Assignment On

The application of Exposure, Resistance and Recovery framework for COVID 19 in Bangladesh

Course code:Pop 201

Course name:Morbidity and Mortality

Submitted by : Sukhy Akter

Roll:Sk-141-029
Session :2020-2021

Submitted To :Mr. Md. Zakiul Alom

Assistant professor
Department of Population Sciences
University of Dhaka
The application of Exposure Resistance and Recovery framework for COVID 19 in Bangladesh

Introduction: Communicable diseases dynamic has a triangular aspects to make a complete

cycle. They are Agent, Host and Environment. Also  Three factors behind also make complete
framework for mortality and morbidity. Factors are Exposure Resistance and Recovery. A certain
population in a place has some level of exposure to or interaction with organisms related to
community household, and personal traits like climate, water quality, and hygiene in the home.
Immunological resistance determines how an organism will attack a human host if it comes into
contact with it. The ability to recovery on the other hand, depends on medication and treatment.

Exposure:

Being in close contact to someone who has tested positive for COVID-19 or being in an area
where the virus is known to be spreading are both considered to be exposures to the virus.The
virus spreads when adjacent individuals breathe in contaminated droplets or when the droplets
touch their eyes, noses, or mouths. Very small droplets or aerosols that remain in the air for
several minutes or hours can also cause infection with the COVID-19 virus. According to
research, those who contract the coronavirus are most contagious 1 to 2 days before they feel ill
and can spread it to others 2 to 3 days before symptoms appear. When a virus-carrying person
coughs, sneezes, or speaks respiratory droplets are generated that transmit the infection. A person
close may inhale these droplets or they may land in their mouth or nose. having come into
contact with someone's spit When they cough, sneeze, or touch items like tables, doorknobs, or
handrails while carrying the virus in their noses and throats, people may sneeze, cough, or
contact surfaces, such as these, and leave contaminated droplets on them (known as fomites). By
touching these things or surfaces, then contacting their eyes, noses, or mouths before washing
their hands, other individuals may get sick.
According to the CDC Source, close personal contact is thought to be the primary mechanism of
coronavirus transmission.Consider sharing a seat on a bus or in a conference room with someone
who has a coronavirus infection. This person sneezes, coughs, or laughs out all of a sudden.They
will expel respiratory droplets into the air and on others if they don't protect their mouth and
nose. The virus could be present in these droplets.Or perhaps you come across someone who got
sick after touching their mouth or nose with a hand. A portion of the virus is spread to your hand
when that individual shakes yours.You could unintentionally introduce the virus into your own
body if you touch your mouth or nose after that without first According to current research,
COVID-19 transmits between persons either directly or indirectly (via contaminated surfaces or
items) and through close contact with those who have the disease due to mouth and nasal
secretions. Saliva, respiratory secretions, or secretion droplets are examples of these. When an
infected person speaks, sings, coughs, or sneezes, for example, they release these through their
mouth or nose. When those infectious droplets enter into someone's mouth, nose, or eyes who is
in close contact (within 1meter) with an infected individual, they can get COVID-19.It's crucial
to keep at least one meter away from others, wipe hands often, and cover one's mouth with a
tissue or bent elbow when sneezing or coughing in order to prevent coming into touch with these
droplets. When physical separation occurs (standing one metre or more away)The symptoms of
COVID-19 can take anywhere from 2 to 14 days to show up after exposure to the virus.It  is
important to take precautions to avoid exposure, such as wearing a mask, washing your hands
frequently, and practicing social distancing. The Total death of COVID 19 from2020 to 2023.
Source :Bangladesh COVID -Coronavirus Statistics
Resistance: Individuals who have COVID 19 that is moderate or severe should stay isolated for
at least 10 days. Those with severe COVID-19 may continue to be contagious after 10 days and
may require a 20-day extension of seclusion. Individuals who have a moderate or severe immune
system impairment should stay isolated for at least 20 days. It also depends on previous
exposure, vaccination coverage etc.

Recovery: The process of regaining health following COVID-19 infection is referred to as

recovery from the virus. Recovery can vary depending on a number of factors:
 The severity of the disease
 Age
 Underlying health concerns
 Availability of medical care.
If disease strikes recovery depends on natural and acquired ways. Some way to get
recovery from COVID 19:

 Maintain a regular routine, such as getting dressed and taking a shower

 Spend time away from social media and COVID-19 news
 Consume healthy meals and get enough of liquids
 Stay physically active
 Obtain lots of rest
 Don't use alcohol, drugs, or tobacco
 Avoid daytime naps
 Try breathing exercises
 Wear mask

When suffering from COVID-19, healing usually takes 1-2 weeks for those with minor
symptoms. Rest and over-the-counter drugs can help with symptoms at this time, and the
majority of people will gradually resume their normal level of activity. Recovery may take
longer for people who have more serious illnesses and may necessitate hospitalization and
supportive care. Recovery from some conditions can sometimes take weeks or months, and some
people may still have lasting symptoms like exhaustion and shortness of breath. Patients with
COVID-19 who are hospitalized and need oxygen or mechanical ventilation typically take longer
to recover, and some may develop long-term complications. Those who have recovered from
COVID-19 must continue to exercise vigilance by wearing a masks and other protective gear.

Macro level factors: Although approximately 34% of the population is under the age of 18, the
Government of Bangladesh has started the largest-ever statewide immunization effort to
vaccinate 80% (over 130 million) of the country's total population with the COVID-19
vaccinations. The COVID-19 immunization requires an online registration, and the GOB has
established a countrywide deployment and vaccination plan for it. The GOB has set a target of
immunizing 117 million people who are at least 18 years old, according the plan. Just 14% of the
targeted population had registered for vaccination as of 3 August 2021, and of those, 57% had
received the first dose, with major gender differences (men 61%, women 39%) and
administrative region differences (Dhaka (19%).

The main government initiatives to stop COVID-19

 School vacation during COVID-19.
 All places of worship have ceased offering prayers.
 Putting remote learning into practice during COVID-19.
 Remote employment.
 Shopping  centers being closed.
 Sports events being postponed.
 Official advice to stay at home.

Micro level factor:

 If person wear mask, maintain distance with other, do not gather at crowd place, they will
safe from Corona virus, otherwise not.
 Food habit also increase immunity power, it different from person to person. 
 Vaccination coverage also increase immunity power, if one take 3 dose vaccine it helps
him to recover

Conclusion
Exposure, Resistance, Recovery three are interlinked with mortality level. Although there is high
exposure of COVID 19,because of  environmental factors, peoples immunity grow rapidly ,it
also creates lower mortality. For this, there resistance period is not so long. Food habit, previous
exposure, vaccination coverage also help to mortality decline though there high exposure. 

References :

Anwar,S Nasrullah, M Hosen, J,M COVID-19 and Bangladesh: Challenges and How to Address
Them(2020)Vol :8
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00154

Kirby JB. Exposure, resistance, and recovery: a three-dimensional framework for the study of
mortality from infectious disease. Soc Sci Med. 2001 Nov;53(9):1205-15. doi: 10.1016/s0277-
9536(00)00420-2. PMID: 11556610.
Lindert, J Jakubauskiene, M, Bilsen,J
The COVID-19 disaster and mental health—assessing, responding and
recovering(2021)European journal of public health