Physical Science Small- can transform H to He

Origin & Formation of the Elements Medium-sized- like Sun

By: Ms. Hannah Mae O. Mulleta
-H atoms depleted
What do you think is the purpose of stars? -He atoms converted into C & O

“BIG BANG THEORY” Massive- 5X greater than the Sun

By Abbe Georges Edouard Lemaitre -H atoms depleted
-He atoms converted into C & O
-Formation of Elements -C,O forms Ne, Na, Mg, Si, S
-Origin of all matter -Ca, Fe, Ni, Cr, Cu, etc.

Evidence of Big Bang Theory

As they age, they became brighter and hotter which releases of an
HUBBLE’S LAW exeedingly high amount of energy and then explodes-
Proved that the universe was expanding, and was once compact. SUPERNOVA.
Nuclear Reactions 2 Main Types of Nuclear Reactions
-occured during the first few minutes of Big Bang
-fusion of protons & neutrons forming nuclei - 1. Nuclear Fussion
“nucleosynthesis”
2. Nuclear Fission
Primodial or Big Bang Nucleosysnthesis
-produce “light elements” after Big Bang Theory CHAPTER 2
Light Elements DEVELOPMENT OF AN ATOM
1
(1 H ) HYDROGEN
2 STORY OF PIZZA PIE
(1 H ) DEUTERIUM Greek Philisophers 2500 years ago
3 “Can any matter be divided endlessly?”
(2 He ) HELIUM-3
4 Or will it become so small that it can no longer be divided?
(2 He ) HELIUM-4
7
(3 Li ) LITHIUM-7 Correct Answer: It become so small and can no longer be
divided.
Isotope What is the reason why matter will come to a point that it can no
-comes from the Greek word longer be divided?
-“iso”- same
-“topos”- place ATOMS
-the same element with different number of neutrons -Basic Unit Of Matter
1
-can no longer be separated or broken down into smaller pieces.
(1 H ) HYDROGEN -consist of Protons, Electrons, & Neutrons
2
(1 H) DEUTERIUM
EARLY ATOMIC THEORY
2 Ways of Representing an Isotope 1. ANCIENT GREEKS
-write the name or symbol of the element, followed by a dash and
its mass number A. Thales Miletus
1
(1 H ) HYDROGEN -thought of water (H2O) as the ultimate substance that constitute
2 matter.
(1 H ) DEUTERIUM -”Water could change in any kind of matter.”

Stellar Nucleosynthesis B. Empedocles of Agrigentum

-produce “heavy elements” -Considered air, water, earth & fire as the four Essential Elements
-H atoms- 1st produced in Big Bang that are the sources of all kinds of matter.
-needs additional protons and neutrons to become He or Li
(heavier elements). C. Leucippus
-P+ & N˚ = form heavier nuclei by a strong force called “ -”Matter at some point, would arrive at fragments of a material
NUCLEAR FUSSION.” and can no longer be divided.”
-first atomist but not well-known
What determmines the lifespan of a star?
-Energy D. Democritus
-more Energy, more Life -student of Leucippus and improved his hypothesis
-”Atoms are the basic unit of matter that is indestructible.”
Where does this energy comes from? -FATHER OF ATOMISM
-comes from various nuclear fusion between light elements
-nuclear fusion- keep stars brightness and hotness 2. THE ALCHEMIST
- improved our understanding of basic chemistry
Stellar Nucleosynthesis -discover that many possible arrangement of atoms would yield
-depends on the mass of the star all possible substances of the universe.
-EX. Gold-- Lead if one knows the correct way of rearranging
the particles

Figure: Example of Alchemists Figures.