Guanga, Liegh Ann Dominique C.

2 BSED-SCIENCE B
LESSON 1
Philosophy and its Branches
Types of Fallacies

Analysis:
1. What is the difference between Ethics and Aesthetics?
Ethics questions on moral principles and rationales for values in human
conduct, while aesthetics questions on the nature and value of beauty.
2. Why do we commit bad arguments?
I guess we commit bad arguments in a way that we want to prove we're right
and our opponent is wrong.
Application:
Logical Fallacy Example Statement
Ad hominem A lawyer who argues the case that his
client shouldn't be held accountable
for stealing due to his financial
situation.
A parent who complains that the
teacher is unqualified to teach since
she only attended a community
college.
Ad ignorantiam You are guilty in my eyes since you
can't show me that you're innocent.
Ghosts are not real since you cannot
demonstrate their existence.
Ad misericordiam Since it would crush his poor
mother's heart to see him in jail, you
shouldn't find the defendant guilty of
murder.
You should not insult him, because he
has a weak heart.
Ad populum Everyone drives faster than the speed
limit, so it shouldn't be illegal.
Since extended warranties are a very
common consumer purchase, they
must be beneficial to the consumer.
Ad baculum Believe me, or else I’ll punch you in
the face.
Only fools believe in what he says.
You don’t believe in him, don’t you?
Ad verecundiam Angel says she won’t eat chicken;
therefore, you shouldn’t eat
I’m not going to take your word for it,
I’ll just ask my doctor.
 Ad antiquitatem We have always started the church
service at 11 a.m., so the church
should start at that time as well.
Gay marriage is wrong because
marriage has always been between a
man and a woman.

LESSON 2
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
Activity:
1. What have you observed in the photos?
There were two pairs of men kissing each other and holding each other’s hands.
2. What conclusion/s can you draw in the above photos?
Therefore, I conclude that they are couples and they were expressing their
sexual orientation through simple actions such as holding hands or kissing.
Analysis:
1. Why the study of culture is important?
Culture is important because it plays a crucial and significant role in shaping
how the community behaves, responds, and develops. Every person in society
has a significant impact on culture. When everyone speaks the same language,
culture makes you feel like you belong.
2. Why do we need to understand other cultures?
So that we may overcome and avoid racial and ethnic differences by having a
better understanding of other cultures. Racial and cultural divides lead to
miscommunication, missed opportunities, and occasionally bloodshed.
Application:
1. How does Ethnocentrism affect one’s viewpoint?
Ethnocentrism prevents people from comprehending the cultures and way of
life of other people. Social relationships between people from various cultures
who live in the same region may be impacted by this. The social group may
become unstable as a result, which could have an impact on how well it
functions.
2. Why Cultural Relativism is important in the community?
Because it enables one to escape the unconscious bond of their culture which
biases their perceptions and reaction to the world. It also helps one to make
sense of a different culture.
 LESSON 3
LAWRENCE KOLHBERG’S
STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Activity:
The Heinz Dilemma
Scenario 1:
A woman was on her deathbed. There is a drug that might save her. The drug costs $2,000
per dosage. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the
money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together about $1,000. He asked
the doctor scientist who discovered the drug for a discount or let him pay later. But the doctor
scientist refused.
Question: Should Heinz break into the laboratory to steal the drug for his wife? Why or why
not?
Heinz should break into the laboratory to steal the drug. His wife’s life is far
more important than even Heinz’ life. True love is being selfless.
Scenario 2:
Heinz broke into the laboratory and stole the drug. The next day, the newspapers reported
the break-in and theft. Brown, a police officer and a friend of Heinz, remembered seeing
Heinz the evening prior to the theft behaving suspiciously near the laboratory. On the night
of the theft, he remembered seeing Heinz running away from the laboratory.
Question: Should Brown report what he witnessed? Why or why not?
Brown should report what he witnessed. As a police officer, it is his duty to
maintain peace and order in the community. Theft is a crime and all its angles
must be looked into.
Scenario 3:
Officer Brown reported what he saw. Heinz was arrested and brought to court. If convicted,
he faces up to two years of jail time. Heinz was found guilty.
Question: Should the judge sentence Heinz to prison? Why or why not?
Yes, the judge should imprison Heinz, without a doubt. Whatever the case may
be theft is a crime, and that was Heinz's motivation. As a result, the accused
should spend his time behind bars. The judge's responsibility to uphold justice
is another.
Analysis:
1. What is the basis for the reasoning on The Heinz Dilemma in the Punishment
Obedience Orientation of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?
Punishment results from breaking the rules. When Heinz grabs the medicine
consequently, he is breaking the law, which will lead to penalties.

2. What is the basis for the reasoning on The Heinz Dilemma in the Instrumental
Relativist Orientation of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?
Heinz' wife will recover if the remedy is stolen. If the focus of Heinz is on his
wife, then he will get the treatment. Heinz's reward for stealing the remedy is
his wife's life

3. What is the basis for the reasoning on The Heinz Dilemma in the Interpersonal
Concordance Orientation of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?
Here, the motivation is to meet people's expectations and gain their acceptance.
Heinz will steal the medication since it is required of a good and loving husband
to do whatever it takes to save his wife's life.

4. What is the basis for the reasoning on The Heinz Dilemma in the Society
Maintaining Orientation of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?
The basis here is maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s
duty and respecting authority. His wife will benefit because he did his husbandly
duty but he shall be punished for committing the crime of theft.

5. What is the basis for the reasoning on The Heinz Dilemma in the Social Contract
Legalistic Orientation of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?
The basis here is that right action tends to be defined in terms of general
individual rights and standards. Heinz’ wife’s life is far more important than
material property.

6. What is the basis for the reasoning on The Heinz Dilemma in the Universal Ethics
Principle Orientation of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development?
The basis here is that rights are defined by the decision of people’s conscience
in accord with self-chosen ethical principles that appeal to logical
comprehensiveness, universality, and consistency. There may be other sick
people who also need the cure.
Application:
Stage 1:
LEVEL Stage Heinz SHOULD Heinz SHOULD
STEAL the drug NOT STEAL the
because drug because
Punishment he might be caught if he doesn't, his wife
Obedience and sent to jail. might scold him.
PRE-CONVENTIONAL
Instrumental He will be much Prison experience
Relativist happier for his wife might be more
will live even if he horrifying than
goes to prison. mourning his wife.
Interpersonal His wife will be He will become a
Concordance Grateful and criminal and will be
CONVENTIONAL consider him a scorned by society.
loving husband.
Society If he steals, he He will not steal and
Maintaining should accept the be a law-abiding
punishment due to citizen.
him as prescribed
by law.
Social His wife has a right The scientist should
Contract to live and the be paid fair
POSTCONVENTIONAL value of life is way compensation for his
above law. discovery. Even if his
wife is sick, he
violated the scientist’s
right to fair
compensation.
Universal Saving a human He is still depriving
Ethics life is far more the scientist his fair
Principle valuable than the compensation and
property rights of other sick people the
another. benefit of the cure

Stage 2:
LEVEL Stage Brown SHOULD Brown SHOULD
REPORT what he NOT REPORT
witnessed because what he witnessed
because
Punishment he might be suspended if he does, Heinz
Obedience if others found out might fight with him.
PRE-CONVENTIONAL
Instrumental He will be rewarded He will be happy to
Relativist for apprehending a know that he saved
Fugitive. his friend from prison
life.
 Interpersonal His boss will be His friend Heinz will
Concordance pleased. be pleased
CONVENTIONAL
Society He did his duty by He should accept the
Maintaining maintaining social penalty for being a
order hindrance to justice.
Social It is the people’s right He should give Heinz
Contract to know the truth and a chance to explain
POSTCONVENTIONAL for justice to be himself before
served turning him to the
authorities
Universal Justice should be He is depriving Heinz
Ethics served specially if the of a chance to explain
Principle witness is a police himself as his friend
officer

Stage 3:
LEVEL Stage The judge SHOULD The judge
SENTENCE Heinz to SHOULD
prison because NOT SENTENCE
Heinz to prison
because
Punishment he did not obey the prison is too much
Obedience law. punishment for his
PRE-CONVENTIONAL act
Instrumental He will be happy of Equity demands that
Relativist himself for being a a case-to-case study
stern judge and in this case,
Heinz intention was
noble
Interpersonal Society will consider Heinz’s intentions
Concordance him a good stern were to save his wife
CONVENTIONAL judge and both Heinz and
his wife will be
grateful to him
Society Stealing is against the Equity values life
Maintaining law, he should not more than property
make any exceptions rights
Social Criminal act should The motives were in
Contract be penalized good faith and there
POSTCONVENTIONAL was no evil intent in
Heinz case. The
value of life is way
above the law.
Universal Heinz is still Saving a human life
Ethics depriving the scientist is far more valuable
Principle his fair compensation than the property
and other sick people rights of another
the benefit of the cure
 LESSON 4
PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE
Activity:
1. What have you seen in the photo?
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave
2. How do you reflect what you have seen in the photo?
The effect of education and the lack of it on our nature.
Analysis:
1. How does The Allegory of the Cave illustrate Plato’s view of the physical world?
Dark place
2. How did Plato believe on the true reality?
Plato’s aim in The Republic is to describe what is necessary for us to achieve
reflective understanding. It also reflected Plato’s basic tenet in not completely
trusting our senses. For what our senses perceive may simply be “shadows” of
what is true.
3. According to Plato, what will lead us to the truth and wisdom
Reflective understanding of what we perceive around us, according to Plato,
will lead us to truth and wisdom.

Application:
1. What beliefs and assumptions (shadows) currently shape your reality?
By shaping our reality not only by influencing our own behavior but also by
influencing other people's behavior too.
2. How did you come to the conclusion that these assumptions were true?
Because an assumption is an information not stated in the argument that must
be true for the argument's conclusion to hold true.
3. Are you willing to question and adjust these assumptions? If so, what can you do
on a daily basis to build this habit?

Yes,
Be curious, Be open-ended, Be engaged and Dig deeper info.