Encoders and Multiplexer

Circuits
By: Dr. Youssef Trabelsi

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 Encoder
 Encoding – An encoder is a digital function that performs the
inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2n inputs
and n output lines that indicate which single bit of the input is
active.

encoder
entity code

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Example- 4-to-2 encoder

 Assume only one input ‘on’ at a time.

8-to-3 encoder

 The application of this encoder is the octal-to-binary

conversion.
Major Limitation of Encoders

 Exactly one input must be active at any given time.

 If the number of active inputs is less than one or more
than one, the output will be incorrect.
 For example, if E3 = E6 = 1, the output of the encoder
A2A1A0 = 111, which implies incorrect output.
The priority encoders solves the problems mentioned
above by allocating a priority level to each input.
The priority encoders
 The priority encoders output corresponds to the currently
active input which has the highest priority.
 So when an input with a higher priority is present, all other
inputs with a lower priority will be ignored.
 Example for the 4-to-2 priority encoder:

The most significant bit of the input has the highest priority
while the least significant bit has the lowest priority.
 Encoder

 Example: Octal-to-binary encoder.

D0
D1 x = D4 + D5 + D6 + D7
D2
D3 y = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7
D4
D5
D6
D7 z = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7

8-to-3 encoder

Exercise: Can you design a 2n-to-n encoder without the K-map?

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Encoder

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 Multiplexers
A multiplexer (MUX) is a device that allows digital information from
several sources to be routed onto a single line for transmission over that
line to a common destination.

The basic multiplexer has several data-input lines and a single output
line.

It also has data-select inputs. which permit digital data on anyone of
the inputs to be switched to the output line.

Multiplexers are also known as data selectors.

mux data
input

select
Multiplexing in general
 You have 2n input lines and a n-bit selection
control input which routes that specific input
to the output.
 Have seen a 2-to-1 mux. – The circuit

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 Multiplexer

 A multiplexer is a device which has

(i) a number of input lines
(ii) a number of selection lines
(iii) one output line
 It steers one of 2n inputs to a single output line, using n
selection lines. Also known as a data selector.

2n:1
inputs Multiplexer output
:

... 11

select
 Multiplexer

 Truth table for a 4-to-1 multiplexer:

I0 I1 I2 I3 S1 S0 Y S1 S0 Y
d0 d1 d2 d3 0 0 d0 0 0 I0
d0 d1 d2 d3 0 1 d1 0 1 I1
d0 d1 d2 d3 1 0 d2 1 0 I2
d0 d1 d2 d3 1 1 d3 1 1 I3
Inputs
Inputs I0
I0 I1
0
4:1 I2 mux Y
I1 1
MUX I3
I2 2 Y Output
I3 3
S1 S0 S1 S0
select
select 12
 Multiplexer

 Output of multiplexer is
“sum of the (product of data lines and selection lines)”
 Example: the output of a 4-to-1 multiplexer is:
Y = I0.(S1’.S0') + I1.(S1’.S0) + I2.(S1.S0') + I3.(S1.S0)
 A 2n-to-1-line multiplexer, or simply 2n:1 MUX, is made
from an n: 2n decoder by adding to it 2n input lines, one to
each AND gate.

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The 4-to-1 Multiplexers
 In the 2-to-1 mux there is a 1-to-2 decoder and
then the 2 enabling and gates
 In a 4-to-1 mux you have a 2-to-4 decoder to
select which of the 4 inputs, D0, D1, D2, D3 is
routed to the output Y.
 4-to-1 mux
 2 select inputs
 4 data line inputs
 1 output

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7. Multiplexers:
The Implementation for a 4-input multiplexer (MUX)

Fig. Logic diagram for a 4-input multiplexer.

Typical occurances
 Available
 1-to-2, 2-to-4, 3-to-8, and 4-to-16 line decoders
 2-to-1, 4-to-1, 8-to-1 multiplexers
 Larger sizes, when needed could be
implemented from the basic units.

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 Multiplexers
A logic symbol for a 4-input multiplexer (MUX)
 As shown in Figure
 Notice that there are two data-select lines because with two select bits.
 Anyone of the four data-input lines can be selected.

Fig. 13,
Logic symbol for a 1-of-4 data
selector/multiplexer.
Multiplexers: Implementing Functions

 A Boolean function can be implemented using

multiplexers.
 A 2n-to-1 multiplexer can implement a Boolean function
of n input variables, as follows:
 (i) Express in sum-of-minterms form.
Example: F(A,B,C) = A'B'C + A'BC + AB'C + ABC'
= S m(1,3,5,6)
 (ii) Connect n variables to the n selection lines.
 (iii) Put a '1' on a data line if it is a minterm of the function,
'0' otherwise.

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Multiplexers: Implementing Functions
F(A,B,C) = S m(1,3,5,6)

0 0
This method works because:
1 1 Output = m0.I0 + m1.I1 + m2.I2 + m3.I3
0 2
1 3 mux F + m4.I4 + m5.I5 + m6.I6 + m7.I7
0 4
1
1
5
6 Supplying ‘1’ to I1,I3,I5,I6 , and ‘0’ to the
0 7
rest:
A B C Output = m1 + m3 + m5 + m6
 Demultiplexer
 Given an input line and a set of selection lines, the
demultiplexer will direct data from input to a selected
output line.
 An example of a 1-to-4 demultiplexer:
Outputs

Y0 = D.S1'.S0' S1 So Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
0 0 D 0 0 0
Y1 = D.S1'.S0
Data D demux
0 1 0 D 0 0
Y2 = D.S1.S0' 1 0 0 0 D 0
Y3 = D.S1.S0
1 1 0 0 0 D

S1 S0
select 20
 Demultiplexer
 The demultiplexer is actually identical to a decoder with
enable, as illustrated below:

Y0 = D.S1'.S0'
2x4
S1 Decoder Y1 = D.S1'.S0
S0 Y2 = D.S1.S0'
E Y3 = D.S1.S0

Exercise: Provide the truth table for above demultiplexer.

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 Multiplexer

 An application:

Helps share a single communication line among a

number of devices.
At any time, only one source and one destination can
use the communication line.
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