi, romlebic man avadmyofebTan aR- monacemebs bihevioristebi kontrolirebadi
moaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jan- laboratoriuli eqsperimentebidan iReben. maT
saR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze. froidis fsi- SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiu-
qodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT- terebi gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da
iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani da garegani Zalebi. fro- reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven, rom
idis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom ada- Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmar-
aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, ada- gorc es bihevioristebs miaCniaT. zogierTi yve-
mianis ZiriTadi amocanaa swrafva sakuTari po- laze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruli-
tenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken. ad axali da ara warsulSi gamoyenebuli gze-
humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas, bidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis
magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi da ara unari, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imis-
mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze gan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs adami-
dayvaniT. isini adamianTa cxovrebis ganmavlo- ans momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia
baSi gamovlenil cxovrebiseuli istoriebis gadalaxos. individi realobaze reagirebs ara
paternebs akvirdebian. biheviorisitebisgan ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed
mkveTrad gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqolo- ise, rogorc is misi fiqrebis da warmosaxvis
giis warmomadgenlebi individis mier gancdil Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisa-
subieqtur samyaros swavloben da ara garega- xeba. kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qce-
ni damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT dana- vebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu viRa-
xul obieqtur samyaros. amitom, isini fenome- cas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic
nologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo sinanulis gan-
iTvlebian, radgan movlenebze calkeuli moq- cdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc
medi subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swav- qcevis mizezis magaliTia.
loben. garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdi- kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi
14 loben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da ho- iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs swavloben,
rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,
problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis miReba
sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvin-
Si sisxlis moZraobis sqema sxvadasxva tipis
kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis
mogonebebi adreuli bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mexsierebis unaris
cvlilebebi. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis
gamo mravali mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdi-
nareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamed-
rove fsiqologia biologiuri mecnierebebis Zi-
riTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCe-
vis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros. bu-
nebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: gare-
mosTan ukeT Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes STa-
momavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis ge-
nebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Tao-
bis manZilze adaptaciis unari sul ufro da
ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evo-
wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri fsiqolo-
luciuri mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom, ro-
gia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul
gorc fsiqikuri, ise fizikuri unarebi milio-
gamocdilebas iyenebs, raTa is centraluri
nobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic
konkretul adaptaciur miznebs momsaxureboda.
cocxali arsebebis winaSe dgas: mtaceblebisa
mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben,
da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Seg-
romlebSic adamianis tvini ganviTarda. adami-
roveba da gacvla, mewyvilis mopoveba da Se-
anis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistoce-
narCuneba, janmrTeli bavSvebis gazrda. adap-
nis eraSi mcire jgufebad cxovrebas, nadiro-
taciuri problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evolu-
basa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxe-
ciuri fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im fsiqi-
Sad, ormilionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000
kuri meqanizmebis an fsiqologiuri adaptaci-
kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsi-
vis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs kultura imaze, Tu ro- movnebis miRwevis procesSi Seqmnili dabrko-
gor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebs lebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, usamar-
Tu ara kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorci- Tlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias
elebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi mSoblebis mimarT
imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqi- gancdili mtrulobis gadatanas zrdasrul asak-
kur aSlilobebs? Si.
amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdi- bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadeni-
nareoba xSirad iseT daskvnebs gvaZlevs, rom- li agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis faqtebs,
lebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Te- vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebs, an Tanatolebs
zisebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa daartya da es zedmeti yuradRebis sagani gax-
azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar da. es midgoma amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi mSoble-
miesadageba venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom sa- bisagan agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Sem-
zogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev anTropo- deg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.
logma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinow- humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebu-
ski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da froidis mamaze cen- lebebs da socialur pirobebs, romlebic xels
trirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis sa- uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdi-
fuZvelze gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea lebas da ara harmoniul ganviTarebas.
centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli mimdinare- kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da
oba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareo- fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani Zaladobis aq-
16
cxrili
1.1
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba
mimdinareoba rogor esmis qcevis kvlevis fokusi kvlevis ZiriTadi
adamianis buneba determinantebi Temebi
albaT ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian logiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusi-
bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom rebuli, vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.
maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom fsiqo-
82 aTasamde fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moR- logiis kvlevac da praqtikac mamakacebis do-
vaweobs (ix. sur. 1.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi- minirebiT mimdinareobda, Tumca mcire raode-
qologebis raodenoba dasavleTis industriul nobiT qalma fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili
qveynebSi metia, mraval sxva qveyanaSic izrdeba Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987; Scar-
interesi fsiqologiis mimarT. fsiqologiuri mec- borough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret
nierebis saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis fsi- uoSbornma (Margaret Washburn) kornelis uni-
qologia gaerTianebuli (Rozenzweig, 1999). ameri- versiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma mi-
kis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bo- iRo doqtoris xarisxi. man dawera cnobili
los 155 000 wevri hyavda msoflios yvela kuTx- saxelmZRvanelo „cxovelis goneba“. 1895 wels
idan (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi saerTaSoriso or- meri kalkinsma (Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daam-
ganizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba Tavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantu-
18 (APS), 16 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqo- ra, magram administracia mas ar aZlevda doq-
suraTi
1.2 suraTi
1.3
fsiqologTa samuSao garemo
naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas momuSave fsiqologTa qalebisaTvis miniWebuli fsiqologiis
procenti amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis fsilogiis
doqtoris xarisxi
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris
Catrebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv qalebi
upiratesobas floben
toris xarisxs. miuxedavad amisa, kalkinsi kis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.2 suraTzea naCvenebi,
warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa doqtoris xarisxis umetesoba amJamad qalebs
asociaciis pirveli qali prezidenti gaxda. ana aqvT (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia XXI saukune-
froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili Se- Si myarad narCundeba (Murray and Williams, 1999).
itana fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali rac ufro meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologias
mkvlevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi araer- adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti
Txel SexvdebiT. adamiani _ qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mama- segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am karieras.
kacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis da praqti- Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom `fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ Rirs mogzaurobad, ro-
melic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da
samaxsovro momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc
Sejameba
adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqolo-
giuri procesebi detreminizmis doqtriniTaa
marTuli _ fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi
ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-er-
Ti adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents
fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze
akeTebda meore midgoma, funqcionalizi ki _
qcevis funqciaze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mim-
dinareobas moicavs. biologiuri mimdinareoba
swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis meqa- 19
nizmebs Soris; fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebi- lebisaTvis qceva gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas
saTvis qceva cnobieri da aracnobieri motiva- garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, xolo, kultu-
ciebiTaa gamowveuli; bihevioristuli mimarTu- ruli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi inter-
lebisaTvis qceva garegani stimuluri pirobebi- pretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.
Taa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaT- fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pa-
vis aqcenti keTdeba individis piradi zrdis Si- suxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli ram-
nagan unarze; kognituri mimarTulebisaTvis mTa- denime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi
varia is fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic qceviT Tvalsawieri ufro internacionaluri gaxda
reaqciebze zemoqmedebs; evoluciuri mimarTu- da met qals moiTvlis.
vifiqroT momavalze
`fsiqologiis da cxovre- bani. Cven ver viwinaswarmety- bis Sedegad mkvlevrebs sa-
bis~ am gamocemas mokle ese- velebT, romeli sazogadoeb- Sualeba miecemaT zedmiwev-
ebi davamateT, romlebic fsi- rivi moZraoba Seipyrobs niT zustad gaarkvion, ra mi-
qologiaSi, rogorc mecnie- msoflios XXI saukuneSi, mag- marTebaa fsiqikur proceseb-
rebaSi, momxdar clilebebs ram danamdvilebiT SegviZlia sa da tvinis aqtivobas So-
aRwers XXI saukuneSi gadas- vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi da- ris. aseve, genetikuri kvle-
vlasTan erTad. am TavSi mok- uyovnebliv reagirebas moax- vis teqnologiuri iaraRebis
led aRvwereT, Tu rogor Se- denen am sakiTxebze da maT ganviTarebam SesaZloa swra-
icvala es disciplina gasu- Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqo- fad Secvalos is gzebi, rom-
li 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi, logiur kvlevaze, agreTve, lebiTac mkvlevrebi acal-
gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli mim- did gavlenas moaxdens is teq- keveben bunebisa da aRzrdis
dinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mog- nologiuri siaxleeebi, rom- zegavlenas TiToeuli indi-
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
vitans Semdegi 100 weli? aS- lebic adamianebsa da kultu- vidis cxovrebaSi.
karaa, rom fsiqologiis Si- rebs Soris manZils amcirebs. am tipis sakiTxebs _ ino-
naarsi da praqtika momaval- internetis gamo XXI sauku- vaciebi fsiqologiis Sina-
Si Seicvleba. neSi didi mniSvneloba mieni- arssa da praqtikaSi _ miv-
marTalia, zogierTi sa- Weba sxvadasxva kulturis marTavT swored specialur
kiTxi, romelsac fsiqologe- msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sa- qveTavebSi _ fsiqologia
bi swavloben, droze ar aris kiTxs. XXI saukuneSi.
damokidebuli, magaliTad, teqnologiuri siaxleni
rogoria enis aTvisebis Zi- fsiqologiis kvlevis meTo- veb-gverdebi:
riTadi procesebi, magram ar- debzec iqoniebs gavlenas,
www.apa.org _ amerikis fsi-
sebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, rom- radgan fsiqikuri procesebis
qologTa asociaciis gver-
lebic konkretul dros mo- kvlevisas ukve XX saukunis
di
aqvs. magaliTad, me-17 da me-18 bolos farTod gamoiyenebo-
TavebSi ganxiluli socialu- da kompiuterebi da tvinis Se- www.psychologicalscience.org
ri fsiqologiis kvlevebis saswavli sxva mowyobilobe- _ amerikis fsiqologTa sa-
umetesoba im mecnierebma wa- bi, romlebzec vundts da mis zogadoebis gverdi
moiwyes, vinc cdilobda gae- kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar
go, ra Zalebma ganapiroba me- hqondaT. kidev ufro daxve-
ore msoflio omis saSinele- wili teqnologiuri miRweve-
20
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTule- XXI saukunis dasawyisisaT-
ratomaa fsiqologia bisaTvis qceva instinqturi vis fsiqologis profesia
unikaluri ZalebiTa da Sinagani kon- moculobiT ufro interna-
fliqtebiT, cnobieri da cionaluri da praqtikose-
fsiqologia aris individe- aracnobieri motivebiTaa gan- bisa da mkvlevrebis Semad-
bis qcevis da fsiqikuri pro- pirobebuli. genlobiT ufro mravalfe-
cesebis mecnieruli Seswav- biheviorizisaTvis qceva gan- rovani gaxda.
la. pirobebulia garegani sti-
fsiqologiis mizania qcevis mulebiT. ZiriTadi cnebebi
aRwera, axsna, winaswarmety- humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-
vis mniSvnelovania raciona- ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela Tav-
veleba da gakontrolebis
luri arCevanis gakeTebis Si muqi SriftiTaa gamoyo-
xelSewyoba.
Tandayolili unari individ- fili, rom advilad SeamCni-
Si. oT, xolo yoveli Tavis bo-
kognituri mimdinareoba xazs los igive terminebi ganmeo-
Tanamedrove fsiqologi- rebiTaa mocemuli. garda ami-
usvams im fsiqikur proce-
is ganviTareba sa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wig-
sebs, romlebic qceviT re-
aqciebze nis bolos, leqsikonSi mo-
vundtis da titCeneris Sro- cemuli, anbanis mixedviT da
zemoqmedebs.
mebidan ganviTarda struq- ganmartebulia.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
turalizmi, romelic aq-
Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCe- biheviorizmi
cents elementaruli Seg-
nis procesSi Seguebis Se-
rZnebebisagan agebuli fsi- bihevioristuli
degad ganviTarda.
qikisa da qcevis struqtu- mimdinareoba
kulturuli mimdinareoba
raze akeTebs. biologiuri mimdinareoba
qcevas da mis interpretaci-
jemsisa da diuis mier ganvi- garemos cvladebi
as kulturul konteqstSi
Tarebuli funqcionalizmi dispoziciuri cvladebi
ganixilavs.
aqcents qcevis miRma arse-
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
bul mizanze akeTebs.
kognituri mimdinareoba
am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tana-
ras akeTeben fsiqo- kulturuli mimdinareoba
medrove fsiqologiis safuZ-
vlebi. logebi mecnieruli meTodi
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