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WIRELINE LOGGING MANUAL V1 Ch2 Tool Descriptions

Chapter · October 1986

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 WIRELINE LOGGING

MANUAL

OCEAN DRIT.LING
PROGRAM

Prepared By:
The Borehole Research Group
of the
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Wrreline Logging Contractor for the Ocean Drilling Program

VOLUME I
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

CHAP T E R II

Dual Induction Resistivity Log (DIL)

The DIL is a resistivity logging device that provides measurements of

spontaneous potential (SP) and three resistivity values, each with a
different depth of investigation: ILD (deep induction), ILM (medium
induction) and SFLU (shallow spherically focused resistivity). Since the
solid constituents are orders of magnitude more resistive than pore fluids
in most rocks, resistivity is controlled mainly by the amount and
connectivity of the porosity and the conductivity of the pore fluids. In
metalliferous sediments or massive sulfides, the conductivity of the rock
matrix becomes important. SP is a measure of the streaming potential
generated by differences between borehole and pore fluid electrical
properties which result in both membrane and liquid junction potentials due
to differences in the mobility of ions in the formation and drilling fluids.
As such it has generally been assumed to be uninteresting in ODP boreholes.
However, some recent results suggest that it may be responding both to the
presence of fractures and to the electromagnetic properties of basalts.

The induction sonde consists of a series of transmitter coils excited

by a high-frequency (25 Khz) sinusoidal current and a series of detector
coils. In a non-conducting medium the EMF induced in the detector coils by
the transmitting coils is balanced between coil pairs. In a conducting
medium magnetic fields produced by currents in the surrounding
material induce additional currents in the receivers, changing the amplitude
and phase of the total induced current. The depth of investigation is
between 0.5 and 5 meters, the vertical resolution around 1.5 meters. The
resistivity measured by the induction log is quite accurate for low (less
than 100 ohm-m) resistivities, but for more resistive formations it reads as
much as 50 percent low. In these rocks the focused resistivity log produces
more reliable results. The SFL consists of a transmitter coil and a series
of focusing coils which force current into the formation laterally away from
the borehole. Without these field-shaping coils, current would tend to be
conducted exclusively within the borehole. SFL provides a direct measurement
of formation resistivity within about 1 m of the well-bore, with a vertical
resolution around 0.6 meters.

1) Log Presentation

ILD, ILM and SFLU resistivities are plotted in ohm-meters on a

logarithmic scale. Resistivity is usually plotted in tracks 2 and 3, with
CALI and GR curves in track 1 (Fig.3). The sonic log may also be plotted on
track 3. This is one of the two displays which is created during the seismic
stratigraphic logging run.

2) Corrections

Sometimes resistivity curves need to be corrected for hole size

changes. Also, if drilling mud is used, leakage of the fluid component into
the formation adjacent to the borehole can lead to differences in the

12
 DUAL INDUCTION LOG

ILN
0.2

u "" VLU
iiUUIII

1100

1110

1100

Figure 3. Resistivity-Gamma Ray-Caliper logs at Hole 642E (Voring Plateau).

Gamma Ray (GR) in API units, Caliper (CALI) in inches, Deep and Medium
Resistivity (ILD and ILM) in ohm*m, Spherically Focused Resistivity
(SFLU) in ohm*m. Highly ·resistive intervals correspond to basalt flows.
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

response of shallow and deeper resistivity devices. However, this "invasion"

can in turn provide information about formation permeability and pore fluid
electrical conductivity. Differences in the temperature of drilling fluid
compared to undisturbed formation temperatures can also generate this
effect, as conductivity in ionic fluids such as seawater is strongly
temperature dependent.

3) Principal Applications

In sediments, the relationship between resistivity and porosity has

been quantified by Archie's Law, which relates the resistivity to an inverse
power of the porosity. This ad hoc relationship works reasonably well in
sediments without clay minerals, and has also been used to estimate in situ
porosity in oceanic basalts. Differences between shallow and deep
measurements can often be related to the "invasion" of drilling fluids into
permeable horizons. In some instances velocities derived from resistivity
logs can be used to depth-tie seismic reflectors.

Long-Spaced Sonic (LSS)

Sonic tools are designed to measure the elastic compressional-wave

velocity of the formation surrounding the borehole. In essence the sonic
tool can be thought of as a miniature seismic refraction experiment carried
out within the cylindrical borehole. The tool is centered in the hole by
means of bowsprings, and contains one or more sources and receivers. A
source fires acoustic energy which is transmitted into the borehole fluid.
When the wavefront impinges on the borehole wall, a refracted compressional
wave is generated. If formation shear velocity is higher than the acoustic
velocity of the fluid, a refracted shear wave will also be generated. The
refracted waves travel along the borehole wall, re-radiating energy into the
fluid. Energy arrives at receivers on the logging tool at a time which is
linearly proportional to their offset from the source. Thus formation
elastic-wave velocities can be determined by differencing the arrival times
at two receivers a known distance apart.

The Schlumberger Long Spacing Sonic (LSS) sonde uses two acoustic
transmitters spaced 2 feet apart and two receivers also spaced 2 feet apart
and located 8 feet above the transmitters (Fig.4). This provides 4 source-
receivers offsets of 8, 10, 10, and 12 feet. Compensation for borehole
irregularities and inclination of the tool to the hole axis is achieved by
memorizing the first transit time reading and averaging it with a second
reading obtained after the sonde has been pulled up by a fixed distance
along the borehole. The symmetry of the sources and receivers allows 4
travel-time measurements across each two-foot interval using 8 combinations
of sources and receivers. The upper centralizing spring also measures
caliper, using a linear potentiometer to measure bowspring extension.

The LSS tool records the full waveform for each source-receiver pair,
in addition to its automatic determination of arrival time. The sonde can bb
run in two modes to either correct downhole gains for variations in
amplitude or to maintain a fixed gain. As arrival-time is determined

13
 Second 41t Reading

2'

8'
Memorized First 41t Reading

- Path d Compressional
Wave First Arrival
--- Path of Shear Wave
First Arrival

Figure 4. Principle of the Long Spacing Sonic tool. The example refers to
the 8'-lO'rneasurement (short spacing). The first transit time reading (T1Rl-
T1R2/2) is averaged with a second reading (R 2T2 -R 2T1 /2) obtained after the
sonde has been pulled up 8 feet along the borehole. An analogous process
occurs for the long spacing measurement.
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

automatically using a threshold detector, the variable gain mode often

produces better travel-time logs, although absolute amplitude logs will no
longer be possible.

1) Log Presentation

DT and DTL are interval travel-times in microseconds per foot for the
near and far receiver pairs, respectively. In very slow formations DTL
provides the only valid measurement, as the refracted wave is not seen at
the near receivers. The sonic waveforms can also be displayed alongside the
travel-time curves, and the individual travel-time measurements in
microseconds are also available (Fig.S). Pips on the log plot indicate
integrated travel-time to depth for crude seismic correlations.

2) Corrections

Care must be taken to ensure that the value of sonic transit time is
reasonable. Cycle skips (where the first arrival is missed) can be a
problem. Furthermore, washouts and wall roughness complicate the velocity
measurement.

3) Principal Applications

Compressional sonic velocity is one of the primary elastic properties

measured during logging. The product of velocity and density (impedance) is
useful in computing synthetic seismograms for time-depth ties of seismic
reflectors. If a refracted shear arrival is present, its velocity can be
computed from the full waveforms, and the frequency content and energy of
both compressional and shear arrivals can also be determined. Variations in
energy and frequency content are indicative of changes in fracture density,
porosity, and in the material filling the pores. In some cases
compressional-wave attenuation can also be computed from the full
waveforms.

Natural Gamma Ray (GR)

The Schlumberger gamma ray probe utilizes a scintillation detector to

measure the natural radiation emitted by the rocks surrounding the borehole-.
This radiation arises from naturally occurring radioisotopes of the
potassium, thorium and uranium decay series. The detector is a sodium-iodide
crystal. A photomultiplier increases the count rate to improve statistics.
The standard gamma-ray does not differentiate between different gamma-ray
energies and thus cannot determine the different series. The response of the
tool is a simple function of the weight concentration of radioactive
materials and the rock density. However, gamma response is influenced by
hole size and by the density of drilling fluid. Thus its response must be
corrected using caliper data. The average investigation depth into
sedimentary formations is about one foot.

14
 LONG SPACING SONIC

Figure 5. Full waveform presentation of sonic log data. Short spacing

transit time (DT) from the 8'-10' measurement is shown in track 1 in
microseconds/foot. The single transit time (TT2) and the sonic waveform
(WVF2) are from the 10' measurement in microseconds.
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

1) Log Presentation

The GR response in API units is displayed in the left-hand track along

with caliper (Fig.3).

2) Corrections

The GR response primarily depends on the radioactivity and density of

the formation, but it is also influenced by hole conditions (hole size and
mud weight), because materials interposed between the counter and the
formation tend to absorb gamma rays. Therefore borehole corrections are
required in order to get the true radioactivity of the formation.

3) Principal Application

GR is used principally as a depth correlator between logging runs.

However, as radioactive elements are concentrated in clays, micas, and
feldspars, the standard gamma ray log provides an indication of the relative
abundance of these minerals. Gamma response is measured in API units
standardized to test pits located in Houston. Typical responses range from
as little as 5 API units in fresh basalt flows to over 100 API units in
volcanic ash or clay-rich sedimentary zones. In basalts, increased gamma
usually accompanies alteration by interaction with seawater.

Caliper Log (MCD)

Caliper is a measure of wellbore size. The Schlumberger MCD caliper log

is run at the top of the seismic stratigraphic combination and also serves
to centralize the sonic tool string. Three bow-springs are mounted 120
degrees apart, and the extension of these moves a contact along a
potentiometer. Changes in resistance of the potentiometer are linearly
proportional to hole size. The caliper has a maximum extension of 16 inches,
so larger diameter "washouts" are not measured accurately.

1) Log Presentation

The caliper trace (CALI) is usually displayed in the left-hand track along
with the GR curve (Fig.3). Often, bit size is also plotted for comparison.

2) Principal Application

Caliper is primarily used to indicate portions of bad hole where other

logs may read inaccurately, and to correct logs whose response is sensitive
to hole size even when variations are less severe. However, caliper response
can also be indicative of lithology. For instance, in zones with swelling
clays, hole constrictions are observed where caliper reads less than the bit
size. Also, as hole conditions are in general a consequence of rock
properties, variations in hole size may correlate with lithologic changes.

15
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

Dual-Porosity Neutron Log (CNT-G)

The CNT-G contains a chemical source (Am-Be) of average energy 5 MeV

neutrons and two detectors. As modified for ODP use, these are mounted on
the body of the logging tool which is excentered by a backing bowspring on
the LDT density probe. The neutrons produced by this source collide with
atoms in the formation and are scattered. Collisions with heavy atoms do
not exchange much energy, but collisions with hydrogen can leave the neutron
moving very slowly. Whenever the neutrons reach a low energy level (0.025
MeV) they can be captured by nuclei of elements such as chlorine, lithium,
boron, or gadolinium, and gamma rays of capture are emitted. By comparing
the flux of neutrons returning to two detectors at different distances from
the source, the neutron log provides primarily a measure of the hydrogen
content of the formation. As thermal neutron flux is affected by hydrogen,
both chemically bound as well as in free water, a second measure utilizing
changes in the epithermal (intermediate-energy) neutron flux is employed to
measure free water only. This technique has the added advantage that thermal
neutron capture does not affect the measurement, although as fewer
epithermal neutrons reach the detectors the statistics are not as good.
The vertical resolution of the tool is about 0.25 m.

1) Log Presentation

The CNT-G provides thermal neutron porosity (TNPH or NPHI), epithermal

neutron porosity (ENPH) and thermal neutron capture cross-section (CSIG).
The porosity curves are presented either in decimal units or in percents
(Fig.6).

2) Hole Corrections

Hole size affects the neutron log response, particularly the epithermal
log. Although the neutron log can be run through pipe, this log must be
corrected for pipe neutron absorption prior to analysis.

3) Principal Applications

Formation porosity is one of the primary physical properties

measurements. The difference between thermal and epithermal porosity is a
measure of the amount of bound water in clay minerals. The thermal neutron
capture cross-section is used along with the neutron porosity in the
geochemical analysis routines discussed in Part II of this manual.

Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Log (NGT)

The NGT utilizes a sodium-iodide detector to determine the spectral

content of naturally occurring radiation. The entire spectrum is transmitted
to the surface, and energy arriving in five preselected windows is measured
by the surface electronics. By analysis of the energy in these five bands,
the concentrations of potassium, uranium, and thorium are determined. The
spectral gamma log is often referred to as a KUT (K, U, and Th) log. The
concentration of thorium in ppm is determined directly, whereas the

16
 DUAL POROSITY NEUTRON LOG

u
fill '""
I" IIIIIV

t'IOO

1710

·-
Figure 6. Dual-Porosity Neutron log from Hole 652A (Tyrrhenian Sea). Gamma
Ray (GR) in API units, Epithermal and Thermal Neutron Porosity (EPTH and
TNPH) in percent.
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

concentrations of uranium in ppm and potassium in weight percent are

determined by a stripping technique.
The investigation depth of the tool depends on hole size, mud and
formation density, and on the energy of the gamma rays. Higher energy
radiation can reach the detector from deeper in the formation.

1) Log Presentation

A standard presentation of the NGT data displays five curves : SGR

(total GR) and CGR (computed GR minus the U component) with a linear scale
in API units on track 1, POTA, URAN, THOR (values of different components)
on tracks 2 and 3, Fig.7). THOR and URAN are scaled in parts per million.
POTA is presented as weight %.

2) Corrections

As in conventional GR logging, the NGT response is affected by borehole

size and mud weight. Therefore this effect must be compensated for,
especially if logs are used quantitatively.

3) Principal Applications

The relative proportions of K, Th, and U are controlled by mineralogy,

clay content and alteration history. Thorium and potassium are the primary
radioactive elements present in clay, where their relative abundance allows
the determination of clay type. Uranium is often associated with organic
matter in carbonates. In igneous rocks the relative proportions of the three
elements is indicative of rock type; an increase in potassium in particular
is evident where fractures and voids within the oceanic basalts have been
filled with alteration minerals.

Lithodensity Log (LDT)

The Schlumberger LDT contains a chemical source (Cel37) of 0.66 MeV

gamma rays. As modified for ODP use, the source is mounted in the tool
body, and a bow-spring forces it and a pair of detectors against the
borehole wall. The two detectors measure the flux of transmitted gamma rays
in a series of energy windows to determine formation density (RHOB) and
photo-electic factor (PEF). A measure of tool performance based on the
energy distribution at the near and far receivers (DRHO) is also provided.

Gamma rays with energies less than 1.01 MeV interact with atoms in the
formation by Compton scattering and via the photo-electric effect. Compton
scattering is an elastic collision by which energy is transferred between
the gamma ray and electrons in the formation. ThH; interaction forms the
basis of the density measurement. In effect the LDT measures electron
density directly, and formation density is determined using the fact that in
most rock-forming elements atomic weight is roughly twice atomic number. At
low energies (below about .06 MeV) gamma rays are subject to absorption via
the photo-electric effect. One of the energy windows on the far detector is
tuned to measure this effect, and this measurement is inverted to obtain the

17
 NATURAL GAMMA RAY
SPECTROMETRY LOG

IU -

110

Figure 7. Natural Spectral Gamma Ray data at Hole 651A (Tyrrhenian Sea).
Total and Computed Gamma Ray (SGR and CGR) in API units, Thorium and Uranium
(THOR AND URAN) in ppm, Potassium (POTA) in weight %.
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

PEF determination. Since this measurement is almost independent of porosity

it can be used directly as a matrix lithology indicator.
The depth of investigation of the lithodensity tool depends on the
density of the rock: the higher the density, the lower the penetration. In
porous and permeable formations the density tool does not read deeper than
0.16 m. The vertical resolution is about 0.3 m.

1) Log Presentation

The primary curves are RHOB in gmjcc, PEF in barns/electron, and DRHO
in gmjcc (Fig.8). Also, DPHI (density porosity) may be computed if matrix
grain density is known. DRHO is useful for quality control; if the tool is
operating correctly it should be less than 0.1 gmjcc.

2) Corrections

Density measurements require excellent contact between pad and

formation. Corrections are required for borehole wall roughness. In high
porosity formations the assumed relationship between density and atomic
number is invalid, so an additional correction may be necessary.

3) Principal Applications

Density is one of the primary physical properties measurements. In

addition it is used directly to determine seismic impedance (the product of
velocity and density) for input to synthetic seismic computations. If grain
density is relatively constant, porosity can be calculated from the density
log. Alternatively, porosity and density logs can together be used to
calculate grain density. Density and PEF are input parameters to some of the
geochemical processing algorithms described in Part 2 of this manual.

The Induced Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Tool (GST)

The GST is a relatively new device containing a neutron accelerator

which generates pulses of 14 MeV neutrons. The neutrons lose energy through
scattering interactions with the atoms within the rock surrounding the
borehole. When they reach thermal energy levels they are "captured" by
elemental nucleii and gamma rays of capture are emitted. The induced gamma
ray emission is measured by a spectrometer consisting of a sodium iodide
detector and a multichannel analyzer. As each element has a unique emitted
spectrum, analysis of the combined spectrum recorded downhole provides an
estimate of the elemental composition of the formation. In the ODP wells the
GST is run in a "capture-tau" mode, which allows the calculation of the
elemental proportions of six elements: Ca, Cl, Si, Fe, H, and S. As their
sum is always one they do not reflect the actual elemental composition;
therefore, ratios of these yields must be used in the interpretation of
lithologiy, porosity and salinity of the formation fluid. The measurement
accuracy is largely determined by statistics; the slower the logging speed
the more accurate the results. A major advantage of the GST is that it can
be run inside the logging pipe, and thus can be used in intervals which
otherwise could not be logged due to well-bore instability.

18
 LITHODENSITY LOG

I" -- - •,·--"---......
lll-v.n v.n

2100

Figure 8. Lithodensity log presentation at Hole 642E (Voring Plateau).

Gamma Ray (GR) in API units, Bulk Density (RHOB) in gm/cc, Photoelectric
Index (PEF) in barns/electron, hole size correction (DRHO) in gm/cc.
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

1) Log Presentation

The standard presentation (Fig.9) displays the following curves: IIR

(iron indicator ratio), PIR (porosity indicator ratio), LIR (lithology
indicator ratio), and SIR (salinity indicator ratio). AIR (anhydrite/gypsum
indicator ratio), Gamma Ray (GR), Neutron Porosity (NPHI) and the neutron
Capture Cross Section (CSIG) can also be displayed. Fig.lO shows the
elemental yields.

2) Corrections

Since the GST investigation depth is rather limited (5-8 inches in

capture mode) attention must be paid to invasion and borehole effects.
Invasion affects the salinity readings; this effect is negligible in cased
holes but in this case the iron yield will be affected.

3) Principal Applications

GST results can be used to determine the relative proportions of a

variety of different minerals through linear inversion, if the relative
proportions of each element in each mineral are known. Less accurate
analyses of lithology can be determined from various elemental ratios.
The analysis of GST results in sediment is relatively straightforward,
as elemental concentrations vary markedly with lithology. The relative
amounts of silicon and calcium can be related simplistically to the relative
proportions of quartz and calcite; the relative proportion of hydrogen is an
indication of porosity, and the chlorine/hydrogen ratio yields an estimate
of the salinity of the borehole and formation fluids. Iron concentration
provides an estimate of clay mineral content, whereas the presence of
sulphur can be related to the occurrence of anhydrite and/or gypsum.
However, in basalts linear inversion is required. The technique can yield
very precise measurements of the weight percentages of the primary elements
in sediments or basement if the stoichiometry of the mineral assemblages is
known.

4) Elemental Ratio Mnemonics

Cl/H salinity indicator ratio SIR

H/(Si + Ca) porosity indicator ratio PIR
Fe/(Si + Ca) iron indicator ratio IIR
Si/(Si + Ca) lithology indicator ratio LIR
S/(Si + Ca) anhydrite indicator ratio AIR

Aluminum Clay Tool (ACT)

The ACT tool string is designed to provide in one logging run
measurements of absolute elemental concentrations (in weight %) of the
following elements: K, U, Th (from NGT); Fe, S, Ca, Si, H, Cl (from GST);
Mn, and Al (from a modified NGT). The tool string is configured with an NGT
at the top which measures normal background activity. Below the NGT is a
modified CNT-G carrying a Cf source (2 MeV) activates (primarily) Al,

19
 INDUCED GAMMA RAY
SPECTROMETRY LOG- RATIOS

i2Cf
......, I
.DIU
••• I ... '!
I
aoa
If' •• ¥.· 1111fo· • • '\ho:r • 111 --l.:\JT.T
suo
,
"' I> ,\
'
.,,
p
If - >
I I '<r"\
'
,''-b I'.
==
h ..
...
II I
Sill
[)
t .: , t:::.
, f:::: l. io""'
.......
, "'- .. k:: l'
?
. '\

, ) > . ;• b 1-
...
'15 .. ..
Fi
;;-·

1:.
,.p
17011
'•. -.
..
1-
) I> '
r..
-. ... "
.....,
.. l/ 1:::P=
c:;l> c. c...5:" l:t:>
15 lr f;
... 1

''"
lk:- 1-
p
'"<'t:=... fst ...
- . !5
_,.._,
t p
''":. !<........ ....:. ...'
'I;; .
I ' i<f
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..."-.. ?
J • r5
'
11111
I
y
5 l5
=-,_
1- -
• ,r
I<
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=
.:, 1 >
' I{ 1/ 5
4I <I> t. .. II • •
D• N
I' I< ,' !7 [
1711 , '. I<
[::; >I:= ,
..,... ..... l? t:5
[t::_
;,, I
•R

Figure 9. Elemental yield ratios from the Inducea Gamma Ray Spectrometry
tool recorded in Hole 652A (Tyrrhenian Sea). Porosity indicator Ratio
(PIR), Salinity Indicator Ratio (SIR), Iron Indicator Ratio (IIR),
Lithology Indicator Ratio (LIR), Anhydrite/Gypsum Indicator Ratio (AIR).
Gamma ray (GR) and neutron capture cross section (CSIG) are shown as
well.
 INDUCED GAMMA RAY
SPECTROMETRY LOG- YIELDS

-1.,.- -- "b:"! 'cr.t •. A'l. • ·-"b:":!fo"' •. • .&'iK. • • "b:"J

t'r ,... I
•Uol u. •U,if u .... u u.

J4
IISO
.. ..,
"' I•
1.: I< l-

1. I 4 .
•' -..
I
> . ( ' ,
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• 1
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.. .
,.. I> • b
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(
!'.
I 'JOG - • j(""'
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.,
I it' •";'
' t ,4K D I•"
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1\.
j>
". , .., 1'1>
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l
...
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(
'4 I
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t· .

.. > ..
UIO
.... II"'
'' li
'
••
I

•• • IJ
I .
p
, I

,.. !•
'
\

Figure 10. Elemental yields from the Induced Gamma Ray Spectrometry tool
recorded in Hole 652A (Tyrrhenian Sea). Sulphur (CSUL), Iron (CFE), Silicon
(CSI), Calcium (CCA), Chlorine (CCHL), and Hydrogen (CHY).
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

Mn, and Ca. A modified NGT below this source (designated ACT) measures the
induced plus background activity to determine the Al and Mn concentration.

The optimum logging speed is 60 m/hr, and it is suggested that several

passes be made to improve statistical precision. On the JOIDES RESOLUTION a
logging speed of 100 mfhr and 2 passes is a reasonable compromise between
optimum and time constraints. Fewer passes or a faster logging
speed will increase the scatter of the measurements.

1) Log Presentation

The ACT adds an additonal logging curve (ASST) to the GST curve suite.
This curve represents the count rate for the ACT detector, and is related to
aluminum concentration.

2) Applications

In sediments the combination (Al, Fe, K) has been used to determine the
percentages of clay minerals (Fig.ll). In basement, variations in elemental
concentrations will help delineate flow boundaries, characterize alteration
vein-filling, and provide an extension of the spot core analyses to the
entire (continuous) logged section. Completion of present software
development efforts will result in a geochemical log using the entire suite
of Schlumberger logs, including ACT, GST, NGT, CNT-G, and LDT. The weight
percentages of Si, Fe, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Al, K, and the concentrations in ppm
of Th and U will be computed from the combined log results. From these data
mineralogy can be determined if the stoichiometry of the mineral
constituents is well characterized.

Dual Laterolog (DLL)

The Dual Laterolog records two resistivity curves (LLD and LLS) with
different depths of investigation. With the LLD, a current beam 24" thick is
forced horizontally into the formation; by using two longer bucking
electrodes and a longer spacing, the depth of investigation is greatly
improved and the effect of borehole and of adjacent formations is reduced.
In the LLS the current electrodes provide a current beam of the same
thickness but since the bucking currents are returned to the far end
electrodes on the sonde, the current sheet retains focus over a shorter
distance only.

With respect to other resistivity devices the DLL present the following
advantages:
better vertical resolution for the detection of thin to moderately
thick levels (down to 2 feet)
measurements less affected by borehole effect
more precise readings in the high resistivity range (> 100 ohm-m).

20
 CLAY MINERALOGY ACT - ELEMENTAL LOGS
Aluminum Iron Potassium
3-ElEMENT MODEl
AI, K, Fe -
c. 0

-
%
-:;::;:-
0.15 lo
IS:'
% 0.050
I)
% 0.1

I> I)
i\...

2. L3- 1£
r--..
0 •J
..,.
0
N s- -;.::::::;
I?
ll-
'>
l, (..
{ r -z:::; (

l ?
.<;
<t
(
N (
<
.,>
l

} .1
<
!>
1 1
__) _..J _t
c::::::: I<
\ ! )
8co
N
J_.
)
1 <l
) ? 1
) c
...
Ill

i.J Ill
.•
IC
c .J
c
i <
k::3'
c-
0
c
X
t:
.J
c
c
.
.J
Ill •
Ill
IC

Figure 11. Normative mineralogy log (left) showing kaolinite, iliite,

feldspar, and quartz variations from Al, K, and Fe elemental logs (right,
courtesy of Schlumberger).
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

1) Log Presentation

The LLD and LLS curves are displayed on a resistivity logarithmic scale
on tracks 2 and 3 (Fig.l2). A GR curve recorded in a different logging run
is usually displayed on track 1.

2) Corrections

Borehole effects are negligible for hole diameters up to 16" for

LLD and 12" for LLS.

3) Principal Applications

In hard formations (such as carbonates or basalts) the difference

between the two laterolog readings can be used to compute the total and and
fracture porosity. Also, it can be used to discriminate between horizontal
and vertical fracture porosity.

Well Seismic Tool (WST)

The WST measures seismic velocities by recording the time required for
a wavelet generated by a surface seismic source to reach a sidewall clamped
geophone located at a series of depths within the hole. The anchoring system
includes two multi-spiked arms which are opened and retracted by an
hydraulic system. The electrical signals produced by the geophones are
amplified and transmitted to the surface instrumentation. The waveforms
arriving from the downhole equipment are sampled, digitized and stored in
the computer memory. Source time is determined using a surface hydrophone.
The geophone and hydrophone signals are displayed on a screen where the
complete waveform can be checked and stacked. The stacking technique allows
a number of shots to be combined, in order to reduce any random noise and to
increase the signal-to-noise ratio.

1) Log Presentation

Waveforms recorded at each depth are displayed as a function of depth

to allow of direct and reflected energy (Fig.l3).

2) Principal Applications

The transit time of direct arrivals can be used to calibrate the Sonic
Log which becomes the basic seismic reference and allows a surface seismic
section to be scaled to depth. Full VSP surveys can be processed using
standard seismic techniques to determine depth to reflectors, interval
velocities, and the characteristics of formation below the bottom of the
hole.

21
 DUAL LATEROLOG

Iii
'"

uoo

•aso

Figure 12. Dual Laterolog recorded at Hole 504B (Costa Rica Rift). Total
Gamma Ray (SGR) in API units, Deep and Shallow Laterolog (LLD and LLS) in
ohrn*rn. Highly resistive intervals correspond to massive basalt flows.
 WELL SEISMIC LOG

Tl HE IHSECSl
ao.oo , tso.oo 32o.oo

0.00

250.00

500.00

750.00

1000.00

1250.00

1500.00
X:
t-
CL 1750.00
lU
0
2000.00

2250.00

2500.00

2750.00

Figure 13. Example of synthetic vertical seismic profile showing seismograms

calculated at equal depth intervals (250 feet). Aligned upgoing arrivals
indicate reflectors at their depth of origin.
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

Borehole Televiewer (BHTV)

The borehole televiewer (BHTV) is an acoustic device which scans the

wall of a borehole, producing an image of the reflectivity of the rock
surrounding the wellbore as a function of depth and azimuth (Fig.l4). The
BHTV is manufactured by SIMPLEC under license from Mobil Co., and is
operated on the ODP drill ship by the L-DGO logging staff representative.

The BHTV log is obtained while logging uphole at a rate of

approximately 1.5 meters/minute with the sonde centered in the hole. A
piezoelectric transducer mounted on a central shaft rotating 3 times per
second transmits and receives a high-frequency acoustic pulse 600 times per
revolution. Two transducers are mounted on this shaft, allowing the operator
to select either a 1.3 MHz source pulse or a 400 KHz source pulse. The
higher frequency source reveals more of the details of the wall surface,
while the lower frequency source has better penetration and can produce a
cleaner image if the surface of the borehole is rough. The pulse is
transmitted through the borehole fluid, is reflected from the wall of the
borehole, and is received again at the transducer. The amplitude of the
returning signal is recorded and is displayed as brightness on a three-axis
oscilloscope. The oscilloscope image is thus an acoustic picture of the
reflectivity of the borehole wall, where the azimuth varies along the x-axis
and depth varies along the y-axis. The left-hand edge of the image is
aligned with magnetic north using a downhole fluxgate magnetometer. The
amplitude of the signal can be adjusted to compensate for variations due to
changes in hole size or opacity of the borehole fluid (for instance,
suspended cuttings).

In addition to obtaining an image of borehole reflectivity, the BHTV

data can be processed to obtain an image in which the intensity is
proportional to the travel-time of the reflected pulse. This travel-time
log yields a three-dimensional image of the shape of the borehole as a
function of depth and azimuth in the well, producing a 360 degree caliper
log which can be interpreted in a variety of ways.

The reflectivity image obtained during logging is used primarily for

quality control, as the raw data is recorded on a specially-formatted video
cassette for final playback after the log is complete. The amplitude and
travel-time of the received pulses are also recorded on magnetic tape by the
L-DGO MASSCOMP digital computer. The BHTV log can then be
processed in a variety of ways to enhance the image and improve the resuits.
These digital televiewer logs can be analyzed quantitatively, where
previous analyses of BHTV images were at best only qualitative.

1) Principal Applications

The scientific results obtained from the BHTV logs include the location
and orientation of fractures intersecting the wellbore; the determination of
structural features, such as bedding in sediments and the character and
distribution of pillows in pillow basalts; the measurement of borehole
diameter, surface roughness and ellipticity; and the determination of the
orientation of the principal horizontal stresses from the azimuth of
borehole breakouts observed in the time- domain_images.

22
 ..-----.-Dz

,---..., D t-.,.-..,.-...,.-t- D,
I • I
8 H TV
I W
LOG
•

Strike ' Orientation af midpoint

b e - PIC!k and trough
(at "-'a l
Dip' tan·l H/D

BOREHOLE TELEVIEWER
RECORD
£ s
249

250

Figure 14. Schematic showing borehole

televiewer operation. Also shown are the
geometrical technique to obtain the orientation
;; 252 of planar features such as natural fractures
intersecting the wellbore, and a borehole
" televiever record showing the amplitude-domain
image of a series of planar fractures
... intersecting
granodiorite.
a well drilled through
 MULTICHANNEL SONIC
WAVEFORMS
Time ( ms)
I II 2.0
0
L\_ ..... \_ ,
c-pru•oottel

Sloulor
DEPTH !FEET)
4800 4600 4500 4400
I I I I
0 lrl'IUft:31'11tllllllllllllllftllt1111Emlllll.'lllE!\Uili_.Jri TIIIEWIIIMI-Wil!ll
-4 -4
m m
2
;= ;=
r r
en
m 3 en
m
0 0
0 0
z z
0 0
!!J 4 !!J
5
Figure 15. Multichannel sonic waveform suite recorded across 12-receiver
array at one source depth in a well drilled in dioritic rocks (above).
Expanded timescale (above right) shows detail. Full waveform log at one
receiver recorded through a limestone-shale sequence (below). Strong
coherent arrivals in both plots are identified as compressional, shear, and
Stoneley wavemodes.
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

Although the BHTV log has wide applications, it does have some
limitations which should be considered before recommending its use in a
given situation. First, as the log is effectively a point measurement, ship
heave which results in jerky tool motion will garble the log. When operating
without a heave compensator this can be a problem even in moderate seas.
Second, severe borehole deviation or ellipticity will degrade the· image,
because the beam will no longer be perpendicular to the borehole wall at all
azimuths. This effect can be recognized in the time-domain image. Third, the
BHTV cannot recognize features which do not affect either the roughness,
reflectivity, or radius of the borehole. Although the process of drilling a
well usually highlights the presence of fractures and other features, subtle
sedimentary variations will usually not be detectable.

Multi-Channel Sonic (MCS)

The multi-channel sonic log (MCS) is a multi-receiver single-source

sonic logging tool which records 12 sonic waveforms at each source depth.
The MCS tool is configured with the source above the receiver string,
separated by a variable-length spacer assembly. The receivers are spaced 15
em apart, resulting in a 1.65 m receiver array. The MCS geometrty is
therefore similar to the geometry of a surface refraction survey. During the
log, the MCS tool is centered in the borehole by means of bowspring
centralizers. The energy which arrives at the receiver array travels as a
compressional pulse in the borehole fluid, is refracted at the borehole
wall, and is refracted back into the borehole fluid and recorded at the
receivers. Additional guided modes are typically produced in the borehole
environment, and their propagation is controlled by the properties of both
the formation and the fluid-filled borehole.

The MASSCOMP computer controls the tool during logging, allowing the
operator to select the depth increment between recorded suites as well as
the number of receivers to be used. The data are digitized by the MASSCOMP
and recorded on magnetic tape during the logging run. The MCS log is
obtained while logging uphole at a rate which depends on the depth increment
and number of receivers selected. For a 0.3-m depth increment and 12
receivers per source depth, typical logging rates are at present about 3
meters per minute.

The MCS waveforms can be analyzed to yield compressional, shear and

Stoneley velocities across the receiver spread using a modified Semblance
calculation. In addition, variations in frequency content and amplitude of
the individual modes can be determined. Although the standard Schlumberger
sonic logs can provide accurate compressional velocities, the additional
information provided by the MCS tool allows the complete characterization of
the elastic properties of the formation. The final output can be displayed
either in log format or in full waveform format on the Versatec plotter
(Fig.lS). As multi-channel sonic logging is a relatively new field,
techniques are continually being developed to exploit the data.

23
 Chapter 2. Tool Descriptions

1) Principal Applications

The MCS data are presently used for lithologic determination and porosity
estimation from compressional velocities, fracture location, structural
analysis in basaltic rocks, and estimation of pore aspect ratio.

24

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