Studyguide-4 - Electricity and Magnetism

“studyguide-main” — 2017/2/17 — 19:39 — page 1 — #1
Contents
20 Electrostatics 2
21 Circuit and Power 15
22 Ac and Domestic Electricity 23
23 Electromagnetism 30
24 Electromagnetic Induction 40
Chapter 20
Electrostatics
A. Reminders
Charge
• type: + and − 1 C ≈ amount of charge of 6 × 1018
electrons
• unit: C 1 mC = 1 × 10−3 C
1 ţC = 1 × 10−6 C
• neutral: no charge
Net charge
• neutral: net charge = 0
Conservation of charge
• charge can neither be created nor destroyed

• in an isolated system, net charge = constant
• charging: separating +q and −q
Conductor and insulator

• conductor = material that has
movable charge carriers
metal: free electrons (−)
salted water: ions (+ and −)
• insulator = material that has no
movable charge carriers ∴ vacuum is an insulator
Electrostatics 3
Transfer of electrons
• excess of electrons =⇒ −Q
• shortage of electrons =⇒ +Q
Interaction between charges
• direction: like charges repel; unlike charges attract

action-and-reaction pairs
• magnitude: Coulomb’s law

Qq
F =k
r2
1
where k = ≈ 9 × 109 N m2 C−2 ε0 is called the permitivity of free space or
4πε0 electric constant
• more charge =⇒ stronger force • further apart =⇒ weaker force
Charge redistribution
4 Chapter 20
Earthing
• sharing charge with the Earth (hugh body)
Charging methods
• by friction
• by sharing
• by induction
• by EHT supply
Electrostatics 5
Attraction between charged and neutral objects

neutral particle
• charged object does not attract
neutral particles
sized object
• conductor:
charge redistribution
=⇒ induced charges
=⇒ attraction
polarization: molecules become polarized
• insulator: and line up
polarization
=⇒ induced charges
=⇒ attraction
Hazards and troubles due to electrostatic charge
• attracting dust
• electric shock
• sparks =⇒ ire or explosion
Application of electrostatics
• precipitators
• spraying
• photocopies and laser printers
Electric ield
• region where charges experience an electric force
Electric ield strength E

• E = electric force per unit +ve test
notes:
charge at the position
1. direction of E = dir. of force on +q
#» #»
∴ F =qE 2. F x = qE x
F y = qE y
• unit: N C−1 or V m−1
6 Chapter 20
Electric ield lines

• line density: magnitude of E
• arrow: direction of E
• from + to − charges
• never cross, nor branch
Uniform electric ield
• E = constant, everywhere
• ield lines: straight, parallel and even
Electric ield strength E between two

parallel plates is given by
V
E=
d
where V is the voltage applied between
the plates, and d is the distance between
them.
Motion in uniform electric ield
• projectile motion
Electric ield due to a point source Q

• magnitude: source = charge that produces the ield;
Q 1 source and its own ield do not interact
E =k 2 where k =
r 4πε0
• direction:
+Q =⇒ E radially outwards
−Q =⇒ E radially inwards
Resultant ield due to many sources

• vector sum E x = E 1x + E 2x + · · ·
#» #» #» E y = E 1y + E 2y + · · ·
• E = E 1 + E 2 +···
#» #» #»
• F = q( E 1 + E 2 + · · · )
Electrostatics 7
Electric ield patterns
neutral point: position where resultant

E =0
dipole = a pair of equal and opposite

charges, separated apart
• V = 0 if the plate is earthed
B. Common Mistakes
• Attracting each other
see CE-07-2 Q19, CE-05-2 Q17

see also CE-06-2 Q22
V A neutral object can be attracted by a charged object due to induced

charges.
8 Chapter 20
• Repelling each other
see CE-07-2 Q19

see also AL-07-2 Q13
V The electric forces on the two balls are action and reaction. The
horizontal forces are of the same size.
• Effect of induction
see CE-03-2 Q44
V Induction cannot create net charge; it only separates + and − charges.
• Momentarily earthed
see CE-00-2 Q29
V Like charges spread on a conductor if nothing nearby attracts or

repels them.
Electrostatics 9
• Electric ield lines
see AL-07-2 Q33
V The E - ield lines show the direction of force on +q .
• Resultant ield of a pair of +q
see AL-09-2 Q24
V The resultant E has a peak along x -axis (x > 0). The vertical components
of the ields of the two charges are always opposite. The cancelling effect
is signi icant for small x .
• Resultant ield of two opposite charges
see DSE-16-1A Q24, DSE-15-1A Q22,

AL-08-2 Q14
see also DSE-12-1A Q25, AL-06-2 Q11
V Electric ields are vectors (i.e. have directions). Two vectors of equal
magnitude may or may not give zero resultant.
10 Chapter 20
C. Key Examples
Take e = 1.602 × 10−19 C and ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C2 N−1 m−2 .
i Problem-solving strategy
Electric force
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:
Figure out the ç Draw the force diagram ç Find the magnitude of ç Resolve components
interactions between of the charge each force concerned and ind their resultant.
each pair of charges: concerned. using Coulomb’s law.
attraction or repulsion.
Example 1 see DSE-14-1A Q21

Two point charges Q 1 = +8 ţC and Q 2 = −10 ţC are ixed at two points 2 m see also DSE-16-1A Q24, DSE-15-1A Q22
apart in vacuum as shown.
A new point charge Q 3 = +2 ţC is placed in the mid-point of the two charges.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant electric force on Q 3 .
(3 marks)
. Solution
Q 1 and Q 3 =⇒ repulsion
Q 2 and Q 3 =⇒ attraction
1
Let k = = 8.89 × 109 N m2 C−2
4πε0
Force by Q 1 on Q 3
¯ ¯
¯Q Q ¯ (8 × 10−6 )(2 × 10−6 )
¯ 1 3¯
F 13 = k ¯ 2 ¯ = k = 16 × 10−12 k (to the right) (1M)
¯ r ¯ 1 2
13
Force by Q 2 on Q 3
¯ ¯
¯Q Q ¯ (10 × 10−6 )(2 × 10−6 )
¯ 2 3¯
F 23 = k ¯ 2 ¯ = k = 20 × 10−12 k (to the right) (1M)
¯ r ¯ 12
23
Resultant force on Q 3
F = F 13 + F 23 = k(36 × 10−12 ) = 0.320 N (to the right) (1A)
î What-if How would your answer change if the distance between Q 1 and
Q 2 is doubled? Ans: reduced to one-fourth (∵ 1/r 2 )
Electrostatics 11
Example 2
The helium ion He+ has one electron orbiting about its nucleus. The nucleus
has two protons and two neutrons. The radius of the electron orbit is
26 × 10−12 m.
(a) Find the magnitude of the electric force acting on the electron by the
nucleus. (2 marks)
(b) Find the kinetic energy of the electron. (3 marks)
. Solution
1
(a) Let k = = 8.89 × 109 N m2 C−2
4πε0
Charge of nucleus Q = +2e not +e
Qe (8.89e9)(2 × 1.602 × 10−19 )(1.602 × 10−19 )

FE = k = = 6.750 × 10−7 N
r2 (26 × 10−12 )2
(1M+1A)
(b) The centripetal force is provided by the electric force:

F E = mv 2 /r (1M)
So, KE of electron
E K = 12 mv 2 = 12 F E r = 12 (6.75 × 10−7 )(26 × 10−12 ) = 8.78 × 10−18 J (1M+1A)
î What-if How would the KE in (b) change if the He+ nucleus has four
neutrons, instead of two? Ans: no change (∵ neutrons carry no
charge)
Example 3
The igure below shows a square grid and the electric ield strength (in
arbitrary units) at points X and Y near a point charge Q .
12 Chapter 20
Find the electric ield strength (in the same arbitrary units) at A and B .
(3 marks)
. Solution
A and Y are equidistant from Q .
=⇒ E A = E Y = 72 units (1A)
By Pyth. thm, r B2 = 32 + 12 = 10 and r X2 = 1

Q 1
E =k , where k =
r2 4πε0
=⇒ Er 2 = constant
=⇒ E B × 10 = E X × 1 (1M)
=⇒ E B = 360/10 = 36 units (1A)
î What-if How would E B change if Q is doubled? Ans: still 36 units, but the size of a unit is
doubled
more than one source
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
Draw a vector diagram. ç Find individual ç Resolve components
magnitudes using the and ind their resultant.
formula.
Example 4
Suppose the electric ield strength at (0, a) due to an isolated point charge
+q at (0, 0) is 1 N C−1 . Now a pair of charge +q and −q is ixed at (0, a)
and (0, −a) on y -axis, forming a dipole. What is the resultant electric ield
p
(direction and magnitude) due to the dipole at A = ( 3a, 0)? (3 marks)
. Solution
kq 1
Given 2
= 1 N C−1 , where k = .
a 4πε0
q a 1
E+ = E− = k where r = 2a and sin θ = = (1M)
r2 r 2
So, resultant E
kq 1 kq 1
= E+ + E− = 2 sin θ = = (1) ≈ 0.25 N C−1 (downwards) (1M+1A)
r2 4 a2 4
Electrostatics 13
î What-if Does the resultant E become stronger or weaker if the −q is

p
replaced with a +q ? Ans: stronger (∵ 2 cos θ = 3 > 1)
Example 5
A charged ball is suspended by a nylon thread in a uniform, horizontal
electric ield 3 × 104 N C−1 , as shown. The thread makes an angle 20° to the
vertical. Given that the ball has mass 10 g. Find the magnitude of the charge
q carried by the ball. (3 marks)
. Solution
Force diagram:
Horizontal balance: qE = T sin θ (1M)

Vertical balance: T = mg cos θ (1M)
Dividing, we get
mg (0.01)(9.81)
q= tan θ = tan 20° = 1.1901 × 10−6 C ≈ 1.19 ţC (1M)
E 3 × 104
î What-if For the same E , how would your answer change if the mass of
the ball is 20 g? Ans: doubled
Example 6
In a vacuum, a negatively-charged particle with a horizontal velocity
4 × 107 m s−1 enters midway into an electric ield between two horizontal
square metal plates of side length 10 cm. The plates are 2 cm apart, and the
pd applied across them is 400 V. The charge-to-mass ratio of the particle is
1 × 1010 C kg−1 .
The particle hits one of the plates with speed v , at distance d from the
plate’s left edge. Neglect the weight of the particle.
14 Chapter 20
(a) Sketch the path of the particle. (1 mark)
(b) Find the electric ield strength E . (1 mark)

(c) Find the speed v . (2 marks)
. Solution
(a) −ve charge =⇒ attracted by +ve plate
(1A)
Steps:
(b) 1. Determine pd ∆V and displacement ∆y .
2. Find the magnitude of E by E = ∆V /∆y .
¯ ¯
¯ ∆V ¯ 400
Electric ield E = ¯¯ ¯= = 2 × 104 V m−1
∆y ¯ 0.02
(1A)
Steps:
(c) 1. Determine the pd
2. Identify +/− of the test charge.
3. Use conservation of energy to ind v .
Work done on the particle = q( 12 V ) = 200q . pd = 12 V (∵ midway)
1 1
mv 2 − m(4 × 103 )2 = 200q (1M)
2 2
q
∴ v 2 = 100 + (4 × 103 )2
m
√
∴ v ≈ 1 × 1012 = 1.00 × 106 m s−1 (1A)
î Alternative Determine a by F = qE = ma . Then, ind v ,

by v y = u y + at and v 2 = v x2 + v 2y .
î What-if How would d change if the initial speed is doubled? Ans: doubled (∵ t is independent of the
horizontal v 0 .)
Chapter 21
Circuit and Power
A. Reminders
Current I
• low of charge (per unit time)
Q
• I= or Q = I t
t
• unit: A (1 A = 1 C s−1 )
• conventional: low of +q
Voltage across two points, V

• voltage
= emf of battery or pd (potential
difference) across resistor
• unit: V
• emf E = voltage gain = energy
supplied per unit charge
• pd = voltage drop = energy
consumed per unit charge
• at earthed point, potential = 0
Current direction
in external circuit:
• current: from + to −
• electrons: opposite
inside battery:
• current: from − to +
• electrons: opposite
16 Chapter 21
Resistance R
ℓ resistivity ρ : measured in m−1
• R =ρ
A
• unit:
• depends on temperature
Resistance, voltage and current
to maintain a current
• R ̸= 0 =⇒ requires voltage
• R = 0 =⇒ requires no voltage
V ∆V
by de inition: R = ratio , not slope
I ∆I
V
• V = IR or R =
I
Ohm’s law:
• ohmic: R = constant (V ∝ I )
• non-ohmic: R ̸= constant
Equivalent resistance Req

series combination:
• R eq = R1 + R2 + · · ·
• total V = V1 + V2 + · · ·
V1 V2
• I= = = constant
R1 R2
=⇒ V1 : V2 = R 1 : R 2
( )
R1
=⇒ V1 = V
R eq
parallel combination: for two resistors in parallel:

1 1 1 ( )
1 1 −1 R1 R2
• = + +··· R eq = + =
R eq R 1 R 2 R1 R2 R1 + R2
• total I = I 1 + I 2 + · · ·
• V = I 1 R1 = I 2 R 2 = constant
1 1
=⇒ I 1 : I 2 = :
R1 R2
( )
R eq
=⇒ I 1 = I
R1
Circuit and Power 17
Equipotential points
• points with equal potential (voltage)

• the circuit will not be altered, when equipotential points are connected
Conservation
energy:
• total emf = total pd
charge:
• total current into a point
= total current out of that point
Internal resistance r
ideal practical
battery r =0 r ̸= 0
Vout = E Vout = E − I r
ammeter r =0 r very small

′
across ammeter, V = 0 V ′ ̸= 0
voltmeter r →∞ r very large

through voltmeter, I ′ = 0 I ′ ̸= 0
Connecting ammeters and voltmeters
• voltmeter
• ammeter
18 Chapter 21
Electric power P
• energy = P × t
energy energy Q V2
• P= = · =V I = = I 2R
t Q t R
| {z } |{z}
V I
Conservation of energy
ideal:
• total P in = total P out
(ideal wires and battery)
in practice:
• total P in
= total P out + power loss in wires
and internal r
Ef iciency η%
• useful energy out = total energy in × η%
• useful P out = total P in × η%
useful P out
• η% = × 100%
total P in
• perfect = 100% ef icient = no loss
B. Common Mistakes
• Ammeter across resistors
see CE-04-2 Q29

B The ammeter is improperly

connected, thus short-circuiting the
two resistors.
V An ideal ammeter has no resistance (= a wire, in effect).

• Potential and pd
see AL-99-2 Q19

see also CE-10-2 Q19, CE-09-2 Q20
V Point Z is earthed (zero potential). The potential at X is +ve, while

potential at Y is −ve.
• Broken branch
see CE-01-2 Q30

see also DSE-16-1A Q25, DSE-15-1A Q26,
CE-10-2-Q18, CE-09-2 Q19, CE-05-2 Q19
V A gap (or a voltmeter) has R = ∞, thus taking up all pd across the

branch. Besides, parallel branches are independent of each other.
• Voltmeter-ammeter method
see CE-96-2 Q30

see also DSE-14-1B Q7, CE-99-2-27
V If Rvoltmeter ≪ R ≪ Rammeter , then both 1 and 2 are ok; otherwise, a

choice must be made:
20 Chapter 21
small R (≈ R ammeter ) voltage current

circuit 1 exact reading ≈ reading 4
circuit 2 ≈ 50%× reading exact reading 8
large R (≈ R voltmeter ) voltage current

circuit 1 exact reading ≈ 50%× reading 8
circuit 2 ≈ reading exact reading 4
• Resistance and power
V The power supply provides a constant voltage, not a constant current.
C. Key Examples
Example 1
Alice uses four identical ideal light bulbs, a 6 V power supply, an ammeter,
and a switch to wire up a circuit, as shown. The bulbs glow with normal
brightness when a pd of 1.5 V is applied across each of them.
(a) When the light bulbs are operating at normal brightness, each light
bulb has a resistance of 2 . Find the reading of the ammeter when the
bulbs are operating at normal brightness. (2 marks)
(b) If one of the light bulb blows, what will be the reading of the ammeter?
Brie ly explain your answer. (2 marks)
(c) Explain brie ly why the voltage supplied by the battery must be 6 V if
the light bulbs glow with normal brightness in this circuit. (1 mark)
(d) Now, Alice reconnect the four light bulbs in parallel. To keep them
continue to glow with normal brightness, Alice has to add a resistor to
the circuit, as shown. Find the resistance of the resistor. (2 marks)
. Solution
V 1.5 V
(a) For each bulb, I = = = 0.75 A (1M+1A) OR considering the whole system, I = =
R 2 R
(b) zero (1A) 6
= 0.75 A
2×4
because it is an open circuit. (1A)
(c) As all light bulbs are in series, the total voltage across them is 4 ×
1.5 V = 6 V. (1M)
′
(d) Equivalent resistance of the bulb network R = R/4 = 0.5
Pd required across the bulb network V ′ = 1.5 V
The resistor r is in series with the bulb network.
So, r : R ′ = Vr : V ′ = (6 − 1.5) : 1.5 = 3 : 1 =⇒ r = 3R ′ = 1.5 (1M+1A)
î What-if How would your answer in (d) change if the battery has an
internal resistance of 1 ? Ans: reduced to 0.5 (∵ battery in series
with r )
Example 2
Bob connects a light bulb, a variable resistor and an ammeter to a battery of
6 V, as shown. The resistance of the light bulb is 10 , and that of the variable
resistor ranges from 0 to 50 .
(a) When he moves the sliding contact to position Y , the light bulb draws
a current of 0.3 A. Find the ratio of X Y to Y Z . (2 marks)
(b) The resistance wire X Z of the variable resistor is 50 cm long, having a

radius of 1 mm. Find the resistivity of the material making the wire.
(2 marks)
. Solution
(a) R X Y + Rbulb = V /I = 6/0.3 = 20
=⇒ R X Y = 20 − R bulb = 10 (1M)
=⇒ X Y : Y Z = 10 : 40 = 1 : 4 (1A)
R A (50)π(0.01)2
(b) resistivity ρ = = = 0.0314 m−1 (1M+1A)
ℓ 0.5
î What-if How would the resistivity in (b) change if Bob slide the contact
to an other position so that the ammeter reads 0.15 A, instead of 0.3 A? Ans: no change (∵ the same resistor =⇒
the same material)
22 Chapter 21
Finding ef iciency
Identify the input ç Identify the useful ç Calculate the ef iciency
power (or energy). output power (or with power ratio (or
energy). energy ratio).
Example 3
Alice wants to study the ef iciency of a small dc motor. She connects a
circuit as shown, and suspends a 5 kg mass to the shaft of the motor with an
inextensible string. The mass is raised slowly at uniform speed to a height
of 1.2 m for 0.5 min. The ammeter and the voltmeter read 0.72 A and 7.8 V.
Calculate the ef iciency of the motor. (3 marks)
. Solution
1. power input = electric power
2. useful power output = grav. PE gain / time
3. calculate ef iciency
input power P in
= I V = (0.72)(7.8) = 5.616 ≈ 5.62 W (1M)
useful output power P out uniform speed =⇒ no KE gain

E mg h (5)(9.81)(1.2) 0.5 min = 30 s
= = =
t t 30
= 1.962 ≈ 1.96 W (1M)
ef iciency η%
P out 1.962
= × 100% = × 100% = 34.9% (1A) For ideal motor, η = 100%.
P in 5.616
î What-if How would your answer change if the time is doubled? Ans: halved
Chapter 22
Ac and Domestic Electricity
A. Reminders
Dc and ac
• dc: one-direction
• ac: reversing direction for a
period of time
Domestic electricity
B In exam questions, the applied voltage
• mains in HK: 220 V ac, 50 Hz
may be different from the rated voltage.
• unit of electricity (energy):
1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 h = 3.6 MJ
• Appliance rating (e.g. ‘220 V, 100 W’)
= values designed for normal operation
Three-pin plugs and sockets
Live wire brown • normal path for current

• varies between +220 V and −220 V
Neutral wire blue • normal path for current
• ixed at 0 V
Earth wire yellow & green • safety device
• connected to metal cases
• earthed ( ixed at 0 V)
24 Chapter 22
Switch and fuse

• installed in live wire, not neutral
wire
• otherwise, the appliance circuit
would still be live even if it is
switched off or broken.
Household circuits
• ring circuits for wall sockets: ac lows back and forth; the igure shows
the moment when current comes in
reduces chance of overloading through live wire
still functions if broken at one
point
• wall sockets in parallel:
do not affect each other
• separate circuits for lightings and
high-power appliances:
reduces chance of overloading
Possible consequences of short circuit
• huge current =⇒ overloading =⇒ overheating

• metal case becomes live =⇒ user gets electric shock
Safety devices: overloading protection
fuse if overloaded, blows and thus

breaks the circuit (replace to
resume)
circuit breaker if overloaded, switches off the
circuit (reset to resume)
Ac and Domestic Electricity 25
Safety devices: electric shock protection
earth wire earths the metal case, preventing

it from being live
double insulation plastic case + insulates the live
parts with extra plastic cases
earth leakage circuit if I L ̸= I N , switches off the circuit

breaker (ELCB) (reset to resume)
Dc and ac
• dc: one-direction
• ac: reversing direction over time
Average power for dc and ac
general: 〈y〉 = average of y

〈y 2 〉 = average of y 2
• V = IR =⇒ Vrms = I rms R √ ( )2
⟨ ⟩ V2 y rms = 〈y 2 〉 or y rms = 〈y 2 〉
• P = I 2R =⇒ 2
P = I rms R = rms = Vrms I rms
R
battery (constant dc):
• Vrms = V0
• I rms = I 0
mains (sinusoidal ac):

V0 1
• Vrms = p p ≈ 0.7 > 12
2
2
I0 average for sinusoidal ac:
• I rms = p
2 〈V 〉 = 〈I 〉 = 0
〈P 〉 ̸= 〈V 〉〈I 〉
26 Chapter 22
B. Common Mistakes
• Voltage applied
see CE-09-2 Q20

R X = 62 /3 = 12
R Y = 62 /1 = 36
Note that I is equal.
∴ By P = I 2 R ,
P X : P Y = R X : RY = 1 : 3
V Always check whether applied V = rated V .
• Faulty wiring
see CE-10-2 Q10

see also DSE-12-1A Q33, PP-DSE-1A Q30,
CE-09-2 Q23
V The fuse blows if, and only if, current bypasses the heating element (or
the resistive element).
C. Key Examples
With given rating
Check whether ç normal operation: ç with I and V :
applied V = rated V . • use the rated values • use P = I V
otherwise: with constant I
• use applied values
• use P = I 2 R
with constant V
• use P = V 2 /R
Example 1
Bob has an air conditioner rated ‘220 V, 2000 W’.
(a) What is the operating current of the air conditioner? (1 mark)
(b) What fuse (7 A, 11 A or 30 A) should be put in plug of the air conditioner?

(1 mark)
(c) Bob should not connect other appliances to the same socket that
powers the air conditioner. Why? (2 marks)
(d) How much does it cost to operate the air conditioner for 8 hours?
Assume the cost of electricity is $1.1 per kW h. (2 marks)
. Solution
(a) P = I V =⇒ I = P /V
∴ I = 2000/220 = 9.09 A (1A)
B fuse rating: slightly larger than the
(b) 11 A fuse (1A)
operating current
(c) Because the air conditioner draws a large current. (1A)
Connecting other appliances to the same socket will increase the

chance of overloading. (1A)
î Remark The current limit for a wall socket are usually 13 A.

A current of about 10 A is very large.
(d) Energy consumption E = P t = (2 kW)(8 h) = 16 kW h (1M) Note that

kW h is a unit of energy;
Cost = 16 × $1.1 = $17.6 (1A)
kW is a unit of power.
î What-if How would your answer in (d) change if the rated power is
doubled? Ans: doubled
28 Chapter 22
Example 2
The igure shows the front view of two wall sockets and the wires of a 220 V
mains.
(a) Show how the wall sockets are connected to the mains. (2 marks)
(b) The circuit for wall sockets are arranged as a ring. State one advantage
of a ring circuit. (1 mark)
(c) Explain brie ly why a fuse or a switch should be connected in live wire,
instead of neutral wire. (1 mark)
(d) Explain brie ly why it is safer to have the earth pin of a plug longer
than the other two pins. (1 mark)
. Solution
(a) Connection:
(1A for correct wiring of L, N and E)

(1A for connecting sockets in parallel)
(b) Any one: (1A)
• The chance of overloading is reduced.

• The circuit still functions even if broken at one point.
(c) Otherwise the appliance circuit would still be ‘live’ even though it is
switched off or broken. (1A)
(d) To ensure the appliance case is earthed before the appliance circuit is
connected the live wire. (1A)
î What-if Suppose one of the socket is wrongly connected so that the Ans: The fan would function as usual, but
live and the neutral wires swap places. What would happen if you plug an you cannot switch it off.
electric fan into that socket?

Example 3
The igure shows the variation of a periodic current with time.
(a) Find the average value of the current. (2 marks)
(b) Find the root-mean-square value of the current. (2 marks)
. Solution
(a) Period = 5 s
⟨ ⟩ 4+2
I = = 1.2 A (1M+1A)
5
√
42 (1) + 22 (1)
(b) I rms = =2A (1M+1A)
5
î What-if How would the answers change if you take T = 15 s as one

period? Ans: no change for both
Chapter 23
Electromagnetism
A. Reminders
Permanent magnet
• poles always in pair (N, S), magnetic materials (e.g. iron) can be
attracted by both poles; they are not
isolated pole does not exist
magnet, but they can be magnetized in
• like poles repel; B - ield
unlike poles attract
Magnetic ield B
• vector Earth’s B - ield:

magnitude ≈ 30 to 60 ţT
• unit: T (1 ţT = 1 × 10−6 T)
• direction: can be shown by plotting compass
Magnetic ield lines

• always form closed loops ∵ no isolated poles (monopoles)
• outside magnet: N → S
• inside magnet: S → N
• line density is a measure of
magnitude of the ield:
B = constant × (line density) B is also called magnetic lux density
Magnetic ield due to current

• moving charges (current) set up magnetic ield
• direction: by right hand grip rule
• magnitude: larger I =⇒ stronger B
Electromagnetism 31
Magnetic ield of wire, coil and long solenoid
µ0 I • B = constant × I (middle) • middle: B = µ0 nI (very long)

• B=
2πr 1
• two ends: B ≈ 2 µ0 nI
• B drops as r increases
a solenoid acts like a bar magnet, inside
which ield lines go from S to N
Electromagnet
• both strength and polarity can be
controlled
• factors increasing its strength:
1. using a soft-iron core (µ > µ0 )
2. more number of turns per unit
length (n )
3. larger current ( I )
core soft iron steel copper

magnetic material? yes yes no
can strengthen the electromagnet? yes yes no
easy to be demagnetized? easy dif icult —
Magnetic force on current in B - ield

• magnetic ield acts on moving
charges (current) =⇒ magnetic
force F
• direction: by Fleming’s left hand
rule
• magnitude:
F = ℓ(I × B ⊥ ) = ℓI B sin θ
32 Chapter 23
Force between parallel currents

• direction:
B contrary to the rule of ‘like stuff repel’
parallel currents in the same
direction attract; opposite
currents repel
• magnitude:
µ0 I I ′
F = ℓI B ′ =⇒ force per unit length F /ℓ = I B ′ =
2πr
• de inition of ampere:
For I = I ′ and r = 1 m apart, if F /ℓ = 2 × 10−7 N m−1 then I = 1 A
Turning of coil in magnetic ield

uniform B =⇒ magnitude of magnetic
force remains the same, regardless of
orientation
• direction of force: by Fleming’s left hand rule

• max. torque τ = N B AI (when coil plane aligns with B , i.e. 1)
simple dc motor
• commutator (split/half rings):
enables the coil to turn
continuously (reverses current in
coil every half cycle)
• factors increasing motor power:

more number of turns of coil
(N )
with stronger magnet (B )
with soft-iron core (B )
larger coil area in ield ( A )
larger current (I )
• soft-iron core: collects and guides

magnetic ield lines
Electromagnetism 33
Different views of current
force on moving charge in B - ield

• current = a low of charge
• direction: by Fleming’s left hand
• magnitude:
F = q v × B ⊥ = q vB sin θ
Magnetic force never does work!

• FB ⊥ v , always
• moving charge turns in B - ield
• speed remains unchanged =⇒ KE
remains unchanged
Uniform circular motion of charge in uniform B - ield

mv 2
• q vB = or qB = mω Note: v = r ω
r
• radius r = mv/qB , depending on
v and charge-to-mass ratio
• period T = 2π/ω = 2πm/(qB ),
depending on charge-to-mass
ratio
T is independent of v and r
34 Chapter 23
B. Common Mistakes
• Resultant force on a current due to other currents
see CE-98-2 Q35, CE-94-2 Q33

see also DSE-12-1A Q29, CE-08-2 Q19,
AL-11-2 Q25
correct ield directions at Y should be:
V Resultant force ̸= resultant ield. Besides, like charges repel, but

currents in the same direction attract.
• Resultant ield
see CE-04-2 Q34, AL-99-1 Q35

see also DSE-14-1A Q26, CE-09-2 Q21,
CE-05-2 Q22
V The compass needle indicates the direction of the resultant magnetic

ield. Also, by symmetry, the mid-point is a neutral point.
• Force and coil orientation
see DSE-15-1A Q24, PP-DSE-1A Q33
V If current is a constant, force on each arm is also a constant. Net force note that in a motor, if the coils turn at a
on the coil is always zero, although net moment is not. constant rate, net moment on the coil is
zero (balanced by friction’s moment)
Electromagnetism 35
• Period T and time of light t
see AL-05-2 Q18

see also AL-10-2 Q28, AL-06-2 Q17
V An α particle is a He2+ (of 2 protons and 2 neutrons). Period T depends

on the mass-to-charge ratio, as qB = mω =⇒ T = constant × m/q .
• Crossed ields
see AL-07-2 Q20

see also AL-11-2 Q24
V The selected speed v = E /B is the same for all charged particles.

36 Chapter 23
C. Key Examples
Finding B or F
Identify the problem ç Identify the current ç Determine the ç Calculate the value with
type: direction. direction: formulas:
• B due to current • right hand grip rule • B = µ0 I /2πr
• F on current in B • Fleming’s left hand • F = ℓ(I × B ⊥ )
• F between two rule • F /ℓ = µ0 I I ′ /2πr
currents • opposite currents Note: r = which
repel distance?
Example 1
In some countries, dc is used for transmitting power over a long distance.
Suppose there are two dc transmission cables, each carries a current of
900 A. The currents are in the opposite directions. The cables are parallel,
separated by 4 m.
(a) Calculate the force per unit length between the cables due to the
currents in the cables. (2 marks)
(b) Does the force tend to move the cables together or apart? (1 mark)
(c) Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant magnetic ield,
due to both cables, at a point midway between the cables. (2 marks)
(d) The direction of the Earth’s magnetic ield is at an angle of 60° to

the cables. In the region of these cables, the Earth’s magnetic ield
is 5 × 10−5 T. Calculate the force per unit length on this cable due to the
Earth’s magnetic ield. (2 marks)
Electromagnetism 37
. Solution
F µ0 I 1 I 2 (4π × 10−7 )(900)(900)
(a) = = = 0.0405 N m−1 (1M+1A)
ℓ 2πr 2π(4)
(b) apart (1A)
(c) For each cable, at mid-point,
µ0 I (4π × 10−7 )(900)
B= = = 9 × 10−5 T (downwards) (1M)
2πr 2π(2)
Total B - ield = 9 × 10−5 × 2 = 1.8 × 10−4 T (downwards) (1A)
F
(d) = B I sin 60° = (5 × 10−5 )(900) sin θ = 0.0390 N m−1 (1M+1A)
ℓ
î What-if How would your answer in (c) change if the two currents are in
the same direction? Ans: zero (∵ at the mid-point, the two
B - ield cancel each other)
Example 2
The igure shows the coil and the magnets in a simple dc motor.
(a) Name the component connected directly to X and Y . (1 mark)
(b) Suggest three ways to increase the rotating speed of the motor. (3 marks)
(c) The two magnets provide a resultant magnetic ield of 0.4 T and the
area of the coil is 50 cm2 . If a current of 1.2 A lows through the wire,
ind the maximum moment of the coil due to the magnetic force.
(2 marks)
. Solution
(a) commutator (1A)
(b) Any three: (3A)
• use a larger current

• use more number of turns of coil
• make the area of the coil bigger
• use stronger magnets
(c) moment = F d = (ℓI B )d = I B A = (1.2)(0.4)(50 × 10−4 ) = 2.4 × 10−3 N m
(1M+1A) N m−1 is the unit of force per unit length
î What-if How would the net moment change if the coil turns at a twice
speed? Assume the rotating speed is stable. Ans: no change, always zero (but a larger
power is required)
38 Chapter 23
Identify the sign (±) of ç Identify the ield: ç Set up equation:
the charge. • E only • E only: qE = ma
Regard (−q)v as • B only • B only: q vB = mv 2 /r
+q(−v). • crossed E and B • E × B : q vB = qE
Example 3
An α particle of mass 6.645 × 10−27 kg passes through region I that has
perpendicular electric and magnetic ields, as shown.
The magnetic ield is 6.8 T, directed out of the paper. The force on the α
particle due to the magnetic ield is 5 × 10−11 N.
Take the amount of electron charge e = 1.60 × 10−19 C.
(a) Show that the speed of the α particle is 2.30 × 107 m s−1 . (2 marks)
(b) To pass through slit S , the particle has to go unde lected through
region I. Calculate the strength of the electric ield required. (2 marks)
(c) After passing through slit S , the particle enters region II of the magnetic
ield only, which is the same as in region I.
The magnetic ield makes the particle go along a semi-circular path,

and inally hit a detector. Points A , B and C are 0.07 m, 0.14 m and
0.28 m from slit S , respectively. Show, by calculation, which of these
points will be hit by the particle. (3 marks)
Electromagnetism 39
(d) Calculate the time that the particle spends in region II. (2 marks)
. Solution
(a) 1. Use F = q v × B ⊥ to ind v .
2. The charge for α particle is +2e .
F 5 × 10−11
v= = = 2.30 × 107 m s−1 (1M+1A)
qB 2 × (1.6 × 10−19 )(6.8)
(b) straight path =⇒ electric force = magnetic force
OR: qE = q v × B ⊥ =⇒ E = vB =
F 5 × 10−11 (6.8)(2.30 × 107 ) = 1.56 × 108 N C−1
E= = = 1.56 × 108 N C−1 (1M+1A)
q 2 × 1.6 × 10−19
So, the particle will hit at point B (d = 2r = 0.14 m).
(c) By F = mv 2 /r ,
mv 2 (6.645 × 10−27 )(2.30 × 107 )2
r= = = 0.070 m (1M+1A)
F 5 × 10−11
2π 2πm 2πmv 2πmv
(d) Period T = = = =
ω qB q vB F
For half cycle,
T π(6.645 × 10−27 )(2.3 × 107 )
t= = = 9.60 × 10−9 s (1M+1A)
2 5 × 10−11
î What-if If an electron enters region II through S at the same speed as the

α particle does, how would the semicircular path differ? Ans: opposite direction, smaller r
î Remark For the election, T is also reduced because of smaller m/q ratio,
although T is independent of r .
Chapter 24
Electromagnetic Induction
A. Reminders
Induced emf E
• An emf is induced whenever

magnetic ield through a coil changes
a conductor cuts magnetic ield lines
Induced current I
• broken circuit =⇒ induced emf
• complete circuit =⇒ induced emf and induced
current
• emf direction inside the moving conductor:
+q is pulled from low to high V
(similar to what happens inside battery: from − to +)
Magnetic lux Φ
• a measure of the no. of ield lines
through an area:
B = magnetic lux density
(no. of ield lines) = constant × Φ
• de inition: Φ = B ⊥ · A = B A cos θ
• unit: Wb
• coil of N turns: lux linkage = N Φ
Electromagnetic Induction 41
Lenz’s law (direction)
• induced current always opposes the magnetic lux change

• Lenz’s law + right hand grip rule
Faraday’s law (magnitude)

¯ ¯ a more compact form:
¯ ∆Φ ¯
• magnitude: E = ¯¯N ¯ ∆Φ
∆t ¯ E = −N
∆t
• induced emf depends on how fast magnetic lux changes taking direction of E and ∆Φ into account;
the − sign indicates that E counteracts the
• change in magnetic lux: lux change (i.e. Lenz’s law)
N ∆Φ = N ∆B A N ∆Φ = N B ∆A N ∆Φ = N B A∆(cos θ)
Motional emf (alternative view of em induction)

• moving across the ield = cutting if the rod moves in X Y direction, no emf is
induced across X Y
ield lines
• cutting ield lines induces an emf
between the two ends of the
conductor
42 Chapter 24
• direction: by Fleming’s right hand rule

• magnitude: E = (v × B ⊥ )ℓ = vB ℓ sin θ ∵ work = qE = FB ℓ
Search coil
• measures varying B by induced not affected by the Earth’s B - ield, which is
steady
emf
• reading depends on orientation
• facing ield lines gives max value
B0
• search coil v Hall probe
device principle to measure formula
search coil EM induction varying B = B 0 sin ωt B 0 = E 0 /(ωN A) ∵ E 0 = ωN B 0 A
Hall probe Hall effect constant B B = V H nqb/I ∵ V H = nqb
BI
Simple generators
• coil: generates emf
• emf generated in coil must be ac,

but the output can be ac or dc
• max emf: E 0 = ωN B A
• ac output: with slip rings (avoiding wires from twisting) contact: rings and carbon brushes
• rings rotate with coil
• carbon brushes stay with external
circuit
• dc output: with commutator (reversing connection every half turn) commutator is also called split rings or
half rings
coil’s period of rotation = T

output’s period of oscillation = T /2
• factors increasing induced emf:

higher frequency of rotation (ω)
more number of turns of coil (N )
with stronger magnet (B )
with soft-iron core (B )
larger coil area in ield ( A )
Eddy current
• induced current on metal plates
• smaller if the plate is slotted
• braking effect
• induction heating
Application of electromagnetic induction
• bicycle dynamo
• magnetic tape playback head (but not record head)
• moving coil microphone (but not moving coil loudspeaker)
• transformer
44 Chapter 24
Transformer
• alternating I p all V and I here refer to rms values, unless
otherwise speci ied
=⇒ alternating magnetic ield in
soft-iron core
=⇒ induced alternating Vs
• only works properly for ac
Turns ratio and ef iciency
• for ef iciency η
P in × η = P out =⇒ Vp I p × η = Vs I s
• no energy loss (η = 100%)

P in = P out =⇒ Vp I p = Vs I s
• no lux leakage
Vp Np if the leaked lux is picked up by other
=
Vs Ns devices, it will cause energy loss
• ideal/perfect transformer
=⇒ no lux leakage & 100%-ef icient

Is Vp Np
Vp Np = = only for η = 100%;
Ip Vs Ns
= & Vp I p = Vs I s
Vs Ns Is ηVp ηNp
otherwise = =
Ip Vs Ns
Energy loss in transformer
cause improvement
cannot use copper or steel core
• resistance of coil use thicker wires ∵ copper cannot be magnetized; steel is
• magnetization and demagnetization of core use a soft-iron core dif icult to be demagnetized
• eddy currents induced in core use a laminated core
Stepping up and stepping down voltage

step-up transformer: assume perfect transformer
• Np > Ns =⇒ Vp > Vs
• Vp > Vs =⇒ I p < I s
step-down transformer:
• Np < Ns =⇒ Vp < Vs
• Vp < Vs =⇒ I p > I s
High-voltage ac transmission
• ac: voltage easy to step up and step down

• high voltage: reduces power loss in cable
• transmission voltage: V1 = Vcable + V2

power loss in cables: P loss = I 2 R cable = (Vcable )2 /R = Vcable I
∴ V1 rises =⇒ I drops =⇒ P loss drops
• I out rises =⇒ power request rises
if the power of the generator cannot catch up, Vin and thus Vout will drop
(cannot maintain Vout = 220 V))
46 Chapter 24
B. Typical Cases
Changing B - ield through a coil

• direction: by Lenz’s law
∆B
• magnitude: E = N A
∆t
• soft-iron core: collects and guides
magnetic ield lines
Magnet approaching/leaving a coil

∆B
• magnitude: E = A
∆t
Rod moving across B - ield

• direction: by Fleming’s right hand
rule
• magnitude: E = vB ℓ
Coil entering/leaving B - ield

• direction: by Lenz’s law no emf if the coil is totally inside the ield
∵ no lux change (OR ∵ E 1 and E 2 cancels
OR by Fleming’s right hand rule each other =⇒ no net emf)
on PQ (see above)
• magnitude: E = vB ℓ
Plate entering/leaving B - ield

• induced current = eddy current
• smaller if
slower lux change
using slotted plate
C. Common Mistakes
• Direction of induced current see CE-93-2 Q24
V System always opposes the lux change. Note the words ‘through R ’.
• Magnetic force on induced current
see CE-08-2 Q40, AL01-2-28

see also CE-07-2 Q40, AL-10-2 Q30,
AL-05-2 Q16
V Work is required to bring a coil across a magnetic ield, if current

is induced in the coil. The magnetic force on induced current always
opposes the motion.
• Source current and induced current
see DSE-14-1A Q27, AL-05-2 Q19

see also CE-09-2 Q42, CE-08-2 Q40,
AL-11-2 Q10
V In electromagnetic induction, it is the change of value (with ±) that

matters, not the change of absolute magnitude.
48 Chapter 24
• Laminated core
see AL-08-2 Q35
V Eddy currents affect the transmitted power, thus reducing I s . But they
do not affect Vs , which is essentially the rate of lux change.
• Power loss in cables
see CE-02-2 Q38
V Note that i = 4/20 = 0.2 A, not 4 A. Besides, you cannot use V 2 /R =

(6 × 20)2 /10 to calculate the power loss in cables.
• Transformer with two output modes
see CE-07-2 Q44

the turns ratios for the two modes are

different
V For a perfect transformer, P in = P out and thus I in = P in /Vin = P out /Vin .

D. Key Examples
Flux change (loop)
Conductor moves in B ⊥ ç ∆Φ/∆t ç If closed loop, ç Induced I ′ in B
=⇒ lux change =⇒ induced emf induced I ′ = E ′ /R =⇒ F ′ ⊥ conductor
∆Φ/∆t = ℓv × B ⊥ • Lenz’s law • Fleming’s LH rule
• E ′ = (v × B ⊥ )ℓ • F ′ = I ′ ℓ × B⊥
Cutting ield lines (rod)

Conductor moves in B ⊥ ç F on charge ç If closed loop, ç Induced I ′ in B ⊥
=⇒ charge moves =⇒ induced emf induced I ′ = E ′ /R =⇒ F ′ ⊥ conductor
=⇒ F = q v × B ⊥ on charge • Fleming’s RH rule • Fleming’s LH rule
(along conductor) • E ′ = (v × B ⊥ )ℓ • F ′ = I ℓ × B⊥
Example 1
A square metal frame of side ℓ = 6 cm moving at a constant speed v =
5 m s−1 passes across a region of uniform ield of width 5ℓ as shown. The
magnetic lux density of the ield is B = 12 T.
(a) What is the average emf induced in the frame as the frame enters the
magnetic ield? (2 marks)
(b) What is the total time that a current is induced in the frame? (2 marks)
. Solution
(a) During the entry,
increase in magnetic lux ∆Φ = B A − 0 = B ℓ2
ℓ
time ∆t =
v
∆Φ
emf E = = B ℓv = (12)(0.06)(5) = 3.6 V (1M+1A) by Faraday’s law
∆t
(b) Induced current occurs when the frame enters or leaves the ield. (1M)
ℓ 0.06
So, total time t ′ = 2∆t = 2 = 2 = 0.024 s (1A)
v 5
î What-if How would your answer in (a) change if the area A of the square
frame is reduced to 1/4? Ans: halved (∵ E ∝ ℓ, although A = ℓ2 )
50 Chapter 24
Example 2 see DSE-13-1A Q28

A conducting bar of mass 0.01 kg and length 0.5 m slides down two smooth
parallel rails inclined at an angle θ of 30° to the horizontal. The bar and the
rails are placed in a uniform magnetic ield that points vertically downward
and has a magnitude of B = 0.6 T. The two rails are connected at the bottom.
(a) At a certain instant, the speed of the bar is v .

(i) Find the induced emf in the bar, in terms of v . (2 marks)
(ii) If the resistance of the circuit is R = 3.2 , ind the current in the
bar, in terms of v . What is the direction of the current? (2 marks)
(iii) Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on the
bar along the rails, in terms of v . (2 marks)
(b) Find the terminal speed of the bar. (2 marks)
. Solution
(a) (i) E = ℓvB ⊥ = ℓvB sin 60° = (0.5)v(0.6) sin 60° = 0.2598v (1M+1A) the θ in E = ℓvB sin θ is the angle between
B and v
E 0.2598v
(ii) I= = = 0.08119v ≈ 0.0812v (1A)
R 3.2
from X to Y through the bar (1A)
(iii) Magnetic force F = I ℓB = (0.08119v)(0.5)(0.6) = 0.02436

(horizontal) (1M)
Along the rails,

F ′ = F cos 30° = 0.0211v (up-slope) (1A)
(b) terminal speed =⇒ net force = 0
By equilibrium, along the rails,

F ′ = mg sin 30° = (0.01)(9.81) sin 30° = 0.049 05 N (1M)
0.04905
Using (a)(iii), v = = 2.32 m s−1 (1A)
0.0211
î What-if How would the terminal speed change in (b) if the magnetic
p
ield is inclined so that it is perpendicular to the frame? Ans: reduced to 2/ 3
Example 3
A metallic wheel with eight metal spokes, each of length ℓ = 0.7 m, is set to
spin uniformly about its centre at 10 revolutions per second, as shown.
A uniform magnetic ield of 1.8 T is applied over the wheel at right angle to
the plane of the wheel.
Sliding contacts, touching the centre and the rim of the wheel, are connected
to a resistor R of 4 . The switch is initially open.
(a) Is there any current lowing in the rim? Explain brie ly. (2 marks)
(b) Give that the emf induced between the centre and the rim is given by
E = B πℓ2 f
where f is the frequency of rotation. Find the value of E .

(c) Now, the switch is closed. If the resistance of each spoke is r = 2 ,
determine the effective resistance of the circuit. Neglect the resistance
of the rim. (2 marks)
(d) Find the current in the circuit. (1 mark)

(e) Find the rate of converting the mechanical energy to the electrical
energy in the wheel. (1 mark)
. Solution
(a) No. (1A) all the points on the rim moves in the
same linear speed
Because all the points on the rim have the same potential. (1A)
(b) 10 rev/s =⇒ f = 10 Hz
E = B πℓ2 f = (1.8)π(0.7)2 (10) = 27.7 V (1A)
(c) All the spokes are connected in parallel.
Equivalent resistance R ′ = 4 + 2/8 = 4.25 (1M+1A)

′
(d) I = E /R = 27.7/4.25 = 6.52 A (1A)
(e) rate of energy conversion = power

P = I E = (6.52)(27.7) = 181 W (1A)
î What-if How would your answer in (e) change if the frequency of

rotation is doubled? Ans: 4 times (∵ f → 2 f =⇒ E → 2E =⇒
I → 2I , so P → 4P )
52 Chapter 24
Power transmission with transformers
Figure out the ç Identify the ç Relate different circuits
individual circuit using
circuits. concerned. • turns ratios
• power conservation
Example 4
The igure shows a simpli ied electricity transmission system. see also DSE-15-1B Q8
(a) Is X a step-up or a step-down transformer? (1 mark)
(b) What is the turns ratio Ns : Np of X ? The subscripts p and s denote the
primary and the secondary coils, respectively. (2 marks)
(c) What is the advantage of using high voltage ac to transmit power over
a long distance? (3 marks)
(d) In the above system, the power station generates 6 × 106 W, the
ef iciency of transformer X is 75%, and the total resistance of the
transmission lines is 1100 .
(i) Calculate the voltage loss along the transmission lines. (3 marks)
(ii) Calculate the power loss in the transmission lines. (2 marks)
. Solution
(a) step-up transformer (1A)
Ns Vs 275 kV
(b) = = = 12.5 (1M+1A)
N p Vp 22 kV
(c) Ac voltage can be easily stepped up or down by transformers. (1A)
While voltage is stepping up, the secondary current (through the

transmission lines) is reduced. (1A)
By P = I 2 R , the power loss in transmission lines would be much
reduced. (1A)
(d) (i) I = P /V = (0.75)(6 × 106 )/(275 × 1000) = 16.4 A (1M)
Voltage loss VR = I R = (16.4)(1100) = 18 000 = 18 kV (1A)
(ii) Power loss P = I 2 R = (16.4)2 (1100) = 296 000 = 296 kW (1A) P = VR2 /R also gives the same answer
î What-if Suppose the transmission voltage is doubled to 550 kV by

adjusting the turns ratios. How would the power loss in transmission lines
change? Assume the user voltage remains 220 V. Ans: reduced to P /4 (∵ I → I /2,
considering the output of X )
î Remark Note that, in the igure, 275 kV refers to the output voltage
of X , not the input voltage of Y . The input voltage of Y is actually lower:
275 − 18 = 257 kV.

Studyguide-4 - Electricity and Magnetism

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Studyguide-4 - Electricity and Magnetism

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

“studyguide-main” — 2017/2/17 — 19:39 — page 1 — #1

21 Circuit and Power 15

22 Ac and Domestic Electricity 23

• charge can neither be created nor destroyed

Conductor and insulator

Interaction between charges

• direction: like charges repel; unlike charges attract

• magnitude: Coulomb’s law

• more charge =⇒ stronger force • further apart =⇒ weaker force

• sharing charge with the Earth (hugh body)

Attraction between charged and neutral objects

Hazards and troubles due to electrostatic charge

• region where charges experience an electric force

Electric ield strength E

Electric ield lines

Uniform electric ield

Electric ield strength E between two

Motion in uniform electric ield

Electric ield due to a point source Q

Resultant ield due to many sources

Electric ield patterns

neutral point: position where resultant

dipole = a pair of equal and opposite

• V = 0 if the plate is earthed

• Attracting each other

see CE-07-2 Q19, CE-05-2 Q17

V A neutral object can be attracted by a charged object due to induced

• Repelling each other

see CE-07-2 Q19

see CE-03-2 Q44

V Induction cannot create net charge; it only separates + and − charges.

see CE-00-2 Q29

V Like charges spread on a conductor if nothing nearby attracts or

• Electric ield lines

see AL-07-2 Q33

V The E - ield lines show the direction of force on +q .

• Resultant ield of a pair of +q

see AL-09-2 Q24

• Resultant ield of two opposite charges

see DSE-16-1A Q24, DSE-15-1A Q22,

Take e = 1.602 × 10−19 C and ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C2 N−1 m−2 .

Example 1 see DSE-14-1A Q21

apart in vacuum as shown.

(b) Find the kinetic energy of the electron. (3 marks)

Qe (8.89e9)(2 × 1.602 × 10−19 )(1.602 × 10−19 )

(b) The centripetal force is provided by the electric force:

By Pyth. thm, r B2 = 32 + 12 = 10 and r X2 = 1

=⇒ E B = 360/10 = 36 units (1A)

î What-if Does the resultant E become stronger or weaker if the −q is

Horizontal balance: qE = T sin θ (1M)

(a) Sketch the path of the particle. (1 mark)

(b) Find the electric ield strength E . (1 mark)

Work done on the particle = q( 12 V ) = 200q . pd = 12 V (∵ midway)

î Alternative Determine a by F = qE = ma . Then, ind v ,

Voltage across two points, V

Resistance, voltage and current

Equivalent resistance Req

parallel combination: for two resistors in parallel:

Circuit and Power 17

• points with equal potential (voltage)

ammeter r =0 r very small

voltmeter r →∞ r very large

Connecting ammeters and voltmeters