A brief report on Combinational

circuits

Mohith.K (1217104080 58)

Rammohan.S (1217104080 59)
Madhuri.D (1217104080 60)
Combinational Circuits
Combinational circuit is a circuit in which we combine the different gates in the
circuit, for example encoder, decoder, multiplexer and demultiplexer. Some of the
characteristics of combinational circuits are following −
► The output of combinational circuit at any instant of time, depends only on the
levels present at input terminals.
► The combinational circuit do not use any memory. The previous state of input
does not have any effect on the present state of the circuit.
► A combinational circuit can have an n number of inputs and m number of
outputs.
Block diagram of Combinational Circuits
Types of Combinational Circuits
ARITHMETIC &
LOGICAL OPERATIONS

1217104080 60
ADDER :

An adder is a digital logic circuit in electronics that implements

addition of numbers. In many computers and other types of
processors, adders are used to calculate addresses, similar
operations and table indices in the ALU and also in other parts
of the processors.

There are two types of adder circuits:

1.HALF ADDER
2.FULL ADDER
HALF ADDER:

The addition of 2 bits is called

Half adder the input variables are
augent and addant bits and
output variables are sum & carry
bits. A and B are the two input
bits
IMPLEMENTATION:

TRUTH TABLE

A B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

Sum = A XOR B
Carry = A AND B
K MAPS FOR HALF ADDER
FULL ADDER

Full Adder is the adder which adds three

inputs and produces two outputs. The first
two inputs are A and B and the third input
is an input carry as C-IN. The output carry
is designated as C-OUT and the normal
output is designated as S which is SUM.
IMPLEMENTATION:
TRUTH TABLE
K MAPS FOR FULL ADDER

SUM=A⊕B⊕C C-OUT=AB + C-IN (A⊕B)

SUBTRACTOR

An electronic logic circuit for calculating the difference

between two binary numbers, the minuend and the
number to be subtracted

There are two types of subtractors:

1.Half subtractor
2.Full subtractor
HALF SUBTRACTOR:

The Half Subtractor is a digital circuit

which processes the subtraction of two
1-bit numbers. ... The circuit of Half
subtractor consists of two inputs and
two outputs. The inputs of the half
subtractor circuit will be subtrahend
and minuend. On the other hand, the
output will be the difference and the
borrow.
IMPLEMENTATION:
TRUTH TABLE
K MAPS FOR HALF SUBTRACTOR
FULL SUBTRACTOR
A full subtractor is a combinational circuit that
performs subtraction of two bits, one is minuend and
other is subtrahend, taking into account borrow of the
previous adjacent lower minuend bit. This circuit has
three inputs and two outputs. The three inputs A, B
and Bin, denote the minuend, subtrahend, and
previous borrow, respectively. The two outputs, D
and Bout represent the difference and output borrow,
respectively.
IMPLEMENTATION
TRUTH TABLE
K MAPS FOR FULL SUBTRACTOR
Applications of Adders and Subtractor
1.Adders and Subtractor are widely used in computer’s ALU (Arithmetic logic unit)
to compute addition as well as CPU (Central Processing unit) and GPU (Graphics
Processing unit) for graphics applications to reduce the circuit complexity.
2.They are used for performing arithmetical functions like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division in electronic calculators and digital instruments.
3.Adders are used in digital calculators for arithmetic addition and devices that uses
some kind of increment or arithmetic process.
4.They are used in microcontrollers for arithmetic additions, PC (program counter)
and Timers.
5.Used in processors to calculate address, tables and slimier operations.
6.Used in networking and DSP (Digital signal processor) oriented system.
MULTIPLEXER &
DE-MULTIPLEXER

1217104080 58
Multiplexer
➢ Multiplexer is an digital circuit that has multiple inputs and single output.
➢ The selection of 1 of n input lines is done by the select lines.
➢ It has one output selected at a time.
➢ It is also known as DATA SELECTOR.
➢ A multiplexer has,
○ N data inputs
○ 1 output
○ M select lines, with 2M = N
Block Diagram of MUX
Types of MUX
➢ 2 by 1 (1 select line)
➢ 4 by 1 (2 select lines)
➢ 8 by 1 (3 select lines)
➢ 16 by 1 (4 select lines)
2:1 MUX

Select line Output

S Y

0 D0

1 D1
Hardware Implementation
➢ The Logical level applied to the S input
determines which AND is enabled, so
that data input passes through the OR
gate to the output
➢ The output Y=DOS+D1S
➢ When
○ S=0,AND gate 1 is enabled and
AND gate 2 is disabled . So Y = DO
○ S=1,AND gate 1 is disabled and
AND gate 2 is enabled . So Y = D1
4:1 MUX

S1 S0 Y

0 0 D0

0 1 D1

1 0 D2

1 1 D3
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:

➢ In 4:1 MUX, there will be 4 input

lines and 1 output line. And to
control which input should be
selected out of these 4, we need 2
selection lines.

➢ The output is,

S1S0D0 + S1S0D1 + S1S0D2 +
S1S0D3
Applications of MUX

1. Computer Memory:

A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount of

memory in the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper
lines necessary to connect the memory to other parts of the computer.
2. Implementing Functions using Multiplexer

In place of logic gates, a logical expression can be generated by using a

multiplexer. It is possible to connect the multiplexer such that it duplicates the
logic of any truth table. In such cases it can generate the Boolean algebraic
function of a set of input variables.

This abruptly reduces the number of logic gates or integrated circuits to perform
the logic function since the multiplexer is a single integrated circuit. In this kind
of applications, multiplexers are viewed as logic function generators.
 Assume the function as F(A,B,CD) = ∑m (1,4,5,7,9,12,13)

Assuming S0= B and S1= A, We get

K- Map
the following truth table,
CD

AB 1 S0 S1 Y

0 0 I0 = CD
1 1 1
0 1 I1 = C+D
1 1
1 0 I2 = C
1
1 1 I3 = CD
De Multiplexer
➢ De-Multiplexer (De-MUX) is the reverse of Multiplex process i.e
reconverting the signal containing multiple analog & digital signals into
original separate signals.
➢ The selection of 1 of n input lines is done by the select lines.
➢ Demultiplexers are also called as DATA DISTRIBUTORS. Since they
transmit the same data which is received at the input to different
destinations.
Block Diagram of De - MUX
Types of De - MUX

➢ 1:2 DeMUX (1 select line)

➢ 1:4 DeMUX (2 select lines)
➢ 1:8 DeMUX (3 select lines)
➢ 1:16 DeMUX (4 select lines)
1:2 De MUX

Enable S Y0 Y1
E

0 x 0 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1
Hardware Implementation of 1:2 De - MUX
➢ The input is routed to Y0 and Y1
depends on the value of select input
S. In the table output Y1 is active
when the combination of select line
and input line are active high, i.e., S F
= 11.
➢ When the select lines S=0, AND gate
A1 is enabled while A2 is disabled.
➢ When S=1, AND gate A2 is enabled
and AND gate A1 is disabled, thus
data is passed to the Y0 output.
1:4 De - MUX

Enable S1 S0 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
E

0 x x 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 1 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 1
Hardware Implementation of 1:4 De - MUX

➢ The 1 to 4 demultiplexer consists of

one input, four outputs, and two
control lines to make selections The
alongside diagram shows the circuit
of 1 to 4 demultiplexer.

➢ The input bit is Data D with two

select lines A and B. The input bit D
is transmitted to four output bits Y0,
Y1, Y2, and Y4.
Applications of De - MUX

1.CommunicationSystem:
Communication system use multiplexer to carry multiple data like audio, video
and other form of data using a single line for transmission. This process make the
transmission easier. The demultiplexer receive the output signals of the
multiplexer and converts them back to the original form of the data at the
receiving end. The multiplexer and demultiplexer work together to carry out the
process of transmission and reception of data in communication system.
2. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

In an ALU circuit, the output of ALU can be stored in multiple registers or

storage units with the help of demultiplexer. The output of ALU is fed as the data
input to the demultiplexer. Each output of demultiplexer is connected to multiple
register which can be stored in the registers.
ENCODER &
DECODER

1217104080 59
ENCODER:
An encoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information in
the form of a 2N input lines into N output lines, which represent N bit
code for the input. For simple encoders, it is assumed that only one input
line is active at a time.
DECODER:

A decoder is a circuit which has n inputs and 2n outputs, and

outputs 1 on the wire corresponding to the binary number
represented by the inputs. For example, a 2-4 decoder might
be drawn like this: and its truth table
As an example, let’s consider
Octal to Binary encoder. As
shown in the following figure,
an octal-to-binary encoder
takes 8 input lines and
generates 3 output lines.
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 X Y Z

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
3:8 DECODER

This decoder circuit gives 8 logic

outputs for 3 inputs and has a enable
pin. The circuit is designed with AND
and NAND logic gates. It takes 3
binary inputs and activates one of the
eight outputs. 3 to 8 line decoder
circuit is also called as binary to an
octal decoder.
TRUTH TABLE
THANK YOU!